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provinces, killing 21,000 civilians. Many agriculture fields and businesses began going down and the economy was stagnated. There were six successive monarchs after Lê Thánh Tông had lost control of the government and the army, causing the rise of military rulers and corruption. In 1522, a military
1006:
In July 1557, Mạc Kính Điển launched another naval offensive to the south. Lê warships once again ambushed Mạc fleet on Mã river. Mạc Kính Điểm jumped down the river and fled to the nearby forest. He and Mạc remnants escaped back to the north after three days of hiding in a cave. With the winning
1299:
The Trịnh military lords of the Lê Dynasty, which was centered in Đông Kinh (Tonkin or Hanoi), soon doubted the loyalty of the Nguyễn governor in central and southern
Vietnam. Over the next 30 years of unification and temporary peace, Vietnam once again would be divided by two military lords for
945:
technique in the army, but had less toleration for the new faith brought by missionaries. The Lê monarchs were under the control of military regents from powerful Trịnh and Nguyễn families. The two monarchs claimed their rule over Dai Viet, thus starting a series of conflicts.
1280:
to
Beijing for renewing relations with China, who supports the Mạc dynasty. At the result, the Chinese Ming dynasty recognized both Lê and Mạc as the legitimate rulers of Vietnam, and in 1644 they officially re-recognized the Lê monarch as "king of sovereign Vietnam".
1092:
succeeded the military ruler of the
Southern army. In August 1570, Mạc Kính Điển launched a large southward offensive, dispatched 100,000 men and 700 ships, and attacked the Southern court through Laos and sea. Trịnh Cối surrendered to the Mạc. Southern Emperor
206:
1304:. These long civil wars had devastated the Vietnamese nation, both its structure and economy, causing great dissatisfaction among the ordinary class and working class with the monarchs and the aristocrats, which ultimately culminated in the
142:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
1035:
ordered a new northward offensive, and dispatched 60,000 soldiers and elephants, armed with
Portuguese-style matchlocks. By January 1560, the Lê-Trịnh army had occupied all cities and territories beyond south of the
1308:
in the late 18th century. The Chu Đậu ceramic factory in Chu Đậu village, Hải Dương province, which famously exported
Vietnamese blue-white ceramics to Japan and West Asia from 13th to 17th century, was destroyed.
1101:
while evacuating his government to the south. While occupying and looting Tây Kinh, the Mac army committed atrocities against civilians and destroyed architecture. In 1571, Mạc forces advanced further south to
128:
1260:
1068:, forcing the Lê-Trịnh army to retreat back to Thanh Hóa to avoid Mạc's encirclement. Finally, the two sides grew very tired and withdrew their forces back to their original territories.
898:). While being under the political protection of Ming China, the Mạc dynasty rebuilt the agricultural economy, opened businesses and factories, and recovered an army of 120,000 soldiers.
1177:
commanded the
Southern army, which launched five raids into Northern dynasty territories, causing severe damage to the economy and weakening the Mạc regime. Trịnh Tùng also hired the
1123:
From August 1578 to
November 1579, Northern Mạc forces made three more raids into Southern dynasty territories, but all were repelled with outgunned Lê-Trịnh matchlocks.
1217:
commanded 60,000 troops, captured towns and cities beyond south of the Red river. Mạc Mậu Hợp sent all of his troops to resist the
Southern army, but was defeated.
1120:
led 40,000 men to attack the
Southern court in Thanh Hóa, but were defeated by Lê-Trịnh forces in Khoái Lạc. Thế Mỹ was shot and killed while mounted on horseback.
1109:
From 1573 to 1576, the
Northern dynasty launched 4 southward offensives and raids, causing devastation for the Southern dynasty. The Lê-Trịnh army then recruited
1284:
The remnant Mạc monarch in Cao Bằng province recruited Tai-speaking mountain tribes into their army. They also brought the Vietnamese Nôm script adoption to
689:, the capital of the Mạc dynasty, was reconquered by the Later Lê forces, marking the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties period. Mạc rulers fled to
1161:
succeed the military ruler of the Northern dynasty. The Mạc regime began declining and these were the last of the Northern dynasty's southward offensives.
1318:
652:
145:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
153:
1116:
In September 1577, Mạc Kính Điển saw the opportunity to annihilate the Southern dynasty, and reunify the country. Mạc Kính Điển and his general
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1409:
57:
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79:
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In February 1592, the Southern dynasty launched a large northward offensive against the Northern Mạc. Trịnh Tùng and his general
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1579:
1574:
1439:
Encounter and cultural influences of the Portuguese and French in Vietnamese history from XVI to XIX century, University of Huế
842:
166:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Vietnamese Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
1594:
874:, and sought Chinese military support and diplomatic recognition as legitimate government to reclaim the thrown of Đại Việt.
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50:
44:
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succeed the throne when he was a child. The monarchy and the government had become more unstable. Military lord
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61:
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1056:. After fighting for a year, the Lê-Trịnh army was still unable to capture Hanoi and Hải Dương. In March 1561,
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based on Neo- Confucian beliefs, helping businesses and trading markets flourish, later successfully expanding
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161:
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remained in a state of rivalry with the Lê-Trịnh regime until they were annexed and exiled to China in 1677.
1277:
855:
790:
406:
402:
1305:
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started to decline gradually and fell into social unrest due to corruption and peasant rebellions. In 1515,
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1545:
1449:
963:, the military regent of Lê dynasty, dispatched 25,000 men to the south and easily regained two provinces
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690:
467:
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1080:
Matchlock rifles used during 16th-18th century in Vietnam, National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.
471:
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The Lê monarch, after 59 years of war with rival Mạc, returned to the throne of Đại Việt. However, the
995:
878:
of the Ming dynasty responded by sending 125,000 soldiers to the border, threatening the Mạc regime in
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539:
358:
288:
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of China still only recognized the Mạc regime in Cao Bằng as the rightful ruler of Dai Viet. In 1597
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in 1541, as he accepted his regime and monarch would be under Chinese protection and ceded half of
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726:
718:
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as the new Emperor. On 18 June 1527, Mạc Đăng Dung executed Lê Cung Hoàng and established the new
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520:
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From 1580 to 1583, Lê-Trịnh and Mạc forces engaged in small to moderate-size conflicts along the
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891:
587:
583:
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1202:
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1206:
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426:
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1008:
994:, Lê forces under Trịnh Kiểm ambushed them with matchlock firearms and canoes led by general
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376:
310:
233:
1515:
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1399:
1241:
734:
276:
1237:
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and began to reconquer the southern part of the country. Lê army regained the provinces of
806:
702:
644:
390:
330:
306:
295:
229:
216:
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pirates as mercenaries, raiding the coastal area and port cities in Northern territories.
883:
875:
1049:
1041:
972:
814:
781:
675:
483:
1229:
636:
1507:
968:
722:
1568:
1285:
930:
667:
225:
1245:
1225:
1103:
851:
299:
1269:
922:
730:
698:
694:
1065:
1061:
987:
838:
830:
826:
1466:
1372:
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991:
914:
353:
938:
798:
1221:
1037:
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as the temporary capital and base for imperial court, and started the period
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942:
205:
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provinces, where they remained active. In April 1593, the southern emperor
1347:(in Vietnamese). Nhà xuất bản Thuận Hóa (Thuận Hóa publisher). p. 99.
1015:). Mạc Kính Điển returned to his position and defeated the Southern army.
17:
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810:
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671:
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Carved wood in Hue, shows the cannons were used by the Lê and Mạc forces
882:. At the final moment, Mạc Đăng Dung surrendered to the Ming dynasty at
1052:
province, near China, while reinforcing 50,000 men to defend Hanoi and
901:
The Mạc dynasty tolerated other religions and foreign trades, allowing
895:
777:
164:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1076:
754:
243:
1023:
1220:
On 14 November 1592, Lê-Trịnh army captured three western province
1259:
1178:
1135:
1130:
1110:
1075:
1022:
879:
850:
686:
674:. In 1533, Lê Ninh proclaimed himself emperor with the support of
998:, a Mạc defector. Mạc Kính Điển survived and fled back to Hanoi.
1131:
139:
1518:: Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House. pp. 260–273.
1489:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
1401:
Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
1300:
another 150 years–fought against each other in the indecisive
1288:, called the Nôm Tày script. Mạc regime and the Vũ Văn clan's
971:
from the Mạc. Trịnh Kiểm also restored Cham principalities in
91:
29:
801:
clans, had gained the regent of the government by installing
1236:, where they arrested and executed Mạc Mậu Hợp and his son
1106:. In October 1572, Mạc forces retreated back to the north.
776:
launched a rebellion against the court. In 1517, a massive
1343:
Trung tâm nghiên cứu Huế (Research Center of Huế) (2010).
986:
of the Northern dynasty, led 100 warships in an attack on
929:
technology for Vietnam. The Southern Lê regime opened for
27:
16th and 17th-century war in present-day Northern Vietnam
1264:
Chu Đậu's blue and white ceramic dish, 15th-16th century
682:. The civil war between the two dynasties thus ensued.
131:
a machine-translated version of the Vietnamese article.
135:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
701:dynasties until they were completedly defeated by
1529:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 113–119.
198:
1526:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc
1232:. On 25 November, Trịnh Tùng's forces arrived
1185:The last stand of Northern dynasty (1592–1593)
933:, with trade ports appearing in the cities of
921:, who had been in Vietnam since 1524, brought
753:'s territories into the northern territory of
160:accompanying your translation by providing an
122:Click for important translation instructions.
109:expand this article with text translated from
1512:Việt Nam sử lược (A Brief History of Vietnam)
809:. The deposed Lê royal family were exiled in
717:was restored by the Lê dynasty (during the
8:
1471:. Pennsylvania: Cambridge University Press.
1450:Bảo tồn chữ Nôm của dân tộc Tày tỉnh Bắc Kạn
990:shores. When the Mạc fleet was advancing on
913:were free to spread and worship. Portuguese
1240:. The Mạc remnants fled to the mountainous
733:invaders. Soon after, the monarch adopted
639:: 戰爭黎莫) was a civil war waged between two
195:
1492:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 5–.
1404:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 5–.
1319:Southern and Northern Dynasties (Vietnam)
693:, with the direct support of the Chinese
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1252:was welcomed back to Đông Kinh (Hanoi).
43:This article includes a list of general
1335:
737:and state-centralization as a national
210:Territorial control from 1555 to 1592:
1097:transferred the Military Commander to
653:Southern and Northern Dynasties period
1007:triumph, Lê army pursued Mạc army to
848:in Vietnam, which lasted until 1592.
658:The Vietnamese throne was usurped by
7:
1060:launched a surprise naval attack in
172:{{Translated|vi|Chiến tranh Lê-Mạc}}
1142:, Vietnam in 1590. From manuscript
1169:In 1584, the new Northern emperor
821:back to throne with title emperor
768:After Thánh Tông's death in 1497,
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
941:. The regime quickly adopted the
858:surrenders to Ming China army in
793:during his struggle against the
569:
510:
499:
488:
477:
384:
370:
347:
204:
96:
34:
843:Southern and Northern dynasties
813:. In 1533, Lê loyalist general
745:(Lê Hạo) had created the solid
1550:. Cambridge University Press.
1377:. Cambridge University Press.
302:in 1592, and collapse in 1677.
170:You may also add the template
1:
1157:died and his brother, prince
741:. The fifth monarch, Emperor
1048:evacuated his government to
1547:A History of the Vietnamese
183:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
1626:
1465:Kathlene Baldanza (2016).
1371:Kathlene Baldanza (2016).
1138:mercenary and his wife in
1113:to fight against the Mạc.
134:Machine translation, like
1044:under siege. Mạc emperor
608:
593:
449:(before 1551, after 1572)
396:
323:
251:
203:
111:the corresponding article
1486:John W. Dardess (2012).
1398:John W. Dardess (2012).
456:(before 1592, from 1600)
1590:17th century in Vietnam
1585:16th century in Vietnam
1523:Chapuis, Oscar (1995).
1426:"Eacrh.net | Home"
982:In August 1555, Prince
655:of Vietnamese history.
181:For more guidance, see
64:more precise citations.
1610:Wars involving Vietnam
1580:17th-century conflicts
1575:16th-century conflicts
1544:Taylor, K. W. (2013).
1468:Ming China and Vietnam
1374:Ming China and Vietnam
1265:
1165:Conflicts in 1584–1589
1146:
1127:Conflicts in 1580–1583
1081:
1072:Conflicts in 1570–1579
1040:, leaving Mạc capital
1028:
1019:Conflicts in 1559–1562
955:Conflicts in 1554–1555
863:
632:
397:Commanders and leaders
1595:Civil wars in Vietnam
1263:
1134:
1079:
1026:
854:
713:Since 1428, state of
609:Casualties and losses
154:copyright attribution
1153:. In November 1580,
870:sent delegations to
721:) after the founder
641:Vietnamese dynasties
888:Quảng Ninh province
761:(formerly known as
759:Xiangkhoang Plateau
1605:Revival Lê dynasty
1266:
1147:
1082:
1029:
864:
729:who drove out the
666:, a prince of the
633:Chiến tranh Lê-Mạc
359:Revival Lê dynasty
289:Revival Lê dynasty
162:interlanguage link
1514:(in Vietnamese).
1499:978-1-4422-0490-4
1411:978-1-4422-0490-4
1306:Tây Sơn rebellion
1294:Hà Giang province
1088:died and his son
1013:Nam Định province
1002:Conflicts in 1557
996:Nguyễn Khải Khang
931:the Western world
691:Cao Bằng Province
621:
620:
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343:Political support
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242: Kingdom of
228:under command of
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1345:"Nghiên cứu Huế"
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1324:Trịnh–Nguyễn War
1302:Trịnh–Nguyễn War
1278:Phùng Khắc Khoan
1031:September 1559,
909:to coexist, and
735:Neo-Confucianism
727:Lam Sơn uprising
725:, the leader of
719:Later Lê dynasty
668:Later Lê dynasty
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1191:Nguyễn Hữu Liêu
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1021:
1004:
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876:Jiajing Emperor
846:(Nam Bắc Triều)
817:brought prince
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1159:Mạc Đôn Nhượng
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1125:
1073:
1070:
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948:
890:to China (now
789:general named
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619:
618:
615:
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602:around 60,000
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599:around 120,000
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468:Mạc Kính Khoan
438:Mạc Đôn Nhượng
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1155:Mạc Kính Điển
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1121:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:Mạc Kính Điển
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:Mạc Kính Điển
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
954:
949:
947:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:Nam Quan Pass
881:
877:
873:
869:
868:Lê Trang Tông
861:
857:
856:Mạc Đăng Dung
853:
849:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:Lê Trang Tông
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:Mạc Đăng Dung
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:National Code
744:
743:Lê Thánh Tông
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
670:, escaped to
669:
665:
661:
660:Mạc Đăng Dung
656:
654:
651:, during the
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
616:
613:
612:
607:
601:
598:
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592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
563:
559:
558:Lại Thế Khanh
555:
548:
541:
537:
533:
532:Hoàng Đình Ái
526:
522:
518:
507:
496:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
464:Mạc Kính Cung
461:
454:
447:
443:
442:Mạc Ngọc Liễn
439:
435:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Mạc Kính Điển
408:
407:Mạc Thái Tông
404:
401:
400:
395:
392:
378:
364:
360:
357:
355:
344:
341:
336:
332:
328:
327:
322:
312:
308:
304:
301:
298:retreated to
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258:
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137:
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127:
126:
120:
114:
113:in Vietnamese
112:
107:You can help
103:
94:
93:
84:
81:
73:
70:November 2018
63:
59:
53:
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41:
32:
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1393:
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1338:
1298:
1289:
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1270:Ming dynasty
1267:
1219:
1215:Ngô Cảnh Hựu
1188:
1168:
1148:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1095:Lê Chính Trị
1083:
1030:
1005:
981:
958:
923:Christianity
919:missionaries
900:
865:
845:
818:
767:
731:Ming Chinese
712:
684:
657:
624:
622:
562:Bùi Văn Khuê
547:Lê Khắc Thận
521:Lại Thế Vinh
495:Nguyễn Hoàng
460:Mạc Kính Chỉ
453:Bùi Văn Khuê
446:Lê Khắc Thận
434:Nguyễn Quyện
430:(until 1551)
419:Phạm Tử Nghi
380:(until 1600)
377:Nguyễn lords
354:Ming dynasty
342:
329:
324:Belligerents
311:Nguyễn lords
305:Rise of the
287:
158:edit summary
149:
116:
108:
76:
67:
48:
1600:Mạc dynasty
1274:Lê Thế Tông
1250:Lê Thế Tông
1171:Mạc Mậu Hợp
1144:Boxer Codex
1111:Cham people
819:Lê Duy Ninh
807:Mạc dynasty
803:Prince Xuan
588:Đinh Văn Tả
584:Lê Sĩ Triệt
580:Lê Thì Hiến
565:(1592–1600)
554:Vũ Sư Thước
550:(1551–1572)
543:(from 1551)
528:(1551–1557)
472:Mạc Kính Vũ
415:Nguyễn Kính
403:Mạc Thái Tổ
391:Trịnh lords
366:(1527–1593)
338:(from 1594)
331:Mạc dynasty
307:Trịnh lords
296:Mạc dynasty
234:Nguyễn clan
217:Mạc dynasty
62:introducing
1569:Categories
1330:References
1290:"chúa Bầu"
1286:Tày people
1211:Hà Thọ Lộc
1203:Trịnh Đồng
1195:Trịnh Ninh
1175:Trịnh Tùng
1118:Lại Thế Mỹ
1099:Trịnh Tùng
1086:Trịnh Kiểm
1050:Quảng Ninh
1033:Trịnh Kiểm
977:Bình Thuận
973:Ninh Thuận
961:Trịnh Kiểm
911:Christians
872:Ming China
815:Nguyễn Kim
709:Background
703:Trịnh clan
680:Trịnh Kiểm
676:Nguyễn Kim
649:Revival Lê
629:Vietnamese
625:Lê–Mạc War
517:Trịnh Tùng
506:Trịnh Kiểm
484:Nguyễn Kim
230:Trịnh clan
226:Lê dynasty
199:Lê–Mạc War
45:references
18:Lê-Mạc war
1459:Citations
1256:Aftermath
1234:Hải Dương
1140:Hải Phòng
1090:Trịnh Cối
1084:In 1570,
1062:Thanh Hóa
1054:Hải Dương
1046:Quang Bảo
1042:Đông Kinh
1038:Red River
988:Thanh Hóa
969:Quảng Nam
965:Thuận Hóa
959:In 1554,
950:Conflicts
943:matchlock
915:merchants
892:Fangcheng
880:Đông Kinh
866:In 1537,
839:Thanh Hóa
827:Thanh Hóa
786:Hải Dương
782:Thái Bình
763:Trấn Ninh
705:in 1677.
687:Đông Kinh
685:In 1592,
662:in 1527.
576:Trịnh Tạc
363:Bầu lords
335:Bầu lords
291:victory
264:1593–1677
259:1533–1593
176:talk page
1510:(2005).
1313:See also
1246:Cao Bằng
1238:Mạc Toàn
1207:Trịnh Đỗ
1151:Mã River
1104:Cả River
992:Mã River
927:arquebus
903:Buddhism
860:Lạng Sơn
835:Tây Kinh
811:Lan Xang
774:Trần Cảo
770:Đại Việt
751:Đại Việt
739:ideology
715:Đại Việt
672:Lan Xang
594:Strength
525:Lê Bá Ly
427:Lê Bá Ly
300:Cao Bằng
272:Location
152:provide
1242:Bắc Cạn
1230:Phú Thọ
1226:Yên Bái
1222:Lào Cai
1066:Nghệ An
1009:Sơn Nam
935:Đà Nẵng
896:Guangxi
862:, 1541.
831:Nghệ An
780:struck
778:typhoon
664:Lê Ninh
637:chữ Hán
617:unknown
614:unknown
174:to the
156:in the
115:.
58:improve
1554:
1533:
1496:
1475:
1408:
1381:
939:Hội An
907:Taoism
833:, set
799:Nguyễn
755:Champa
723:Lê Lợi
643:, the
284:Result
244:Champa
240:
224:
222:
215:
213:
47:, but
1179:Wokou
1136:Wokou
795:Trịnh
136:DeepL
1552:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1228:and
1213:and
1064:and
975:and
967:and
937:and
925:and
917:and
905:and
829:and
797:and
784:and
757:and
699:Qing
697:and
695:Ming
678:and
647:and
623:The
309:and
256:Date
232:and
150:must
148:You
129:View
1292:in
837:in
765:).
645:Mạc
138:or
1571::
1353:^
1244:,
1224:,
1209:,
1205:,
1201:,
1197:,
1193:,
979:.
894:,
635:;
631::
345::
246:.
1560:.
1539:.
1502:.
1481:.
1428:.
1414:.
1387:.
1011:(
627:(
313:.
236:.
185:.
178:.
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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