Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy

1021:, or even heredity, were not legally established in Byzantine imperial succession, because in principle the Roman Emperor was selected by common acclamation of the Senate, the People and the Army. This was rooted firmly in the Roman "republican" tradition, whereby hereditary kingship was rejected and the Emperor was nominally the convergence of several offices of the Republic onto one person. Many emperors, anxious to safeguard their firstborn son's right to the throne, had them crowned as co-emperors when they were still children, thus assuring that upon their own death the throne would not be even momentarily vacant. In such a case the need for an imperial selection never arose. In several cases, the new Emperor ascended the throne after marrying the previous Emperor's 3198:— Mainly used during the middle Byzantium (8th to 10th c.), also "First Secretary" but chiefly employed as chief financial and executive officer of either each thema/province, directly under its governor-general, or as imperial secretary in various government ministries in the capital. Charged with the provisioning of the thematic troops ahead of a campaign, the Protonotarios at times resembled a Commissar of the USSR, answering only to the emperor. During the late Byzantine era, the title was only encountered at the Palaiologan court, as the emperor's private secretary. In post-imperial times the title was linked to a higher administrative position with the Orthodox Church authorities. 3073: 42: 1425: 595:. Additionally, and more commonly, as the right hand of the emperor in the management of internal and external affairs, they had to provide an efficient management of fast and flexible provincial armies, dispatching them to appease different threats within the borders, or for the management of new successful territorial acquisitions after long-term campaigns, thereby taking key roles as protagonists of any armed offensive headed by the emperor. 934: 1095: 7533: 428:. In practice, however, the Senate had lost all of its former powers and was mostly reduced to a ceremonial role, filled with relatives or close aristocrats to the Emperor; while the Army practically had a monopoly regarding elections. Emperors usually managed to secure succession for their children through indirect means, such as appointing them as co-emperors, and thus introduced various 1624:. Awarded to both eunuchs and non-eunuchs, it survived until the early 12th century. The term is etymologically connected to the vestiarion, the imperial wardrobe, but despite earlier attempts to connect the vestai and the related title of vestarchēs, the head of the class of the vestai (see above), with the officials of the vestiarion (see below), no such relation appears to have existed. 451:, which meant that no individual or institution through the history of the empire truly owned any land in the face of state supreme ownership. Beneath the emperor, a multitude of officials and court functionaries—all directly chosen by the emperor or by one of his representatives—operated the empire's administrative bureaucracy. State officials acted not as magistrates or elected public 535:. These deputies held extraordinary military and administrative powers accompanied by prestigious new titleholders in an attempt to lessen corruption and simplify the emperor's direct handling over its domains, foreshadowing similar future administrative reforms initiated and endorsed by contemporary divine Orthodox monarchical philosophy in the Greek-speaking eastern Mediterranean. 1344:, it was the official in charge of running the imperial palace. However, the great authority and wealth deriving from this position, as well as the close proximity to the Emperor, meant that it accumulated great prestige. It was awarded to important members of the imperial family, but from the 11th century onwards, it declined, and was usually awarded to the vassal rulers of 3115:

supreme judge of appeal; in cases which were brought before his court from a lower tribunal there was no further appeal to the Emperor. He could issue, on his own authority, praetorian edicts, but they concerned only matters of detail. The office was abolished in the 7th century as part of wide-ranging civil and military reforms, and evolved into that of the

183: 1768:) – a blend word of the titles spatharios and kandidatos, both of which were types of palace guards in the 4th–6th centuries. The earliest references to the title occur in early 8th century and the title is clearly attested only from the early 9th century on. Its distinctive badge (brabeion) was a golden chain (maniakion) worn around the chest. 3677: 907:, keeping the governance of the state tightly controlled by a limited number of intermarrying aristocratic families; for instance in the 11th and 12th century, only 80 civil and 64 military noble families have been identified, a very small number for so large a state. Finally, in the Palaiologan system as reported by 3617:

mainly shows the agreement of Christian and pagan morality, while his political theory centers on the establishment and maintenance of a Christian empire under a Christian emperor who is a philosopher-king. His view represents one of the fundamental political options in ancient Christianity, one that

696:

During the "classic" or middle period of the Byzantine state (8th-late 11th centuries), a new, court-centered system emerged. In this, dignities of a certain level were awarded with new titles derived from older, now obsolete, public offices. A senatorial class remained in place, which incorporated a

3484:

also participated in court life, typically serving as attendants to noble women or assisting the emperor when he took part in religious ceremonies or removed his crown. Eunuchs in the early Byzantine Empire were usually foreigners, and they were often seen as having a low status. This changed in the

3114:

into a civil office, whereby a handful of Prefects each acted for the Emperor with responsibility for a cluster of dioceses and provinces. Each received regular reports on administration from the provincial governors, had treasuries of his own, and paid and supplied the army with food. He was also a

3088:

Byzantine administrative nature was characterized by its versatility and unfixed duties in constant role change depending on a specific situation. The vast Byzantine bureaucracy had many titles, more varied than aristocratic and military titles. In Constantinople there were normally hundreds, if not

692:

focussed in Asia Minor. The duties of said governors were largely limited to the collection of the various maritime taxes of their governorships; the management of the various large urban centers such as Athens, Corinth or Thebes; and a basic level of protection for its provinces against pirates and

578:

or governorships, all being appointed by the sovereign directly. These governors, being the direct representatives of the monarch himself all through the provinces, enjoyed an omnipotence of their own, accompanied by the divine attributes for being deputies of the emperor himself in their respective

876:

landowners, who would become responsible for both their fiscal obligations as monastic institutions, or as individuals, and for the fiscal obligations of the various towns and villages in their domain. This trend culminated in the eventual disappearance of the fiscal individuality that each commune

3469:

describing in enormous detail the annual round of the Court. Special forms of dress for many classes of people on particular occasions are set down; at the name-day dinner for the Emperor or Empress various groups of high officials performed ceremonial "dances", one group wearing "a blue and white

1583:

was one of the most senior officials, but as his duties were gradually relegated to other officials, by the 8th century, only the title was left. It remained a high honour, and only rarely awarded until the 10th century. By the early 10th century, there were 12, the first in precedence among them

865:

or village tax, as its new purpose was the collection of the various taxes regardless of whether collection was by an institution, individual or the village itself, essentially offering it to the highest bidder. Although a simplification, it was not an improvement, as it pushed a great variety of

1820:

halted the practice due to the extraordinary expenditure it involved. It too became a purely honorific title. The title continued to be occasionally assumed by emperors on accession until the end of the 7th century. Honorary consuls however continued to be named, as attested by seals bearing the

3460:

At the peaceful height of Middle Byzantium, court life "passed in a sort of ballet", with precise ceremonies prescribed for every occasion, to show that "Imperial power could be exercised in harmony and order", and "the Empire could thus reflect the motion of the Universe as it was made by the

3474:". The second group do just the same, but wearing "a garment of green and red, split, with gold bands". These colours were the marks of the old chariot-racing factions, the four now merged to just the Blues and the Greens, and incorporated into the official hierarchy. As in the Versailles of 516:

innovations; in the years 535 and 536 Justinian's administrative reforms were formalized. This eliminated the administrative diocese system hierarchy established in previous centuries and with it the strict military and civic divisions within the empire, replacing it with various provincial

2495:– Usually a minor relative of the emperor who took care of the emperor's personal wardrobe, especially on military campaigns. He was also sometimes responsible for other members of the imperial household, and the emperor's personal finances. The older term, from before the time of 798:, the system underwent various changes in which, due to the desperate state of the empire and the urgent need for income to finance its military campaigns and strengthen its borders, several simplifications and concessions were made. The theme system established under the 894:

The 10th and 11th centuries saw a rise in importance of the aristocracy, and an increased number of new families entering it. The catastrophic losses in the latter 11th century again prompted a reorganization of the imperial administrative system, at the hands of the new

703:(literally "first sword-bearer"; originally the head of the Emperor's bodyguards) was considered a member of it. During this period, many families remained important for several centuries, and several Emperors rose from the aristocracy. Two groups can be distinguished: a 455:, but as representatives, deputies, and viceroys of the monarch in his different domains throughout the empire. In addition to those officials, a large number of honorific titles existed, which the emperor awarded to prominent subjects or to friendly foreign rulers. 1604:), "head of the vestai" — Adopted in the latter half of the 10th century for high-ranking eunuchs, it began being awarded to "bearded" senior military officers and judicial officials of Constantinople around 1050, before disappearing in the early 12th century. 1043:" — Derived from Hellenistic bureaucracy, emperors wanting to emphasize the legitimacy of their ascent to the throne appended this title to their names, meaning they were born to a reigning emperor in the delivery room of the imperial palace (called the 1394:

s children, and senior foreign dignitaries. However, the parallel processes of proliferation and devaluation of titles during the 12th century resulted in the creation of a bewildering array of often ridiculously large variations, by using the prefixes

1228:), "Caesar" — Originally, as in the late Roman Empire, it was used for a subordinate co-emperor or the heir apparent, and was first among the "awarded" dignities. The office enjoyed extensive privileges, great prestige and power. When Alexios I created 3496:

occupation it virtually vanished. A French visitor was shocked to see the Empress going to church far less well attended than the Queen of France would have been. The Imperial family largely abandoned the Great Palace for the relatively compact

899:: the older offices and titles fell gradually into disuse, while an array of new honorifics emerged, which signified primarily the closeness of their recipient's familial relationship to the Emperor. The Komnenian-led Empire, and later their 1514:), which were offices of the state and were conferred by imperial pronouncement. The former were further divided into three subcategories, depending on who was eligible for them: different sets of titles existed for the "Bearded Ones" ( 2049:) – Adopted in the latter half of the 10th century for high-ranking eunuchs, it was awarded to "bearded" senior military officers and judicial officials of Constantinople from ca. 1050 on. It disappeared in the early 12th century. 7572: 2593:

were governors of remote parts of the empire such as Italy or Africa. They enjoyed a greater degree of independence than other provincial governors, combining both civil and military authority, practically acting as

458:

Over the more than a thousand years of the empire's existence, the Imperial administrative system evolved in its adoption of historic titles. At first, the various titles of the empire were the same as those of the

5702: 2646:. This was a very prestigious title, and by the late 9th century, its holder functioned as commander in chief of the army. In ca. 959, the post was divided, with one domestic for the East and one for the West. 850:

they were appointed either by the monarch or the Doux himself, with the primary task of the collection of taxes and a second role in the maintenance of basic order, administration and justice in his district.

432:. The absence of codified succession laws and procedures, as well as the militarized state of the Empire, led to numerous coups and revolts, leading to several disastrous results, such as the 1071 defeat at 3222:, "one who accounts, calculates or ratiocinates" (literally "one who sets the word") — A secretary in the extensive bureaucracy, who did various jobs depending on the exact position. In the middle and late 911:, one can discern the accumulated nomenclature of centuries, with formerly high ranks having been devalued and others taking their place, and the old distinction between office and dignity having vanished. 4934: 885:. Becoming one of several towns within the estates of the different institutions and individuals of the time was an unbearable phenomenon for many communes due to the various fiscal tolerances that the 6412: 7610: 3969: 3967: 284:—and his power was immeasurable and divine in origin insofar as he channeled God's divine grace, maintaining what is good. He was the ultimate benefactor, caretaker, and saviour of the people: 7565: 791:, which had kept its own former fixed fiscal system, proving this measure to be an indirect consequence of the multiple wars and invasions that Byzantium had to deal throughout its history. 684:

was accommodated and repurposed solely for the income and maintenance of the Byzantine navy, fulfilling a tax supporting role largely in contrast from the more active and military themas of

806:, differing in few key aspects from its administrative predecessors; it highlighted a greater centralization of power. The various Themes had been divided into smaller districts called 579:

districts. Their primary tasks were jointly working with the various provincial subordinates of the capital bureaus for the effective collection of taxes from the different communities

3394:, Latin for "Man who goes before; first man." — One of the oldest of Roman titles, predating the Roman Republic, the title's use morphed considerably through the years. By the time of 340:

highlighted the divinity of the ruler and became standardized and very often mandatory. In practice, imperial power was exercised as administration—simplified and centralized through

7558: 3352:— Responsible for maintenance of roads, monuments, and buildings in Constantinople (which were the responsibility of the Aedile, not the Tribunes in earlier Latin speaking times.) 772:

being made up of the later. These were the main source of a constant and rapid revenue that ultimately derived from the earlier Hellenistic fiscal and administrative principle of

707:

civil nobility and a provincial military one, the latter remaining regionally based and having large land-holdings, but apparently no military forces of their own, in contrast to

6645: 4927: 3386:, "treasurer; purse-bearer" — Under Heraclius, an honorary supervisor of the other palace administrators, logothetes, etc. Later, the chief financial comptroller of the Empire. 7730: 1134:, and was an honorific address for the sons of reigning emperors. Hellenistic rulers had used it extensively, and during Byzantine times often featured in coins, in lieu of 7765: 546:

military system whose functions had been simplified and specialized in the rapid creation of provincial armies. Influenced by Orthodox kingship and Hellenistic theocratic

7760: 5625: 1432:

with an aura flanked by personifications of Truth and Justice, and by his senior court dignitaries, from an illuminated manuscript dating to the 1070s. From left: the

328:(commonwealth), with sole power over the state, the land, and his subjects, which he had achieved through God's appointment of him as king. This opened a new stage of 3133:

was not the emperor's actual father, and the title did not necessarily denote any familial relationship at all, both awardees were the father-in-law of the emperor:

7627: 7622: 4920: 1816:" or "The supreme one" — As in the Roman Republic and Empire, the title was initially given each year to two distinguished citizens (the "ordinary consuls"), until 1244:. However, it remained an office of great importance, and was awarded to a few high-ranking and distinguished officials, and was only rarely awarded to foreigners. 1188:

was Alexios' brother Isaakios. It was essentially a meaningless title, which signified only a close relationship with the Emperor, but ranked immediately after the

7521: 5875: 5776: 2859:— Greek version of "Admiral", introduced via Sicilian practice; an office founded in the late Palaiologan era for Western mercenary leaders and rarely held, the 857:

fiscal reforms allowed an institution or individual to catalog and group their land domains and, through it, their fiscal obligations, in a document referred as

7209: 5786: 5719: 1561:), "president" — Originally reserved for eunuchs (see below), it was opened up in the mid-11th century to "Bearded Ones" as well, especially military officials. 3310:

Logothetes originally had some influence on the emperor, but the posts eventually became honorary. In the later empire the Grand Logothete was replaced by the

2555:– The keeper of the imperial inkstand, one of the senior officials of the imperial chancery. In the Komnenian and Palaiologan period, some of its holders were 925:

These were the highest titles, usually limited to members of the imperial family or to a few very select foreign rulers whose friendship the Emperor desired.

5734: 5729: 4801: 1111: 891:

offered the different monastic institutions and their estates, further accelerating the disappearance of the fiscal individuality of the villages and towns.

654:

were neither fixed nor dogmatic, as they are shown assisting in various military campaigns or, on occasions, replacing the Strategos in his military duties.

210:

Christian-Eastern concepts had gained power in the eastern Greek-speaking Mediterranean due to the intervention of important religious figures there such as

2232:" — This title, reserved for women, was given to the empress' ladies of honour, and, according to Philotheos, ranked very high in hierarchy, above even the 7831: 7683: 6810: 5796: 5771: 1675: 799: 169: 2740:– Commander of all infantry in a large army. The title first appeared in the mid-10th century, when the infantry was reorganized and gained in importance. 7161: 7144: 5801: 5781: 3655: 7725: 7678: 7603: 6860: 6706: 6678: 6322: 6314: 5791: 5724: 2895:

headed a fleet, either the central imperial fleet or one of the thematic fleets; in the army he headed a Droungos, a roughly battalion-sized grouping.

2244:. The title is known from the early 9th century, and disappeared in the 11th century. Otherwise women bore the female forms of their husbands' titles. 547: 7056: 6417: 1370:, which was sometimes used by the emperors. As a separate title, it appeared in the latter half of the 11th century, and was extensively awarded by 1150:, signifying that Hungary was considered a Byzantine tributary state. In later times, a despot could be the holder of a despotate; for example, the 500:

In the early Byzantine period (4th to late 6th century), the administrative structure of the empire was a conglomeration of the late Roman Empire's

7803: 7753: 7705: 6905: 965:" — Originally referred to any king in the Hellenistic period or in any Greek-speaking area of the Roman Empire. It also referred to the Shahs of 3874: 7718: 7698: 7385: 6910: 1115: 4135:

Robin Cormack, "Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons", 1985, George Philip, London, p180, using Kazhdan A.P. , 1974 (in Russian)

2654:, Domestic of the Themes – The commander and organizer of the military themes; there was one for the European themes and one for Asian themes. 7836: 7713: 7655: 7309: 6062: 5618: 4855: 4746: 4641: 4534: 4466: 4354: 4161: 3884: 3398:(379-395) it meant the leading municipal magistrate (like a modern Mayor) but from late 10th century until 1204, a civil governor of a theme. 3227: 7795: 7770: 6920: 6208: 621: 7061: 488:), many of the positions were either new or drastically changed. However, from that time on, they remained essentially the same until the 6052: 3149:, before he raised himself to co-emperor. It ranked first among the "decreed" offices, and entailed wide-ranging administrative duties. 2161:), "sword-chamberlain" — A ceremonial sword-carrier assigned to the personal guard of the emperor. It later became a simple court rank. 7841: 7390: 6803: 2481:

who slept in the Emperor's bedchamber. Usually a eunuch, during the 9th–10th centuries the holders of this office often functioned as

1508:), which were purely honorific court titles and were conferred by the award of a symbol of rank, and the "dignities by proclamation" ( 138: 3485:

10th century, when the social status of eunuchs increased and members of the educated Byzantine upper class began to become eunuchs.

1973:— These two titles are listed as equal by Philotheos. Both were still high dignities in the 6th century, but were devalued afterward. 7491: 6057: 4883: 4767: 4725: 4701: 4665: 4564: 4507: 4444: 4140: 4043: 4026:

Ziche, Hartmut (2017-01-01), "Historians and the Economy: Zosimos and Prokopios on Fifth- and Sixth- Century Economie Development",

3944: 3572: 2569:(ὁ ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης), "the one in charge of the table" — Official responsible for attending to the imperial table during banquets. 1029:. Several emperors were also deposed because of perceived inadequacy, for example after a military defeat, and some were murdered. 7615: 6554: 5611: 3093:, often including huge hats. These are some of the more common ones, including non-nobles who also directly served the emperor. 1796:

is a kind of sword). They performed specific duties inside the imperial palace. The title survived until the early 12th century.

7693: 7581: 7526: 7348: 5880: 5648: 4899: 162: 3740: 7598: 7496: 7486: 7358: 7279: 6965: 6537: 6481: 6402: 6269: 5471: 4716: 3492:, with the Emperor away on military campaigns for much of the time, this way of life had changed considerably, and after the 3478:, elaborate dress and court ritual probably were at least partly an attempt to smother and distract from political tensions. 630:. These deputies, or any deputy or representative of the Strategos, or of any other military governor, were generally called 78: 7097: 4813: 4599: 3827:

Charanis, Peter (July 1969). "Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy: Origins and Background. Francis Dvornik".

7788: 7353: 7343: 7258: 7013: 6798: 3248:, Grand Logothete — the head of the logothetes, personally responsible for the legal system and treasury, somewhat like a 1927:) — Originally a group of courtiers responsible for the maintenance of order (including respectful silence) in the palace. 1654:

was created in the 11th century to counter its decline in importance, but both disappeared by the end of the 12th century.

252: 3089:

thousands, of bureaucrats at any time. Like members of the Church and the military, they wore elaborately differentiated

7427: 7395: 7299: 7008: 6980: 6788: 6327: 3203: 2029:. The title was widely awarded in the 11th century, when it was opened up to non-eunuchs, prompting the creation of the 1493: 3072: 3055:, "place-holder" or "lieutenant" — Found at various levels of the hierarchy, as deputies to commanders of the imperial 41: 7632: 7151: 6793: 6640: 6397: 6148: 5284: 4788:] (in Greek). Translated by Dimitris Tsoungarakis. Athens: Educational Institution of the National Bank of Greece. 3462: 3299: 1528:) and women. State officials usually combined titles from both main categories, so that a high official would be both 4585:]. Berliner byzantinische Arbeiten 35 (in French). Berlin and Amsterdam: Akademie-Verlag & Adolf M. Hakkert. 1678:, awarded to high-ranking officials, including eunuchs, and foreign rulers. The spouses of patricians bore the title 3129:(βασιλεοπάτωρ), "Father of the Emperor" — An exceptional title, granted only twice in Byzantine history. Although a 2847:, when he combined the remnants of the imperial and thematic fleets into a single imperial fleet. By the end of the 1424: 7471: 7417: 7156: 7028: 7018: 6718: 6598: 6476: 6407: 6295: 6264: 6107: 6047: 5520: 5507: 5494: 3403: 1714:

bore this title. It later became one of the most common high court titles, awarded to senior officials such as the

741: 720: 573: 559: 543: 417: 384: 373: 362: 155: 983:" among Christian rulers exclusively for the emperor in Constantinople, and referred to Western European kings as 783:

for the simple income and rapid collection of taxes by deputies towards various rural communities in the war-time

620:). The main provincial governors and their deputies held equal military and administrative duties within the main 538:

Following the transformation of the Byzantine state during the 7th century due to massive territorial loss to the

7810: 7331: 6855: 6711: 6496: 6387: 6274: 5541: 5109: 4875: 3470:

garment, with short sleeves, and gold bands, and rings on their ankles. In their hands they hold what are called

2530: 1281: 4482:

The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century – With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos

6630: 6382: 5869: 5228: 5179: 5123: 5116: 3515: 3324: 3275: 2872: 1217: 744:

was made up of several individuals and institutions, such as the various lands that the many monasteries owned

203: 5748: 4907: 3643: 2716:, under the Komnenian and Palaiologan emperors the term was used for the second-ranking commander of the army. 5368: 2201:

was tasked with holding a gold, gem-encrusted water basin and assisting the emperor in performing the ritual

7650: 7536: 6960: 6686: 6506: 6392: 5172: 5095: 2419: 1322:

was created in its stead, until it too started to decline, only to be replaced by a further augmented form:

1209: 429: 267: 4912: 3163:, responsible for keeping official government records and head of the class of senior secretaries known as 7461: 7051: 6893: 6337: 6143: 6117: 6112: 5885: 5861: 5857: 5824: 5319: 5270: 5081: 3336: 3289: 2631: 2150: 1588:. Thereafter the number of its holders was inflated, and the office vanished sometime in the 12th century. 969:. Heraclius adopted it in 629, and it became the Greek word for "emperor." Heraclius also used the titles 803: 715: 539: 489: 275: 68: 2686:. The term is basically equivalent to "general" or "admiral", as it was used in both branches of service. 7179: 7033: 6223: 6133: 6097: 5982: 5712: 5707: 5413: 5361: 5305: 5298: 5144: 3257: 3231: 2319: 2267:), "one who executes authority" — It was a style applied in the empire to some sovereign foreign rulers. 1869:, so named because of their white tunics. They were originally a select group of guards, drawn from the 1671: 1289: 1107: 1099: 509: 6770: 3776:

Alexander, Suzanne Spain (April 1977). "Heraclius, Byzantine Imperial Ideology, and the David Plates".

2964:"count of the stable" and various European feudal titles such as English "constable"; the chief of the 3890: 3340:— Originally an accountant or auditor, the office eventually became a judicial one for Constantinople. 1415:. Few of them actually survived past the 12th century, and all of them rapidly declined in importance. 834:, who was positioned by the emperor directly, commonly a relative of his or a close aristocrat to the 7783: 7660: 7422: 7405: 7226: 6985: 6950: 6833: 6765: 6300: 6243: 5527: 5482: 5137: 4960: 4809: 4793: 3498: 3373: 3077: 2478: 2000: 1310:("most noble") — Originally a title given to close relatives of the Emperor, subordinate only to the 1277: 388: 271: 123: 3372:, "maistor" in Greek) — An old Roman term, master of offices and master of the army; by the time of 1544:

The "by award" titles for the "Bearded Ones" (non-eunuchs) were, in descending order of precedence:

1382:("First Venerable One") was created for Hadrianos, Alexios' second brother, and awarded also to the 6332: 6248: 6238: 6102: 5865: 5853: 5740: 3555:

Barnes, T. D. (1989-11-24), "Panegyric, history and hagiography in Eusebius' Life of Constantine",

3362: 3142: 3081: 2667: 2535:– Concierge of the imperial palaces, responsible for opening and closing the palace gates each day. 2202: 1579: 1326:. By the late Palaiologan era, the former had vanished, while the latter was a provincial official. 1162:, referred to a female despot or the wife of a despot, but it was also used to address the Empress. 1147: 1006: 433: 98: 7532: 3587:

Lewis, V. Bradley (2017-04-04). "Eusebius of Caesarea's Un-Platonic Platonic Political Theology".

3408:, "head" — The governor of a small province, usually a town and its surrounding territory, in the 379:

Such concentrations of power proved to be both a great internal weakness and the cause of various

7642: 7410: 7400: 7274: 6945: 6828: 6745: 6608: 5960: 5940: 5920: 5910: 5676: 5277: 4118: 3852: 3809: 3801: 3697: 3409: 3235: 3134: 3103: 2844: 2813: 2754:– Commanders of a smaller division of the army in the field. The name was derived from the Latin 2326: 1880: 1757: 1733: 1440: 1371: 1349: 1273: 1173: 1151: 1048: 1040: 920: 854: 795: 784: 478: 247:

By the 6th century, such ideas had already influenced the definitive power of the monarch as the

128: 73: 7550: 5534: 1496:, below the imperial titles, the Byzantines distinguished two distinct categories of dignities ( 1201: 1081:) – A combination of titles reserved for the senior of several ruling co-emperors (συμβασιλεῖς, 439:

Applying Orthodox-Hellenistic political schemes, the monarch's household was the sacred kingdom

307:) in all of his divine, pious, loving orthodox attributes to all by being his earthly presence. 5562: 4005:

The land and taxation in the reign of Alexios I Komnenos: the evidence of Theophylakt of Ochrid

7466: 7371: 7304: 7284: 7252: 7184: 7171: 7092: 7087: 6838: 6603: 6453: 5972: 5925: 5915: 5905: 4879: 4851: 4763: 4742: 4721: 4711: 4697: 4680: 4661: 4637: 4586: 4574: 4560: 4540: 4530: 4513: 4503: 4486: 4462: 4440: 4350: 4157: 4136: 4110: 4075: 4039: 4008: 3940: 3880: 3844: 3793: 3732: 3604: 3568: 2840: 2357: 2336: 2033:

to distinguish the most senior amongst its holders. It disappeared in the latter 12th century.

1871: 1482: 1472: 1387: 1139: 938: 387:, would often challenge imperial power with claims of their own. In this way emperors such as 380: 143: 113: 108: 88: 83: 1318:, the title was awarded to officials and foreign dignitaries, diluting its status. The title 646:

were responsible for the judicial matters inside a Theme. Although the range of tasks of the

7748: 7673: 7336: 7129: 7077: 7023: 6990: 6940: 6733: 6723: 6501: 6189: 6081: 6004: 5987: 5965: 5950: 5935: 5849: 5634: 5102: 5016: 4988: 4865: 4825: 4611: 4454: 4102: 4067: 4058:

Frankopan, P. (2007-02-01). "Kinship and the Distribution of Power in Komnenian Byzantium".

4031: 3932: 3836: 3785: 3689: 3596: 3560: 3449: 3368: 3243: 3223: 2891:– The title existed both in the army and the navy. In the navy of the 8th–11th centuries, a 2643: 2621: 2564: 2298: 1945: 1829:("former consul"). The title was often conferred to the rulers of south Italian city-states. 1720: 1621: 1412: 1315: 1118:. John, as his father's heir and co-emperor, wears an exact replica of his imperial costume. 1103: 1034: 933: 896: 421: 256: 33: 4527:

HISTORY OF THE LATER ROMAN EMPIRE: from the death of Theodosius I to the death of Justinian

4500:

History of the later Roman Empire: from the death of Theodosius I to the death of Justinian

303:

anointed with all power, upholding the divine laws since he ought to emulate Christ first (

7481: 7314: 7294: 7289: 7244: 7234: 7194: 7189: 7134: 6915: 6521: 6438: 6433: 6173: 6163: 5999: 5993: 5977: 5955: 5945: 5930: 5453: 5442: 5431: 5420: 5340: 5291: 5263: 5214: 5207: 5193: 5158: 5023: 4995: 3146: 3138: 3090: 2721: 2613: 2490: 2380: 2366: 2346: 2100: 2004: 1691: 1644:" — Originally the highest rank for provincial governors, it survived the creation of the 1452: 1261: 904: 708: 699: 372:

who enjoyed the same omnipotence and the emperor's God given divinity in their respective

280: 248: 133: 103: 93: 4480: 3294:, General Logothete — responsible for taxation. Also acted as a secretary in later cases. 1362:(σεβαστός), "August One" — This title is the literal Greek translation of the Latin term 4759:

The Byzantine Province in Change: On the Threshold Between the 10th and the 11th Century

2726:, Master of the Camp – In charge of making sure the army was stocked with food and arms. 2680:– A military and later also civil commander of a theme, who often also had the title of 1142:

made it a separate title, the highest "awarded" title after the emperor. The first such

7775: 7738: 7319: 7199: 6932: 6691: 6585: 6571: 6370: 6233: 6074: 5829: 5406: 5347: 5130: 5073: 5065: 4981: 4974: 4947: 4552: 3520: 3510: 2976: 2826: 2616:. In the Byzantine period, they were among the highest military offices, and included: 2472: 2433: 2293: 2283: 2217: 2166: 1846: 1429: 1383: 966: 958: 908: 658: 460: 425: 413: 241: 191: 58: 2612:

were originally imperial guards, who later functioned as senior staff officers in the

1865: 1752:), "twice consul" — A very rare dignity, which originated possibly in the 8th century. 1094: 7825: 7239: 7116: 7082: 6820: 6755: 6728: 6613: 6228: 6168: 5569: 5477: 5466: 5386: 5375: 5354: 5151: 5044: 4967: 3813: 3701: 3329: 3193: 3171: 3154: 2961: 2713: 2675: 2413: 2288: 2186: 2025: 1488: 1446: 1379: 1285: 1167: 1018: 501: 118: 63: 3618:

influenced later Byzantine political theology, but was largely rejected in the west.

2877:— Initially the commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy; after the creation of the 7000: 6975: 6955: 6760: 6738: 6593: 5841: 5836: 5670: 5242: 5200: 5058: 5009: 3716: 3489: 3395: 3124: 2851:

dynasty the megaduke was head of the government and bureaucracy, not just the navy.

2707: 2371: 2308: 1916: 1813: 1645: 1301: 1245: 839: 807: 602:, or any military governor, was assisted by several deputies, chief among them the 463: 292: 1706:" — As its name signifies, it originally was the title borne by the leader of the 4869: 4845: 4757: 4736: 4655: 4631: 4344: 3936: 3564: 1648:, until, in the 9th century, it too became a purely honorific title. The variant 7501: 7476: 6970: 6780: 6547: 6153: 6138: 5548: 5235: 5186: 5088: 5037: 5030: 4777: 4651: 3525: 3381: 3050: 3032: 2955: 2886: 2848: 2691: 2501: 2496: 2424: 2331: 2256: 2123: 2110: 2080: 2011:. The holder of this dignity was also the president of the Senate, and the term 1932: 1817: 1408: 1341: 1331: 1131: 989: 900: 882: 788: 787:, after having been adopted and adapted from the late Roman and early Byzantine 632: 616: 604: 519: 517:

circumscriptions directly governed by deputies of the emperor, variously called

513: 337: 333: 329: 4847:

The Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium

1982:

By descending order of precedence, the "by award" titles for the eunuchs were:

383:

and rebellions in which viceroys with provincial armies and, sometimes, entire

6775: 6635: 6625: 6458: 6448: 6158: 5582: 5514: 5501: 5488: 5399: 5392: 5312: 5249: 5002: 4684: 4544: 4490: 4476: 4093:

Kazhdan, Alexander (1993). "State, Feudal, and Private Economy in Byzantium".

4035: 3693: 3600: 3535: 3249: 3209: 3111: 3018: 2941: 2834: 2603: 2550: 2399: 2385: 2303: 2038: 1773: 1741: 1629: 1593: 1158:, was held by the heir to the Byzantine throne after 1261. The feminine form, 1056: 704: 662: 590: 505: 286: 4590: 4114: 4079: 4012: 3923:

Barnes, T. D. (1989-11-24), "Panegyric, history and hagiography in Eusebius'

3848: 3797: 3736: 3608: 3304:, Military Logothete — a civilian, in charge of distributing pay to the army. 1710:("swordbearers," the Emperor's bodyguards). For instance, in the 6th century 802:

would remain the administrative basis of the Byzantine state until its final

7324: 7204: 6696: 6564: 6511: 6443: 5256: 5051: 4829: 4615: 4517: 3475: 3263: 3217: 3165: 3160: 3024: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2968: 2786: 2772:

of the army. Usually, each army was divided into two to three such commands.

2763: 2755: 2540: 2341: 2132: 2054: 1659: 1641: 1566: 1063: 610: 599: 551: 525: 467: 447: 441: 399: 368: 263: 207: 4600:"Les Logothètes: Etudes sur l'histoire administrative de l'Empire byzantin" 2666:– The governor of a greater area combining two or more themes, such as the 718:) was the joint tax liability system of the different communities inside a 5603: 3212:) — Responsible for minting gold and silver coins and equipping the fleet. 1674:, it remained one of the highest dignities until its disappearance in the 7590: 6850: 6750: 6701: 6559: 6491: 6279: 5589: 5555: 5459: 5333: 5326: 5165: 4071: 3107: 2777: 2661: 2446: 2404: 1999:), "president" — This was an entirely new rank introduced in the 960s by 1988: 1896: 1550: 1434: 1357: 1125: 952: 887: 878: 835: 780: 731: 555: 356: 318: 312: 260: 240:) who had been key to developing the constant Christianized worldview of 211: 199: 187: 1390:. During the 12th century, it remained in use for the Emperor's and the 1025:, or indeed after forcing the previous Emperor to abdicate and become a 661:, by the 12th century most of these came to be governed directly by the 182: 7216: 7102: 7043: 6542: 6516: 6194: 5221: 4122: 3856: 3805: 3644:"Dvornik (Francis), Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy" 3530: 3493: 3390: 3349: 3312: 2924: 2638: 2595: 2390: 2352: 1834: 1801: 1732:

also signified admittance to the Senate. The office survived until the

1462: 1345: 1253: 1130:(δεσπότης), "Lord" — Used by the emperors themselves since the time of 998: 962: 872: 826: 759: 642: 567: 531: 452: 341: 324: 2513:(curator), an earlier official responsible for financial matters. The 1208:, who was given the title in 1191. A Bulgarian aristocrat by the name 17: 7139: 6845: 6620: 6486: 3481: 3424: 2965: 2910: 2698: 2590: 2545:– Originally the emperor's cupbearer, later a senior honorific title. 2064: 1785: 1711: 1609: 1249: 1205: 1155: 975: 870:

of either the adjoining monasteries or of the various well-resourced

697:

large part of the upper officialdom; every official from the rank of

679: 626: 563: 346: 226: 4106: 3840: 3789: 3762: 1480:

In the 8th–11th centuries, according to information provided by the

657:

Due to the lack of action or large-scale battles in the thematas of

4176:

The Eunuch in Byzantine History and Society; Shaun Tougher; page 22

1374:

to his brothers and relations. The female version of the title was

316:(subjects). He was the sole administrator and lawgiver of the holy 3110:

as the command of the imperial Guard in Rome. It was developed by

3071: 1423: 1269: 1093: 1051:), and were therefore legitimate beyond any claim to the contrary. 1022: 932: 725:

duties which were carried out by provincial officials such as the

298: 181: 4633:

Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture

3376:, these had become honorary titles and were eventually discarded. 1670:), "patrician" — Established as the highest title of nobility by 7124: 4902:

of Byzantium-related technical terms including official titles;

3267: 1276:

and then into Russian, Serbian etc.). Title was also awarded to

1265: 1026: 714:

The backbone of Byzantine administration and economy (until the

412:

There were no codified laws on the imperial succession, and the

7554: 7450: 6881: 6666: 6358: 6025: 5646: 5607: 4916: 3208:, literally "keeper of documents for the Public Wardrobe" (see 1085:), and denoted the person who held substantive political power. 4370:

Bartusis, Mark C. (Apr 1988). "The Kavallarioi of Byzantium".

2839:, Megaduke or Grand Duke — The basic equivalent of the modern 2682: 1236:

became third in importance, and fourth after Manuel I created

1047:

because it was paneled with slabs of the reddish-purple stone

2262: 2223: 2205:

before he exited the imperial palace or performed ceremonies.

2192: 2172: 2156: 2116: 2086: 2070: 2044: 1994: 1963: 1956: 1938: 1922: 1902: 1886: 1858: 1840: 1807: 1779: 1763: 1747: 1697: 1665: 1635: 1615: 1599: 1572: 1556: 1523: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1223: 1076: 861:. The new reform essentially broke from the integrity of the 842:

inside the Theme were ruled by a deputy of the Doux called a

812:

which in turn were made up of the various towns and villages

4677:

Warfare, state, and society in the Byzantine world, 565-1204

3037:— A category of palace guards, armed with sword and cudgel ( 550:, power was relegated to military leaders, with the various 4814:"La chancellerie impériale de Byzance du 13e au 15e siècle" 4657:

Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204

3159:, "First Secretary" — an earlier title for the head of the 866:

villages and towns to eventually be added to the different

4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4184: 4182: 3419:— In charge of distributing food from the state granaries. 477:), many of the titles had become obsolete. By the time of 3986: 3984: 3982: 1340:, "charge of the palace" — First attested in the time of 4798:

Les listes de préséance byzantines des IXe et Xe siècles

3876:

Politics, Philosophy, and Empire in the Fourth Century

3868: 3866: 3589:

Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek Political Thought

1736:, but had declined to the 35th place of the hierarchy. 1061:(αὐτοκράτωρ), "self-ruler" — Originally equivalent to 881:

had fought and delayed with special taxes such as the

4254: 4252: 2626:, Grand Domestic – The overall commander of the army. 1792:

were initially a special corps of imperial guards (a

979:(κύριος – "Lord"). The Byzantines reserved the term " 194:

and royal power handed down by Christ and the angels.

4694:

The Byzantine Republic: People and Power in New Rome

4579:

Recherches sur les institutions byzantines (2 vols.)

2812:, it originally meant a cavalry soldier. During the 1456:(a eunuch, since he is beardless), the emperor, the 542:, this early structuring came to be replaced by the 7641: 7589: 7367: 7267: 7225: 7170: 7115: 7070: 7042: 6999: 6931: 6892: 6819: 6677: 6584: 6530: 6469: 6426: 6369: 6313: 6288: 6257: 6216: 6207: 6182: 6126: 6090: 6036: 5894: 5810: 5757: 5688: 5659: 4437:

The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453

1620:) – A senior honorific title, first attested under 877:or town had enjoyed, something which emperors like 416:was never formally abolished. Theoretically, each 4154:The portrait in Byzantine illuminated manuscripts 3284:— the exact functions of this office are unclear. 2636:, Domestic of the Schools – The commander of the 445:, and he was its Christ-loving owner and manager 4720:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2881:his lieutenant, in charge of the naval officers. 2477:(literally, "one who sleeps nearby") — The High 1875:. The title disappeared in the Komnenian period. 1172:(σεβαστοκράτωρ), "Venerable Ruler" — Created by 4557:The Byzantine Aristocracy: IX to XIII Centuries 3931:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 94–123, 3559:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 94–123, 2642:, originally a number of guards units, later a 5994:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands) 2279:ranks the order of command below the emperor: 2197:), from Greek νίπτειν, "to wash hands") — The 7566: 5619: 4928: 4762:. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studies. 2525:performed the same functions for the empress. 1907:) — Officers of the imperial wardrobe (Latin 278:. The monarch was the incarnation of the law— 163: 8: 4871:A History of the Byzantine State and Society 4850:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 4420:(3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press. 3238:. Different offices of Logothetes included: 1017:(the female form of "despotes", see below). 973:(αὐτοκράτωρ – "autocrat," "self-ruler") and 5573:of the cities according to their importance 3678:"Byzantine Philanthropy and Social Welfare" 2317: 1420:Court titles from the 8th to 11th centuries 7573: 7559: 7551: 7447: 6898: 6889: 6878: 6674: 6663: 6375: 6366: 6355: 6213: 6040: 6033: 6022: 5656: 5643: 5626: 5612: 5604: 4935: 4921: 4913: 2015:was often used to denote precedence, e.g. 1260:in 705; the title then developed into the 170: 156: 29: 3879:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 779:had served as an accessible tool for the 4306: 1788:-bearer" — As their name signifies, the 1492:of Philotheos (899) and the writings of 903:successors, were based primarily on the 4330: 4243: 4231: 4212: 4188: 3990: 3547: 2670:, a title developed in the 9th century. 583:from the different land owners estates 409:) achieved royal power for themselves. 32: 3973: 3873:Heather, Peter; Moncur, David (2001). 3676:Constantelos, Demetrios (April 1970). 1577:) – In the early Byzantine state, the 987:, a Hellenized form of the Latin word 310:The people in turn were the monarch's 266:adopting, following, and applying the 251:and of his kingdom as an imitation of 4786:Byzantium: The Empire of the New Rome 4583:Studies on the Byzantine Institutions 4459:Les institutions de l'empire byzantin 3682:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 3629: 3176:in charge of imperial documents; the 3027:Guard from the Komnenian era onwards. 2997:. Initially subdivided into Greater ( 2792:– Commander of an infantry regiment ( 614:(to a lesser degree also referred as 7: 4904:Prosopography of the Byzantine World 4439:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 4388: 4318: 4294: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4200: 3958: 3910: 3448:, among others, were members of the 2702:, a military unit of battalion size. 190:in triumphal garb, exemplifying the 4485:. London: Oxford University Press. 3725:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 3461:Creator", according to the Emperor 2075:) – Same as for the "Bearded Ones". 1728:in charge of a theme. The title of 1196:. The first foreigner to be called 830:grants. The Themes were ruled by a 673:of the various coastal cities. The 7832:Government of the Byzantine Empire 7582:Royal and noble titles and honours 4717:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 4461:(in French). Paris: Albin Michel. 4418:A Short History of the Middle Ages 3169:. Other subordinates included the 2827:Byzantine navy § Organization 2808:– A title borrowed from the Latin 2457:Stratopedarches of the crossbowmen 1522:, i.e. not eunuchs), the eunuchs ( 1106:(right), and three of their sons, 1090:Titles used by the imperial family 420:was formally elected, by both the 27:Government of the Byzantine Empire 25: 7492:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 4944:Order of Byzantine palace offices 3180:a chamberlain in the palace; the 2909:– The commander of a squadron of 2509:in Greek). This was derived from 2105:– Same as for the "Bearded Ones". 2059:– Same as for the "Bearded Ones". 1943:), Greek equivalent of the Latin 1891:), "imperial or royal messenger". 1718:, the commanders of the imperial 768:, with most of a village or town 332:in which Hellenistic and Eastern 7531: 4403:Byzantine Style and Civilization 3763:"The basileus as Christomimetes" 3715:Patrick Henry III (1967-12-30). 3262:, Drome Logothete — the head of 2816:, it became a minor court title. 2517:was a subordinate official. The 2442:Stratopedarches of the Mourtatoi 40: 5881:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 5703:Constantinian–Valentinianic era 4343:Heath, Ian (13 November 1995). 3761:Roy, Christian (January 2003). 3743:from the original on 2023-01-24 3658:from the original on 2019-05-25 3319:Other administrators included: 3080:flanked by courtiers. From the 3023:, "Acolyte" — The chief of the 1336:(κουροπαλάτης), from the Latin 1306:(νωβελίσσιμος), from the Latin 1067:, and was used by the emperors. 483: 472: 404: 393: 6966:Great Palace of Constantinople 6707:Patriarchate of Constantinople 4636:. Cambridge University Press. 4156:. Brill Archive. p. 110. 4152:Spatharakis, Iohannis (1976). 3440:, prefect, praetor, quaestor, 2950:, commander of foreign troops. 2559:chief ministers of the Empire. 2485:chief ministers of the Empire. 1001:. Empresses were addressed as 748:, the soldiers' farming lands 249:representative of God on earth 198:Throughout the fifth century, 1: 4844:Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2003). 4800:(in French). Paris: Éditions 4782:Η Αυτοκρατορία της Νέας Ρώμης 4738:Ruling the later Roman Empire 4060:The English Historical Review 3717:"A Mirror for Justinian: the 3488:However, even by the time of 3226:, it rose to become a senior 3184:a private secretary; and the 1540:Titles for the "bearded ones" 1502:): the "dignities by award" ( 820:, the estates of the dynatoi 272:Hellenistic political systems 230: 215: 200:Hellenistic political systems 7837:Byzantine titles and offices 7428:University of Constantinople 7009:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda 6159:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 5848:Byzantine successor states ( 5180:Megas droungarios tou stolou 5124:Megas droungarios tes vigles 4741:. Harvard University Press. 4696:. Harvard University Press. 4559:. BAR International Series. 3937:10.1017/cbo9780511555350.007 3642:Walter, Christopher (1968). 3565:10.1017/cbo9780511555350.007 3204:Chartoularios tou vestiariou 2843:. The office was created by 1494:Constantine Porphyrogennetos 1407:("first"): examples include 993:("king"). The feminine form 740:of the different bureaus. A 490:fall of the Byzantine Empire 7098:Saint Catherine's Monastery 6154:Chartoularios tou sakelliou 6149:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 5285:Logothetes tou stratiotikou 4818:Revue des études byzantines 4756:Krsmanović, Bojana (2008). 4735:Kelly, Christopher (2004). 4692:Kaldellis, Anthony (2015). 4604:Revue des études byzantines 4598:Guilland, Rodolphe (1971). 4416:Rosenwein, Barbara (2009). 4346:Byzantine Armies, 1118–1461 4030:, BRILL, pp. 462–474, 3648:Revue des études byzantines 3463:Constantine Porphyrogenitus 3300:Logothetēs tou stratiotikou 2318: 1969:), equivalent of the Latin 929:Titles used by the emperors 709:contemporary Western Europe 53:Aristocracy and bureaucracy 7858: 7487:Neo-Byzantine architecture 6108:Comes sacrarum largitionum 4435:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997). 3041:). Under the command of a 2824: 2768:– Commander of a division 2712:– Initially the Emperor's 2263: 2224: 2193: 2173: 2157: 2117: 2087: 2071: 2045: 1995: 1964: 1957: 1939: 1923: 1903: 1887: 1859: 1841: 1808: 1780: 1764: 1748: 1698: 1666: 1636: 1616: 1600: 1573: 1557: 1524: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1324:Prōtonobelissimohypertatos 1224: 1146:was actually a foreigner, 1077: 918: 7842:Bureaucratic organization 7514: 7457: 7446: 7057:Sant'Apollinare in Classe 6901: 6888: 6877: 6673: 6662: 6378: 6365: 6354: 6043: 6032: 6021: 5655: 5642: 4955: 4876:Stanford University Press 4529:. Charles River Editors. 4401:Runciman, Steven (1975). 4349:. Osprey. pp. 18–9. 4309:, p. 234 (Note #86). 4036:10.1163/9789004344877_036 3694:10.1017/S0022046900048703 3601:10.1163/20512996-12340119 3230:, equivalent to a modern 1682:(not to be confused with 1536:(a "proclaimed" office). 1532:(an "awarded" title) and 1282:Andronikos II Palaiologos 1102:with his family: empress 1009:"), and were also called 937:The back of this coin by 677:, now made up of several 466:. However, by the era of 6631:Droungarios of the Fleet 5229:Logothetes ton oikeiakon 4874:. Stanford, California: 4781: 4675:Haldon, John F. (2004). 4630:Haldon, John F. (1997). 3516:Byzantine battle tactics 3325:Eparch of Constantinople 3276:Logothetēs tōn oikeiakōn 2929:– The captain of a ship. 1240:. The feminine form was 1192:. The feminine form was 7145:Early Byzantine mosaics 6507:Domestic of the Schools 5369:Domestikos ton teicheon 5096:Domestikos tes trapezes 4830:10.3406/rebyz.1985.2171 4616:10.3406/rebyz.1971.1441 3929:The Making of Orthodoxy 3557:The Making of Orthodoxy 3348:, translation of Latin 2651:Domestikos tōn thematōn 2445:Stratopedarches of the 1184:(see below). The first 1138:. In the 12th century, 816:, the monastic estates 7462:Byzantine commonwealth 6224:Praetorian prefectures 6144:Logothetes tou genikou 6118:Quaestor sacri palatii 6113:Comes rerum privatarum 5886:Fall of Constantinople 5825:Sack of Constantinople 5187:Primmikerios tes aules 5173:Domestikos ton scholon 5082:Logothetes tou genikou 3290:Logothetēs tou genikou 3145:briefly as regent for 3085: 3068:Administrative offices 2960:— Greek form of Latin 2863:was the deputy of the 2632:Domestikos tōn scholōn 2151:Spatharokoubikoularios 2145:, "doorkeeper, usher". 2127:, "first in the list". 1477: 1119: 946: 716:fall of Constantinople 195: 7162:Komnenian renaissance 7157:Macedonian period art 7062:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo 7034:Walls of Thessaloniki 6134:Logothetes tou dromou 5749:Twenty Years' Anarchy 5713:Valentinianic dynasty 5708:Constantinian dynasty 5414:Logariastes tes aules 5299:Logothetes ton agelon 5145:Logothetes tou dromou 5024:Megas stratopedarches 4908:King's College London 4660:. London: UCL Press. 4297:, pp. 21, 23–24. 4095:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 4003:Harvey, Alan (1993). 3721:of Agapetus Diaconus" 3258:Logothetēs tou dromou 3104:Praetorian prefecture 3075: 2934:Other military titles 2825:Further information: 2696:– The commander of a 2453:one-horse cavalry men 2320:Megas stratopedarches 2249:Titles for foreigners 2158:σπαθαροκουβικουλάριος 2003:and first awarded to 1672:Constantine the Great 1584:bearing the title of 1534:logothetēs tou dromou 1427: 1290:Catalan Grand Company 1100:Manuel II Palaiologos 1097: 936: 794:After the reforms of 636:, second to them the 587:and from monasteries 185: 7761:Poland and Lithuania 7359:Units of measurement 7093:Panagia Gorgoepikoos 6986:Pammakaristos Church 6834:Corpus Juris Civilis 6785:Missionary activity 6244:Exarchate of Ravenna 6070:Imperial bureaucracy 5483:Palace of Blachernae 5320:Krites tou phossatou 5138:Megas chartoullarios 5131:Megas hetaireiarches 4810:Oikonomides, Nicolas 4794:Oikonomides, Nicolas 3499:Palace of Blachernae 3228:administrative title 3188:a treasury official. 2001:Nikephoros II Phokas 1378:. The special title 1278:George II of Georgia 1212:also used the title. 1176:as a combination of 1039:(πορφυρογέννητος), " 1003:eusebestatē avgousta 781:Hellenistic kingdoms 570:in their respective 424:(Synkletos) and the 389:Nikephoros II Phokas 227:Origen of Alexandria 212:Eusebius of Caesarea 186:Painting of Emperor 7599:Commonwealth realms 6883:Culture and society 6746:Ecumenical councils 6249:Exarchate of Africa 6239:Quaestura exercitus 6103:Magister officiorum 6098:Praetorian prefects 5741:Byzantine Dark Ages 5327:Archon tou allagiou 4525:Bury, J.B. (2018). 4498:Bury, J.B. (2016). 4028:Byzantine Narrative 3925:Life of Constantine 3632:, pp. 259–260. 3363:magister officiorum 3280:, Logothete of the 3143:Romanos I Lekapenos 3082:Skylitzes Chronicle 2991:, successor to the 2981:— The chief of the 2451:Stratopedarches of 2438:megas hetairearches 2405:Arkhon tou Allagion 2342:Megas hetairearches 2240:and just below the 2177:) – From the Latin 2141:) – From the Latin 2121:) – From the Latin 2091:) – From the Latin 1863:) – From the Latin 1580:magister officiorum 1148:Bela III of Hungary 1078:βασιλεύς αὐτοκράτωρ 1072:Basileus Autokratōr 756:of the land owners 693:any other parties. 581:("Chora", "Komai"), 336:ceremonies such as 259:was a multi-ethnic 7300:Flags and insignia 6946:Baths of Zeuxippus 6829:Codex Theodosianus 6719:Oriental Orthodoxy 5677:Later Roman Empire 5583:Epi tou kanikleiou 5362:Epi ton anamneseon 5306:Megas diermeneutes 5278:Megas adnoumiastes 5031:Megas primmikerios 4712:Kazhdan, Alexander 4575:Guilland, Rodolphe 4405:. London: Penguin. 4072:10.1093/ehr/cel378 3467:Book of Ceremonies 3410:Palaiologan period 3332:of Constantinople. 3252:in western Europe. 3236:secretary of state 3135:Stylianos Zaoutzes 3099:Praetorian prefect 3086: 2845:Alexios I Komnenos 2814:Palaiologan period 2376:megas primmikerios 2327:Megas primmikerios 2095:, "placed before". 1978:Titles for eunuchs 1888:βασιλικὸς μανδάτωρ 1881:Basilikos mandatōr 1758:Spatharokandidatos 1734:Palaiologan period 1505:διὰ βραβείων ἀξίαι 1478: 1441:epi tou kanikleiou 1372:Alexios I Komnenos 1174:Alexios I Komnenos 1152:Despotate of Morea 1120: 1041:born in the purple 947: 921:Byzantine emperors 905:landed aristocracy 824:, and the various 785:Hellenistic period 624:inside a thema, a 496:Background history 196: 7819: 7818: 7643:Former monarchies 7548: 7547: 7510: 7509: 7467:Byzantine studies 7442: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7253:Alexander Romance 7111: 7110: 7088:Nea Moni of Chios 6951:Blachernae Palace 6873: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6839:Code of Justinian 6687:Eastern Orthodoxy 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6580: 6579: 6454:Scholae Palatinae 6350: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6315:Foreign relations 6309: 6308: 6203: 6202: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6012: 5816:(1204–1453) 5601: 5600: 5236:Megas logariastes 5222:Praitor tou demou 5038:Megas konostaulos 4866:Treadgold, Warren 4857:978-0-226-72015-9 4748:978-0-674-01564-7 4643:978-0-521-31917-1 4536:978-1-61430-462-3 4468:978-2-226-04722-9 4356:978-1-85532-347-6 4163:978-90-04-04783-9 3886:978-0-85323-106-6 3613:For Eusebius the 2985:mercenaries, the 2873:Megas droungarios 2841:Lord High Admiral 2395:megas droungarios 2358:Megas droungarios 2337:Megas droungarios 2332:Megas konostablos 2272:14th–15th century 1872:Scholae Palatinae 1765:σπαθαροκανδιδᾶτος 1483:Taktikon Uspensky 1473:megas primikērios 1388:Sultan of Iconium 1320:Prōtonobelissimos 1194:sebastokratorissa 1140:Manuel I Komnenos 941:bears his title, 939:Manuel I Comnenus 789:province of Egypt 764:and the peasants 180: 179: 34:Byzantine culture 16:(Redirected from 7849: 7575: 7568: 7561: 7552: 7535: 7448: 7391:Imperial Library 7337:Byzantine Greeks 7078:Daphni Monastery 7029:Panagia Chalkeon 7024:Hagios Demetrios 6991:Prison of Anemas 6941:Basilica Cistern 6899: 6890: 6879: 6734:West Syriac Rite 6724:Alexandrian Rite 6675: 6668:Religion and law 6664: 6599:Maritime themata 6555:Palaiologan army 6408:Military manuals 6376: 6367: 6356: 6214: 6190:Megas logothetes 6041: 6034: 6023: 5896:By modern region 5817: 5764: 5763:(717–1204) 5695: 5657: 5644: 5635:Byzantine Empire 5628: 5621: 5614: 5605: 5103:Epi tes trapezes 5089:Protovestiarites 5017:Megas logothetes 4989:Panhypersebastos 4982:Megas domestikos 4937: 4930: 4923: 4914: 4889: 4861: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4805: 4789: 4773: 4752: 4731: 4707: 4688: 4671: 4647: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4594: 4570: 4548: 4521: 4494: 4472: 4450: 4422: 4421: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4149: 4143: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3977: 3971: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3889:. Archived from 3870: 3861: 3860: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3552: 3369:magister militum 3244:Megas logothetēs 3224:Byzantine Empire 3043:Prōtomanglavitēs 2668:Catepan of Italy 2622:Megas domestikos 2574:Military offices 2565:Epi tes trapezes 2400:Megas akolouthos 2351:Domestic of the 2323: 2313:megas domestikos 2299:Megas domestikos 2266: 2265: 2227: 2226: 2210:Titles for women 2196: 2195: 2181:, "chamberlain". 2176: 2175: 2160: 2159: 2120: 2119: 2090: 2089: 2074: 2073: 2048: 2047: 1998: 1997: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1946:magister militum 1942: 1941: 1926: 1925: 1906: 1905: 1890: 1889: 1862: 1861: 1844: 1843: 1811: 1810: 1783: 1782: 1767: 1766: 1751: 1750: 1701: 1700: 1676:Komnenian period 1669: 1668: 1639: 1638: 1622:John I Tzimiskes 1619: 1618: 1603: 1602: 1576: 1575: 1560: 1559: 1527: 1526: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1413:Panhypersebastos 1316:Komnenian period 1288:, leader of the 1227: 1226: 1080: 1079: 1035:Porphyrogennētos 957:(βασιλεύς), the 943:porphyrogennetos 897:Komnenos dynasty 770:(chora or komai) 665:, under him the 540:Muslim conquests 487: 486: 1082–1118 485: 476: 474: 408: 406: 397: 395: 257:Byzantine Empire 253:God's holy realm 239: 235: 232: 224: 220: 217: 172: 165: 158: 55: 44: 30: 21: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7656:Austria-Hungary 7637: 7585: 7579: 7549: 7544: 7541: 7506: 7482:Cyrillic script 7453: 7434: 7379: 7363: 7263: 7245:Digenes Akritas 7221: 7166: 7107: 7071:Other locations 7066: 7038: 6995: 6927: 6916:Cross-in-square 6884: 6865: 6815: 6669: 6650: 6576: 6526: 6522:Varangian Guard 6465: 6439:East Roman army 6434:Late Roman army 6422: 6361: 6342: 6305: 6284: 6253: 6199: 6178: 6174:Epi ton deeseon 6164:Epi tou eidikou 6122: 6086: 6028: 6009: 5996: 5899: 5897: 5890: 5876:Palaiologan era 5818: 5815: 5806: 5777:Nikephorian era 5765: 5762: 5753: 5696: 5694:(330–717) 5693: 5684: 5664: 5651: 5638: 5632: 5602: 5597: 5528:Megas myrtaïtes 5518:of the western 5505:of the eastern 5454:Stratopedarches 5443:Stratopedarches 5432:Stratopedarches 5421:Stratopedarches 5341:Megas dioiketes 5292:Protoierakarios 5264:Epi ton deeseon 5215:Megas tzaousios 5208:Tatas tes aules 5194:Protospatharios 5159:Epi tou stratou 4996:Protovestiarios 4951: 4941: 4896: 4886: 4864: 4858: 4843: 4834: 4832: 4808: 4792: 4783: 4778:Mango, Cyril A. 4776: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4734: 4728: 4710: 4704: 4691: 4674: 4668: 4650: 4644: 4629: 4620: 4618: 4597: 4573: 4567: 4553:Angold, Michael 4551: 4537: 4524: 4510: 4497: 4475: 4469: 4453: 4447: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4333:, p. 2231. 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4307:Ringrose (2003) 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4250: 4246:, p. 1600. 4242: 4238: 4234:, p. 2162. 4230: 4219: 4215:, p. 1267. 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4191:, p. 1727. 4187: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4134: 4130: 4107:10.2307/1291672 4092: 4091: 4087: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3980: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3896: 3894: 3887: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3841:10.2307/2855514 3826: 3825: 3821: 3790:10.2307/2850511 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3744: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3659: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3507: 3458: 3147:Constantine VII 3139:Leo VI the Wise 3070: 2936: 2829: 2823: 2745:Prōtokentarchos 2722:Stratopedarchēs 2614:Late Roman army 2581: 2576: 2491:Protovestiarios 2467: 2381:Megas tzaousios 2367:Protospatharios 2347:Epi tou stratou 2277:Book of Offices 2274: 2251: 2212: 2101:Prōtospatharios 2005:Basil Lekapenos 1980: 1730:prōtospatharios 1692:Prōtospatharios 1542: 1511:διὰ λόγου ἀξίαι 1453:prōtovestiarios 1422: 1202:Stefan Nemanjić 1092: 997:referred to an 931: 923: 917: 915:Imperial titles 700:protospatharios 659:mainland Greece 585:("proasteion"), 566:each acting as 498: 482: 471: 403: 392: 281:nomos empsychos 237: 233: 222: 218: 176: 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7855: 7853: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7824: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7807: 7806: 7798: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7708: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7608: 7607: 7606: 7595: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7555: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7420: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7176: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7121: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7048: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7014:Byzantine Bath 7011: 7005: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6933:Constantinople 6929: 6928: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6692:Byzantine Rite 6683: 6681: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6596: 6590: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6572:Grand domestic 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6538:Komnenian army 6534: 6532: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6436: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6413:Military units 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6383:Battle tactics 6379: 6373: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6319: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6220: 6218: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6075:Medieval Greek 6067: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6044: 6038: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5830:Fourth Crusade 5821: 5819: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5787:Macedonian era 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5720:Theodosian era 5717: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5699: 5697: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5667: 5665: 5660: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5590:Megas baïoulos 5586: 5575: 5574: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5511: 5498: 5485: 5474: 5463: 5450: 5439: 5428: 5417: 5410: 5407:Hetaireiarches 5403: 5396: 5383: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5348:Orphanotrophos 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5074:Parakoimomenos 5070: 5068:tes sphendones 5066:Parakoimomenos 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4948:pseudo-Kodinos 4942: 4940: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4895: 4894:External links 4892: 4891: 4890: 4884: 4862: 4856: 4841: 4806: 4790: 4774: 4768: 4753: 4747: 4732: 4726: 4714:, ed. (1991). 4708: 4702: 4689: 4672: 4666: 4648: 4642: 4627: 4595: 4571: 4565: 4549: 4535: 4522: 4508: 4495: 4473: 4467: 4455:Bréhier, Louis 4451: 4445: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4408: 4393: 4381: 4362: 4355: 4335: 4331:Kazhdan (1991) 4323: 4321:, p. 121. 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4263: 4248: 4244:Kazhdan (1991) 4236: 4232:Kazhdan (1991) 4217: 4213:Kazhdan (1991) 4205: 4193: 4189:Kazhdan (1991) 4178: 4169: 4162: 4144: 4128: 4085: 4050: 4044: 4018: 3995: 3993:, p. 623. 3991:Kazhdan (1991) 3978: 3963: 3951: 3945: 3915: 3903: 3885: 3862: 3835:(3): 459–460. 3819: 3784:(2): 217–237. 3768: 3753: 3731:(4): 281–308. 3707: 3688:(2): 173–174. 3668: 3654:(1): 373–376. 3634: 3622: 3579: 3573: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3521:Byzantine army 3518: 3513: 3511:Byzantine Navy 3506: 3503: 3465:, who wrote a 3457: 3454: 3430: 3429: 3420: 3412: 3399: 3387: 3377: 3353: 3341: 3333: 3316:("mediator"). 3308: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3295: 3285: 3271: 3268:postal service 3253: 3213: 3199: 3189: 3150: 3120: 3106:was set up by 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3059:, deputy to a 3046: 3028: 3014: 3005:) and Little ( 2977:Hetaireiarchēs 2972: 2951: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2914: 2906:droungarokomēs 2896: 2882: 2868: 2852: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2801: 2800:) in the army. 2773: 2759: 2741: 2727: 2717: 2703: 2687: 2671: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2627: 2599: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2560: 2546: 2536: 2526: 2519:protovestiaria 2486: 2473:Parakoimomenos 2466: 2465:Palace offices 2463: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2434:Hetaireiarches 2431: 2422: 2416: 2411: 2402: 2397: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2369: 2364: 2355: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2315: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2225:ζωστὴ πατρικία 2218:Zōstē patrikia 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2182: 2174:κουβικουλάριος 2167:Koubikoularios 2162: 2146: 2128: 2106: 2096: 2076: 2060: 2050: 2034: 2009:parakoimōmenos 1979: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1928: 1912: 1892: 1876: 1850: 1847:Groom (horses) 1830: 1797: 1769: 1753: 1737: 1699:πρωτοσπαθάριος 1687: 1684:zōstē patrikia 1655: 1651:prōtanthypatos 1625: 1605: 1589: 1586:prōtomagistros 1562: 1541: 1538: 1430:Nikephoros III 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1392:sebastokratōr' 1384:Doge of Venice 1353: 1327: 1297: 1268:or czar (from 1252:, khan of the 1213: 1163: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1068: 1052: 1030: 930: 927: 916: 913: 909:pseudo-Kodinos 502:diocese system 497: 494: 475: 610–641 414:Roman Republic 407: 610–641 396: 963–969 305:christomimetes 242:late antiquity 192:imperial crown 178: 177: 175: 174: 167: 160: 152: 149: 148: 147: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7854: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7576: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7562: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7449: 7445: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7386:Encyclopedias 7384: 7383: 7381: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7310:Hellenization 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268:Everyday life 7266: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7240:Acritic songs 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7083:Hosios Loukas 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6876: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756:Monophysitism 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6729:Armenian Rite 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6661: 6647: 6646:Naval battles 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6353: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6169:Protasekretis 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6024: 6020: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5797:Komnenian era 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5735:Heraclian era 5733: 5731: 5730:Justinian era 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5692: 5687: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5617: 5615: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5578:unknown rank 5577: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5570:Prokathemenoi 5567: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5478:Prokathemenos 5475: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5467:Prokathemenos 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5388: 5387:Prokathemenos 5384: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5376:Prokathemenos 5373: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5355:Protonotarios 5352: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5334:Protallagator 5331: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5152:Protasekretis 5149: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5045:Protosebastos 5042: 5040: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4968:Sebastokrator 4965: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4885:0-8047-2630-2 4881: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4842: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4820:(in French). 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4769:9789603710608 4765: 4761: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4727:0-19-504652-8 4723: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4703:9780674365407 4699: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4679:. Routledge. 4678: 4673: 4669: 4667:1-85728-495-X 4663: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4628: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4606:(in French). 4605: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4566:0-86054-283-1 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4509:0-486-20398-0 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4446:0-8122-1620-2 4442: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4394: 4391:, p. 32. 4390: 4385: 4382: 4378:(2): 343–350. 4377: 4373: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4288: 4285:, p. 25. 4284: 4279: 4276: 4273:, p. 26. 4272: 4267: 4264: 4261:, p. 27. 4260: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4203:, p. 21. 4202: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4141:0-540-01085-5 4138: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4066:(495): 1–34. 4065: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4045:9789004344877 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3974:Haldon (2004) 3970: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3946:9780521351881 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3904: 3893:on 2022-08-31 3892: 3888: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3669: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3595:(1): 94–114. 3594: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3574:9780521351881 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3548: 3541: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3434:protasekretis 3428: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3330:urban prefect 3327: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3194:Protonotarios 3190: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3173: 3172:chartoularios 3168: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3155:Protasekretis 3151: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2962:Comes stabuli 2959: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2714:stable master 2711: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2414:Protallagator 2412: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2289:Sebastokrator 2287: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2271: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2199:nipsistiarios 2190: 2189: 2188: 2187:Nipsistiarios 2183: 2180: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2031:prōtoproedros 2028: 2027: 2026:prōtonotarios 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007:, the eunuch 2006: 2002: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1972: 1971:ex praefectis 1968: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1754: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1686:, see below). 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1623: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1517: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1489:Klētorologion 1485: 1484: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1448: 1447:prōtoproedros 1443: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:Protosebastos 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314:. During the 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1286:Roger de Flor 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:sebastokratōr 1221: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1198:sebastokratōr 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186:sebastokratōr 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1168:Sebastokratōr 1164: 1161: 1157: 1154:, centred at 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104:Helena Dragaš 1101: 1096: 1089: 1084: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1019:Primogeniture 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005:("Most Pious 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 991: 986: 982: 978: 977: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955: 954: 949: 948: 944: 940: 935: 928: 926: 922: 914: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 892: 890: 889: 884: 880: 875: 874: 869: 864: 860: 856: 852: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 828: 823: 819: 815: 811: 810: 809:"Katepanakia" 805: 801: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 775: 771: 767: 763: 761: 755: 751: 750:(stratiotai), 747: 743: 739: 735: 733: 728: 724: 722: 717: 712: 710: 706: 702: 701: 694: 691: 687: 683: 681: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 644: 639: 635: 634: 629: 628: 623: 619: 618: 613: 612: 607: 606: 601: 596: 594: 592: 586: 582: 577: 575: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 534: 533: 528: 527: 522: 521: 515: 511: 507: 503: 495: 493: 491: 480: 469: 465: 462: 456: 454: 450: 449: 444: 443: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 401: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 374:governorships 371: 370: 365: 364: 359: 358: 353: 349: 348: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 326: 321: 320: 315: 314: 308: 306: 302: 300: 295: 294: 293:Philanthrōpía 289: 288: 283: 282: 277: 273: 269: 265: 262: 258: 254: 250: 245: 243: 228: 213: 209: 205: 201: 193: 189: 188:Basil II 184: 173: 168: 166: 161: 159: 154: 153: 151: 150: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 54: 50: 49: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 35: 31: 19: 7665: 7251: 7019:Hagia Sophia 7001:Thessalonica 6976:Hagia Sophia 6956:Chora Church 6894:Architecture 6771:Great Schism 6761:Paulicianism 6739:Miaphysitism 6594:Karabisianoi 6069: 5898:or territory 5858:Thessalonica 5842:Latin Empire 5837:Frankokratia 5812: 5772:Isaurian era 5759: 5690: 5675: 5671:Roman Empire 5661: 5588: 5581: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5513: 5506: 5500: 5493: 5487: 5476: 5472:Great Palace 5465: 5458: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5437:tzangratores 5436: 5430: 5426:monokaballoi 5425: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5385: 5380: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5243:Protokynegos 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5201:Megas archon 5199: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5110:Megas papias 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5076:tou koitonos 5072: 5064: 5059:Kouropalates 5057: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5010:Protostrator 5008: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4943: 4903: 4870: 4846: 4833:. Retrieved 4821: 4817: 4797: 4785: 4758: 4737: 4715: 4693: 4676: 4656: 4652:Haldon, John 4632: 4619:. Retrieved 4607: 4603: 4582: 4578: 4556: 4526: 4499: 4481: 4458: 4436: 4417: 4411: 4402: 4396: 4384: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4345: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4278: 4266: 4239: 4208: 4196: 4172: 4153: 4147: 4131: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4027: 4021: 4004: 3998: 3954: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3906: 3895:. Retrieved 3891:the original 3875: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3756: 3745:. Retrieved 3728: 3724: 3718: 3710: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3660:. Retrieved 3651: 3647: 3637: 3630:Mango (2007) 3625: 3614: 3612: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3556: 3550: 3490:Anna Comnena 3487: 3480: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3422: 3415: 3414: 3402: 3401: 3396:Theodosius I 3389: 3380: 3379: 3367: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3309: 3298: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3273: 3256: 3255: 3242: 3241: 3216: 3215: 3202: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3181: 3178:kastrensios, 3177: 3170: 3164: 3153: 3152: 3131:basileopatōr 3130: 3125:Basileopatōr 3123: 3122: 3116: 3098: 3097: 3087: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3030: 3017: 3016: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2975: 2974: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2940: 2939: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2898: 2892: 2885: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2870: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2833: 2832: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2775: 2769: 2762: 2761: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2736: 2735: 2731:Hoplitarchēs 2730: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2708:Prōtostratōr 2706: 2705: 2697: 2690: 2689: 2681: 2674: 2673: 2660: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2637: 2630: 2629: 2620: 2619: 2609: 2602: 2601: 2585: 2584: 2563: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2548: 2539: 2538: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2507:kouropalates 2506: 2500: 2489: 2488: 2482: 2471: 2470: 2452: 2437: 2436:, deputy of 2428: 2427:, deputy of 2418:Domestic of 2409:megas arkhon 2408: 2407:, deputy of 2394: 2393:, deputy of 2375: 2374:, deputy of 2372:Megas arkhon 2361: 2360:, deputy of 2312: 2311:, deputy of 2309:Protostrator 2276: 2275: 2255: 2254: 2242:kouropalates 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2216: 2215: 2198: 2194:νιψιστιάριος 2185: 2184: 2179:cubicularius 2178: 2165: 2164: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2130: 2122: 2109: 2108: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2079: 2078: 2063: 2062: 2053: 2052: 2037: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1970: 1962: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1931: 1930: 1924:σιλεντιάριος 1917:Silentiarios 1915: 1914: 1908: 1895: 1894: 1879: 1878: 1870: 1864: 1853: 1852: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1800: 1799: 1793: 1789: 1772: 1771: 1756: 1755: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1679: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1649: 1646:Theme system 1628: 1627: 1608: 1607: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1578: 1565: 1564: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1533: 1529: 1519: 1515: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1375: 1367: 1363: 1356: 1355: 1338:cura palatii 1337: 1332:Kouropalatēs 1330: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1308:Nobilissimus 1307: 1302:Nobelissimos 1300: 1299: 1293: 1257: 1246:Justinian II 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1216: 1215: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1143: 1135: 1124: 1123: 1082: 1071: 1070: 1062: 1055: 1054: 1044: 1033: 1032: 1014: 1013:("Lady") or 1010: 1002: 994: 988: 984: 980: 974: 970: 951: 950: 942: 924: 893: 886: 871: 867: 862: 858: 853: 847: 843: 831: 825: 822:(proasteion) 821: 818:(episkpesis) 817: 813: 808: 804:fall in 1453 793: 776: 773: 769: 765: 757: 754:(proasteion) 753: 752:the estates 749: 746:(episkepsis) 745: 737: 730: 726: 719: 713: 705:metropolitan 698: 695: 689: 685: 678: 674: 670: 666: 656: 651: 647: 641: 637: 631: 625: 622:sub-division 615: 609: 603: 597: 588: 584: 580: 571: 548:philosophies 537: 530: 524: 518: 504:, set up by 499: 464:Roman Empire 457: 446: 440: 438: 411: 378: 367: 361: 355: 351: 345: 344:such as the 323: 317: 311: 309: 304: 297: 291: 285: 279: 276:philosophies 246: 204:philosophies 197: 69:Architecture 52: 7502:Megali Idea 7477:Byzantinism 7180:Agriculture 6971:Hagia Irene 6804:Kievan Rus' 6781:Mount Athos 6604:Cibyrrhaeot 6548:Vestiaritai 6403:Mercenaries 6280:Catepanates 6139:Sakellarios 6058:Family tree 5983:Mesopotamia 5802:Angelid era 5782:Amorian era 5549:Droungarios 4824:: 167–195. 4477:Bury, J. B. 4389:Bury (1911) 4319:Bury (1911) 4295:Bury (1911) 4283:Bury (1911) 4271:Bury (1911) 4259:Bury (1911) 4201:Bury (1911) 3976:, p. . 3961:, p. . 3959:Bury (2016) 3913:, p. . 3911:Bury (2018) 3526:Byzantinism 3446:sakellarios 3382:Sakellarios 3051:Topotērētēs 3033:Manglavitai 3001:), Middle ( 2969:mercenaries 2956:Konostaulos 2893:droungarios 2887:Droungarios 2849:Palaiologos 2810:caballarius 2805:Kavallarios 2798:chiliarchia 2692:Tourmarchēs 2497:Justinian I 2479:Chamberlain 2264:εξουσιαστής 2257:Exousiastes 2228:), "Girded 2124:primicerius 2118:πριμικήριος 2111:Primikērios 2093:praepositus 2088:πραιπόσιτος 2081:Praipositos 1965:ἀπὸ ἐπάρχων 1952:apoeparchōn 1940:στρατηλάτης 1933:Stratēlatēs 1827:apo hypatōn 1818:Justinian I 1518:from Latin 1409:Pansebastos 1403:("above"), 1342:Justinian I 1284:also named 1132:Justinian I 1083:symbasileis 901:Palaiologan 883:allelengyon 840:Katepanakia 680:Archontates 633:Ek prosopou 617:topotērētēs 605:tourmarchēs 520:Stratalates 514:Justinian's 510:Constantine 338:proskynesis 330:deification 7826:Categories 7591:Monarchies 7584:by country 7497:Third Rome 7423:University 7406:Philosophy 7396:Inventions 7259:Historians 7227:Literature 7210:Varangians 7052:San Vitale 6981:Hippodrome 6961:City Walls 6861:Mutilation 6856:Hexabiblos 6776:Bogomilism 6766:Iconoclasm 6636:Megas doux 6626:Greek fire 6609:Aegean Sea 6482:Kleisourai 6459:Excubitors 6449:Bucellarii 6301:Despotates 6270:Kleisourai 6209:Provincial 6053:Coronation 6027:Governance 5792:Doukid era 5725:Leonid era 5535:Protokomes 5515:Domestikos 5502:Domestikos 5489:Domestikos 5400:Vestiariou 5393:vestiarion 5313:Akolouthos 5250:Skouterios 5003:Megas doux 4685:1039560193 4545:1193333944 4491:1046639111 4101:: 83–100. 4007:. PERSEE. 3897:2022-04-25 3747:2023-01-24 3662:2022-02-28 3542:References 3536:Eupatridae 3456:Court life 3438:logothetes 3416:Horeiarios 3250:chancellor 3218:Logothetēs 3210:Vestiarion 3117:domestikos 3112:Diocletian 3078:Theophilos 3061:drungarios 3039:manglavion 3019:Akolouthos 2942:Ethnarchēs 2918:Kentarchos 2879:megas doux 2865:megas doux 2835:Megas doux 2794:taxiarchia 2751:kentarchos 2737:archēgētēs 2610:domestikoi 2604:Domestikos 2551:Kanikleios 2515:vestiarios 2502:curopalata 2460:Protokomes 2425:Vestiarios 2386:Skouterios 2362:megas doux 2304:Megas doux 2039:Vestarches 1958:ἀποεπάρχων 1909:vestiarium 1866:candidatus 1860:κανδιδᾶτος 1854:Kandidatos 1790:spatharioi 1774:Spatharios 1742:Dishypatos 1716:logothetai 1708:spatharioi 1704:spatharios 1702:), "first 1630:Anthypatos 1594:Vestarches 1466:, and the 1242:kaisarissa 1178:autokratōr 1112:Andronikos 1057:Autokratōr 971:autokrator 961:word for " 919:See also: 868:episkpesis 848:"Energon", 774:"epibole". 766:(geōrgikē) 663:Megas doux 591:episkepsis 506:Diocletian 238: 253 236: – c. 234: 185 223: 339 221: – c. 219: 260 208:theocratic 124:Literature 7666:Byzantium 7325:Octoechos 7205:Silk Road 6697:Hesychasm 6565:Paramonai 6512:Hetaireia 6444:Foederati 6333:Diplomacy 6328:Diplomats 6234:Provinces 6063:Empresses 5866:Trebizond 5662:Preceding 5563:Myrtaïtes 5448:mourtatoi 5271:Koiaistor 5257:Ameralios 5052:Pinkernes 4906:Project, 4780:(2007). 4610:: 5–115. 4591:878894516 4502:. Dover. 4457:(2000) . 4115:0070-7546 4080:0013-8266 4013:754219713 3849:0038-7134 3814:161886591 3798:0038-7134 3737:2159-3159 3702:162224826 3609:0142-257X 3476:Louis XIV 3345:Tribounos 3282:oikeiakoi 3264:diplomacy 3182:mystikos, 3166:asekretis 3025:Varangian 3011:Hetaireia 2994:Foederati 2988:Hetaireia 2983:barbarian 2925:nauarchos 2787:chiliarch 2764:Merarchēs 2756:centurion 2676:Stratēgos 2541:Pinkernes 2523:vestiaria 2429:amyriales 2420:the Walls 2391:Amyriales 2234:magistros 2203:ablutions 2143:ostiarius 2139:ὀστιάριος 2133:Ostiarios 2055:Patrikios 2046:βεστάρχης 1781:σπαθάριος 1749:δισύπατος 1726:strategoi 1724:, or the 1667:πατρίκιος 1660:Patrikios 1642:proconsul 1637:ἀνθύπατος 1601:βεστάρχης 1574:μάγιστρος 1567:Magistros 1530:magistros 1399:("all"), 1368:Augoustos 1274:Bulgarian 1064:imperator 995:basilissa 963:sovereign 859:praktikon 844:"Praktor" 796:Alexios I 738:praktores 690:Katepanos 686:Strategos 611:merarchēs 600:Strategos 552:Strategoi 526:Strategoi 512:, and of 492:in 1453. 479:Alexios I 468:Heraclius 448:Oikonomos 442:Oikonomia 434:Manzikert 430:dynasties 400:Heraclius 369:Strategoi 325:Oikoumene 287:Evergétis 264:theocracy 261:monarchic 99:Diplomacy 7766:Portugal 7706:Ethiopia 7633:Thailand 7418:Scholars 7411:Rhetoric 7401:Medicine 7376:Learning 7275:Calendar 7152:Painters 6851:Basilika 6789:Bulgaria 6751:Arianism 6702:Hayhurum 6679:Religion 6641:Admirals 6560:Allagion 6492:Droungos 6398:Generals 6360:Military 6323:Treaties 6229:Dioceses 6048:Emperors 5961:Sardinia 5941:Dalmatia 5921:Bulgaria 5911:Anatolia 5870:Theodoro 5864: / 5860: / 5852: / 5556:Sebastos 5460:Tzakones 5166:Mystikos 5117:Eparchos 4961:Despotes 4900:Glossary 4868:(1997). 4812:(1985). 4796:(1972). 4654:(1999). 4577:(1967). 4555:(1984). 4518:59201731 4479:(1911). 4372:Speculum 3829:Speculum 3778:Speculum 3741:Archived 3719:Ekthesis 3656:Archived 3505:See also 3494:Crusader 3442:magister 3357:Magister 3337:Quaestor 3266:and the 3232:minister 3186:eidikos, 3161:chancery 3108:Augustus 3076:Emperor 2966:Frankish 2948:ethnarch 2861:amirales 2856:Amirales 2778:Taxiarch 2662:Katepanō 2596:viceroys 2586:Exarchos 2557:de facto 2511:kourator 2483:de facto 2447:Tzakones 2238:proedros 2230:patrikia 2023:for the 2021:notarioi 2017:proedros 2013:proedros 1996:πρόεδρος 1989:Proedros 1904:βεστήτωρ 1897:Vestētōr 1680:patrikia 1558:πρόεδρος 1551:Proedros 1525:ἐκτομίαι 1516:βαρβάτοι 1468:proedros 1458:proedros 1435:proedros 1428:Emperor 1386:and the 1364:Augustus 1358:Sebastos 1296:in 1304. 1272:through 1238:despotēs 1190:despotēs 1182:sebastos 1160:despoina 1144:despotēs 1136:Basileus 1126:Despotēs 1116:Theodore 1098:Emperor 1049:porphyry 1045:Porphyra 1015:despoina 981:basileus 953:Basileus 888:basileus 879:Basil II 836:Basileus 800:Komnenoi 732:exisotes 568:viceroys 560:Kephalai 558:, Douk, 544:thematic 366:and the 363:Kephalai 357:Katepánō 347:Exarchos 342:viceroys 319:Basileia 313:paroikoi 268:Orthodox 129:Medicine 74:Calendar 7804:Ottoman 7800:Turkey 7796:Somalia 7780:Serbia 7771:Romania 7739:Maratha 7731:Germany 7726:Georgia 7714:Kingdom 7710:France 7694:Ancient 7684:Taiping 7616:Ancient 7527:Outline 7472:Museums 7372:Science 7349:Slavery 7305:Gardens 7285:Cuisine 7217:Dynatoi 7185:Coinage 7172:Economy 7140:Mosaics 7103:Mystras 7044:Ravenna 6906:Secular 6794:Moravia 6543:Pronoia 6517:Akritai 6502:Tagmata 6477:Themata 6418:Revolts 6388:Battles 6296:Kephale 6265:Themata 6195:Mesazon 6037:Central 5973:Maghreb 5926:Corsica 5916:Armenia 5906:Albania 5649:History 5521:themata 5508:themata 5495:themata 5492:of the 5481:of the 5470:of the 5457:of the 5446:of the 5435:of the 5424:of the 5390:of the 5379:of the 4946:(after 4429:Sources 4123:1291672 3857:2855514 3806:2850511 3531:Aristoi 3482:Eunuchs 3472:phengia 3404:Kephale 3391:Praetor 3374:Leo III 3350:tribune 3313:mesazōn 3057:tagmata 2911:dromons 2770:(meros) 2639:Scholai 2591:exarchs 2353:Scholae 2019:of the 1842:στράτωρ 1835:Stratōr 1823:hypatos 1821:titles 1802:Hypatos 1721:tagmata 1520:barbati 1463:dekanos 1376:sebastē 1350:Georgia 1346:Armenia 1254:Bulgars 1210:Kaloyan 1007:Augusta 999:empress 873:dynatoi 863:"chora" 855:Alexios 827:pronoia 814:(chora) 777:Epibole 760:dynatoi 727:epoptes 671:Archons 652:Praitor 643:Praitor 574:thémata 556:Katepan 532:Harmost 453:legates 418:emperor 144:Science 114:Gardens 109:Economy 89:Cuisine 84:Coinage 7776:Russia 7754:Joseon 7745:Korea 7735:India 7719:Empire 7699:Mamluk 7690:Egypt 7670:China 7628:Sweden 7537:Portal 7452:Impact 7332:People 7280:Cities 7130:Enamel 6911:Sacred 6846:Ecloga 6712:Saints 6621:Dromon 6497:Bandon 6487:Tourma 6470:Middle 6393:Beacon 6275:Bandon 6258:Middle 6127:Middle 6082:Senate 6005:Thrace 5988:Serbia 5966:Sicily 5951:Greece 5936:Cyprus 5854:Epirus 5850:Nicaea 5760:Middle 5637:topics 5542:Papias 5381:koiton 4975:Caesar 4882: 4854: 4835:28 May 4766: 4745: 4724: 4700: 4683: 4664: 4640: 4621:28 May 4589: 4563: 4543: 4533: 4516: 4506: 4489: 4465: 4443: 4353: 4160: 4139: 4121: 4113: 4078: 4042: 4011: 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The 832:"Doux" 675:themes 667:Krites 648:Krites 638:Krites 627:tourma 564:Exarch 422:senate 398:) and 385:themes 296:, and 255:. 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