318:
266:. Wang Yangming played a significant role in developing and spreading Lu's philosophy and the school of the universal mind rivaling Zhuxi's school of the principle. The school of the universal mind is also called the Lu-Wang school after the names of two major thinkers, Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming. The influence of this school in China following Wang's death was however curtailed by the strong centralized bureaucratic state system which controlled the education of all the government officials through the state
132:, which is the principle that contains and underlies all things and beings, Lu brought forward the concept of the heart/mind as the ultimate one or source that encompasses everything including the universe and the principle. The unity of the mind expressed in the work of Lu means that the mind of humanity and the mind of the Way (Dao) are one and the same. This is in direct opposition to
48:
346:
332:
207:
undoubtedly had a major influence on Lu, this can easily be attested to by the numerous quotes of
Mencius used in the works of Lu. Their similarities are striking since Lu used many concepts and ideas first conceived by Mencius; but without exception Lu developed Mencius' ideas on his own and caused
191:
Like real roots in nature these four roots must be nurtured first before flowers to bloom. So, in other words, these four roots of the heart are nothing but just tendencies of the mind. These four roots of the heart need proper nurturing and care to grow strong and healthy to manifest their true
195:
Lu believed that moral virtues are innately present in the human heart/mind and that, endowed by Heaven, humaneness and righteousness form the
Original Mind of human beings. The original mind is shared by all human beings, both sages and common people, and its truth is ageless and eternal.
243:
Another influence of Daoism on Lu
Jiuyuan in his belief that if one is 'to establish what is fundamental, one must eliminate desire.' This is to emphasize the simplicity of living without human desires that usually corrupt human beings' true simplistic nature.
231:
The concept of spontaneity is the central point of Daoism. According to Daoism, an ideal ruler is the king who has cultivated quiescence (stillness) to such a level that he can act harmoniously and spontaneously to any situation.
270:
which was heavily influenced by the curriculum designed by Zhu Xi. The influence of Lu-Wang school in Japan was however much greater owing to the comparatively more decentralized government system following the
156:
but was further developed by Lu. The original mind means that all human beings are born with innate moral knowledge and virtue. This original mind is fourfold as
Mencius called them 'four roots of the heart':
136:'s idea that the mind of Humanity and the mind of the Way are separate and distinct from each other. Zhu Xi also claimed that every individual thing possesses its own unique material force (
258:
The philosophy of Lu
Jiuyuan attracted not many followers in China following Lu's death in 1193. Lu's philosophy was almost completely forgotten until a later thinker named
275:(Warring states) period. The Oyomei (Japanese for Wang Yangming) school in Japan inspired and made great influences on subsequent Japanese thinkers and activists such as
286:
Lu's interpretation of
Confucianism remained influential in China into the twentieth century. In the early twentieth century Lu's philosophy was re-popularized by
509:
2004:
2024:
144:). Lu vehemently opposed this dualistic doctrine and further emphasized that everything is connected and originated from the heart/mind.
2039:
2029:
1971:
803:
502:
216:, Lu incorporates the metaphysical aspects to his philosophy that added more complexity and subtlety to Mencius' original ideas.
2034:
2019:
2014:
1128:
1124:
954:
625:
2009:
415:
79:
407:
2044:
569:
651:
495:
639:
579:
403:
950:
1284:
1802:
1608:
1432:
1084:
634:
128:
In his own words, Lu said, "The universe is my mind, and my mind is the universe." Unlike Zhu's emphasis of
1937:
1563:
1309:
1145:
280:
1763:
1294:
922:
783:
594:
1999:
1994:
1922:
1269:
902:
115:
In East Asia and the
Western World, he is known by his honorific name rather than his private name.
1853:
1099:
932:
907:
788:
584:
29:
1790:
1000:
975:
518:
1956:
1944:
1829:
1783:
1758:
1740:
1015:
882:
723:
605:
537:
411:
351:
228:
on Lu's philosophy. The most prominent influences are the concept simplicity and spontaneity.
1912:
1876:
1858:
1847:
1498:
557:
552:
369:
337:
105:
2049:
1864:
1816:
1809:
1796:
1726:
1648:
589:
532:
24:
100:(陸象山; Lù Xiàngshān), was a Chinese philosopher and writer who founded the school of the
1966:
1907:
1578:
1447:
1185:
945:
101:
564:
1988:
1678:
1598:
1304:
862:
857:
379:
287:
276:
259:
1961:
1870:
1841:
1719:
1688:
1683:
1668:
1663:
1593:
1478:
1452:
1382:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1319:
1279:
1249:
1244:
1228:
1223:
1150:
1132:
1114:
1109:
1063:
698:
660:
547:
542:
359:
323:
263:
20:
1503:
1932:
1917:
1693:
1653:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1573:
1518:
1483:
1473:
1457:
1442:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1289:
1089:
1058:
1025:
965:
841:
836:
808:
253:
233:
1673:
1643:
1618:
1603:
1568:
1538:
1508:
1493:
1422:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1205:
1190:
1180:
1040:
1030:
917:
892:
753:
748:
703:
673:
313:
299:
295:
1950:
1883:
1658:
1583:
1558:
1543:
1513:
1488:
1417:
1362:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1239:
1200:
1165:
1140:
985:
887:
798:
778:
733:
688:
678:
208:
these ideas to reach a greater maturation. Furthermore, influenced by both
1771:
1747:
1588:
1553:
1523:
1427:
1397:
1377:
1352:
1347:
1299:
1170:
1104:
1010:
970:
872:
852:
793:
758:
668:
209:
1548:
1533:
1392:
1259:
1175:
1155:
1045:
1035:
1020:
1005:
990:
980:
927:
912:
823:
768:
738:
713:
708:
683:
620:
612:
364:
272:
204:
153:
47:
1927:
1835:
1613:
1437:
1387:
1210:
1195:
1094:
1079:
995:
897:
877:
867:
813:
763:
599:
574:
487:
374:
303:
225:
213:
133:
123:
109:
87:
1890:
1528:
1314:
1074:
773:
728:
718:
693:
481:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1967. p.60
1823:
1733:
818:
743:
267:
491:
1713:
262:
republished and wrote his commentaries on Lu's works during
1777:
124:
Lu's
Philosophy of the Mind: Unity of the Mind and the Way
292:
236:, Daoist philosopher, expresses this in his own words, "
175:
Respect - The root of propriety and ritual observance (
152:
The concept of original mind was first conceived by
108:
school. He was a contemporary and the main rival of
1900:
1706:
1466:
1328:
1219:
1123:
1054:
941:
832:
659:
650:
525:
182:
Knowledge of right and wrong - The root of wisdom (
65:
57:
38:
479:Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911-1949
503:
248:School of the Universal Mind after Lu Jiuyuan
224:There is a real and significant influence of
8:
306:largely on the model of the Lu-Wang school.
656:
510:
496:
488:
444:: (Cambridge University Press 2000) p.110.
46:
35:
468:, (Westport: Greenwood Press 1957) p292.
466:The development of Neo-Confucian Thought
391:
200:Influence of Mencius on Lu's Philosophy
238:in stillness a sage, in motion a king
161:Compassion - The root of humaneness (
7:
302:attempted to revive Confucianism in
168:Shame - The root of righteousness (
431:: (Penguin Books 1970, 2003) p.38.
14:
2005:12th-century Chinese philosophers
220:Influence of Daoism on Lu Jiuyuan
400:Sourcebook in Chinese Philosophy
344:
330:
316:
442:An Introduction to Confucianism
192:nature, which is moral virtue.
140:) distinct from the principle (
410:. Retrieved on April 1, 2012.
104:, the second most influential
92:
83:
1:
2025:People from Fuzhou, Jiangxi
2066:
640:Hundred Schools of Thought
404:Greenwood Publishing Group
251:
199:
118:
18:
2040:Song dynasty philosophers
2030:Philosophers from Jiangxi
45:
635:Nine Schools of Thought
119:Lu Jiuyuan's Main Ideas
2035:Song dynasty essayists
2020:Neo-Confucian scholars
2015:Educators from Jiangxi
1938:State consequentialism
2010:Chinese Confucianists
955:Northern and Southern
268:sponsored examination
2045:Writers from Jiangxi
585:School of Diplomacy
477:Gillin, Donald G.
519:Chinese philosophy
1982:
1981:
1830:Mandate of Heaven
1702:
1701:
406:, March 1, 2002.
398:Chan, Wing-tsit.
352:Philosophy portal
96:; 1139–1192), or
73:
72:
2057:
1859:Self-cultivation
1764:Neo-Confucianism
1499:Chung-ying Cheng
657:
558:New Confucianism
553:Neo-Confucianism
512:
505:
498:
489:
482:
475:
469:
462:
456:
451:
445:
438:
432:
425:
419:
418:, 9781400809646.
396:
370:Neo-Confucianism
354:
349:
348:
347:
340:
338:Biography portal
335:
334:
333:
326:
321:
320:
319:
281:Ōshio Heihachirō
94:
85:
50:
36:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2054:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1896:
1797:Three teachings
1698:
1649:Tsang Lap Chuen
1462:
1324:
1233:
1215:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1068:
1050:
959:
953:
937:
846:
828:
646:
644:
590:School of Names
533:Agriculturalism
521:
516:
486:
485:
476:
472:
464:Chang, Carsun,
463:
459:
452:
448:
440:Xingzhong Yao,
439:
435:
426:
422:
397:
393:
388:
350:
345:
343:
336:
331:
329:
322:
317:
315:
312:
256:
250:
222:
202:
187:
150:
126:
121:
53:
41:
34:
17:
16:Chinese scholar
12:
11:
5:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1967:Metaphilosophy
1964:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Lee Shui-chuen
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1448:Zhang Xuecheng
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1186:Wang Chongyang
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1125:Five Dynasties
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
962:
960:
958:
957:
948:
946:Three Kingdoms
942:
939:
938:
936:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
849:
847:
845:
844:
839:
833:
830:
829:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
665:
663:
654:
648:
647:
643:
642:
637:
631:
629:
628:
623:
618:
617:
616:
609:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
561:
560:
555:
550:
540:
535:
529:
527:
523:
522:
517:
515:
514:
507:
500:
492:
484:
483:
470:
457:
446:
433:
420:
390:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
356:
355:
341:
327:
311:
308:
252:Main article:
249:
246:
221:
218:
201:
198:
189:
188:
180:
173:
166:
149:
146:
125:
122:
120:
117:
102:universal mind
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2062:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Zhang Dongsun
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Liang Shuming
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Wang Yangming
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:Dongfang Shuo
861:
859:
858:Dong Zhongshu
856:
854:
851:
850:
848:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
662:
658:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
627:
624:
622:
619:
615:
614:
610:
608:
607:
603:
602:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
528:
524:
520:
513:
508:
506:
501:
499:
494:
493:
490:
480:
474:
471:
467:
461:
458:
455:
450:
447:
443:
437:
434:
430:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
395:
392:
385:
381:
380:Wang Yangming
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
353:
342:
339:
328:
325:
314:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Liang Shuming
284:
282:
278:
274:
269:
265:
261:
260:Wang Yangming
255:
247:
245:
241:
239:
235:
229:
227:
219:
217:
215:
211:
206:
197:
193:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
159:
158:
155:
148:Original Mind
147:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
116:
113:
111:
107:
106:Neo-Confucian
103:
99:
95:
89:
81:
77:
68:
64:
60:
56:
49:
44:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
1962:Epistemology
1949:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1871:Yin and yang
1863:
1854:Human nature
1846:
1842:Filial piety
1834:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1789:
1782:
1770:
1759:Confucianism
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1689:Zhou Guoping
1684:Zhang Shenfu
1669:Yin Haiguang
1664:Yang Changji
1609:Liu Xiaofeng
1594:Liang Qichao
1479:Carsun Chang
1467:20th century
1453:Zhuang Cunyu
1383:Hong Liangji
1343:Chen Menglei
1338:Chen Hongmou
1320:Zhan Ruoshui
1280:Liu Zongzhou
1250:Hong Zicheng
1245:Huang Zongxi
1160:
1151:Fan Zhongyan
1129:Ten Kingdoms
1115:Linji Yixuan
1110:Liu Zongyuan
699:Gongsun Long
661:Eastern Zhou
652:Philosophers
630:
626:Mixed School
611:
604:
548:Han learning
543:Confucianism
478:
473:
465:
460:
454:The Zhuangzi
453:
449:
441:
436:
428:
423:
399:
394:
360:Confucianism
324:China portal
294:(1921). The
291:
290:in his book
285:
264:Ming dynasty
257:
242:
237:
230:
223:
203:
194:
190:
183:
176:
169:
162:
151:
141:
137:
129:
127:
114:
98:Lu Xiangshan
97:
91:
75:
74:
28:
21:Chinese name
2000:1192 deaths
1995:1139 births
1933:Role ethics
1918:Metaphysics
1694:Zhou Zuoren
1654:Xiong Shili
1639:Tang Chun-i
1634:Sun Yat-sen
1629:Qiu Renzong
1624:Mou Zongsan
1574:Kang Youwei
1519:Feng Youlan
1484:P. C. Chang
1474:Cai Yuanpei
1458:Zeng Guofan
1443:Yu Zhengxie
1373:Gong Zizhen
1368:Feng Guifen
1358:Fang Lanfen
1290:Qian Dehong
1090:Zhang Zhihe
1026:Xiahou Xuan
966:Bao Jingyan
809:Zhuang Zhou
296:Nationalist
254:Yangmingism
25:family name
1989:Categories
1972:Legitimacy
1674:Yu Dunkang
1644:Tang Yijie
1619:Mao Zedong
1604:Lin Yutang
1569:Jin Yuelin
1564:Jiang Qing
1539:He Guanghu
1509:Chu Anping
1494:Chen Duxiu
1423:Wang Fuzhi
1413:Tan Sitong
1408:Pan Pingge
1403:Liu Yiming
1285:Luo Rufang
1206:Zhou Dunyi
1191:Wang Chuyi
1181:Wang Anshi
1161:Lu Jiuyuan
1041:Yan Zhitui
1031:Xie Daoyun
933:Yang Xiong
918:Wang Chong
893:Kong Anguo
754:Shen Buhai
749:Shang Yang
704:Guan Zhong
674:Chunyu Kun
595:Naturalism
427:D.C. Lau,
416:1400809649
300:Yan Xishan
277:Nakae Tōju
93:Lù Jiǔyuān
76:Lu Jiuyuan
52:Lu Jiuyuan
40:Lu Jiuyuan
1951:Shan shui
1884:Zhengming
1659:Xu Fuguan
1584:Li Shicen
1559:Ray Huang
1544:Hu Qiaomu
1514:Fang Keli
1504:Ch'ien Mu
1489:Chen Daqi
1418:Tang Zhen
1363:Fang Quan
1275:Liu Bowen
1265:Lai Zhide
1255:Jiao Hong
1240:Chen Jiru
1201:Zhang Zai
1166:Shao Yong
1141:Cheng Hao
1085:Wang Tong
986:Guo Xiang
908:Liu Xiang
888:Jing Fang
799:Yuan Xian
779:Ximen Bao
734:Lie Yukou
689:Duanmu Ci
679:Confucius
565:Huang–Lao
1945:Ink wash
1923:Politics
1913:Theology
1772:Ming yun
1748:Jing zuo
1707:Concepts
1589:Li Zehou
1554:Hua Gang
1524:Gan Yang
1433:Yan Yuan
1428:Wei Yuan
1398:Lin Zexu
1378:Gu Yanwu
1353:Fang Bao
1348:Dai Zhen
1310:Wu Cheng
1300:Wang Gen
1171:Shen Kuo
1146:Cheng Yi
1105:Liu Yuxi
1011:Sengzhao
971:Fan Zhen
873:Huan Tan
853:Ban Zhao
804:Zhang Yi
794:Yang Zhu
759:Shen Dao
669:Bu Shang
570:Legalism
538:Buddhism
310:See also
298:warlord
234:Zhuangzi
210:Buddhism
19:In this
1957:Society
1734:Jian'ai
1549:Hu Shih
1534:Gu Zhun
1393:Ma Qixi
1295:Wang Ji
1260:Jiao Yu
1176:Su Song
1156:Hu Hong
1046:Zhi Dun
1036:Xun Can
1021:Wang Bi
1016:Wang Su
1006:Ji Kang
1001:Huiyuan
991:Fu Xuan
981:Ge Hong
928:Xun Yue
923:Wang Fu
913:Ma Rong
883:Jia Kui
824:Zou Yan
784:Xu Xing
769:Sun Tzu
739:Mencius
714:Hui Shi
709:Han Fei
684:Deng Xi
621:Yangism
613:Xuanxue
580:Marxism
526:Schools
429:Mencius
365:Mencius
273:Sengoku
205:Mencius
154:Mencius
80:Chinese
2050:Xinxue
1928:Ethics
1901:Topics
1836:Wu wei
1614:Lu Xun
1438:Yu Yue
1388:Ji Yun
1270:Li Zhi
1211:Zhu Xi
1196:Ye Shi
1095:Han Yu
1080:Jizang
996:He Yan
976:Fan Ye
903:Lu Jia
898:Liu An
878:Jia Yi
868:Dou Wu
814:Zichan
764:Su Qin
724:Li Kui
606:Daoxue
600:Taoism
575:Mohism
414:
375:Zhu Xi
304:Shanxi
226:Daoism
214:Daoism
134:Zhu Xi
110:Zhu Xi
90::
88:pinyin
82::
23:, the
1908:Logic
1891:Ziran
1529:Gu Su
1315:Xu Ai
1100:Li Ao
1075:Fu Yi
789:Xunzi
774:Wu Qi
729:Li Si
719:Laozi
694:Gaozi
386:Notes
1877:Yong
1824:Tian
1803:Shen
1784:Qing
1741:Jing
1330:Qing
1229:Ming
1224:Yuan
1133:Song
1064:Tang
819:Zisi
744:Mozi
412:ISBN
279:and
212:and
69:1192
66:Died
61:1139
58:Born
1848:Xin
1791:Ren
1714:Tao
1059:Sui
951:Jin
842:Han
837:Qin
408:xii
184:zhi
163:ren
84:陸九淵
27:is
1991::
1865:Yi
1817:Ti
1810:Si
1778:Qi
1754:Li
1727:Fa
1720:De
402:.
283:.
240:"
186:).
179:).
177:li
172:).
170:yi
165:).
142:li
138:qi
130:li
112:.
86:;
30:Lu
511:e
504:t
497:v
78:(
33:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
