1313:. Though she was allowed to publish her novels, they were largely ignored by reviewers, since they tackled near-prohibited themes (such as the lives of middle-class Jews, or depictions of cannibalism), and also because they feared overpraising "Raicu's wife". The Leibovicis were by then trying to persuade the regime to grant them renewed passports, the possession of which would have allowed them to visit Western countries. Călinescu reports that they met "enormous and humiliating" obstacles on their quest. In November 1986, after being granted a scholarship to study in France, they were finally given their papers by the Ceaușescu regime. As Raicu later told Duda, they "simply could not return" to Romania. The critic was forced by such circumstances to leave his manuscripts behind, but the authorities remained careless in handling these; as a result, Dinescu was able to recover them from Raicu's discarded home in the winter of 1986–1987, and could even smuggle some of them out of Romania.
1183:
1215:. He was recovering from a mysterious head injury, received before arriving in Mogoșoaia, and was also overcome with depression. Preda had stumbled just as he was picking up his first drink of the night, and had to be carried to his room, where he died unsupervised, inviting speculation that he had been murdered (either by the Securitate or by his enemies in the literary world). One of the witnesses was Cartea Românească's Corneliu Popescu, who recounts that the group was in fact celebrating Larian's birthday, and that the novelist, who was manifestly tired, only decided to drop by because of his "deep respect for the Raicus." Popescu hints at "circumstances that, in my opinion, hastened death." Though he does not detail what these were, he mentions that one of the attendees pranked Preda with a glass of vodka—Preda drank it in one sip, under the impression that it was
1450:("Scenes, Reflections, Fragments"). He opted never to return to Romania, despite being visited in Paris by his old friend Simion, who tried to persuade him otherwise. This decision reportedly hinted at a certain malaise—Sora contends that Raicu was aware of his having "broken up" with the Romanian society, and also that he could not bear to live out a disillusionment with the post-revolutionary regime. The period witnessed a reassessment of his early work from radical positions—the critical positions expressed by Ierunca and George found a more polemical expressions in an overview of communist literature, put out in 2001 by Marian Popa. Popa regarded Raicu as a former exponent of the "Jewish supremacy" over Romanian letters, and also as one of the "Jews who set the tone for nonconformism" (such statements were quoted by another critic,
1461:, they mainly introduced newer developments Western European literature, but also included unexpected, comedic memoirs of his encounters with other writers (such as an episode in which Mazilu, though terminally ill, preoccupies himself with obtaining a "proper hat"). As Cernat reveals, all of these essays had been written in the 1990s, since the author was by then bedridden, "exhausted with disease", and "nearly blind". As Popovici recounts, he and Larian also eventually stopped answering their phone. Old friends who managed to contact Raicu include Mălăncioiu, who reports that he was dependent on his wife, despondent, but also that he "had not changed his views on life." Manolescu, who served for a while as Romania's
1130:, but, by June of the same year, also included the two of them, as well as their colleague Cristea, on a list of non-Party-affiliate literary professionals; these would only receive half pay for their services. They continued to be harassed by the authorities, who ideally wanted all editorial offices to be purged of non-members. Iorgulescu argues that Ivașcu was agreeing with this principle, and continues pressured dissenters into leaving. For at least four years before, and throughout the remainder of his Romanian career, Raicu had had his phone bugged by the Securitate, which kept records of his conversations. He was reunited with Neagu, who spoke admiringly of him in his 1977
785:. Străuț subscribes to the notion that Raicu and Larian's subsequent marginalization, as well as Labiș's fatal wounding by a Bucharest tram (which he describes as a political murder), were sparked by the 1956 incident. Cosașu provides a similar account, noting that Labiș was an instigator of the more daring political meetings. The Securitate captured and interrogated another participant, Aurel Covaci, but he never mentioned these meetings, thus sparing others from being themselves arrested. Labiș was instead "banned and relentlessly pursued", up to his mysterious injury; while dying in hospital, he reportedly spoke of his designs for a meritocratic government, with Raicu as the
1174:. He believed that the "beautiful book" was also somewhat excessive, since Raicu had made his friend appear as "exclusively 'the symbol' of the correct attitude to have". According to Arion, beyond its "apparent disorder", Raicu's text adhered to a "preordained plan", presenting to the reader as a "good novel". Simion welcomed it as a "true work of critical creation", endorsing its central thesis about Labiș's quick maturing into a poet "of liberty" and "of the inner depths". He observed that Raicu had been dominated by his "subdued spiritual love". This sometimes gave way to an excessive sentimentality, and made Raicu over-analyze the referenced poems.
892:. As recalled by the latter, communist hardliners put increasing pressure on the magazine, making all of them miserable; "instead of fighting , Utan took his refuge in alcohol." Especially close to Călinescu during those years, the critic confided his exact sentiments about the regime they were living under: he centered his ethics on a notion of "personal dignity", and tolerant of some forms of collaboration with the authorities. He drew the line at collaboration with Securitate agents, believing that anyone who agreed to become an informant was morally salvageable. Later in his Romanian career, he was mainly employed as an editor at
582:
959:"barbaric", perception of Rebreanu as an "instinctual writer"). Ungheanu remarked however that Raicu often had "too much tact" in his approach; the book's "unfolding deficiencies, which are not at all negligible", still did not deter from its "obvious superiority" to everything that had been written before. Re-reviewing the monograph decades later, fellow critic Dimisianu commended Raicu for having managed to usurp the "cliches of Socialist Realism" by exploring the deep-layered symbolism in Rebreanu's novels.
644:(whom he had read profusely while recovering from an accident), Raicu took a stance against critical revisionism. His "empathetic vision", Cristea-Enache notes, risked identifying Tolstoy's entire life and work with his "peak", entirely glossing over the more questionable aspects. Scholar Alexandra Ciocârlie similarly notes that Raicu's "participatory criticism" combines a "complete, near-religious, faith" and a "tremulous voice", sometimes to the point of annoying readers.
1424:). Raicu asked of his Romanian peers that they recover and publish all of Goma's novels, noting that Goma deserved to be recognized as a "great writer of prose". He himself remained silent on other topics, generating controversy. In an August 1991 piece, journalist Petre Anghel invited Raicu, "who now lives abroad in the foreign darkness", "outside of any danger", to give his full account of Preda's death—which Anghel himself viewed as a murder. The poet
31:
967:'s earlier essays. The anti-institutional discourse is seen by Ciocârlie as permeating Raicu's entire output: "Interested in penetrating the intimacy of a text, he despises the surfeit and self-sufficiency of those colleagues whose commentary only serves to confirm commonplace ideas—hence his hostility toward pedantry, which he attributes to all authors that are guided by theories." His rejection of
1227:: "in a Bucharest disfigured by the agony of communism, Lucian Raicu rarely even went out, terrified as he was by the aggression of thousands of faces, of frost, of shortages, of each day's ennui." Iorgulescu recalls him as "somber, self-contained, looking older by several decades, but most of all bored, bored to the point of disgust". This made him the only one at
355:, on 12 May 1934; as he explained in a 1975 interview, Uca only traveled there for her labor, returning with him to her preferred home in Bârlad after just three weeks. His ancestry was entirely Jewish—he once declared himself as "above all else, a Jew", noting that this ethnic origin gave him an "existential drama" and a "transfiguring mystique" with
1100:, was part of the most pro-Western branch of Romanian literary criticism, whose very activities challenged Ceaușescu's "anti-cultural policies dirigisme in matters of Romanian literature". According to Popescu, it was these figures, alongside an assortment of poets and prose writers, who helped fashion the USR into a "bastion of free expression".
793:
to be done? What can we do, in this framework, so as to be, and to endure as, writers?" After the roundup, he and other young authors were exposed to near-constant persecution, and submitted to denunciation meetings, or "trials" (one of which had industrial laborers for accusers). In August 1958, after having continuously refused to engage in
1510:. In his obituary piece, Popovici declared his astonishment that Raicu had been forgotten not just by the "lovers of literature", but also by "the younger writers, those who now make literature into their own reason for existing". He called on his peers to recover "this writer of genius", and turn his death into a "new debut".
1126:. Their respective chronicles appeared just as Goma's novel was being withdrawn from the shops by Securitate agents. While allowed to enjoy success as a literary figure, Raicu was still not readmitted into the Party. In early 1974, the authorities had granted him and his wife a new home in northern Bucharest, right outside the
1084:, who had been repressed under the earlier stages of communism, assessed that Raicu, alongside Manolescu and Simion, had "barely nuanced" the communist "scale of values", and therefore could only find themselves rejected by more rigorous anti-communists (such as George himself). In contrast, Adrian Popescu, who was editor at
1445:
read it as a document of Raicu's own "mistrusting tiredness", as evidenced by Raicu's reliance on oblique expressions, by his refusal to clearly indicate citations from
Ionescu's writings, and by his stated belief that not all of Ionescu's works were worthy of attention. In 1994, Raicu published some
1359:
Iorgulescu, who defected in mid-1989 and rejoined Raicu in Paris, found him changed for the better: "His irony returning to him, his verve rekindled, his wisdom invigorating and luminous; an 'old man Raicu', born again." He now reconnected with other writers who had left
Romania, and rallied with the
1231:
to have understood the irrelevancy of their cultural resistance. Iorgulescu additionally proposes that Raicu's superior understanding also had to do with his place of work turning into a "place of dying", with a quick succession of "bizarre deaths" and suicides. In 1981, a
Securitate document drafted
792:
In 1990, Raicu himself spoke of his and Larian as having supported a "spontaneous movement", which was centered on their shared beliefs about individual freedoms. He added: "I myself wrote some articles, and participated in some more or less illegal gatherings, which posed this as a question: what is
863:
In a 1960 essay, Horia Bratu gave positive coverage to Raicu's earlier texts on the "social novel", though he still chided him for his "sententious air." Raicu and Larian had been accepted back into the literary profession by 1963, when they were collecting their salaries from the USR and could rent
695:
once listed young Raicu as one of the "pseudo-writers professional opportunists". Ciocârlie contrarily believes that Raicu "emerged unaltered" from the
Socialist-Realist epoch, preserving his true self when others did not. He was also defended by Călinescu, who writes that his friend's "genuine
1044:
in 1974. As noted by Pârvulescu, the latter work shows him as a "detective", opposing his "daring presuppositions" to the critical consensus (regarded by Raicu himself as utterly stale). Breban praises the volume as one of "acute originality", while Cernat calls it "splendid". In similar vein,
921:
Upon fully discarding the ideological constraints of
Marxist-Leninism, Raicu was seen by Volovici as a "critic of great spiritual complexity and depth, fascinated by the mysteries of creativity"; Pârvulescu reserves praise for Raicu's method of viewing the literary process "from within", as an
1145:
From 1975, Ivașu, who had become upset by the censors' mounting intrusion on his editorial work, agreed to relent his own pressures on Raicu. Instead, he became an unofficial protector of the critic, also extending his favors to
Dimisianu, Iorgulescu and other staff liberals. In 1976, Cartea
958:
commended Raicu for having not just reestablished
Rebreanu as a relevant subject of scrutiny, but also of having discovered and presented the "unifying aesthetic vision" of Rebreanu's prose (as well as, psychologically, his "cult of seriousness", of labor, which contradicted the commonplace,
388:
recalls that "Bernard was my first Jewish friend and the first one to have made me aware of how difficult it is to have been a
Romanian Jew . Bernard did not view his being a Romanian—or his being Jewish—as a miracle, just as I am sure that he did not regard being Romanian—or Jewish—as some
832:, revealed that he had personally rebelled against Raicu's "dastardly ouster", allowing him to publish reviews and articles under various pseudonyms, and as such paying back "a portion of his measly salary". In his public stances, Crohmălniceanu disavowed Raicu, denouncing him as a "
1015:
reports: "No other
Romanian critic, old or new, has had as lofty, as sacramental, as 'fundamentalist' a conception of literature ; none has professed the mystique of an oeuvre that would be more generous and more radical". According to Cistelecan, Raicu ultimately found in applied
656:. In 1956, he published an overview on "value judgment". Regarded by scholar Alex Goldiș as one of "the most daring texts to have come out in the late '50s" (and immediately lambasted at the USR's annual congress), it exposed the mediocrity of several official writers, including
962:
According to Breban, the
Rebreanu monograph is a work "unique in our literature", which already displays Raicu's contempt for officialdom. Among Raicu's generation colleagues, Manolescu spoke of his practicing a "democracy of literature" and "cult of nuances", reminiscent of
342:, and penning a number of memoirs, he spent his final decade incapacitated by disease, and became fully isolated in his Parisian home. He ultimately died anonymously in a French hospital, being survived by his widow and his brother (the latter of whom had settled in Israel).
1222:
According to another of his associates, the linguist Vasile Popovici, it was Preda's death, as the loss of "a great friend", that caused Raicu to "withdraw from the writers' community". His isolation was only enhanced during the subsequent years, during the application of
1122:." Goma, who had been rearrested for igniting a protest movement in 1977, listed Breban and Raicu as two of the friends he could still count on after that date. Raicu and Cristea openly challenged the censorship apparatus in 1978, when they both published praise of Goma's
1384:, to whom he described the Romanian literary underground of the 1950s. Goma and Tudoran eventually split with each other over personal disputes, during which Goma claimed that his adversary had always maligned Raicu as "a coward". Tudoran denied that this was true.
1308:
For a while in the 1970s and '80s, Raicu was a "central figure" in local literary life, though he remained largely uninterested in cultivating his own celebrity status. During the same interval, Larian had completed her own transition, from children's writing into
1210:
on 15 May 1980, during which Preda fell into a drunken stupor and died. More detailed accounts were later collected by Preda's nephew, suggesting that Preda had spontaneously joined the couple and their young friend Dinescu, who were reportedly celebrating a
860:. Duda, who also joined his brother and Breban on their peregrinations through Bucharest, had trained as legal adviser, and only debuted in literature in 1964. He once declared that Raicu and Larian were not just his relatives, but also his best friends.
1465:
ambassador, also tried to contact Raicu and Larian, but was told that they were not receiving visits. He later surmised that this was due to their having descended into poverty. Receiving a USR special prize in 2003, Raicu lived to see a reissue of his
317:
in late 1986, allowing them to receive a scholarship in Paris; they never returned from their trip. Lucian Raicu tried to rebuild his career as a critic in France, but was largely ignored by its literary establishment—excepting an encouraging review by
1493:
Raicu ultimately died on 22 November 2006 at a hospital in Paris. According to Popovici, only his wife was present, of all those who knew him, and the medical staff never even found out who their patient was. His body was then taken for cremation at
1316:
As Cristea-Enache writes, Raicu's departure effectively destroyed his cultural capital in Romania, and never allowed him to grow as a writer in his adoptive France (where he only endured as a "misfit"). A similar point is made by Raicu's disciple,
1420:, expressing his disgust with Romania's political life, but also noting that the lifting of censorship, and the overall effervescence, also created the conditions for "excellent essays" (he declared himself especially impressed by those of
682:
of 14 April 1957, as "'disputes' on the periphery of literary life have no principled goals whatsoever, only personal quarrels and mutual compromises". A year later, the same newspaper reported on another dispute, between Raicu and
1300:
as Raicu's method of outlining his spiritual associations with other literary figures, including the subjects of his essays and those whom he (sparingly) cited. Raicu's studies, which included the first-ever coverage of actor
531:
as a "rather grotesque and amateurish cultural and Soviet nursery"; also according to Breban, during his time there he became especially close to Labiș, forming the "greatest friendship of entire life". Raicu wrote for the
1206:, who witnessed their gatherings, reports that Preda was impressed by the couple's solidarity, referring to them as the "Raicu Siblings". According to a Securitate report, both Leibovicis attended an alcohol party held at
243:
in the late 1950s, Raicu was openly challenging the communist literary establishment with articles which spoke about the primacy of aesthetic over political values. Alongside Goma, Labiș and Larian, he participated in the
350:
The future Lucian Raicu was officially registered as Bernard Leibovici. His parents were entrepreneur Carol Leibovici and his wife Uca (née Solomon), who worked as a clerk. Bernard was born in his grandparents' home at
1329:. While Raicu and Larian settled in Paris (occupying another "tiny apartment on Rue Bargue"), Duda took longer to leave Romania, and was only pushed to do so by antisemitic attacks in the national-communist paper,
712:, were meeting semi-clandestinely at a house on Odobescu Street No 2. Driven by the "nonchalance of youth", they had begun reading, individually and to each other, literature that had been explicitly banned by the
310:; this mysterious incident, alongside other poorly-explained deaths in his personal circle, and a general disgust with the national-communist regime, eventually forced him into near-complete isolation and silence.
1283:
as having managed to uncover the "corporeality" of literature, giving the impression that Raicu "perceives and produces ideas-sensations"; Popovici discovered it as a "shock for which nothing had prepared me".
1391:
managed to end communism—by Raicu's own account, he and Larian watched the televised violence with a "formidable emotion". He soon returned to publishing in Romania as well, mainly with articles carried by
971:
and objectivity also led Raicu to part with the emerging tradition, or "new criticism". The same is asserted by Cernat, who places Raicu within an anti-dogmatic, biography-centered tradition that rejected
703:
Raicu eventually completed his classical training by returning to the Faculty of Philology, whence he graduated in 1958. According to his own testimony, he and other young intellectuals, including Labiș,
1080:. For a few months in 1971, its publication was handled by his former subordinates, including Raicu. Breban himself recalls that Raicu no longer spoke to him after that moment. In a 1991 article, critic
405:. As reported by Duda, Carol Leibovici was made to do forced labor in the quarries, and was so exhausted that he died soon after the war; Rubin and Bernard's maternal uncle barely managed to survive the
1045:
Ciocârlie sees it as Raicu's most accomplished—since it was no longer tributary to the "religion of literature", and as such could reflect on the more miserable and mediocre aspects of Gogol's career.
652:
As an official critic within the communist establishment, Raicu was focused on studies about the Romanian "social novel", defending and expanding on observations made by an interwar literary theorist,
452:. As Raicu noted later, it was Mărgărit who introduced them to "cultural values", which were "hastily neglected" by the communist establishment (through this channel, Labiș got to know the works of
1271:
was Raicu's "most beautiful", consolidated his appeal among a Romanian readership, with its "amazingly high interest authentic literature." Partly centered on exploring the deeper structures of
1064:, he was one of the 23 writers who signed a letter in support of him, titled "For the defense of socialism's core values". In later years, while remaining congratulatory of writers who embraced
748:, who let him and Labiș, who let him borrow "good books", including some that had been removed from public libraries. Later in life, he privately confided that he knew Bratu to be a "terrifying
632:, it should not be mistaken for naivete, but rather for " everyone a chance"—Raicu "does not admire all those whom he reads", but gave each one of them his full attention. A younger colleague,
3612:
1498:. The small ceremony, reportedly financed by Manolescu from a Romanian state fund, was attended by Crepu (who went there despite having never met Raicu, and covered the event with a note in
1076:" of 1971. Raicu's subsequent relationship with the Ceaușescuist establishment is the issue of some contention. Breban, who embraced an openly anti-Ceaușescu position, had to be replaced at
613:. Raicu was instead enthusiastic about the poetic debut of the still teen-aged Mugur, describing him as a model to follow (though still occasionally chiding him for not writing fables about
836:" and an enemy of Socialist Realism. Demoralized by his "quasi-interdiction", and also shocked by Labiș's demise, Raicu found a new creative home in a circle of writers gravitating around
389:
metaphysical curse". According to Călinescu, this attitude showed a rift that existed between Raicu's take on his own identity and the struggles of his contemporary, the Christianized Jew
700:
concludes that Raicu, a "mobile spirit", was mostly influenced by "European humanism" and direct readings from interwar literature (though, as Breban cautions, he was never an erudite).
1482:. The edition had humorous undertones, as Raicu had never answered any of the letters. Mălăncioiu believes that the critic had consciously avoided Brumaru: while he enjoyed the letters'
817:, and had found himself exposed to the inevitable backlash. Living for a while on the margins of society, Raicu still celebrated the victories of international socialism, including the
252:
agents never managed to implicate him directly, and had to rely on suspicions. He and his wife were still caught up in the backlash, and left unemployed after Raicu refused to perform
1275:'s poems, they also evidence Raicu's belief in poetry as the more superior form of writing, for "teaching one how to live". They too were upheld as proofs of Raicu's genius: reviewer
1182:
628:
A subjective "positivity" eventually won over in Raicu's own columns, which offered encouragements to generation upon generation of Romanian writers. According to the younger critic
444:, who greatly impressed him. Later, the two of them were also competitors in the "all-republic contest in Romanian language and literature", which Labiș won by submitting a paper on
3557:
1526:, in 2016. In 2015, Larian was writing a novel dedicated to her late husband. She herself died shortly after, on 23 January 2016, which was one year and one month ahead of Duda.
794:
253:
617:
peasants). In mid-1955, he took the side of "scientific" literary criticism, which relied on objectivity as an obligation. From this position, he debated with his colleague
946:
in 1965—as Brumaru recalls, it gave them the key to understanding the novel, which had previously seemed unapproachable. Raicu's first published volume was a monograph on
432:), only to "wake up" from its lure around 1960. In tandem, Raicu was also an aspiring author: he and Solomon attended a literary society in Bârlad, which was named after
1158:
similarly noted that the monograph was "admirable", "honest and thorough", mapping Labiș's "grave anxieties" (as well as Raicu's own "internal turmoil"). C. Stănescu of
1028:. Specifically, he argued that "true" writings contain a revelation, or at least the promise of a revelation. Raicu expanded on such principles with the essays called
1000:. Goldiș contrarily proposes that there was at least one "strange synchronicity" tying Raicu (but also Călinescu, Manolescu and Simion) to Barthes (and then also to
3587:
1347:
in 1992. As Ciocârlie reports, the "admirable essay never gained attention within the French school of criticism." The indifference was also documented by critic
1335:(which also gave him reason to identify more and more as a Jew, rather than as a Romanian). He ultimately settled in Israel in 1988, alongside other Romanian
1103:
The reintroduction of political censorship had still found Raicu to be a difficult case. In 1972, he sent in an article on the prose of a dissident figure,
3452:
3447:
512:
448:
that actually included his own improvised verse, made to sound folksy. During their several trips to Iași, they befriended the more senior poet and critic
1061:
3507:
1150:("Criticism as a Lifestyle"). He returned as a biographer with a monograph on Labiș. Published by Editura Eminescu in 1977, it is regarded by scholar
909:
were "among the most subtle poetry analysts in that era". Press historian Nae Antonescu also remarked in early 1968 that the two of them, alongside
359:
roots; his brother, the novelist Duda (born Rubin Leibovici), was similarly attached to the Jewish identity, as discussed by his book of essays on
3617:
3512:
913:, "write beautifully", in articles that "cultivate metaphors, the musical suggestions of phrases the polemical, sometimes rebellious, gesture".
1057:
178:; 12 May 1934 – 22 November 2006) was a Romanian literary critic, biographer, memoirist, and magazine editor, who was the brother of novelist
3632:
3582:
3522:
3477:
3405:
3371:
3321:
2390:
2344:
1142:, alongside Neagu himself. As a practical joke, the two writers exchanged documents, and technically returned back home with "false names".
523:
Faculty of Philology in 1951. He only spent a year there, transferring to the newly formed Eminescu School of Literature, which served the
232:, he began reading banned works by Romanian and French authors. His professionalization was effected in 1958, upon his graduation from the
326:, who became the main topic of his literary diary, he was also a participant in the anti-communist movement of exiles, alongside Goma and
696:
idealism" was already set on a collision course with the communists' "hypocritical, contradictory humanism". In a 2006 obituary, scholar
363:. The two boys grew up on Strada Strâmbă area of Bârlad, with their parents owning a house on the adjacent Stroe Belloescu Street. Their
822:
1428:
went further in 1996, when he accused Raicu and Larian, alongside other "drunkards" present at Mogoșoaia, of having left Preda to die.
3577:
3527:
3482:
3472:
1403:
766:
581:
245:
1344:
3552:
3304:
3286:
1224:
367:
colleagues included several noted intellectuals: journalist I. Schechter (or "Igor Șerbu"), engineer Sergiu Brandea, and playwright
2958:
Emil Berdeli, "Confidențial. După ce l-a pierdut pe agentul Ion Caraion – alias Artur – Securitatea a plâns cu lacrimi amare", in
3562:
3467:
2622:
Alina Purcaru, "40 de ani. Praga. Schimbarea la față a României. Regimentul de intelectuali al lui Ceaușescu, gata de luptă", in
898:
magazine, itself issued by the USR, having been introduced there by the inaugural editor in chief—his friend Breban. He was also
440:. His literary debut can be traced to 1950, when he attended in Iași a meeting of young Moldavian writers, also attended by poet
609:
for communist poetry that still seemed "idyllic", and attacked popular magazines for featuring "mediocre" poems by the likes of
3497:
3487:
3462:
3457:
713:
381:. Its themes of "substitution" and hints about the transformations of one's image became major themes in his work as a critic.
217:
1441:
in March 2007); from 1987, he had been preparing a monograph on Ionesco's "vital circuit", with the diary as his rough draft.
3622:
187:
3602:
3338:
Alex Goldiș, "Tangente la Cercul literar de la Sibiu. Prima dezbatere critică postbelică: 'Noua critică' vs. Cerchiști", in
542:, where he and Labiș were permanent literary columnists. During this stint there, his circle of friends expanded to include
2889:"Document. Raporturile scriitorilor români cu Securitatea. Raportul Securității cu privire la moartea lui Marin Preda", in
754:", but also noted that "mysterious inner-workings and contradictions" could turn anyone, including Bratu, into a liberal.
3597:
1127:
1053:
786:
429:
299:
199:
3592:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3517:
762:
594:
524:
213:
143:
3627:
3502:
1523:
1458:
814:
339:
240:
436:; according to Brandea, Raicu also won first prize at a national competition in literature, for which he traveled to
3572:
3567:
2382:
1743:
1276:
602:
267:
221:
138:
3296:
1432:
3492:
3340:
3114:
3061:
2355:
1495:
1442:
1394:
1351:, who discovered that he was the only one to have published a review of the work (which he called "formidable").
1321:, who notes that he began suffering from an "non-analyzed depression", which also made him turn his attention to
1017:
942:
806:
377:
155:
2364:
2089:
1008:), since they were equally interested in challenging the "critical canon" of their respective literary culture.
568:
278:. He was widely celebrated in the literary community, especially after publishing highly original monographs on
208:
149:
3547:
1376:, meeting with his more senior Romanian colleagues, that included his former adversary Ierunca. In Ierunca and
1293:
951:
533:
195:
2811:
2657:
1862:
1748:
605:, identifying and condemning "bourgeois remnants" in the works of his generation colleagues. He thus censured
30:
684:
3607:
3397:
3377:
2871:
2336:
1893:
1411:
1203:
1041:
538:
520:
433:
424:, belonged to a generation of young Jews who were won over by "communist romanticism" around 1948 (when the
257:
233:
3326:
672:. He was also drawing attention to himself by engaging in publicized disagreements with colleagues such as
633:
968:
801:, he was ousted from the Communist Party, and, by his own account, became a nonperson. Literary historian
275:
3352:
3242:
3227:
3101:
3040:
2876:
2570:
2443:
2412:
2210:
2195:
1985:
1715:
1674:
894:
572:
in 1952, before his graduation from the School of Literature (which came in 1954); he was also editor at
563:
262:
3207:
1437:
989:
833:
781:; this resulted in them being investigated and punished by the communist regime's secret police, called
160:
3359:
3347:
3175:
2434:
1839:
1451:
1267:("Scenes from Literature as a Novel", 1985). As noted in 2007 by Cristea-Enache, these works, of which
1243:
Six other collections of Raicu's essays came out at Cartea Românească, before and after Preda's death:
1151:
1093:
1025:
906:
889:
774:
653:
287:
206:, and, before the age of twenty, was drafted into the new cultural establishment. As a staff critic at
3096:
2982:
2652:
1519:
1503:
1297:
1081:
1033:
3442:
3437:
2734:
1857:
1515:
1065:
1049:
985:
877:
574:
449:
402:
298:. Raicu also came into implicit, and then explicit, conflict with the official strictures imposed by
3410:
3331:
3309:
2507:
2079:
Horia Bratu, "Teoria romanului și analiza lui. Pe marginea a două cărți despre roman: Dumitru Micu:
1425:
1339:. Raicu's own French period, meanwhile, witnessed the publication of his 1974 book of commentary as
1089:
1012:
955:
2685:
2489:
G. Petreanu, "Literatură–artă. Dialog: Cu Nae Antonescu despre revuistică și critică literară", in
2328:
2175:
1980:
1906:
1694:
1388:
1104:
1097:
845:
837:
802:
758:
750:
737:
629:
551:
547:
417:
338:, which cemented his resolve about not returning to his homeland. Making selective broadcasts over
331:
1511:
873:
669:
421:
183:
3389:
3193:
2770:
Ioana Diaconescu, "Între două extreme: Sașa Pană în regimuri succesive. Vocație și aservire", in
2288:
2248:
2029:
1884:
1799:
I. C. Negru, "Cultura și viața. Tradiții ale cercurilor literare și publicisticii bîrlădene", in
1487:
1407:
1318:
1310:
1171:
973:
745:
673:
598:
543:
390:
335:
179:
65:
3266:
1331:
1233:
922:"initiation" of his readers. The latter quality was noted by two writers debuting in the 1960s,
840:. This informal club was also joined by Călinescu, Cosașu, Breban, Mazilu and Mugur, as well by
610:
385:
260:
in the 1960s, but were by then on their way to becoming fully anti-communist. As a columnist at
1626:
1360:
anti-communist networks abroad—including one formed around Goma, who visited him in Paris, and
1236:
informed that Raicu and Simion were among the writers who had openly condemned their colleague
3401:
3367:
3317:
3300:
3282:
2891:
2783:
2565:
2386:
2340:
1522:
for Cartea Românească, appeared in 2010. A larger selection was done by Sora on behalf of the
1518:
of Bucharest. The "letters from Paris" were collected in two editions. The first, overseen by
1373:
1326:
1322:
1135:
931:
910:
857:
810:
798:
770:
606:
445:
416:, increasingly associated with the Communist Party after 1944. As noted by literary historian
364:
323:
314:
291:
2272:
Irimie Străuț, "Mărturii despre 'obsedantul deceniu'. S-a stins doamna verbului blagian", in
2126:
Cronicar, "Pentru întărirea principialității marxist-leniniste în critica literară (I)", in
1507:
1377:
1289:
1216:
1167:
1115:
1005:
818:
741:
729:
688:
586:
441:
425:
394:
360:
225:
1457:
Raicu's final regular contributions were letters to his Romanian public. Read by him over
977:
778:
773:. According to author Irimie Străuț, these people listened in as student leaders Goma and
733:
709:
636:, remarked that Raicu was unusually charitable in this respect, sometimes to the point of
614:
368:
1478:
collected the epistles he had sent to Raicu in the 1970s, when they shared employment at
1348:
865:
319:
220:. More privately, Raicu was embracing dissident stances and questioning the standards of
216:, and supervised the literary scene for ideological conformity, falling in line with the
194:, he was drawn into leftist causes shortly after World War II, and was accepted into the
2223:
1579:
1483:
1421:
1272:
1163:
1139:
997:
981:
947:
927:
849:
721:
717:
692:
528:
457:
453:
406:
279:
1474:
publishers (2004), which was supposed to revive interest in his work. Also that year,
1052:'s rise to a supreme position in the Communist Party, also introduced the ideology of
286:(1974) and Labiș (1977), being seen as a companion of younger liberal critics—such as
3431:
3180:
3056:
2917:
Iacob Florea, "Corneliu Popescu: 'Au fost împrejurări care i-au grăbit moartea'", in
2721:
Flori Bălănescu, "Paradigme basarabene. De la istorie la reconstituire literară", in
2690:
2639:
1844:
1584:
1514:
handled and prefaced a posthumous anthology of his essays, which appeared in 2009 at
1381:
1361:
1069:
1037:
665:
657:
637:
618:
559:
327:
283:
271:
1490:, he must have disliked Brumaru's "literary-sexual and sexual-literary obsessions".
1068:, Ceaușescu also reintroduced totalitarian pressures, to the point of blending into
3225:
Simona Sora, "Meridiane. Prieteni de departe. Cercul Cultural de la Ierusalim", in
3202:
3132:
2827:
2806:
2739:
2502:
2299:
2259:
2038:
1475:
1302:
1155:
1056:. Raicu was initially impressed by this transition: in late August 1968, after the
1001:
923:
885:
853:
841:
725:
661:
622:
555:
295:
3364:
Literatura română în postceaușism. III. Eseistica. Piața ideilor politico-literare
1305:'s brief career in poetry, doubled as revelations about Raicu's own creative ego.
1207:
1187:
1024:") an instrument for separating "authentic" literature out of the larger field of
1960:
C. Demetriad, "Teorie și critică. Obiectivitatea și preferințele criticului", in
1410:
as a means to violently silence dissent. In July, he was interviewed in Paris by
2851:
2166:
2128:
2113:
1237:
1199:
1198:
Raicu and his wife were good friends with Cartea Românească's manager, novelist
1191:
1073:
993:
992:, he seemed "antiquated". Cernat sees Raicu as philosophically akin to Fondane,
964:
881:
697:
678:
641:
413:
307:
303:
716:, and which they had procured from the antiquarian Stelescu. They went through
515:(where he was colleagues with Solomon and with other future writers, including
3382:
3119:
3006:
2960:
2945:
2836:
2708:
2624:
2543:
2228:
1911:
1416:
782:
516:
372:
249:
3380:, "În fața ororii și a dezgustului există din nou un fenomen miraculos", in
3270:
2703:
1336:
1021:
954:
in 1967 and earning him the annual USR prize. Among the critics of the day,
936:
705:
437:
229:
203:
3312:, "Raicu, Lucian", in Iulian Boldea, Al. Cistelecan, Cornel Moraru (eds.),
687:, noting that the former had seemingly questioned the moral superiority of
640:
even through the more "irrelevant books". Later, in discussing the work of
191:
371:. According his own recollections of childhood, Bernard was fascinated by
1212:
757:
In ideological terms, by 1956 Raicu and Cosașu had come to side with the
691:. Such heresies did not impress the anti-communist exile, where essayist
593:
At that stage, Raicu was giving his full support to the official line of
456:). The two boys also traveled together into Labiș's pastoral homeland in
3259:
Sergiu Brandea, "Noi. Etc... etc...: Prăvălia de pe Strada Strâmbă", in
2297:] unui extremist de centru. Notă informativă în '94 despre '56", in
1983:, "La o nouă lectură. Circuitul vital — Lucian Raicu în 5 metafore", in
724:, which had a conservative message, but also through scholarly works by
3278:
2991:
1471:
1119:
825:, as well as any signs of continued liberalization in Romania itself.
352:
61:
1624:în librăriile Iașului. La sărbătorirea lui Alexandru Mălin Tacu", in
828:
In a 1981 piece, Crohmălniceanu, who could still do editorial work at
3419:
2672:
2505:, "Crepusculul civil de dimineață. Din fișierul bravului hobbit", in
2257:] unui extremist de centru. Cum arăta 'un om mort' în 1958?", in
1823:
1713:
Tudorel Urian, "Cronica literară. Revelații în lumea nouă/veche", in
1462:
1365:
356:
123:
1380:'s home, he met and conversed with the American-exiled philosopher,
306:". He was a first-hand witness to the death of his novelist friend,
2943:
Vasile Popovici, "In memoriam. Lucian Raicu, ultimul refugiu", in
2670:
Adrian Popescu, "Rememorări și revelații. Lumea scriitorilor", in
1786:"Noi. Prezențe, prezențe...: Dialog electronic Volovici–Duda", in
1181:
580:
118:
113:
1454:, as samples of Popa's "unverifiable and irresponsible" claims).
1146:
Românească had featured another collection of Raicu's essays, as
3212:
2637:
Magda Ursache, "Polemice. Iașiul ca iubire și reprezentare", in
3394:
Literatura în totalitarism. Vol. II: Bătălii pe frontul literar
397:
and its traditional spirit, which he describes as "above all a
2688:, "Viața literară în scrisori. Pașaport da, publicare ba", in
2293:
2253:
462:
2809:, "Contemporanii noștri. Labiș, poet al 'lăuntricului'", in
2655:, "Prezentul continuă. În căutarea aberantelor decenii", in
313:
After a series of efforts, the Raicus were finally reissued
202:
in 1948, he trained at the Eminescu School of Literature in
1364:, who, in 1987, co-opted him on the editorial board of his
460:, with mention of this being made in one of Labiș's poems:
401:." The family managed to live through World War II and its
3135:, "În memoria lui Mircea Iorgulescu. Cuvânt înainte", in
1860:, "Civilizație românescă. Poetul adolescenței mele", in
905:
s columnist—as noted by Ciocârlie, he and his colleague
765:. They formed part of a larger group sympathetic to the
393:. Raicu also viewed himself as quintessentially tied to
1431:
In 1993, Raicu's literary diary on Ionesco appeared at
1247:("Practicing Writing and Experiencing Reading", 1978),
769:
that also included Larian, Labiș, Mugur, Gheorghe, and
3314:
Critici literari și eseiști români. Dicționar selectiv
3178:, "Lecturi. Epistolele unui singuratic incurabil", in
2849:
C. Stănescu, "Cronica literară. Lupta cu inerția", in
1821:
Ovidiu Ghidirmic, "Documente. Moartea unui poet?", in
1154:
as the best-ever profile of the deceased poet. Writer
1118:, but then eliminated by censors as "not sufficiently
2874:, "Literatură. De ce îi scria Brumaru lui Raicu", in
2111:"Insemnări. Polemici principiale sau invective?", in
1372:; he was also briefly employed as a correspondent by
621:, whose version of Marxism was more programmatically
412:
Young Raicu integrated with the local version of the
2193:
Lucian Raicu, "Scrisoare din Paris. Odobescu 2", in
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1088:
magazine in the 1970s, argues that Raicu, alongside
527:(USR). The institution is seen by his future friend
3210:, "Actualitate. Posteritatea lui Lucian Raicu", in
1134:. According to this text, Raicu had been granted a
864:a "tiny apartment on Între Gîrle Street" (south of
562:, where they were bunking with Labiș, Mărgărit and
501:
Where in the soft voice that our recollection stirs
131:
107:
93:
85:
71:
46:
21:
16:
Romanian literary critic and journalist (1934–2006)
2706:, "De ce-aș fi modest? Gaura din... modestie", in
1502:); also present were Dinescu and his wife, artist
1406:, especially after its government facilitated the
1011:As one of the scholars who reviewed Raicu's work,
805:proposes that Raicu, alongside other authors—from
3316:, pp. 477–486. Târgu Mureș: Arhipelag XXI, 2016.
2208:Lucian Raicu, "Critica. Viața printre cărți", in
3344:, Vol. XXXV, Issue 451, October 2008, pp. 17–21.
3329:, "Critică literară. În miezul literaturii", in
3083:Petre Anghel, "Ultimele zile, primele zile", in
1435:(fragments were translated and published by the
589:as students of the Eminescu School of Literature
558:. He and Duda brought Mazilu into their home on
334:in December 1989, but was again jaded after the
3613:Gheorghe Roșca Codreanu National College alumni
3059:, "Zig-zag. Musca din frișca noastră (II)", in
3034:Cronica, "Ochiul magic. Despre Lucian Raicu în
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2464:
2462:
813:—, had been callous in assessing the impact of
744:. Raicu also frequented the more senior critic
3335:, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 2007, pp. 11–12.
3293:Dicționarul general al literaturii române. P/R
3263:, Vol. XXII, Issue 252, March 2008, pp. 14–16.
2904:Marin A. Preda, "Echivocul încă persistă", in
2377:Roxana Sorescu, "Crohmălniceanu, Ov. S. ", in
2263:, Vol. III, Issue 131, July–August 2006, p. 16
2189:
2187:
2185:
2075:
2073:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1875:Cistelecan, p. 477. See also Ciocârlie, p. 506
872:. The editorial team, nominally was headed by
493:Down to the place where ripples swirl and turn
3558:Socialist Republic of Romania rehabilitations
3052:
3050:
2568:, "Cronica literară. Scrisori pariziene", in
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
930:. Both were enthralled by Raicu's preface to
8:
3423:, Vol. IV, Issue 9, September 1967, pp. 6–8.
3004:Gabriela Zafiu, "O carte profund umană", in
2949:, Vol. XVII, Issue 874, December 2006, p. 14
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2643:, Vol. XXVIII, Issue 10, October 2017, p. 29
2402:
2400:
2398:
2379:Dicționarul general al literaturii române. C
2303:, Vol. II, Issue 81, July–August 1994, p. 12
1866:, Vol. XXVIII, Issue 48, November 1985, p. 7
1842:, "Lecturi. Labiș, poetul pururi tânăr", in
1739:
1737:
1343:("With Gogol"), in a translation curated by
1251:("Reflections on the Creative Self", 1979),
777:voiced their support for the restoration of
503:Fold upon fold of ice might lose our trace!
3386:, Vol. I, Issue 32, August 1990, pp. 9, 15.
3123:, Vol. V, Issue 13, March–April 1994, p. 15
3117:, "Lucian Raicu față cu Eugen Ionescu", in
3099:, "Cronica literară. Arta scandalului", in
3030:
3028:
2600:
2598:
2476:
2474:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2232:, Vol. XXI, Issue 39, September 2010, p. 11
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1549:
1547:
1402:. He became critical of the post-communist
1036:in 1973, then with a literary biography of
3350:, "'Bătrînul Raicu' și noi, ceilalți", in
2973:Ciocârlie, p. 506; Cistelecan, pp. 477–478
2823:
2821:
2802:
2800:
2537:
2535:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
1835:
1833:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1107:. It was reportedly approved for print by
868:). By 1967, Lucian had been reassigned to
597:. As later reviewed by literary historian
499:And into snows of bright, glistening lace,
18:
3291:Alexandra Ciocârlie, "Raicu, Lucian", in
2995:, Vol. XXXII, Issue 4, January 1981, p. 2
2694:, Vol. II, Issues 29–30, June 2002, p. 17
2284:
2282:
2179:, Vol. VII, Issue 93, December 2006, p. 7
2173:. O cale de acces spre Lucian Raicu", in
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1848:, Vol. XXVI, Issue 10, October 2015, p. 7
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1709:
1707:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1616:
1614:
1245:Practica scrisului și experiența lecturii
495:Into a massive coil that's always growing
3065:, Vol. XXVII, Issue 314, May 1997, p. 63
3018:
3016:
2743:, Vol. IV, Issue 193, October 2007, p. 3
2725:, Vol. I, Issue 9, September 2013, p. 15
2368:, Vol. XXXIV, Issue 3, March 1981, p. 10
2093:, Vol. XIII, Issue 3, March 1960, p. 121
1446:of his memoirs at Cartea Românească, as
497:All high above the ridges and their firs
3206:, Vol. VI, Issue 274, May 2009, p. 15;
3184:, Vol. XXVI, Issue 4, April 2015, p. 29
3010:, Vol. I, Issue 12, December 2004, p. 2
2840:, Vol. XXVI, Issue 28, July 1977, p. 17
2815:, Vol. XX, Issue 42, October 1977, p. 6
2437:, "Evocări. Ion Băieșu și grupul de la
2042:, Vol. IV, Issue 162, March 2007, p. 15
1752:, Vol. XXVIII, Issue 20, May 1984, p. 7
1534:
566:. Raicu became a literary columnist at
482:Să ne-nvălească-n falduri de ninsoare!
270:" overview which cultivated pluralism,
3588:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty people
3139:, Vol. VIII, Issue 6, June 2016, p. 33
2908:, Vol. 29, Issue 8, August 1991, p. 11
1827:, Vol. X, Issue 1, January 1973, p. 13
1790:, Vol. XX, Issue 231, June 2006, p. 26
1701:, Vol. VIII, Issue 86, May 1994, p. 46
3166:Ciocârlie, p. 506; Cistelecan, p. 478
3087:, Vol. 29, Issue 8, August 1991, p. 9
2921:, Vol. 29, Issue 8, August 1991, p. 4
2774:, Vol. XI, Issue 2, 2018, pp. 459–460
1646:Ciocârlie, p. 506; Cistelecan, p. 477
1588:, Vol. XXI, Issue 3, March 2010, p. 3
1058:Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia
676:. These were dismissively covered by
7:
1032:("Literary Structures"), put out by
917:Phenomenology and national-communism
3413:, "Cronica literară. Lucian Raicu:
2985:, "Cronica literară. Lucian Raicu,
1281:Reflecții asupra spiritului creator
1249:Reflecții asupra spiritului creator
1062:Ceaușescu's public opposition to it
513:Gheorghe Roșca Codreanu High School
491:Up over rivers white of overflowing
3453:21st-century Romanian male writers
3448:20th-century Romanian male writers
2456:Călinescu & Vianu, pp. 358–359
1770:Călinescu & Vianu, pp. 352–353
1697:, "Cartea. Lucian Raicu — 60", in
1162:observed that Raicu had taken an "
468:Prietene, nu vrei din nou, noi doi
212:, he initially pledged himself to
14:
1296:Prize, was described by reviewer
763:revolution in neighboring Hungary
111:
3508:20th-century Romanian memoirists
1255:("Among Contemporaries", 1980),
403:waves of antisemitic persecution
29:
511:Having graduated from Bârlad's
489:O friend let's you and I return
478:Sub horbota zăpezii sclipitoare
474:Vîltoarea urlătoarelor se zbate
470:Suind pe firul apei, zbuciumate
420:, both he and his future wife,
336:political violence of June 1990
3618:University of Bucharest alumni
3513:20th-century Romanian diarists
3240:Nicolae Oprea, "Calendar", in
3074:Raicu & Adameșteanu, p. 15
1219:, then had to be carried out.
1048:The 1960s and '70s, which saw
476:Să ne suim pe creste cu brădet
1:
3022:Călinescu & Vianu, p. 385
2425:Călinescu & Vianu, p. 355
2383:Museum of Romanian Literature
2319:Raicu & Adameșteanu, p. 9
2150:Călinescu & Vianu, p. 356
2032:, "Puzzlecturi. Lucian Raicu
1909:, "Emoționante amintiri", in
1761:Călinescu & Vianu, p. 352
1672:"Note bio-bibliografice", in
1582:, "Modele. Lucian Raicu", in
1541:Călinescu & Vianu, p. 346
1265:Scene din romanul literaturii
1263:("Fragments in Time", 1984),
480:Iar glasul amintirilor, încet
274:, and a full-on rejection of
239:Encouraged by the promise of
198:. Upon the inauguration of a
98:
36:
3633:Romanian emigrants to France
3583:Romanian radio personalities
3523:Romanian Marxist journalists
3478:Romanian literary historians
3297:Editura Univers Enciclopedic
2081:Romanul romînesc contemporan
1964:, Issue 10/1955, pp. 107–114
1894:Almanah Scînteia Tineretului
1433:Editura Litera International
472:Pînă acolo unde-n lung șuvoi
322:. Focusing his attention on
224:; alongside friends such as
3356:, Issue 18/1994, pp. 12–13.
3275:Amintiri în dialog. Memorii
2333:Iluziile literaturii române
1524:Romanian Cultural Institute
1459:Radio France Internationale
1448:Scene, reflecții, fragmente
1240:for defecting to the West.
1225:sweeping austerity policies
1186:The writers' restaurant in
1138:, and used it to travel in
976:theorizing by the likes of
815:de-Stalinization in Romania
340:Radio France Internationale
246:1956 youth protest movement
3649:
3295:, pp. 507–509. Bucharest:
3231:, Issues 51–52/2015, p. 34
2381:, p. 812. Bucharest:
1166:" angle, using Labiș like
761:, secretly supporting the
603:Marxist literary criticism
222:Marxist literary criticism
182:and the husband of writer
139:Marxist literary criticism
3578:Romanian magazine editors
3528:Socialist realism writers
3483:Romanian male biographers
3473:Romanian literary critics
2895:, 13 September 1995, p. 3
2737:, "Ținerea de minte", in
2511:, 11 November 2006, p. 11
2226:, "Fragment de timp", in
1887:, "Arhiva sentimentală a
1325:works by a fellow exile,
1018:existential phenomenology
952:Editura pentru literatură
525:Writers' Union of Romania
519:), Raicu enlisted at the
384:Comparatist and novelist
156:Existential phenomenology
28:
3553:Romanian anti-communists
3366:. Iași: Polirom, 2007.
2547:, 24 November 2006, p. 5
2493:, 10 February 1968, p. 3
2291:, "Din vieața [
2251:, "Din vieața [
1891:. Idilic sau nu...", in
1404:National Salvation Front
1294:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu
1288:, which was awarded the
876:, also included Baltag,
767:youth opposition network
720:'s biographical play on
601:, he argued from within
534:Union of Communist Youth
466:
196:Romanian Communist Party
3563:Jewish Romanian writers
3468:Romanian male essayists
3246:, Issues 3–4/2019, p. 4
3157:Ciocârlie, pp. 506, 508
3148:Mihăilescu, pp. 224–225
2964:, 9 February 2001, p. 8
2613:Cistelecan, pp. 480–484
2141:Mihăilescu, pp. 292–293
1933:Selejan, pp. 44–45, 258
1746:, "Despre critică", in
1486:, rich in allusions to
1148:Critica, formă de viață
685:Nicolae Popescu-Doreanu
521:University of Bucharest
409:and its "death train".
234:University of Bucharest
3498:Jewish existentialists
3488:Nikolai Gogol scholars
3463:21st-century essayists
3458:20th-century essayists
3115:Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu
2880:, Issue 43/2005, p. 15
2628:, 27 August 2008, p. 5
2447:, Issue 41/2005, p. 16
2416:, Issue 39/2017, p. 16
2356:Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu
2214:, Issue 11/1977, p. 11
2199:, Issue 33/1993, p. 22
1506:, as well as essayist
1496:Père Lachaise Cemetery
1443:Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu
1387:In December 1989, the
1345:Éditions L'Âge d'Homme
1232:by Lieutenant Colonel
1195:
943:Biblioteca pentru toți
807:Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu
590:
487:
3623:Censorship in Romania
3327:Daniel Cristea-Enache
3216:, 11 June 2009, p. 12
3105:, Issue 41/1996, p. 4
3044:, Issue 5/2007, p. 32
3036:Revue des Deux Mondes
2661:, Issue 35/1991, p. 3
2574:, Issue 44/2016, p. 9
2358:, "Cînd am lucrat la
2335:, p. 252. Bucharest:
2276:, 14 April 1993, p. 4
2117:, 14 April 1957, p. 2
2083:; Silvian Iosifescu:
2051:Cristea-Enache, p. 12
2007:Cristea-Enache, p. 11
1989:, Issue 26/1993, p. 7
1803:, 16 April 1969, p. 2
1719:, Issue 29/2005, p. 5
1678:, Issue 26/1993, p. 7
1500:Revue des Deux Mondes
1438:Revue des Deux Mondes
1185:
823:Lumumbist initiatives
648:Repression and return
634:Daniel Cristea-Enache
584:
161:Jewish existentialism
3378:Gabriela Adameșteanu
2987:Printre contemporani
2855:, 20 July 1977, p. 4
2712:, 28 May 1998, p. 16
2676:, Issue 6/2018, p. 5
2132:, 18 July 1958, p. 2
1942:Selejan, pp. 287–288
1889:Scînteii tineretului
1858:Corneliu Vadim Tudor
1412:Gabriela Adameșteanu
1286:Printre contemporani
1259:("A Way In", 1982),
1253:Printre contemporani
1066:Romanian nationalism
539:Scînteia Tineretului
266:, Raicu embraced a "
218:censorship apparatus
190:youth growing up in
3593:Radio France people
3543:Anti-Stalinist left
3538:Romanian dissidents
3533:Romanian communists
3518:Romanian columnists
2176:Observator Cultural
1630:, 22 May 1993, p. 5
1389:Romanian Revolution
1128:Metropolitan Circus
1114:s new head editor,
787:Minister of Culture
759:anti-Stalinist left
332:Romanian Revolution
256:. They were partly
3628:Romanian defectors
3603:People from Bârlad
3503:Romanian humanists
3208:Bedros Horasangian
3200:vă recomandă", in
2788:Cartea cu prieteni
2604:Cistelecan, p. 478
2529:Ungheanu, pp. 6, 8
2085:In jurul romanului
1951:Mihăilescu, p. 201
1608:Cistelecan, p. 477
1488:Russian literature
1408:June 1990 Mineriad
1196:
1132:Cartea cu prieteni
1054:national-communism
1030:Structuri literare
1026:art for art's sake
974:post-structuralist
797:for his perceived
654:Garabet Ibrăileanu
591:
391:Nicolae Steinhardt
330:. He welcomed the
315:Romanian passports
300:national-communism
89:Journalist, critic
66:Kingdom of Romania
3598:Writers from Iași
3573:Jewish communists
3568:Jewish historians
3406:978-973-23-1961-1
3398:Cartea Românească
3372:978-973-46-0433-3
3360:Dan C. Mihăilescu
3348:Mircea Iorgulescu
3322:978-606-93692-2-7
3176:Constantin Coroiu
2892:Evenimentul Zilei
2872:Ileana Mălăncioiu
2830:, "Lucian Raicu:
2794:, 1978, pp. 33–34
2792:Almanahul Literar
2761:Iorgulescu, p. 13
2583:Ciocârlie, p. 506
2566:Nicolae Manolescu
2520:Ungheanu, pp. 6–7
2480:Ciocârlie, p. 507
2468:Iorgulescu, p. 12
2435:Gabriel Dimisianu
2410:Virgil Duda", in
2391:978-973-167-382-0
2362:, 1954—1962", in
2345:978-973-23-1974-1
2337:Cartea Românească
2102:Goldiș, pp. 20–21
2067:Ciocârlie, p. 508
1840:Constantin Coroiu
1622:Călătorul profund
1452:Dan C. Mihăilescu
1374:Radio Free Europe
1261:Fragmente de timp
1204:Ileana Mălăncioiu
1178:Recluse and exile
1152:Constantin Coroiu
1136:Romanian passport
1124:Camera de alături
1094:Mircea Iorgulescu
1050:Nicolae Ceaușescu
1042:Cartea Românească
1020:(and in "subdued
932:Fyodor Dostoevsky
911:Nicolae Manolescu
907:Gheorghe Grigurcu
890:Gabriel Dimisianu
856:, and cartoonist
799:liberal socialism
775:Alexandra Indrieș
714:communist censors
595:Socialist Realism
509:
508:
446:Romanian folklore
434:Alexandru Vlahuță
428:was toppled by a
378:Prince and Pauper
365:Jewish day school
302:, rejecting its "
292:Nicolae Manolescu
288:Mircea Iorgulescu
214:Socialist Realism
176:Bernard Leibovici
169:
168:
144:Socialist realism
132:Literary movement
50:Bernard Leibovici
3640:
3493:Phenomenologists
3353:România Literară
3247:
3243:România Literară
3238:
3232:
3228:România Literară
3223:
3217:
3191:
3185:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3140:
3130:
3124:
3112:
3106:
3102:România Literară
3097:Alex. Ștefănescu
3094:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3054:
3045:
3041:România Literară
3032:
3023:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2996:
2983:Cornel Ungureanu
2980:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2941:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2877:România Literară
2869:
2856:
2847:
2841:
2825:
2816:
2804:
2795:
2781:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2744:
2732:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2701:
2695:
2686:Dumitru Țepeneag
2683:
2677:
2668:
2662:
2653:Alexandru George
2650:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2571:România Literară
2563:
2548:
2539:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2500:
2494:
2491:Pentru Socialism
2487:
2481:
2478:
2469:
2466:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2444:România Literară
2432:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2413:România Literară
2404:
2393:
2375:
2369:
2365:Viața Românească
2360:Viața Românească
2353:
2347:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2304:
2286:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2246:
2233:
2221:
2215:
2211:România Literară
2206:
2200:
2196:România Literară
2191:
2180:
2164:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2090:Viața Romînească
2077:
2068:
2065:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2027:
2008:
2005:
1990:
1986:România Literară
1981:Ioana Pârvulescu
1978:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1904:
1898:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1855:
1849:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1741:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1716:România Literară
1711:
1702:
1692:
1679:
1675:România Literară
1670:
1647:
1644:
1631:
1618:
1609:
1606:
1589:
1577:
1554:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1520:Livius Ciocârlie
1504:Florica Cordescu
1480:România Literară
1400:România Literară
1378:Monica Lovinescu
1368:-based journal,
1298:Cornel Ungureanu
1290:Romanian Academy
1229:România Literară
1217:carbonated water
1168:Jean-Paul Sartre
1113:
1109:România Literară
1105:Dumitru Țepeneag
1082:Alexandru George
1078:România Literară
1034:Editura Eminescu
1006:Serge Doubrovsky
904:
900:România Literară
895:România Literară
838:Nichita Stănescu
819:Cuban Revolution
742:Albert Thibaudet
738:François Mauriac
730:Benjamin Fondane
689:Marxism-Leninism
630:Ioana Pârvulescu
569:Viața Romînească
463:
430:communist regime
426:Romanian Kingdom
395:Western Moldavia
361:Mihail Sebastian
268:phenomenological
263:România Literară
241:de-Stalinization
209:Viața Romînească
200:communist regime
150:Viața Romînească
103:
100:
78:
75:22 November 2006
58:
56:
41:
38:
33:
19:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3548:Former Marxists
3428:
3427:
3426:
3267:Matei Călinescu
3255:
3250:
3239:
3235:
3224:
3220:
3192:
3188:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3131:
3127:
3113:
3109:
3095:
3091:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3055:
3048:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3003:
2999:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2957:
2953:
2942:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2903:
2899:
2888:
2884:
2870:
2859:
2848:
2844:
2826:
2819:
2805:
2798:
2782:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2747:
2735:Valeriu Cristea
2733:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2702:
2698:
2684:
2680:
2669:
2665:
2651:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2564:
2551:
2541:"Pe scurt", in
2540:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2405:
2396:
2376:
2372:
2354:
2350:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2307:
2287:
2280:
2274:Tineretul Liber
2271:
2267:
2247:
2236:
2222:
2218:
2207:
2203:
2192:
2183:
2165:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2028:
2011:
2006:
1993:
1979:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1912:Almanah Flacăra
1905:
1901:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1856:
1852:
1838:
1831:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1712:
1705:
1693:
1682:
1671:
1650:
1645:
1634:
1620:Ion N. Oprea, "
1619:
1612:
1607:
1592:
1578:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1516:Editura Hasefer
1357:
1180:
1111:
1040:, appearing at
978:Michel Foucault
950:, appearing at
919:
902:
878:Valeriu Cristea
870:Gazeta Literară
830:Viața Românescă
779:Greater Romania
734:Eugen Lovinescu
710:Lucian Pintilie
650:
575:Gazeta Literară
505:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
484:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
450:George Mărgărit
399:critical spirit
386:Matei Călinescu
369:Dumitru Solomon
348:
165:
101:
80:
76:
60:
54:
52:
51:
42:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3646:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3608:Moldavian Jews
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3415:Liviu Rebreanu
3411:Mihai Ungheanu
3408:
3387:
3376:Lucian Raicu,
3374:
3357:
3345:
3336:
3332:Idei în Dialog
3324:
3310:Al. Cistelecan
3307:
3289:
3264:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3233:
3218:
3186:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3125:
3107:
3089:
3076:
3067:
3046:
3024:
3012:
2997:
2975:
2966:
2951:
2923:
2910:
2897:
2882:
2857:
2842:
2817:
2796:
2776:
2772:Caietele CNSAS
2763:
2745:
2727:
2714:
2696:
2678:
2663:
2645:
2630:
2615:
2606:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2549:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2508:Ziarul de Iași
2495:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2449:
2427:
2418:
2394:
2370:
2348:
2321:
2305:
2278:
2265:
2234:
2224:Adriana Bittel
2216:
2201:
2181:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2119:
2104:
2095:
2069:
2053:
2044:
2009:
1991:
1966:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1899:
1877:
1868:
1850:
1829:
1814:
1812:Brandea, p. 16
1805:
1792:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1733:
1721:
1703:
1680:
1648:
1632:
1610:
1590:
1580:Nicolae Breban
1555:
1553:Brandea, p. 15
1543:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1484:intertexuality
1468:Calea de acces
1426:Cezar Ivănescu
1422:Andrei Pippidi
1356:
1353:
1327:Eugène Ionesco
1273:George Bacovia
1269:Calea de acces
1257:Calea de acces
1179:
1176:
1164:existentialist
1140:Central Europe
1090:Nicolae Balotă
1013:Al. Cistelecan
998:Georges Poulet
990:postmodernists
982:Roland Barthes
956:Mihai Ungheanu
948:Liviu Rebreanu
928:Mircea Dinescu
918:
915:
858:Eugen Mihăescu
850:Modest Morariu
811:Ion Negoițescu
795:self-criticism
718:Camil Petrescu
693:Virgil Ierunca
649:
646:
529:Nicolae Breban
507:
506:
485:
458:Suceava Region
454:Arthur Rimbaud
347:
344:
324:Eugène Ionesco
280:Liviu Rebreanu
254:self-criticism
167:
166:
164:
163:
158:
153:
146:
141:
135:
133:
129:
128:
127:
126:
121:
116:
109:
105:
104:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:(aged 72)
73:
69:
68:
48:
44:
43:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3645:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:. Bucharest:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:973-637-070-4
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3287:973-681-832-2
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3181:Contemporanul
3177:
3172:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:Dorin Tudoran
3053:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2832:Nicolae Labiș
2829:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2691:Contemporanul
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2640:Contemporanul
2634:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2592:Goldiș, p. 17
2589:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:Eugen Negrici
2325:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:Iașul Literar
1957:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1924:Selejan, p. 7
1921:
1918:
1915:, 1976, p. 34
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:Teodor Mazilu
1903:
1900:
1897:, 1980, p. 52
1896:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1845:Contemporanul
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:Leon Volovici
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:Contemporanul
1581:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Magda Cârneci
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1382:Mircea Eliade
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:Dorin Tudoran
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:George Ivașcu
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1098:Cornel Regman
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Neo-Stalinism
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:Nikolai Gogol
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
966:
960:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
940:, put out by
939:
938:
933:
929:
925:
916:
914:
912:
908:
901:
897:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:Grigore Hagiu
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:Eugen Negrici
800:
796:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
701:
699:
694:
690:
686:
681:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:Aurel Baranga
655:
647:
645:
643:
639:
638:close reading
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
588:
587:Nicolae Labiș
583:
579:
577:
576:
571:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:Eugen Mandric
549:
548:Teodor Mazilu
545:
541:
540:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
504:
486:
483:
465:
464:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:Nicolae Labiș
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Leon Volovici
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
382:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
345:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Dorin Tudoran
325:
321:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Nikolai Gogol
281:
277:
273:
272:close reading
269:
265:
264:
259:
258:rehabilitated
255:
251:
247:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
226:Nicolae Labiș
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:(pen name of
173:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
151:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
134:
130:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
106:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:Paris, France
74:
70:
67:
63:
49:
45:
32:
27:
20:
3418:
3417:(eseu)", in
3414:
3393:
3381:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3330:
3313:
3292:
3274:
3260:
3241:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3211:
3203:Dilema Veche
3201:
3198:Dilema Veche
3197:
3189:
3179:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3136:
3133:Eugen Simion
3128:
3118:
3110:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3070:
3060:
3039:
3035:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2944:
2918:
2913:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2850:
2845:
2835:
2831:
2828:George Arion
2810:
2807:Eugen Simion
2791:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2740:Dilema Veche
2738:
2730:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2699:
2689:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2609:
2588:
2579:
2569:
2542:
2525:
2516:
2506:
2503:Emil Brumaru
2498:
2490:
2485:
2452:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2421:
2411:
2407:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2332:
2324:
2298:
2292:
2273:
2268:
2260:Dilema Veche
2258:
2252:
2227:
2219:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2174:
2170:
2146:
2137:
2127:
2122:
2112:
2107:
2098:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2047:
2039:Dilema Veche
2037:
2034:par lui-même
2033:
1984:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1910:
1902:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1871:
1861:
1853:
1843:
1822:
1817:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1766:
1757:
1747:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1698:
1673:
1625:
1621:
1583:
1537:
1512:Carmen Mușat
1499:
1492:
1479:
1476:Emil Brumaru
1467:
1456:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1415:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1369:
1358:
1349:Michel Crépu
1340:
1330:
1315:
1307:
1303:Toma Caragiu
1285:
1280:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1228:
1221:
1197:
1159:
1156:George Arion
1147:
1144:
1131:
1123:
1108:
1102:
1085:
1077:
1072:, with the "
1047:
1029:
1010:
1002:Jean Rousset
961:
941:
935:
934:'s classic,
924:Emil Brumaru
920:
899:
893:
886:Eugen Simion
874:Tiberiu Utan
869:
866:Piața Unirii
862:
854:Petre Stoica
842:Cezar Baltag
829:
827:
791:
756:
749:
726:Lucian Blaga
702:
677:
670:Eugen Frunză
662:Mihai Beniuc
651:
627:
623:subjectivist
592:
573:
567:
564:Ion Gheorghe
556:Florin Mugur
537:
510:
488:
467:
422:Sonia Larian
411:
398:
383:
376:
349:
320:Michel Crépu
312:
296:Eugen Simion
261:
238:
207:
184:Sonia Larian
175:
172:Lucian Raicu
171:
170:
148:
77:(2006-11-22)
23:Lucian Raicu
3443:2006 deaths
3438:1934 births
3390:Ana Selejan
3194:Radu Cosașu
3137:Vatra Veche
3007:22 Cultural
2784:Fănuș Neagu
2408:In memoriam
2289:Radu Cosașu
2249:Radu Cosașu
2171:In memoriam
2167:Paul Cernat
2030:Simona Sora
1885:Radu Cosașu
1801:Vremea Nouă
1744:Dan Cristea
1355:Final years
1319:Simona Sora
1277:Dan Cristea
1238:Ion Caraion
1200:Marin Preda
1192:Marin Preda
1190:, scene of
1074:July Theses
994:Lev Shestov
965:Tudor Vianu
882:Sami Damian
834:revisionist
771:Fănuș Neagu
746:Savin Bratu
698:Paul Cernat
674:Henri Zalis
642:Leo Tolstoy
599:Ana Selejan
560:Uranus Hill
544:Radu Cosașu
414:Jewish left
407:Iași pogrom
308:Marin Preda
304:July Theses
180:Virgil Duda
102: 2000
59:12 May 1934
40: 1976
3432:Categories
3383:Revista 22
3253:References
3120:Revista 22
2961:Cotidianul
2946:Revista 22
2812:Luceafărul
2723:Confesiuni
2709:Cotidianul
2658:Luceafărul
2625:Cotidianul
2544:Cotidianul
2439:Amfiteatru
2229:Revista 22
1863:Luceafărul
1749:Luceafărul
1417:Revista 22
1341:Avec Gogol
1337:refuseniks
1279:described
1234:Ilie Merce
1172:Baudelaire
986:modernists
783:Securitate
666:Dan Deșliu
619:Vera Călin
611:Gica Iuteș
585:Raicu and
517:Ion Hobana
373:Mark Twain
346:Early life
250:Securitate
86:Occupation
55:1934-05-12
3400:, 2008.
3299:, 2006.
3281:, 2005.
3271:Ion Vianu
2704:Paul Goma
2385:, 2016.
2339:, 2008.
1728:Brandea,
1627:Monitorul
1332:Săptămîna
1323:absurdist
1208:Mogoșoaia
1188:Mogoșoaia
1170:had used
1022:Platonism
984:; to the
969:formalism
937:The Idiot
706:Paul Goma
438:Bucharest
276:formalism
248:, though
230:Paul Goma
204:Bucharest
3277:. Iași:
2852:Scînteia
2129:Scînteia
2114:Scînteia
1213:name day
1194:'s death
1160:Scînteia
988:and the
821:and the
751:politruk
679:Scînteia
615:work-shy
607:Ion Brad
357:Talmudic
282:(1967),
3279:Polirom
3261:Minimum
2992:Orizont
2837:Flacăra
2786:, "Din
1788:Minimum
1699:Minimum
1472:Polirom
1311:fantasy
1202:; poet
1120:Marxist
536:paper,
186:. As a
3420:Ramuri
3404:
3370:
3320:
3303:
3285:
3085:Ateneu
3038:", in
2989:", in
2919:Ateneu
2906:Ateneu
2834:", in
2790:", in
2673:Ramuri
2441:", in
2389:
2343:
2300:Dilema
2087:", in
2036:", in
1824:Ramuri
1730:passim
1463:UNESCO
1366:Munich
1086:Steaua
996:, and
888:, and
740:, and
722:Danton
668:, and
554:, and
294:, and
192:Bârlad
188:Jewish
124:memoir
94:Period
35:Raicu
3341:Vatra
3062:Vatra
1530:Notes
1395:Vatra
1370:Agora
1112:'
903:'
119:diary
114:Essay
108:Genre
97:1950–
3402:ISBN
3368:ISBN
3318:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3283:ISBN
3213:Ziua
2387:ISBN
2341:ISBN
1398:and
1096:and
1060:and
980:and
926:and
708:and
353:Iași
228:and
72:Died
62:Iași
47:Born
3196:, "
2294:sic
2254:sic
2169:, "
1470:at
1414:of
1292:'s
1004:or
809:to
789:.
625:.
578:.
375:'s
3434::
3392:,
3362:,
3273:,
3269:,
3049:^
3027:^
3015:^
2926:^
2860:^
2820:^
2799:^
2748:^
2597:^
2552:^
2534:^
2473:^
2461:^
2397:^
2331:,
2308:^
2281:^
2237:^
2184:^
2155:^
2072:^
2056:^
2012:^
1994:^
1969:^
1832:^
1775:^
1736:^
1706:^
1683:^
1651:^
1635:^
1613:^
1593:^
1558:^
1546:^
1092:,
884:,
880:,
852:,
848:,
844:,
736:,
732:,
728:,
664:,
660:,
550:,
546:,
290:,
236:.
99:c.
64:,
37:c.
2406:"
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
