492:
390:
with rifles came close to defeat. Joubert again had to intervene in
November 1887, and in 1888 defeated a force of 80 slavers, but his forces were too small to prevent continued attacks. Later, Joubert created a strong and effective military force from three hundred of Storms's fighters. The constant fighting worried some of the missionaries, notably Father François Coulbois, who were concerned that the slavers might decide to attack the mission itself.
440:
Bridoux refused. It seemed that serious fighting was going to break out, when a storm arose that destroyed some of the Arab fleet and forced them to withdraw. Rumaliza remained determined to eliminate
Joubert, who was disrupting the slave trade. By 1891 the slavers had control of the entire western shore of the lake apart from the region defended by Joubert around Mpala and St Louis de Mrumbi. Joubert called for help from Europe.
452:
341:
198:
360:
332:, and offered Mpala and Karema to Cardinal Lavigerie for White Fathers missions. Lavigerie accepted the offer, thinking Mpala could be the basis for his Christian state, and that if a suitable African leader could not be found "it would not be impossible ... for a brave and Christian European to fill this ."
499:
In the mid-1890s the agents of the Congo Free State were directed to assimilate the
Christian Kingdom on the west of Lake Tanganyika. The former "king" Joubert was removed from any significant authority. For a period Marungu fell into lawlessness. The Belgian State decorated Joubert in 1896. In 1898
409:
The spot was extremely picturesque, and appeared to have been selected with a keen eye to defensive purposes. Captain
Joubert had surrounded his village with a brick wall fourteen feet high and two and a half thick; while a short distance off, separated by a deep gully, stood a second city of refuge,
396:
When Mgr. Charbonnier died on 16 March 1888, Coulbois became Pro-Vicar of Upper Congo. He did not recognize that
Joubert had civil authority, and imposed tight restrictions on his actions. Both men appealed for support to Cardinal Lavigerie. In response, Lavigerie said that the missionaries must have
447:
as their lieutenant in the region, but
Joubert refused to recognize the authority of the slaver. During a lull in January 1891, Father I. Moinet visited Ujiji. There he found Rumaliza flying a German flag and saying he was waiting for the Germans to arrive so he could hand over to them. In a letter
404:
Joubert moved to St Louis de
Murumbi, some distance away. This was a fortified village that he built three leagues from Mrumbi mountain, a days walk from Mpala and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the shore of the lake. His voluminous correspondence with his brother in France and with General de
389:
Joubert found that the priests had already organized a police force of local warriors at Mpala. Immediately after arriving, Joubert was thrown into the struggle with dealers in slaves and ivory. He engaged in skirmishes in March and again in August, where his small force of thirty soldiers armed
439:
about 100 kilometres (62 mi) to the north of Mpala. Some skirmishing occurred between the Arabs and the mission's
African forces before Joubert could reach the scene. The Arabs tried to negotiate with the missionaries, saying they would not harm the mission if the priests abandoned Joubert.
184:
organized the French
Zouaves as a corps of "Volunteers of the West". Joubert served as a captain in this corps but refused an offer of a permanent commission as a captain in the French army, so as to remain at the service of the Pope. After the war ended in 1871 he returned to La Sébilière in
466:
and three other
Europeans, and reached Zanzibar in June 1891, Karema on 16 October 1891 and Mpala on 30 October 1891. When the Jacques expedition arrived Joubert's garrison was down to about two hundred men, poorly armed with "a most miscellaneous assortment of chassepots, Remingtons and
410:
comprising his house and barracks, surrounded by another wall. Close at hand he had built a chapel, capable of holding about two hundred people, with a sacristy and sleeping-room at the back for Father Van Oost, a Belgian, who used to come for service from the Mpala mission, about a
220:'s Society of Missionaries of Africa, or White Fathers. The missionary caravans were menaced by armed slave traders in the Great Lakes region of East Africa. On 8 November 1880 Joubert left Algiers with the third caravan in command of six Zouaves. The caravan arrived at
448:
to Joubert in April 1891, Rumaliza asked if he was employed by the missionaries or by the government of the Congo. Joubert was evasive in his reply, pointing out that Rumaliza sometimes flew the German flag, sometimes the flag of Zanzibar and sometimes that of Britain.
512:
Cathedral. In 1933 a committee in Brussels commissioned the sculptor Jules Jourdan to create a medallion of Joubert based on photographs. This adorns the rustic memorial that the White Fathers erected in his memory on the heights overlooking the lake at Baudouinville.
382:, to protect the mission against attacks by slavers. He crossed the lake and reached Mpala on 20 March 1887. Charbonnier had given him full authority as civil and military ruler of the Mpala region. Lavigerie later said that Joubert could have become King of
508:, at Misembe on the western lake shore to the south of Mpala. In his last years Joubert became both blind and deaf. He died on 27 May 1927 at the age of 85 after having lived on the shores of Lake Tanganyika for 46 years. Joubert was buried in
534:
The slavers included Arabs from Zanzibar and other coastal settlements and Swahili, also from the coastal region. The two groups had intermarried. The Swahili were Muslim and had adopted Arab dress and other Arab cultural traditions. Their
268:
Cardinal Lavigerie was keen on the idea of establishing a central Christian state that could dominate the interior of Africa and ward off the influence of Freemasons, Socialists, Protestants and Muslims. At one point the kingdom of
189:, where he worked as a farmer until 1879. In 1879 he became secretary to General Charette and tutor to his son. The General was a supporter of the Bourbon monarchy and also a passionate advocate for the Pope's temporal sovereignty.
989:
Les conditions matérielles de la mission: contraintes, dépassements et imaginaires, XVIIe-XXe siècles : Actes du colloque conjoint du CREDIC, de l'AFOM et du Centre Vincent Lebbe : Belley (Ain) du 31 août au 3 septembre
503:
After laying down his arms, Joubert became a catechist, teacher and medical worker. He lived on at St Louis de Murumbi until 1910, when it was abandoned due to sleeping sickness. He then founded the mission of Sainte Marie of
500:
the Force Publique of the Congo mutinied, and for some time the area around Lake Tanganyika was threatened by rebels. After this the region became peaceful. Both the King of Belgium and the Pope later knighted Joubert.
247:
on the west shore of the lake, and to train the local African defenders. He also helped found missions at the north and south ends of the lake, and was responsible for building the fortified mission of Lavigerieville
405:
Charette is often dated from this village. A visitor to St. Louis Mrumbi in 1891 met Joubert. He said that he "... appeared to be about forty-five years of age, short, but very sturdily built. He said of the station,
133:, France on 22 February 1842. As a child he wanted to be like the Christian warriors of the past. He was given the nickname "Ludovic" as a child, and was often called by this name as an adult. He attended school at
470:
Captain Jacques gave Captain Joubert papers that made him a Congo citizen and officer of the Congo armed forces. Jacques asked Joubert to remain on the defensive while he moved north, founded the fortress of
156:, where he was wounded, taken prisoner and returned to France. After recovering, he went back to Rome in June 1861, and was appointed Sergeant in 1862. He remained in Rome as a member of the Zouaves after
160:
withdrew the French troops from Italy in December 1866. He became a Lieutenant on 30 December 1866 and Captain on 14 December 1867, aged twenty-five. On 20 September 1870 he commanded the defenders of the
435:. Joubert was to receive no mail for three years. The mission suffered from repeated and deadly raids. Around the end of May 1890, while Joubert was absent, a group of Arabs prepared to cross the
397:
no involvement with military affairs, and the military leader must live at a distance from the mission to avoid being identified with the mission. The new Vicar Apostolic, Bishop
117:
missionaries in East Africa and played an important role in the suppression of the slave trade between 1885 and 1892. He married a local woman and settled by the shore of
475:
and tried to suppress slaving. Sporadic fighting with the Arabs continued in 1892. The danger from slavers was not finally removed until the 1893 expedition of Baron
1240:
181:
1215:
378:
on 14 June 1886, and reached the mission at Karema on 22 November 1886. He remained there for some months at the request of the Vicar Apostolic, Mgr.
401:, arrived in January 1889. He confirmed that Joubert was both civil and military leader, but said that military operations must be purely defensive.
1245:
1230:
561:
463:
455:
505:
69:
1220:
1185:
1164:
1118:
1097:
1037:
997:
948:
109:) (22 February 1842 – 27 May 1927) was a French soldier and lay missionary. He fought for the Papal States between 1860 and 1870 during the
1129:
30:
379:
539:-origin language had absorbed many Arabic loan words. Swahili traders had penetrated far into the interior, and their language was the
374:
Later in 1885 Joubert again offered his services to Lavigerie, and this was accepted in a letter of 20 February 1886. Joubert reached
543:
throughout East Africa and the eastern Congo basin. Contemporary European sources often use the word "Arab" to refer to both groups.
1066:
273:
was seen as potentially playing this role, and Joubert thought he might have to become "Minister of War to His Black Majesty,
393:
Joubert married Agnes Atakaye on 13 February 1888. They were to have ten children. Two died young, and one became a priest.
1255:
1250:
1156:
Fighting the Slave Hunters in Central Africa: A Record of Twenty-Six Years of Travel and Adventure Round the Great Lakes
204:, a powerful slaver who gave the missionaries considerable trouble and later became governor of the Upper Congo.
1235:
1225:
252:). Later the missionaries abandoned three of the new stations due to attacks by the powerful slave traders
153:
959:
216:
where he offered to work as an armed auxiliary protecting the missionaries being dispatched by Archbishop
145:
was raising to defend the Papal States as a member of the Franco-Belgian corps that was later called the
325:
985:"L'accompagnement arme- des missionaires dans l'Afrique des Grand Lacs: Les cas de Joubert et Vrithoff"
260:. A spitting cobra temporarily blinded Joubert. He had to return to France in May 1885 for treatment.
1210:
1205:
274:
177:
110:
344:
305:
1137:
491:
1181:
1175:
1160:
1114:
1093:
1087:
1033:
993:
944:
938:
398:
383:
352:
285:
217:
1154:
1108:
984:
1027:
411:
317:
278:
170:
1008:
288:
settled the European colonial spheres of interest in Africa. The area that now consists of
536:
424:
363:
348:
240:
166:
118:
313:
476:
316:
on the west shore of Lake Tanganyika, was militarily isolated now that the stations of
224:, opposite Zanzibar, on 3 December 1880. After many delays and difficulties it reached
1070:
560:, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the north of the station of Albertville that Captain
29:
1199:
553:
540:
509:
432:
162:
146:
130:
114:
50:
467:
muzzle-loaders, without suitable cartridges." He also had hardly any medicine left.
451:
436:
157:
142:
340:
329:
186:
197:
1110:
With Captain Stairs to Katanga: Slavery and Subjugation in the Congo 1891–1892
1047:
Goyau, Georges (1914). "Baron Athanase-Charles-Marie Charette de la Contrie".
138:
1048:
1029:
The Pope's Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican
444:
253:
209:
201:
573:
Joubert was the only white to be made a citizen of the Congo Free State.
428:
375:
301:
297:
257:
243:, which he reached on 7 February 1882. He helped fortify the mission at
229:
221:
557:
472:
359:
355:(and Mpala) are to the west of the southern portion of Lake Tanganyika.
293:
270:
249:
244:
213:
134:
321:
289:
225:
967:
423:
In January 1889 the mission was cut off from the outside world by
367:
309:
236:
483:
in July 1892 as the "military adventures of Cardinal Lavigerie".
479:. The European press was critical of these actions, described by
462:
A Belgian relief expedition was organized. It was led by Captain
1089:
Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History: To 1500
141:(1858–1860). Joubert left school in 1860 to join the army that
1067:"Il y a 80 ans, le 27 Mai 1927, Mourait le Captiaine Joubert"
443:
Joubert's status was ambiguous. The Belgians had appointed
121:, where he lived until his death at the age of eighty five.
766:
764:
762:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
632:
630:
628:
1053:. Vol. 16 (Index). New York: The Encyclopedia Press
966:(in French) (13). Nuntiuncula, Bruxelles. Archived from
781:
779:
880:
878:
749:
747:
745:
743:
687:
685:
683:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
277:." This idea was abandoned, as was a plan to use the
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
647:
645:
556:, or Upper Congo. It leaves the lake at modern-day
92:
84:
76:
58:
36:
20:
1013:(in French). Vol. II. Inst. roy. colon. belge
937:Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2006).
1007:Coosemans, M. (1951). "JOUBERT (Leopold Louis)".
960:"Le royaume chrétien de Mpala : 1887 – 1893"
821:
552:The Lukaga River drains Lake Tanganyika to the
407:
607:
8:
1177:The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa
992:(in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 96.
152:On 18 September 1860 Joubert fought at the
113:, which he opposed. He later assisted the
28:
17:
1134:Dictionary of African Christian Biography
920:
770:
636:
908:
619:
490:
450:
358:
339:
196:
1241:Roman Catholic missionaries in Tanzania
869:
809:
785:
674:
585:
527:
1069:(in French). Lavigerie. Archived from
722:
96:Defense of equatorial African missions
1086:Lockard, Craig A. (10 January 2007).
884:
857:
845:
833:
753:
734:
651:
7:
896:
797:
691:
328:decided to focus his efforts on the
312:, which had been founded in 1883 by
1216:French Roman Catholic missionaries
1180:. University of California Press.
129:Léopold Louis Joubert was born at
14:
1107:Moloney, Joseph Augustus (2007).
1092:. Cengage Learning. p. 336.
380:Jean-Baptiste-Frézal Charbonnier
264:Concept of the Christian kingdom
208:On 15 January 1880 Joubert left
1246:French expatriates in Tanzania
1231:Belgian colonisation in Africa
940:Congo: république démocratique
324:lay in German territory. King
1:
1026:Coulombe, Charles A. (2009).
822:Auzias & Labourdette 2006
564:founded on 30 December 1891.
1221:People from Loire-Atlantique
495:Fishermen on Lake Tanganyika
351:forms the western boundary.
169:against the army of the new
958:Casier, P. Jacques (1987).
943:. Petit Futé. p. 211.
1272:
1010:Biographie Coloniale Belge
1153:Swann, Alfred J. (2012).
1128:Shorter, Aylward (2003).
1050:The Catholic Encyclopedia
308:. The Belgian station of
27:
1130:"Joubert, Leopold Louis"
235:Joubert continued on to
193:First African expedition
165:during the unsuccessful
983:Cheza, Maurice (2005).
427:against the Germans in
154:Battle of Castelfidardo
1032:. Palgrave Macmillan.
496:
459:
416:
371:
356:
205:
964:Souvenirs Historiques
494:
454:
362:
343:
326:Leopold II of Belgium
200:
137:(1854–1858) and then
103:Léopold Louis Joubert
22:Léopold Louis Joubert
1256:French abolitionists
1251:Belgian Congo people
1174:Vail, LeRoy (1991).
1113:. Jeppestown Press.
458:in the Congo in 1903
970:on 17 November 2011
178:Franco-Prussian War
111:Italian unification
70:Moba, Belgian Congo
497:
460:
386:if he had wished.
372:
357:
345:German East Africa
306:German East Africa
232:in December 1881.
206:
1187:978-0-520-07420-0
1166:978-1-136-25681-3
1120:978-0-9553936-5-5
1099:978-0-618-38612-3
1039:978-0-230-61756-8
999:978-2-84586-682-9
950:978-2-7469-1412-4
286:Berlin Conference
218:Charles Lavigerie
182:Athanase Charette
100:
99:
1263:
1191:
1170:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1136:. Archived from
1124:
1103:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1003:
979:
977:
975:
954:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
774:
768:
757:
751:
738:
732:
726:
720:
695:
689:
678:
672:
655:
649:
640:
634:
623:
617:
611:
608:Il y a 80 ans ..
605:
574:
571:
565:
550:
544:
532:
464:Alphonse Jacques
456:Alphonse Jacques
336:Return to Africa
279:Kingdom of Lunda
171:Kingdom of Italy
65:
47:22 February 1842
46:
44:
32:
18:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1236:Belgian knights
1226:French soldiers
1196:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1127:
1121:
1106:
1100:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1073:on 17 June 2013
1065:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1006:
1000:
982:
973:
971:
957:
951:
936:
927:
919:
915:
907:
903:
895:
891:
883:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
820:
816:
808:
804:
796:
792:
784:
777:
769:
760:
752:
741:
733:
729:
721:
698:
690:
681:
673:
658:
650:
643:
635:
626:
618:
614:
606:
587:
578:
577:
572:
568:
551:
547:
533:
529:
519:
489:
425:Abushiri Revolt
421:
364:Lake Tanganyika
349:Lake Tanganyika
338:
266:
241:Lake Tanganyika
228:in what is now
195:
167:defense of Rome
127:
119:Lake Tanganyika
107:Ludovic Joubert
72:
67:
63:
54:
48:
42:
40:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1171:
1165:
1150:
1140:on 24 May 2013
1125:
1119:
1104:
1098:
1083:
1063:
1044:
1038:
1023:
1004:
998:
980:
955:
949:
933:
926:
925:
923:, p. 519.
921:Coosemans 1951
913:
911:, p. 213.
901:
899:, p. 198.
889:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
824:, p. 211.
814:
812:, p. 336.
802:
800:, p. 211.
790:
775:
773:, p. 518.
771:Coosemans 1951
758:
739:
727:
696:
694:, p. 197.
679:
656:
641:
639:, p. 517.
637:Coosemans 1951
624:
612:
584:
576:
575:
566:
545:
526:
525:
518:
515:
488:
485:
477:Francis Dhanis
420:
417:
414:to the north.
399:Léonce Bridoux
337:
334:
265:
262:
194:
191:
126:
123:
98:
97:
94:
93:Known for
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
68:
66:(aged 85)
60:
56:
55:
49:
38:
34:
33:
25:
24:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1268:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:. Routledge.
1158:
1157:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1001:
995:
991:
986:
981:
969:
965:
961:
956:
952:
946:
942:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
922:
917:
914:
910:
909:Coulombe 2009
905:
902:
898:
893:
890:
887:, p. 34.
886:
881:
879:
875:
872:, p. 96.
871:
866:
863:
860:, p. 33.
859:
854:
851:
848:, p. 32.
847:
842:
839:
836:, p. 31.
835:
830:
827:
823:
818:
815:
811:
806:
803:
799:
794:
791:
788:, p. 95.
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
763:
759:
756:, p. 96.
755:
750:
748:
746:
744:
740:
737:, p. 16.
736:
731:
728:
724:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
620:Coulombe 2009
616:
613:
609:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
586:
583:
582:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
549:
546:
542:
541:lingua franca
538:
531:
528:
524:
523:
516:
514:
511:
510:Baudouinville
507:
501:
493:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
468:
465:
457:
453:
449:
446:
441:
438:
434:
433:Dar es Salaam
430:
426:
418:
415:
413:
412:day's journey
406:
402:
400:
394:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
369:
365:
361:
354:
350:
346:
342:
335:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
203:
199:
192:
190:
188:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
163:Porta Salaria
159:
155:
150:
148:
147:Papal Zouaves
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:Saint-Herblon
124:
122:
120:
116:
115:White Fathers
112:
108:
104:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
61:
57:
52:
51:Saint-Herblon
39:
35:
31:
26:
19:
16:
1176:
1155:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:the original
1133:
1109:
1088:
1075:. Retrieved
1071:the original
1055:. Retrieved
1049:
1028:
1015:. Retrieved
1009:
988:
972:. Retrieved
968:the original
963:
939:
929:
928:
916:
904:
892:
870:Moloney 2007
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
810:Lockard 2007
805:
793:
786:Moloney 2007
730:
675:Shorter 2003
622:, p. 9.
615:
580:
579:
569:
548:
530:
521:
520:
502:
498:
487:Later career
480:
469:
461:
442:
437:Lukuga River
422:
408:
403:
395:
392:
388:
373:
314:Émile Storms
300:(other than
284:In 1885 the
283:
267:
234:
207:
175:
158:Napoleon III
151:
143:Pope Pius IX
128:
106:
102:
101:
64:(1927-05-27)
15:
1211:1927 deaths
1206:1842 births
723:Casier 1987
473:Albertville
330:Congo River
281:as a base.
176:During the
125:Early years
77:Nationality
62:27 May 1927
1200:Categories
885:Swann 2012
858:Swann 2012
846:Swann 2012
834:Swann 2012
754:Cheza 2005
735:Swann 2012
652:Goyau 1914
517:References
85:Occupation
43:1842-02-22
897:Vail 1991
798:Vail 1991
692:Vail 1991
581:Citations
445:Tippu Tip
419:Isolation
304:) became
254:Tippu Tip
210:Marseille
202:Tippu Tip
1144:10 April
1057:11 April
1017:11 April
429:Bagamoyo
376:Zanzibar
347:, 1894.
302:Zanzibar
298:Tanzania
258:Rumaliza
230:Tanzania
222:Bagamoyo
187:Mésanger
180:General
53:, France
1077:9 April
974:9 April
930:Sources
562:Jacques
558:Kalemie
554:Lualaba
481:Le Soir
384:Marungu
370:in 1892
353:Marungu
294:Burundi
271:Buganda
250:Kibanga
245:Mulwewa
214:Algiers
139:Combrée
135:Ancenis
88:Soldier
1184:
1163:
1117:
1096:
1036:
996:
947:
322:Tabora
318:Karema
290:Rwanda
275:Mutesa
226:Tabora
80:French
537:Bantu
522:Notes
368:Mpala
310:Mpala
237:Ujiji
1182:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1146:2013
1115:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1079:2013
1059:2013
1034:ISBN
1019:2013
994:ISBN
990:2004
976:2013
945:ISBN
506:Moba
431:and
320:and
296:and
256:and
212:for
105:(or
59:Died
37:Born
366:at
239:on
1202::
1132:.
987:.
962:.
877:^
778:^
761:^
742:^
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682:^
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292:,
173:.
149:.
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978:.
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248:(
45:)
41:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
