33:
873:
425:
455:. Either because of evolutionary history, or particular constraints on a given niche, there are not infinite solutions to all biological problems. Instead, organisms utilize similar neural algorithms, behaviors, or even structures to accomplish similar tasks. If one's goal is to understand how the nervous system might localize objects using sound, one may take the approach of using an
885:
305:
474:
by nature, the barn owl relies heavily on using precise information on the time of arrival of sound in its ears. The information gleaned from this approach has contributed heavily to our understanding of how the brain maps sensory space, and how nervous systems encode timing
100:
states that "for such a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice, or a few such animals, on which it can be most conveniently studied." This concept is central to those disciplines of
416:
that are easily identified and mapped from individual to individual. Aplysia was selected for these reasons for the study of the cellular and molecular basis of learning and memory which led to
145:, who described it in The American Journal of Physiology in 1929. However, the principle was first elucidated nearly 60 years prior to this, and in almost the same words as Krogh, in 1865 by
326:): The need to manipulate biological systems in the laboratory has driven the use of an organismal specialization. One example of Krogh's principle presents itself in the heavily used
517:
Bennett AF (2003). Experimental evolution and the Krogh
Principle: generating biological novelty for functional and genetic analyses. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76:1-11.
355:
has a polymerase that is heat stable at temperatures necessary for PCR. Biochemically modified Taq polymerase, as it is usually called, is now routinely used in PCR applications.
539:
Krebs HA (1975). The August Krogh principle: "For many problems there is an animal on which it can be most conveniently studied." Journal of
Experimental Zoology 194:221-226.
62:
201:
are studied wherever we find them and in all their essential modifications. Such studies will be sure, moreover, to expand and deepen our insight into problems of the
158:, d'un instrument construit d'une certaine façon, l'emploi d'un réactif au lieu d'un autre, suffisent souvent pour résoudre les questions générales les plus élevées.
285:
in 2004, Krogh's principle was cited as a central principle by the group at their 7th
Congress. Krogh's principle has also been receiving attention in the area of
182:...I want to emphasize that the route by which we can strive toward the ideal is by a study of the vital functions in all their aspects throughout the myriads of
289:, where there has been increasing pressure and desire to expand genomics research to a more wide variety of organisms beyond the traditional scope of the field.
301:, some of which are highly specialized for solving particular biological problems. These adaptations are typically exploited by biologists in several ways:
164:, of an instrument built in a particular way, the use of one reagent instead of another, often suffice to solve general questions of the highest order.")
533:
Chien A, Edgar DB, Trela JM (1976). "Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from the extreme thermophile
Thermus aquaticus". J. Bacteriol. 174: 1550-1557
577:
536:
Crawford, DL (2001). "Functional genomics does not have to be limited to a few select organisms". Genome
Biology 2(1):interactions1001.1-1001.2.
369:): Two Nobel Prize–winning bodies of study were facilitated by using ideas central to Krogh's principle to overcome technical limitations in
605:
398:
521:
214:
For such a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice or a few such animals on which it can be most conveniently studied
297:
A central concept to Krogh's principle is evolutionary adaptation. Evolutionary theory maintains that organisms are suited to particular
622:
84:
821:
240:
high up in the neck, and we used to say as a laboratory joke that this animal had been created expressly for the purposes of
149:, the French instigator of experimental medicine, on page 27 of his "Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale":
248:
purposes, but I am afraid that most of them are unknown to the men for whom they were "created," and we must apply to the
911:
341:
from many organisms would denature at high temperatures, however, to solve this problem, Chien and colleagues turned to
447:): Beyond overcoming technical limitations, Krogh's principle has particularly important implications in the light of
45:
570:
530:
Burggren WW (1999/2000). Developmental physiology, animal models, and the August Krogh principle. Zoology 102:148-156.
55:
49:
41:
826:
811:
921:
627:
327:
323:
405:, but was only possible to develop using the wide diameter of the squid giant axon. Another marine mollusc, the
66:
889:
831:
241:
228:
and devised the method of studying the exchange through each lung separately, he found that a certain kind of
684:
495:
178:
Krogh wrote the following in his 1929 treatise on the then current 'status' of physiology (emphasis added):
916:
877:
841:
600:
563:
490:
114:
657:
734:
667:
647:
642:
448:
244:. I have no doubt that there is quite a number of animals which are similarly "created" for special
518:
801:
739:
724:
689:
286:
118:
764:
694:
662:
637:
452:
444:
386:
233:
221:
106:
785:
348:
343:
271:
851:
846:
759:
460:
382:
378:
298:
267:
154:
Dans l'investigation scientifique, les moindres procédés sont de la plus haute importance.
816:
719:
714:
525:
456:
402:
198:
836:
709:
704:
652:
370:
335:
319:
217:
190:
146:
186:. We may find out, nay, we will find out before very long the essential mechanisms of
173:, J.B. Baillière et Fils, Libraires de L'Académie Impériale de Médecine, 1865. pp. 400
905:
699:
632:
586:
549:"Krogh's principle for a new era." (2003) Nature Genetics 34(4) pp. 345–346.
505:
406:
394:
390:
266:"Krogh's principle" was not utilized as a formal term until 1975 when the biochemist
110:
856:
806:
744:
500:
485:
464:
130:
424:
780:
749:
729:
417:
374:
304:
209:
160:("In scientific research, the tiniest processes are of the greatest importance.
134:
17:
754:
413:
245:
138:
552:
Miller G. (2004) Behavioral
Neuroscience Uncaged. Science 306(5695):432-434.
468:
440:
249:
194:
142:
617:
471:
366:
277:
More recently, at the
International Society for Neuroethology meeting in
237:
229:
183:
141:
for his contributions to understanding the anatomy and physiology of the
409:
282:
102:
611:
362:
338:
278:
205:
187:
334:
to high heat for amplification of particular sequences of interest.
401:. The voltage clamp is now a central piece of technology in modern
423:
303:
202:
555:
225:
559:
331:
26:
261:, The American Journal of Physiology, 1929. 90(2) pp. 243-251
129:
Krogh's principle is named after the Danish physiologist
330:(PCR), a method which relies on the rapid exposure of
794:
773:
677:
593:
171:
Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale
208:and will prove of value also from the narrowest
54:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
180:
151:
571:
459:'specialist' such as the barn owl studied by
8:
542:Krogh A (1929). The progress of physiology.
412:possesses relatively small number of large
578:
564:
556:
437:Understanding more complex/subtle systems
85:Learn how and when to remove this message
252:to find them and lay our hands on them."
420:'s receipt of the Nobel Prize in 2000.
399:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
397:device and co-recipients of the 1963
7:
884:
216:. Many years ago when my teacher,
197:can be solved only when excretory
25:
347:, a strain of bacteria native to
883:
872:
871:
359:Overcoming technical limitations
31:
628:Central pattern generator (CPG)
822:Frog hearing and communication
544:American Journal of Physiology
1:
393:, developers of the original
270:(who initially described the
193:, but the general problem of
156:Le choix heureux d'un animal
293:Philosophy and applications
938:
827:Infrared sensing in snakes
812:Jamming avoidance response
259:The Progress of Physiology
162:The lucky choice of animal
867:
328:Polymerase Chain Reaction
274:), first referred to it.
832:Caridoid escape reaction
467:and their colleagues. A
220:, was interested in the
40:This article includes a
685:Theodore Holmes Bullock
496:Evolutionary physiology
236:dividing into the main
69:more precise citations.
842:Surface wave detection
491:Comparative physiology
432:
381:was elucidated in the
311:
264:
242:respiration physiology
176:
115:comparative physiology
658:Anti-Hebbian learning
427:
307:
735:Bernhard Hassenstein
668:Ultrasound avoidance
643:Fixed action pattern
606:Coincidence detector
449:convergent evolution
117:, and more recently
912:Biology experiments
802:Animal echolocation
740:Werner E. Reichardt
690:Walter Heiligenberg
287:functional genomics
119:functional genomics
765:Fernando Nottebohm
663:Sound localization
638:Lateral inhibition
524:2008-08-29 at the
445:sound localization
433:
349:hydrothermal vents
312:
107:comparative method
42:list of references
899:
898:
786:Slice preparation
648:Krogh's Principle
623:Feature detection
353:Thermus aquaticus
344:Thermus aquaticus
309:Thermus aquaticus
272:Citric Acid Cycle
224:mechanism of the
105:that rely on the
98:Krogh's principle
95:
94:
87:
16:(Redirected from
929:
922:Biology theories
887:
886:
875:
874:
852:Mechanoreception
847:Electroreception
760:Masakazu Konishi
725:Jörg-Peter Ewert
580:
573:
566:
557:
383:squid giant axon
379:action potential
373:physiology. The
268:Hans Adolf Krebs
262:
174:
169:Claude Bernard,
143:capillary system
133:, winner of the
90:
83:
79:
76:
70:
65:this article by
56:inline citations
35:
34:
27:
21:
937:
936:
932:
931:
930:
928:
927:
926:
902:
901:
900:
895:
863:
817:Vision in toads
790:
769:
720:Erich von Holst
715:Karl von Frisch
673:
589:
584:
526:Wayback Machine
514:
512:Further reading
482:
403:neurophysiology
361:: (e.g. large
295:
263:
256:
212:point of view.
191:kidney function
175:
168:
127:
91:
80:
74:
71:
60:
46:related reading
36:
32:
23:
22:
18:Krogh Principle
15:
12:
11:
5:
935:
933:
925:
924:
919:
914:
904:
903:
897:
896:
894:
893:
881:
868:
865:
864:
862:
861:
860:
859:
849:
844:
839:
837:Vocal learning
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
798:
796:
792:
791:
789:
788:
783:
777:
775:
771:
770:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
710:Donald Kennedy
707:
705:Donald Griffin
702:
697:
695:Niko Tinbergen
692:
687:
681:
679:
675:
674:
672:
671:
665:
660:
655:
653:Hebbian theory
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
608:
603:
597:
595:
591:
590:
585:
583:
582:
575:
568:
560:
554:
553:
550:
547:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
513:
510:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
481:
478:
477:
476:
431:, the Barn Owl
422:
421:
371:nervous system
356:
336:DNA polymerase
320:Taq polymerase
294:
291:
257:August Krogh,
254:
218:Christian Bohr
166:
147:Claude Bernard
126:
123:
93:
92:
50:external links
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
934:
923:
920:
918:
917:Neuroethology
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
892:
891:
882:
880:
879:
870:
869:
866:
858:
855:
854:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
797:
793:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
776:
772:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
700:Konrad Lorenz
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
680:
676:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
633:NMDA receptor
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
596:
592:
588:
587:Neuroethology
581:
576:
574:
569:
567:
562:
561:
558:
551:
548:
545:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
527:
523:
520:
516:
515:
511:
507:
506:Neuroethology
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
479:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
434:
430:
426:
419:
415:
411:
408:
407:opisthobranch
404:
400:
396:
395:voltage clamp
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
354:
350:
346:
345:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
313:
310:
306:
302:
300:
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
260:
253:
251:
247:
246:physiological
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
179:
172:
165:
163:
159:
157:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
124:
122:
120:
116:
112:
111:neuroethology
108:
104:
99:
89:
86:
78:
75:February 2013
68:
64:
58:
57:
51:
47:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
888:
876:
857:Lateral line
807:Waggle dance
745:Eric Knudsen
610:
543:
501:Krogh length
486:August Krogh
475:information.
465:Eric Knudsen
461:Mark Konishi
436:
428:
358:
352:
342:
315:
308:
296:
276:
265:
258:
232:possessed a
213:
181:
177:
170:
161:
155:
153:
152:
131:August Krogh
128:
97:
96:
81:
72:
61:Please help
53:
781:Patch clamp
750:Eric Kandel
730:Franz Huber
601:Feedforward
546:90:243-251.
418:Eric Kandel
414:nerve cells
385:in 1958 by
375:ionic basis
316:Methodology
222:respiratory
210:utilitarian
135:Nobel Prize
67:introducing
906:Categories
755:Nobuo Suga
670:in insects
250:zoologists
139:Physiology
109:, such as
469:nocturnal
441:Barn owls
429:Tyto alba
195:excretion
188:mammalian
184:organisms
878:Category
618:Instinct
594:Concepts
522:Archived
480:See also
472:predator
457:auditory
453:homology
367:Mollusca
318:: (e.g.
255:—
230:tortoise
167:—
890:Commons
795:Systems
774:Methods
410:Aplysia
387:Hodgkin
377:of the
363:neurons
283:Denmark
238:bronchi
234:trachea
125:History
103:biology
63:improve
678:People
612:Umwelt
439:(e.g.
391:Huxley
339:enzyme
299:niches
279:Nyborg
206:kidney
199:organs
203:human
48:, or
451:and
443:and
389:and
322:and
226:lung
519:PDF
365:in
332:DNA
324:PCR
137:in
908::
463:,
351:.
281:,
121:.
113:,
52:,
44:,
579:e
572:t
565:v
88:)
82:(
77:)
73:(
59:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.