223:
456:
81:
439:. The chin and throat were white. The wings' secondaries had a distinctive and conspicuous white wing patch. Due to the subdued colors of the sole specimen, it is believed that it was a female, suggesting that the male would have had a brighter plumage, especially in the superciliary line. The eyes, which were large for a bird of the hookbill's size, were dark brown and the muscular legs were gray with yellow toepads.
341:
55:
31:
514:
Based upon the structure of the bill, it has been suggested that this unique bill was used as a pincer, with the tips of both mandibles touching. The hookbill could have used this movement to pluck fruits or flowers for consumption, or it may have been used to extract snails from their shells. It is
510:
were subsequently discovered in its stomach. It is considered likely that the hookbill additionally ate ʻakoko fruits due to their similarity in size and shape to those of the ōpuhe. However, the hookbill's unique bill is considered unlikely to have evolved if the species was purely frugivorous, and
543:
The fact that Munro, an excellent observer who spent years on Lānaʻi, only saw the bird three times implies that it was already very rare by the 1910s. From 1900 to 1940 nearly all of Lānaʻi's forests were converted into pineapple fields. This conversion reduced the area of the hookbill's potential
518:
There is no recorded information on the Lānaʻi hookbill's breeding behavior. However, the other
Hawaiian honeycreepers are remarkably uniform in their breeding behavior, and it is therefore likely that the hookbills also bred from early winter through the end of summer in August, with pair bonding
446:
Like other
Hawaiian honeycreepers, the hookbill possessed a distinctive musty odor. The bird's only known vocalization was an inconspicuous chirp; however, all other Hawaiian honeycreepers are excellent vocalists that demonstrate an array of sounds, and therefore the hookbill likely had a broader,
323:
As the bird became extinct before significant field observations could be made, not much is known about its behavior. The Lānaʻi hookbill is only known to have eaten the fruit of the ōpuhe; however, it is unlikely that its unique bill would have developed to eat fruit, and it may have been a snail
442:
The hookbill's distinguishing characteristic was a heavy, parrotlike bill. The upper mandible hooked sharply downwards, while the heavy lower mandible hooked sharply upwards towards the middle of the upper mandible. This structure left a gap between the two mandibles when the bird held its beak
319:
and a white chin and throat. The wings also had a distinctive and conspicuous white wing patch. The hookbill's distinguishing characteristic was its heavy, parrotlike bill, which had the mandibles hooking sharply towards each other, leaving a gap between them when the beak was closed.
531:
Historically, the hookbill was only recorded three times. All three sightings were made by Munro; the first was when he collected a single bird on
February 22, 1913, and the other two sightings came on March 16, 1916 and August 12, 1918. The only existing specimen is in the
519:
being completed by
January or February. The males likely defended a territory that moved along with his bonded female and became a centered around the nest after the female constructed it. It is hypothesized that the hookbill laid two to three eggs and that its young were
475:. These sightings were between 2,000 and 2,600 feet (610 and 790 m) in elevation. However, the species' habitat once covered thousands of acres on Lānaʻi, and it is possible that the species once had a broader range on the island. The species was
426:, which it shared with seven historically recorded species and about ten species known only from fossils. It is believed that the Lānaʻi hookbill was most closely related to the ʻōʻū . No fossil specimens of the Lānaʻi hookbill have been found.
315:, and some early authors suggested that the Lānaʻi hookbill was merely a deformed ʻōʻū. The Lānaʻi hookbill was a plump, medium-sized bird with greenish olive upperparts and pale whitish yellow underparts. It also had a yellow or white
434:
The Lānaʻi hookbill was a plump, medium-sized bird. It was about 6 inches (15 cm) in length, and the weight is unknown. It had greenish olive upperparts and pale whitish yellow underparts, as well as a yellow or white
399:
However, other taxonomists challenged the validity of the species as early as 1939, noting that the Lānaʻi hookbill was only known from one specimen and arguing that it was merely an aberrant and partially albino female
498:). The unique shape of the hookbill's bill, particularly when compared with the ʻōʻū's bill, and its apparent rarity suggested that the species was an extreme specialist and was therefore restricted to this habitat.
511:
it has been suggested that the hookbill specialized in eating snails. The species was very active while searching for food, constantly flying from tree to tree. While perched it shifted restlessly.
552:
and rats to Lānaʻi may have led to a decline in the hookbill's population. The extinction of local snails through human intervention could also have led to the Lānaʻi hookbill's extinction.
324:
specialist. The hookbill has not been seen since 1918, and by 1940 nearly all of Lānaʻi's forests were converted into pineapple fields, destroying the bird's habitat. The combination of
443:
closed. It is believed that the bill was pale pink in coloration. The jaw muscles were particularly well developed around the bill. The hookbill's tongue was primitive and nontubular.
515:
also possible that the bird could have crushed a snail shell between its mandibles and then used its tongue to ingest the meat and expel the shell out of the open sides of the beak.
4782:
4636:
4610:
4662:
471:
in Hawaii. All recorded sightings of the species were made from the southwestern end of Lānaʻi's forests, which included the
Kaiholena Valley and
285:, and saw the species only twice more, once in 1916 and for a final time in 1918. No other sightings have been reported. They inhabited montane
4742:
1066:
4772:
506:
The Lānaʻi hookbill is only known to have eaten the fruit of the ōpuhe. The type specimen was caught while feeding on the plant, and its
1015:
Pratt, H. Douglas (2010). "Family
Drepanididae (Hawaiian Honeycreepers)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.).
1017:
660:
396:
recognizes the collector of the specimen, Munro. The common name came from the species' limited range and distinctive bill shape.
4777:
4762:
4757:
548:, which began affecting Lānaʻi's birds in the 1920s, may have contributed to the species' decline. Likewise, the introduction of
4752:
404:. The hookbill's validity was not confirmed until 1989 when the specimen's skull was removed and examined. The bird's cranial
4667:
700:
80:
483:
286:
4649:
841:
361:
212:
4536:
1036:
908:
544:
habitat, and is believed to be the biggest contributor to the species' extinction. It has also been suggested that
648:
1059:
533:
455:
278:
4767:
494:
297:
4545:
4498:
3546:
1803:
1770:
416:
353:
258:
193:
3189:
593:
4103:
3501:
900:
357:
4747:
4597:
3566:
3434:
1298:
1052:
3876:
3842:
222:
4177:
4157:
3965:
3380:
3209:
845:
325:
44:
4693:
4130:
3474:
1188:
4558:
3985:
3738:
1429:
1374:
1154:
727:
75:
4274:
3924:
3593:
3400:
3220:
2957:
2199:
472:
4641:
3454:
1850:
4701:
4680:
4571:
3704:
4706:
3754:
3555:
3072:
3038:
1224:
857:
719:
588:
4550:
1044:
401:
312:
4472:
4402:
3582:
2428:
2168:
2085:
1960:
1723:
1712:
1328:
420:
302:
274:
846:"On a new genus and species of bird of the family Drepanididae from the Hawaiian Islands"
570:
4719:
4451:
4437:
4423:
4409:
4311:
4256:
4193:
4022:
3933:
3510:
3463:
3054:
2863:
2842:
2612:
2478:
2471:
1936:
1919:
1912:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1452:
1314:
1280:
696:
476:
423:
340:
4736:
4675:
4430:
4339:
4214:
4064:
3994:
3906:
3885:
3768:
3348:
3320:
3112:
3081:
2891:
2805:
2646:
2520:
2437:
2417:
2410:
2329:
2318:
2297:
2182:
2137:
1732:
1678:
1487:
1259:
579:
545:
373:
65:
1026:
Snetsinger, Thomas J.; Reynolds, Michelle H.; Herrmann, Christina M. (1998). "ʻŌʻū (
4576:
4458:
4374:
4318:
4283:
4242:
4186:
4146:
4057:
4029:
3954:
3899:
3892:
3858:
3851:
3775:
3679:
3609:
3575:
3278:
3250:
3006:
2992:
2926:
2773:
2724:
2675:
2628:
2506:
2448:
2382:
2349:
2281:
2257:
2239:
2147:
2123:
2113:
2106:
2054:
1988:
1874:
1840:
1815:
1752:
1473:
1335:
1245:
277:
collected the only known specimen of this species in 1913, which is housed in the
4563:
735:
4688:
4623:
4530:
4381:
4367:
4360:
4304:
4249:
4235:
4092:
4085:
4036:
4015:
4001:
3974:
3940:
3913:
3761:
3747:
3658:
3423:
3389:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3243:
3229:
3121:
3092:
3027:
2940:
2877:
2759:
2745:
2717:
2703:
2689:
2655:
2621:
2552:
2499:
2485:
2457:
2394:
2338:
2230:
2154:
2092:
2078:
2002:
1981:
1824:
1703:
1664:
1657:
1594:
1501:
1459:
1390:
1363:
1356:
1238:
1215:
1177:
1145:
1133:
1118:
1076:
436:
392:"sickle," in reference to most Hawaiian honeycreeper's bills. The specific name
316:
152:
4714:
4395:
4325:
4297:
4166:
4119:
4078:
4071:
3865:
3831:
3796:
3782:
3686:
3665:
3651:
3602:
3534:
3443:
3416:
3369:
3313:
3199:
3132:
3047:
3013:
2947:
2898:
2856:
2835:
2821:
2696:
2682:
2635:
2592:
2527:
2492:
2464:
2219:
2161:
2068:
1974:
1905:
1898:
1888:
1692:
1643:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1574:
1525:
1516:
1494:
1438:
1418:
1404:
1342:
1307:
1287:
1273:
1231:
861:
254:
59:
30:
4521:
4263:
4207:
4200:
4112:
4043:
4008:
3810:
3803:
3713:
3672:
3644:
3630:
3616:
3490:
3362:
3355:
3327:
3264:
3165:
3101:
3061:
3020:
2985:
2971:
2912:
2884:
2870:
2828:
2814:
2794:
2787:
2752:
2738:
2731:
2710:
2666:
2572:
2513:
2403:
2311:
2266:
2209:
2189:
2061:
2030:
1995:
1943:
1881:
1867:
1629:
1585:
1321:
1266:
1204:
1112:
549:
520:
488:
460:
405:
369:
329:
291:
132:
92:
4654:
899:
Snetsinger, Thomas J.; Michelle H. Reynolds; Christina M. Herrmann (1998).
412:, plumage, and bill morphology confirmed the distinctness of the species.
4515:
4465:
4444:
4388:
4332:
4228:
4139:
4050:
3817:
3789:
3637:
3341:
3334:
3285:
3236:
2999:
2933:
2919:
2766:
2561:
2304:
2246:
2130:
2099:
2016:
1950:
1929:
1743:
1650:
1567:
1532:
1480:
1466:
1445:
1397:
1252:
1197:
1170:
1094:
653:(Fringillidae: Drepanidini), A valid genus and species of Hawaiian Finch"
537:
352:
The Lānaʻi hookbill was first collected by the New
Zealand ornithologist
282:
262:
112:
1021:. Vol. 15. Weavers to New World Warblers. Barcelona: Lynx Editions.
311:
and had no known subspecies. Its closest relative is believed to be the
4615:
4416:
4353:
4290:
3947:
3824:
3727:
3623:
3483:
3409:
3271:
3257:
2964:
2849:
2780:
2601:
2534:
2175:
2044:
2009:
1967:
1860:
1833:
1671:
1383:
1349:
1163:
1106:
1040:. Vol. 335–336. Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America, Inc.
731:
507:
409:
332:
and rats are thought to have led to the Lānaʻi hookbill's extinction.
4628:
3720:
3693:
2978:
2290:
2037:
1685:
1636:
1560:
1088:
345:
270:
235:
102:
4492:
723:
4589:
4584:
4346:
4221:
2905:
2541:
2023:
1759:
1411:
1100:
468:
454:
339:
266:
231:
142:
415:
The hookbill was a member of the
Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily
122:
4602:
4496:
3532:
3163:
2380:
1801:
1131:
1048:
273:, and was last seen in the southwestern part of the island.
482:
It is believed that the Lānaʻi hookbill inhabited montane
368:
based upon this specimen, placing the hookbill in a new,
540:. The species was not recorded by the native Hawaiians.
3205:
3195:
3185:
2953:
2215:
2205:
2195:
2143:
2119:
2074:
2050:
1956:
1925:
1894:
1856:
1846:
384:
to identify the species as a
Hawaiian honeycreeper.
4505:
4273:
4176:
4156:
4129:
4102:
3984:
3964:
3923:
3875:
3841:
3737:
3703:
3592:
3565:
3545:
3500:
3473:
3453:
3433:
3399:
3379:
3219:
3176:
3131:
3111:
3091:
3071:
3037:
2804:
2665:
2645:
2611:
2591:
2571:
2551:
2447:
2427:
2393:
2348:
2328:
2280:
2256:
2229:
1823:
1814:
1769:
1742:
1722:
1702:
1584:
1515:
1428:
1373:
1297:
1214:
1187:
1153:
1144:
594:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720738A111776369.en
467:The Lānaʻi hookbill was endemic to the island of
994:
992:
943:
941:
647:James, H. F.; Richard Zusi; S.L. Olson (1989).
928:
926:
924:
817:
815:
679:
677:
675:
1060:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
775:
773:
771:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
8:
718:(4). American Ornithologists' Union: 79–80.
459:The habitat of this bird was dominated by ʻ
4493:
3542:
3529:
3173:
3160:
2390:
2377:
1820:
1811:
1798:
1150:
1141:
1128:
1067:
1053:
1045:
998:
983:
947:
932:
874:
836:
834:
832:
830:
821:
806:
779:
762:
683:
625:
372:genus. The genus name is derived from the
221:
53:
29:
20:
4783:Taxa named by Robert Cyril Layton Perkins
592:
1034:)". In Poole, Alan; Gill, Frank (eds.).
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
561:
850:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
971:
959:
886:
7:
344:Comparison between the heads of the
856:(15). Taylor & Francis: 250–2.
580:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1018:Handbook of the Birds of the World
388:comes from the Ancient Greek word
14:
905:The Birds of North America Online
79:
569:BirdLife International (2017).
486:on Lānaʻi dominated by ʻakoko (
1077:finches, sparrows and tanagers
360:on February 22, 1913. In 1919
1:
4743:IUCN Red List extinct species
842:Perkins, Robert Cyril Layton
301:). The Lānaʻi hookbill was
4773:Bird extinctions since 1500
362:Robert Cyril Layton Perkins
4799:
1037:The Birds of North America
909:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
705:probably not a valid form"
3541:
3528:
3172:
3159:
2389:
2376:
1810:
1797:
1140:
1127:
1083:
862:10.1080/00222931908673819
587:: e.T22720738A111776369.
364:described the species as
229:
220:
199:
192:
76:Scientific classification
74:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
534:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
451:Distribution and habitat
328:and the introduction of
279:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
4778:Birds described in 1919
4763:Extinct birds of Hawaii
4758:Endemic birds of Hawaii
1030:) and Lānaʻi Hookbill (
495:Touchardia sandwicensis
447:unrecorded repertoire.
348:and the Lānaʻi hookbill
298:Touchardia sandwicensis
38:Schematic illustration
16:Extinct species of bird
4753:Hawaiian honeycreepers
4720:Dysmorodrepanis-munroi
4537:Dysmorodrepanis munroi
4507:Dysmorodrepanis munroi
1804:Nine-primaried oscines
1771:Nine-primaried oscines
1032:Dysmorodrepanis munroi
1028:Psittirostra psittacea
703:Dysmorodrepanis munroi
697:Greenway Jr., James C.
651:Dysmorodrepanis munroi
573:Dysmorodrepanis munroi
464:
366:Dysmorodrepanis munroi
349:
250:Dysmorodrepanis munroi
206:Dysmorodrepanis munroi
458:
343:
289:dominated by ʻakoko (
259:Hawaiian honeycreeper
502:Ecology and behavior
492:species) and ōpuhe (
295:species) and ōpuhe (
661:The Wilson Bulletin
326:habitat destruction
45:Conservation status
3547:Catamblyrhynchinae
465:
350:
4730:
4729:
4702:Open Tree of Life
4499:Taxon identifiers
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2276:
2275:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1511:
1510:
437:superciliary line
380:"ill-fated," and
317:superciliary line
305:within the genus
265:to the island of
241:
240:
173:
69:
4790:
4723:
4722:
4710:
4709:
4697:
4696:
4684:
4683:
4671:
4670:
4658:
4657:
4645:
4644:
4632:
4631:
4619:
4618:
4606:
4605:
4593:
4592:
4580:
4579:
4567:
4566:
4554:
4553:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4494:
4104:Porphyrospizinae
3556:Catamblyrhynchus
3543:
3530:
3502:Xanthocephalinae
3207:
3197:
3187:
3174:
3161:
3073:Rhodinocichlidae
3039:Phaenicophilidae
2955:
2391:
2378:
2217:
2207:
2197:
2145:
2121:
2076:
2052:
1958:
1927:
1896:
1858:
1848:
1821:
1812:
1799:
1151:
1142:
1129:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1041:
1022:
1002:
996:
987:
981:
975:
974:, pp. 640–1
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
936:
930:
919:
918:
916:
915:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
865:
838:
825:
819:
810:
804:
783:
777:
766:
760:
743:
742:
740:
734:. Archived from
709:
699:(October 1939).
693:
687:
681:
670:
669:
657:
644:
629:
623:
606:
605:
603:
601:
596:
566:
358:Kaiholena Valley
236:state of Hawaiʻi
225:
208:
204:
171:
164:
84:
83:
63:
57:
56:
33:
24:Lānaʻi hookbill
21:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4718:
4713:
4705:
4700:
4692:
4687:
4679:
4674:
4666:
4661:
4653:
4648:
4640:
4635:
4627:
4622:
4614:
4609:
4601:
4596:
4588:
4583:
4575:
4570:
4562:
4557:
4549:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4501:
4491:
4478:
4473:Wetmorethraupis
4403:Poecilostreptus
4269:
4172:
4152:
4125:
4098:
3980:
3960:
3919:
3871:
3837:
3733:
3699:
3588:
3583:Parkerthraustes
3567:Charitospizinae
3561:
3537:
3516:
3496:
3469:
3449:
3435:Dolichonychinae
3429:
3395:
3375:
3215:
3168:
3147:
3127:
3107:
3087:
3067:
3033:
2800:
2661:
2641:
2607:
2587:
2567:
2547:
2443:
2429:Calyptophilidae
2423:
2385:
2364:
2344:
2324:
2272:
2252:
2225:
2169:Rhynchostruthus
1961:Dysmorodrepanis
1806:
1785:
1765:
1738:
1724:Urocynchramidae
1718:
1698:
1580:
1507:
1424:
1369:
1299:Lagonostictinae
1293:
1210:
1183:
1136:
1123:
1079:
1073:
1025:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1005:
999:Snetsinger 1998
997:
990:
984:Snetsinger 1998
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
948:Snetsinger 1998
946:
939:
933:Snetsinger 1998
931:
922:
913:
911:
901:"Kona Grosbeak"
898:
897:
893:
885:
881:
875:Snetsinger 1998
873:
869:
840:
839:
828:
822:Snetsinger 1998
820:
813:
807:Snetsinger 1998
805:
786:
780:Snetsinger 1998
778:
769:
763:Snetsinger 1998
761:
746:
738:
724:10.2307/4078821
707:
695:
694:
690:
684:Snetsinger 1998
682:
673:
655:
646:
645:
632:
626:Snetsinger 1998
624:
609:
599:
597:
568:
567:
563:
558:
529:
504:
453:
432:
354:George C. Munro
338:
308:Dysmorodrepanis
275:George C. Munro
245:Lānaʻi hookbill
216:
210:
202:
201:
188:
170:
167:Dysmorodrepanis
162:
78:
70:
58:
54:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4796:
4794:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4768:Biota of Lanai
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4735:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4711:
4698:
4685:
4672:
4659:
4646:
4633:
4620:
4607:
4594:
4581:
4568:
4555:
4542:
4527:
4511:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4438:Stephanophorus
4434:
4427:
4424:Schistochlamys
4420:
4413:
4410:Pseudosaltator
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4312:Chalcothraupis
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4257:Trichothraupis
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4194:Coryphospingus
4190:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4023:Kleinothraupis
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3934:Compsothraupis
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3879:
3877:Hemithraupinae
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3845:
3843:Emberizoidinae
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3511:Xanthocephalus
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3182:
3180:
3178:incertae sedis
3170:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3055:Phaenicophilus
3051:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2864:Artemisiospiza
2860:
2853:
2846:
2843:Amphispizopsis
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2613:Mitrospingidae
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2479:Chlorothraupis
2475:
2472:Caryothraustes
2468:
2461:
2453:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2397:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1937:Coccothraustes
1933:
1923:
1920:Chrysocorythus
1916:
1913:Chlorodrepanis
1909:
1902:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1554:Onychostruthus
1550:
1547:Montifringilla
1543:
1540:Hypocryptadius
1536:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1315:Euschistospiza
1311:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1023:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
988:
976:
964:
952:
937:
920:
891:
879:
867:
844:(March 1919).
826:
811:
784:
767:
744:
741:on 2014-08-26.
688:
671:
630:
607:
560:
559:
557:
554:
528:
525:
503:
500:
452:
449:
431:
428:
424:Psittirostrini
356:from Lānaʻi's
337:
334:
239:
238:
227:
226:
218:
217:
211:
197:
196:
190:
189:
185:D. munroi
181:
179:
175:
174:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
72:
71:
52:
49:
48:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4795:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:Sporathraupis
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4340:Cnemathraupis
4337:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4215:Heliothraupis
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4178:Tachyphoninae
4175:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4158:Sporophilinae
4155:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4065:Pseudospingus
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:Castanozoster
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3966:Orchesticinae
3963:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3907:Heterospingus
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:Chrysothlypis
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3381:Amblycercinae
3378:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:Pseudoleistes
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:Macroagelaius
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3210:Pyelorhamphus
3204:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3113:Teretistridae
3110:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3082:Rhodinocichla
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2892:Chlorospingus
2889:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2806:Passerellidae
2803:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2647:Nesospingidae
2644:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:Periporphyrus
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2438:Calyptophilus
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2418:Rhynchophanes
2415:
2413:
2412:
2411:Plectrophenax
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2330:Peucedramidae
2327:
2321:
2320:
2319:Tmetothylacus
2316:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2298:Dendronanthus
2295:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2138:Pyrrhoplectes
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1733:Urocynchramus
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1679:Pseudonigrita
1676:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1488:Stagonopleura
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1260:Glaucestrilda
1257:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:Superfamily:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
962:, p. 640
961:
956:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
925:
921:
910:
906:
902:
895:
892:
889:, p. 636
888:
883:
880:
876:
871:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
837:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
745:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
704:
698:
692:
689:
685:
680:
678:
676:
672:
667:
663:
662:
654:
652:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
608:
595:
590:
586:
582:
581:
576:
574:
565:
562:
555:
553:
551:
547:
546:avian malaria
541:
539:
535:
526:
524:
522:
516:
512:
509:
501:
499:
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
480:
478:
477:non-migratory
474:
470:
462:
457:
450:
448:
444:
440:
438:
429:
427:
425:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:Ancient Greek
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
347:
342:
335:
333:
331:
327:
321:
318:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
237:
233:
228:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:
198:
195:
194:Binomial name
191:
187:
186:
180:
177:
176:
172:Perkins, 1919
169:
168:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:Passeriformes
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
82:
77:
73:
67:
62: (1918)
61:
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4506:
4471:
4464:
4459:Tephrophilus
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4375:Lophospingus
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4331:
4324:
4319:Chlorochrysa
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4284:Anisognathus
4282:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4243:Rhodospingus
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4187:Conothraupis
4185:
4165:
4147:Saltatricula
4145:
4138:
4131:Saltatorinae
4118:
4111:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4058:Poospizopsis
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4030:Microspingus
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3973:
3955:Sericossypha
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3912:
3905:
3900:Hemithraupis
3898:
3893:Chlorophanes
3891:
3884:
3864:
3859:Emberizoides
3857:
3852:Coryphaspiza
3850:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3776:Geospizopsis
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3692:
3685:
3680:Pinaroloxias
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3610:Camarhynchus
3608:
3601:
3581:
3576:Charitospiza
3574:
3554:
3509:
3489:
3482:
3475:Sturnellinae
3462:
3442:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3388:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3251:Amblyramphus
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3208:
3198:
3188:
3177:
3120:
3100:
3080:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3007:Spizelloides
3005:
2998:
2993:Rhynchospiza
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2927:Oreothraupis
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2774:Protonotaria
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2725:Limnothlypis
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2676:Basileuterus
2674:
2654:
2634:
2629:Mitrospingus
2627:
2620:
2600:
2560:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:Cardinalidae
2436:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2383:Emberizoidea
2350:Emberizoidea
2337:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:Motacillidae
2265:
2258:Fringillinae
2245:
2240:Chlorophonia
2238:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2148:Rhodacanthis
2146:
2136:
2129:
2124:Psittirostra
2122:
2114:Pseudonestor
2112:
2107:Procarduelis
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2067:
2060:
2055:Melamprosops
2053:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1989:Hesperiphona
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1887:
1880:
1875:Callacanthis
1873:
1866:
1859:
1849:
1841:Agraphospiza
1839:
1832:
1816:Fringillidae
1758:
1753:Anomalospiza
1751:
1731:
1711:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1474:Oreostruthus
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1336:Lagonosticta
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1246:Delacourella
1244:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1203:
1196:
1189:Erythrurinae
1176:
1169:
1162:
1111:Infraorder:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1016:
1001:, p. 11
986:, p. 13
979:
967:
955:
950:, p. 10
912:. Retrieved
904:
894:
882:
870:
853:
849:
824:, p. 14
736:the original
715:
711:
702:
691:
686:, p. 15
665:
659:
650:
598:. Retrieved
584:
578:
572:
564:
542:
530:
517:
513:
505:
493:
487:
481:
466:
445:
441:
433:
417:Drepanididae
414:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
365:
351:
322:
307:
306:
296:
290:
249:
248:
244:
242:
230:Location of
205:
200:
184:
183:
166:
165:
143:Fringillidae
18:
4748:Carduelinae
4689:NatureServe
4624:iNaturalist
4531:Wikispecies
4382:Neothraupis
4368:Ixothraupis
4361:Iridosornis
4305:Calochaetes
4250:Tachyphonus
4236:Ramphocelus
4093:Xenospingus
4086:Urothraupis
4037:Nephelornis
4016:Donacospiza
4002:Cnemoscopus
3986:Poospizinae
3975:Orchesticus
3941:Cyanicterus
3914:Iridophanes
3762:Conirostrum
3748:Acanthidops
3739:Diglossinae
3659:Melanospiza
3424:Psarocolius
3390:Amblycercus
3307:Hypopyrrhus
3300:Gymnomystax
3293:Gnorimopsar
3244:Agelasticus
3230:Agelaioides
3142:See below ↓
3122:Teretistris
3093:Spindalidae
3028:Zonotrichia
2941:Passerculus
2878:Calamospiza
2760:Oreothlypis
2746:Myiothlypis
2718:Leiothlypis
2704:Helmitheros
2690:Catharopeza
2656:Nesospingus
2622:Lamprospiza
2582:See below ↓
2553:Emberizidae
2500:Granatellus
2486:Cyanocompsa
2458:Amaurospiza
2395:Calcariidae
2359:See below ↓
2339:Peucedramus
2231:Euphoniinae
2155:Rhodopechys
2093:Paroreomyza
2079:Orthiospiza
2003:Leucosticte
1982:Hemignathus
1825:Carduelinae
1780:See below ↓
1704:Prunellidae
1665:Plocepasser
1658:Philetairus
1595:Amblyospiza
1502:Taeniopygia
1460:Heteromunia
1430:Poephilinae
1391:Lepidopygia
1375:Lonchurinae
1364:Uraeginthus
1357:Spermophaga
1239:Cryptospiza
1216:Estrildinae
1178:Ortygospiza
1155:Amandavinae
1146:Estrildidae
1134:Passeroidea
1119:Passeroidea
1009:Cited texts
935:, p. 6
877:, p. 8
809:, p. 3
782:, p. 4
765:, p. 5
628:, p. 2
600:12 November
484:dry forests
430:Description
287:dry forests
257:species of
153:Carduelinae
149:Subfamily:
4737:Categories
4715:Xeno-canto
4396:Pipraeidea
4326:Chlorornis
4298:Buthraupis
4275:Thraupinae
4167:Sporophila
4120:Rhopospina
4079:Thlypopsis
4072:Sphenopsis
3925:Nemosiinae
3866:Embernagra
3832:Xenodacnis
3797:Melanodera
3783:Haplospiza
3687:Platyspiza
3666:Melopyrrha
3652:Loxipasser
3603:Asemospiza
3594:Coerebinae
3535:Thraupidae
3444:Dolichonyx
3417:Cassiculus
3401:Cassicinae
3370:Xanthopsar
3314:Lampropsar
3221:Agelaiinae
3200:Pandanaris
3133:Thraupidae
3048:Microligea
3014:Torreornis
2958:Pedinorhis
2948:Passerella
2899:Chondestes
2857:Arremonops
2836:Amphispiza
2822:Ammodramus
2697:Geothlypis
2683:Cardellina
2636:Orthogonys
2593:Icteriidae
2528:Pheucticus
2493:Cyanoloxia
2465:Cardinalis
2220:Xestospiza
2200:Vangulifer
2162:Rhodospiza
2069:Oreomystis
1975:Haemorhous
1899:Chloridops
1889:Carpodacus
1693:Sporopipes
1644:Histurgops
1623:Dinemellia
1616:Bubalornis
1609:Brachycope
1602:Anaplectes
1575:Pyrgilauda
1526:Carpospiza
1517:Passeridae
1495:Stizoptera
1439:Aidemosyne
1419:Spermestes
1405:Mayrimunia
1343:Pyrenestes
1308:Clytospiza
1288:Parmoptila
1274:Nesocharis
1232:Coccopygia
1105:Suborder:
1075:Genera of
972:Pratt 2010
960:Pratt 2010
914:2009-02-14
887:Pratt 2010
668:: 159–179.
556:References
550:feral cats
527:Extinction
473:Waiakeakua
330:feral cats
4264:Volatinia
4208:Eucometis
4201:Creurgops
4113:Incaspiza
4044:Piezorina
4009:Cypsnagra
3811:Phrygilus
3804:Nesospiza
3755:Catamenia
3714:Cyanerpes
3673:Phonipara
3645:Loxigilla
3631:Euneornis
3617:Certhidea
3491:Sturnella
3455:Icterinae
3363:Quiscalus
3356:Ptiloxena
3328:Molothrus
3265:Chrysomus
3190:Cremaster
3166:Icteridae
3102:Spindalis
3062:Xenoligea
3021:Xenospiza
2986:Pooecetes
2972:Pezopetes
2913:Melospiza
2885:Centronyx
2871:Atlapetes
2829:Ammospiza
2815:Aimophila
2795:Vermivora
2788:Setophaga
2753:Oporornis
2739:Myioborus
2732:Mniotilta
2711:Leucopeza
2667:Parulidae
2573:Icteridae
2514:Passerina
2404:Calcarius
2312:Motacilla
2267:Fringilla
2210:Viridonia
2190:Telespiza
2062:Mycerobas
2031:Loxioides
1996:Himatione
1944:Crithagra
1882:Carduelis
1868:Bucanetes
1851:Aidemedia
1630:Euplectes
1586:Ploceidae
1322:Granatina
1267:Mandingoa
1225:Brunhilda
1205:Erythrura
1113:Passerida
1087:Kingdom:
521:altricial
489:Euphorbia
406:osteology
370:monotypic
303:monotypic
292:Euphorbia
261:. It was
178:Species:
99:Kingdom:
93:Eukaryota
4694:2.101342
4681:22720738
4642:11401830
4551:22720738
4546:BirdLife
4516:Wikidata
4466:Thraupis
4445:Stilpnia
4389:Paroaria
4333:Cissopis
4229:Loriotus
4140:Saltator
4051:Poospiza
3818:Rowettia
3790:Idiopsar
3769:Diglossa
3705:Dacninae
3638:Geospiza
3342:Oreopsar
3335:Nesopsar
3286:Euphagus
3237:Agelaius
3000:Spizella
2934:Oriturus
2920:Melozone
2767:Parkesia
2562:Emberiza
2305:Macronyx
2247:Euphonia
2131:Pyrrhula
2100:Pinicola
2086:Palmeria
2017:Linurgus
1951:Drepanis
1930:Ciridops
1834:Acanthis
1744:Viduidae
1713:Prunella
1651:Malimbus
1568:Petronia
1533:Gymnoris
1481:Poephila
1467:Neochmia
1446:Bathilda
1398:Lonchura
1329:Hypargos
1253:Estrilda
1198:Chloebia
1171:Amandava
1095:Chordata
1093:Phylum:
1089:Animalia
538:Honolulu
419:and the
386:Drepanis
382:drepanis
378:dusmoros
336:Taxonomy
283:Honolulu
253:) is an
139:Family:
113:Chordata
109:Phylum:
103:Animalia
89:Domain:
66:IUCN 3.1
4707:3597430
4616:2494309
4522:Q775981
4452:Tangara
4417:Rauenia
4354:Dubusia
4291:Bangsia
3948:Nemosia
3825:Sicalis
3728:Tersina
3624:Coereba
3484:Leistes
3464:Icterus
3410:Cacicus
3272:Curaeus
3258:Anumara
2965:Peucaea
2850:Arremon
2781:Seiurus
2602:Icteria
2535:Piranga
2176:Serinus
2045:Magumma
2010:Linaria
1968:Eophona
1906:Chloris
1861:Akialoa
1672:Ploceus
1453:Emblema
1384:Euodice
1350:Pytilia
1281:Nigrita
1164:Amadina
1107:Passeri
1099:Class:
732:4078821
712:The Auk
508:berries
410:myology
390:drepane
271:Hawaiʻi
263:endemic
255:extinct
234:in the
213:Perkins
203:†
182:†
159:Genus:
129:Order:
119:Class:
64: (
60:Extinct
4668:554224
4603:178504
4590:lanhoo
4564:lanhoo
3721:Dacnis
3694:Tiaris
2979:Pipilo
2291:Anthus
2183:Spinus
2038:Loxops
1686:Quelea
1637:Foudia
1561:Passer
730:
469:Lānaʻi
394:munroi
376:words
346:palila
267:Lānaʻi
232:Lānaʻi
215:, 1919
4655:84260
4637:IRMNG
4629:10203
4585:eBird
4577:389TH
4347:Diuca
4222:Lanio
3279:Dives
2906:Junco
2542:Spiza
2507:Habia
2024:Loxia
1760:Vidua
1412:Padda
739:(PDF)
728:JSTOR
708:(PDF)
656:(PDF)
463:trees
461:akoko
421:tribe
4676:IUCN
4663:ITIS
4611:GBIF
1101:Aves
602:2021
585:2017
402:ʻōʻū
313:ʻōʻū
243:The
123:Aves
4650:ISC
4598:EoL
4572:CoL
4559:BOW
858:doi
720:doi
666:101
589:doi
536:in
281:in
269:in
4739::
4717::
4704::
4691::
4678::
4665::
4652::
4639::
4626::
4613::
4600::
4587::
4574::
4561::
4548::
4533::
4518::
991:^
940:^
923:^
907:.
903:.
852:.
848:.
829:^
814:^
787:^
770:^
747:^
726:.
716:56
714:.
710:.
674:^
664:.
658:.
633:^
610:^
583:.
577:.
523:.
479:.
408:,
3206:†
3196:†
3186:†
2954:†
2216:†
2206:†
2196:†
2144:†
2120:†
2075:†
2051:†
1957:†
1926:†
1895:†
1857:†
1847:†
1068:e
1061:t
1054:v
917:.
864:.
860::
854:3
722::
701:"
649:"
604:.
591::
575:"
571:"
247:(
163:†
68:)
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