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and fire (once humans could kindle and control it). He then refers to "tough iron" and copper in that order, but goes on to say that copper was the primary means of tilling the soil and the basis of weaponry until, "by slow degrees", the iron sword became predominant (it still was in his day) and "the bronze sickle fell into disrepute" as iron ploughs were introduced. He had earlier envisaged a pre-technological, pre-literary kind of human whose life was lived "in the fashion of wild beasts roaming at large". From this beginning, he theorised, there followed the development in turn of crude huts, use and kindling of fire, clothing, language, family, and city-states. He believed that smelting of metal, and perhaps too, the firing of pottery, was discovered by accident: for example, the result of a forest fire. He does specify, however, that the use of copper followed the use of stones and branches and preceded the use of iron.
528:, an alloy of copper and tin that has much greater resilience than copper; both copper and bronze were superseded by iron during his millennium (1000 BC to 1 BC). He may have considered bronze to be a stronger variety of copper and not necessarily a wholly individual material. Lucretius is believed to be the first to put forward a theory of the successive uses of first wood and stone, then copper and bronze, and finally iron. Although his theory lay dormant for many centuries, it was revived in the nineteenth century and he has been credited with originating the concept of the
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469:, and when, during the intervals of his insanity, he had written a number of books, which were later emended by Cicero, he killed himself by his own hand in the 44th year of his life." The claim that he was driven mad by a love potion, although defended by such scholars as Reale and Catan, is often dismissed as the result of historical confusion, or anti-Epicurean bias. In some accounts the administration of the toxic aphrodisiac is attributed to his wife
509:, is divided into six untitled books, and explores Epicurean physics through richly poetic language and metaphors. Lucretius presents the principles of atomism, the nature of the mind and soul, explanations of sensation and thought, the development of the world and its phenomena, and explains a variety of celestial and terrestrial phenomena. The universe described in the poem operates according to these physical principles, guided by
1692:
391:: "Titus Lucretius the poet is born." If Jerome is accurate about Lucretius's age (43) when Lucretius died (discussed below), then it may be concluded he was born in 99 or 98 BC. Less specific estimates place the birth of Lucretius in the 90s BC and his death in the 50s BC, in agreement with the poem's many allusions to the tumultuous state of political affairs in
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649:. He believed that nature experiments endlessly across the aeons, and the organisms that adapt best to their environment have the best chance of surviving. Living organisms survived because of the commensurate relationship between their strength, speed, or intellect and the external dynamics of their environment. Prior to
421:, and his work shows an intimate knowledge of the luxurious lifestyle in Rome. Lucretius's love of the countryside invites speculation that he inhabited family-owned rural estates, as did many wealthy Roman families, and he certainly was expensively educated with a mastery of Latin, Greek, literature, and philosophy.
520:
Within this work, Lucretius makes reference to the cultural and technological development of humans in his use of available materials, tools, and weapons through prehistory to
Lucretius's own time. He specifies the earliest weapons as hands, nails, and teeth. These were followed by stones, branches,
663:
and mechanistic accounts of the creation and evolution of life. In contrast to modern thought on the subject, he did not believe that new species evolved from previously existing ones. Lucretius challenged the assumption that humans are necessarily superior to animals, noting that mammalian mothers
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Virtually nothing is known about the life of
Lucretius, and there is insufficient basis for a confident assertion of the dates of Lucretius's birth or death in other sources. Another, yet briefer, note is found in the
473:. Regardless, Jerome's image of Lucretius as a lovesick, mad poet continued to have significant influence on modern scholarship until quite recently, although it now is accepted that such a report is inaccurate.
629:
in
February 54 BC, Cicero said: "The poems of Lucretius are as you write: they exhibit many flashes of genius, and yet show great mastership." In the work of another author in late Republican Rome,
1961:
637:, apparently referring to Lucretius, "Happy is he who has discovered the causes of things and has cast beneath his feet all fears, unavoidable fate, and the din of the devouring Underworld."
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as when he was born), and it so happened that on the very same day
Lucretius the poet passed away." However, although Lucretius certainly lived and died around the time that Virgil and Cicero
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and his many correct conjectures about atomism and the nature of the physical world, Lucretius concludes his first book stressing the absurdity of the (by then well-established)
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493:(usually translated as "On the Nature of Things" or "On the Nature of the Universe") transmits the ideas of
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266:. Very little is known about Lucretius's life; the only certainty is that he was either a friend or
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Lucretius pointing to the casus, the downward movement of the atoms. From the frontispiece to
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This article is about the Roman poet and philosopher. For other people named
Lucretius, see
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Online
Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries
1117:"The Living in Lucretius' De rerum natura. Animals' ataraxia and Humans' Distress"
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in the wild recognize and nurture their offspring as do human mothers.
659:, the natural philosophy of Lucretius typified one of the foremost non-
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High-resolution images of works by
Lucretius in .jpg and .tiff format.
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An
Intellectual and Cultural History of the Western World, Volume One
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The Edge of
Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
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A History of Ancient Philosophy: The Systems of the Hellenistic Age
1003:(Cambridge University Press, 1994, 1996 reprint), pp. 213, 223–224
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Lucretius was an early thinker in what grew to become the study of
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999:, "guiding chance" or "fortune at the helm"): see Monica R. Gale,
461:
Another note regarding Lucretius's biography is found in Jerome's
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Is nature continuous or discrete? How the atomist error was born
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312:, but was rediscovered in 1417 in a monastery in Germany by
316:
and it played an important role both in the development of
187:
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152:
1094:. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–6.
184:
1529:
Stearns, J. B. (December 1931). "Lucretius and Memmius".
1462:"Three philosophical poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe"
23:. For the impact crater on the far side of the Moon, see
1755:, published in Paris 1563, later owned and annotated by
1766:
Discussion Forum For Lucretius and Epicurean Philosophy
1432:
Melville, Ronald; Fowler, Don and Peta, eds. (2008) .
517:
and the religious explanations of the natural world.
442:
on his 17th birthday (when the same two men held the
406:
Start of late 15th-century illuminated manuscript of
199:
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1436:. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford University Press.
432:, which seems to be derived from an earlier work by
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Lucretius probably was a member of the aristocratic
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458:, stood together as consuls again in 55, not 53.
1189:Lucretius and the Transformation of Greek Wisdom
274:, to whom the poem was addressed and dedicated.
244:. His only known work is the philosophical poem
1354:Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Lucretius
359:
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258:, which usually is translated into English as
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1345:The Cambridge History of Classical Literature
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777:De rerum natura, Book V, around Line 1200 ff
608:Title page of a 1683 English translation of
324:) and the efforts of various figures of the
1032:De rerum natura, Book V, around line 940 ff
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1715:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
1708:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
1132:
320:(Lucretius was an important influence on
16:1st-century BC Roman poet and philosopher
1434:Lucretius: On the Nature of the Universe
1347:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1324:Costa, C. D. N. (1984). "Introduction".
1011:(Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 238
931:
254:work about the tenets and philosophy of
1722:: text, concordances and frequency list
1377:The Swerve: How the World Became Modern
761:
748:, "religion lies cast beneath our feet"
734:
701:The Swerve: How the World Became Modern
538:
1413:Kenney, E. J. (1971). "Introduction".
1238:. Princeton University Press. p.
892:
868:
524:Lucretius seems to equate copper with
424:A brief biographical note is found in
363:As nature's majesty now known demands
342:And now, good Memmius, receptive ears
308:. The work was almost lost during the
1726:Bibliography De rerum natura Book III
1651:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911.
1065:
955:
904:
880:
806:Some studies in Horace's odes on love
214:
7:
979:
967:
346:I pray you bring to true philosophy
278:was a considerable influence on the
1971:Ancient Greek schools of philosophy
1380:. New York: WW. Norton and Company.
1356:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
835:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
361:If I must speak, my noble Memmius,
216:[ˈtitusluˈkreːti.usˈkaːrus]
1504:Lucretius, On the Nature of Things
1388:A Companion to the Study of Virgil
1274:Bailey, C. (1947). "Prolegomena".
1121:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
1077:
1053:
14:
1343:Dalzell, A. (1982). "Lucretius".
1311:. Translated by Evelyn Shuckburgh
688:uncertainty of the paths of atoms
633:writes in the second book of his
532:that was formalised from 1834 by
5301:Roman-era Epicurean philosophers
1743:(1475–1494), digitised codex at
1690:
1309:"Letters to his brother Quintus"
715:List of English translations of
601:
586:
571:
556:
541:
298:, and to a lesser extent on the
142:
1267:De_rerum_natura § Editions
1156:Hannam, James (29 April 2019).
578:Frontispiece of a 1754 copy of
1417:. Cambridge University Press.
682:left open the possibility for
1:
1451:Reale, G.; Catan, J. (1980).
1158:"Atoms and flat-earth ethics"
264:On the Nature of the Universe
227:
220:
70:
59:
3868:Frontiers and fortifications
1630:Resources in other libraries
1606:Resources in other libraries
1326:Lucretius: De Rerum Natura V
1115:Massaro, Alma (2014-11-11).
1001:Myth and Poetry in Lucretius
920:Melville & Fowler (2008)
793:Melville & Fowler (2008)
593:1683 English translation of
262:—and somewhat less often as
5311:Philosophers of Roman Italy
5251:1st-century BC philosophers
3927:Decorations and punishments
1728:(archived 26 November 2006)
1689:(public domain audiobooks)
1674:Works by or about Lucretius
1328:. Oxford University Press.
1276:Lucretius's De rerum natura
1230:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
5327:
5256:1st-century BC Roman poets
4834:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
3409:historiography of the fall
1460:Santayana, George (1910).
1415:Lucretius: De rerum natura
1264:
1193:Cambridge University Press
1134:10.7358/rela-2014-002-mass
482:
18:
5215:External wars and battles
3339:
3312:
1761:Cambridge Digital Library
1752:De rerum natura libri sex
1625:Resources in your library
1601:Resources in your library
1496:. Loeb Classical Library.
1187:Sedley, David N. (2003).
1090:Campbell, Gordon (2003).
515:traditional Roman deities
131:
77:
39:
5281:Golden Age Latin writers
2810:Alexander of Aphrodisias
1479:(1992). "Introduction".
944:Reale & Catan (1980)
746:religio pedibus subiecta
667:Despite his advocacy of
656:On the Origin of Species
5210:Roman–Iranian relations
3685:Optimates and populares
2919:Lucius Annaeus Cornutus
2652:Thrasymachus of Corinth
2330:Metrodorus of Lampsacus
1916:On the Nature of Things
1666:On The Nature Of Things
1648:Encyclopædia Britannica
653:'s 1859 publication of
260:On the Nature of Things
48:Of the Nature of Things
5220:Civil wars and revolts
4486:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4133:Conflict of the Orders
3492:Legislative assemblies
2576:Aristippus the Younger
1501:Smith, M. F. (2011) .
1485:Loeb Classical Library
744:; cf. Lucretius 1.78:
412:
365:
348:
86:Hellenistic philosophy
73:55 BC (aged around 44)
4929:Simplicius of Cilicia
4681:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3910:Siege in Ancient Rome
3519:Executive magistrates
3053:Eudorus of Alexandria
2624:Asclepiades of Phlius
2581:Theodorus the Atheist
1759:, fully digitised in
1492:Smith, M. F. (1975).
1385:Horsfall, N. (2000).
829:Fisher, Saul (2009).
405:
138:Titus Lucretius Carus
34:Titus Lucretius Carus
5296:Natural philosophers
4939:Stephanus Byzantinus
4844:Eusebius of Caesaria
4706:Sidonius Apollinaris
4396:Ammianus Marcellinus
3735:Tribune of the plebs
2987:Diogenes of Oenoanda
1848:Diogenes of Oenoanda
1531:The Classical Weekly
383:of Donatus's pupil,
5306:Ancient Roman poets
5115:Distinguished women
4766:Velleius Paterculus
4606:Nicolaus Damascenus
4586:Marcellus Empiricus
3975:Republican currency
3111:Apollonius of Tyana
3058:Philo of Alexandria
2861:Agrippa the Skeptic
2800:Strato of Lampsacus
1923:Principal Doctrines
1750:Titi Lucretii Cari
1372:Greenblatt, Stephen
1352:Gale, M.R. (2007).
1284:Barnes, Harry Elmer
686:by arguing for the
507:dactylic hexameters
354:(tr. Melville) 1.50
328:to construct a new
4889:Phlegon of Tralles
4696:Seneca the Younger
4170:Naming conventions
3900:Personal equipment
3433:Later Roman Empire
3186:Plutarch of Athens
3126:Numenius of Apamea
3116:Moderatus of Gades
2586:Hegesias of Cyrene
1929:Herculaneum papyri
1698:Works by Lucretius
1683:Works by Lucretius
1656:Works by Lucretius
1292:Dover Publications
1195:. pp. 78–82.
1044:Barnes, pp. 27–28.
710:Stephen Greenblatt
641:Natural philosophy
413:
371:(tr. Melville) 5.6
330:Christian humanism
314:Poggio Bracciolini
25:Lucretius (crater)
5228:
5227:
5190:Pontifices maximi
4972:
4971:
4829:Diogenes Laërtius
4651:Pliny the Younger
4406:Asconius Pedianus
4366:Romance languages
4238:Civil engineering
3980:Imperial currency
3853:Political control
3814:
3813:
3448:
3447:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3234:Nicetes of Smyrna
2823:
2822:
2738:
2737:
2700:Apollonius Cronus
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2365:
2364:
2289:
2288:
2210:Metrodorus of Cos
2132:
2131:
2119:
2118:
2046:
2045:
1937:
1936:
1720:Lucretius's works
1660:Project Gutenberg
1642:"Lucretius"
1582:Library resources
1514:978-0-87220-587-1
1443:978-0-19-162327-1
1424:978-0-521-29177-4
1398:978-90-04-11951-2
1363:978-0-19-926034-8
1335:978-0-19-814457-1
1202:978-0-521-54214-2
997:fortuna gubernans
831:"Pierre Gassendi"
817:Greenblatt (2009)
497:, which includes
326:Enlightenment era
135:
134:
5318:
5180:Magistri equitum
5095:Cities and towns
5088:
5014:Constantinopolis
4824:Diodorus Siculus
4756:Valerius Maximus
4691:Seneca the Elder
4611:Nonius Marcellus
4379:
3932:Hippika gymnasia
3895:Infantry tactics
3801:Consular tribune
3791:Magister equitum
3740:Military tribune
3705:
3665:Pontifex maximus
3660:Princeps senatus
3650:Magister militum
3416:Byzantine Empire
3337:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3275:
3226:Second Sophistic
3201:Ammonius Hermiae
3106:Nigidius Figulus
3020:Philo of Larissa
3002:Academic Skeptic
2866:Sextus Empiricus
2834:
2683:
2642:Euclid of Megara
2521:
2399:
2309:
2143:
2134:
2066:
2057:
1996:
1978:Proto-philosophy
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1777:
1711:by David Simpson
1694:
1693:
1678:Internet Archive
1652:
1644:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1554:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1497:
1488:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1456:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1381:
1367:
1348:
1339:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1303:
1279:
1254:
1253:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1168:on 29 April 2019
1164:. Archived from
1153:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1015:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
883:, pp. x–xi.
878:
872:
866:
860:
848:
839:
838:
826:
820:
814:
808:
804:Reckford, K. J.
802:
796:
790:
781:
780:
769:
749:
742:subiecit pedibus
739:
723:Javelin argument
605:
590:
575:
560:
545:
530:three-age system
372:
355:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
213:
206:
202:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
72:
61:
44:
30:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5086:
5084:
5078:
4968:
4804:Aëtius of Amida
4785:
4771:Verrius Flaccus
4751:Valerius Antias
4711:Silius Italicus
4646:Pliny the Elder
4591:Marcus Aurelius
4466:Cornelius Nepos
4416:Aurelius Victor
4370:
4292:
4204:
4138:Secessio plebis
4109:
3984:
3936:
3810:
3764:
3694:
3576:
3528:
3444:
3365:
3326:
3308:
3302:
3272:
3263:
3220:
3149:Ammonius Saccas
3135:
3092:
3040:Middle Platonic
3034:
2996:
2948:
2939:Marcus Aurelius
2875:
2851:Timon of Phlius
2819:
2789:Aristotelianism
2771:
2734:
2715:Diodorus Cronus
2681:
2628:
2600:
2557:
2519:
2483:
2440:
2388:
2361:
2333:
2298:
2285:
2257:
2234:
2128:
2115:
2092:
2042:
1994:
1973:
1968:
1938:
1933:
1903:
1899:Problem of evil
1857:
1809:
1804:
1740:De rerum natura
1702:Perseus Project
1691:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1611:
1610:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1543:10.2307/4389660
1528:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1494:De rerum natura
1491:
1481:De rerum natura
1475:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1431:
1425:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1384:
1370:
1364:
1351:
1342:
1336:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1217:De rerum natura
1214:
1210:
1203:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1018:
993:De rerum natura
991:In particular,
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
954:
950:
942:
938:
932:Horsfall (2000)
930:
926:
918:
911:
903:
899:
891:
887:
879:
875:
871:, pp. 1–3.
867:
863:
849:
842:
828:
827:
823:
815:
811:
803:
799:
791:
784:
771:
770:
763:
758:
753:
752:
740:
736:
731:
717:De rerum natura
696:
673:spherical Earth
643:
625:to his brother
621:In a letter by
619:
612:
610:De rerum natura
606:
597:
595:De rerum natura
591:
582:
580:De rerum natura
576:
567:
565:De rerum natura
561:
552:
549:De rerum natura
546:
491:De rerum natura
487:
485:De rerum natura
481:
478:De rerum natura
409:De rerum natura
374:
369:De rerum natura
367:
362:
357:
352:De rerum natura
350:
345:
343:
338:
322:Pierre Gassendi
282:, particularly
276:De rerum natura
247:De rerum natura
230:
223:
211:
204:
200:
165:
145:
141:
114:
104:
100:
51:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5324:
5322:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5291:Metaphysicians
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5266:Didactic poets
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5233:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:Pomponius Mela
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:Aelius Donatus
4387:
4385:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4359:Ecclesiastical
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4100:Toys and games
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3640:Vigintisexviri
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3600:Cursus honorum
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3399:Western Empire
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:Dio Chrysostom
3236:
3230:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3098:Neopythagorean
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Musonius Rufus
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:Zeno of Citium
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Phaedo of Elis
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1747:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1695:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1653:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:External links
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5246:50s BC deaths
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4546:Julius Paulus
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4481:Fabius Pictor
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4009:
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3987:
3981:
3978:
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3966:
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3955:Deforestation
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3905:Siege engines
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3769:Extraordinary
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3542:Twelve Tables
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3405:
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3306:
3299:
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3257:
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3209:
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3202:
3199:
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3189:
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3182:
3179:
3177:
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3147:
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3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
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3119:
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3112:
3109:
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3101:
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3037:
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3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
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2978:
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2816:
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2811:
2808:
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2805:Lyco of Troas
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
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2687:Dialecticians
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2019:
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2014:
2011:
2009:
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1997:
1991:
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1965:
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1833:Zeno of Sidon
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1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
985:
982:, p. 35.
981:
976:
973:
969:
964:
961:
957:
952:
949:
945:
940:
937:
933:
928:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
907:, p. ix.
906:
901:
898:
894:
893:Kenney (1971)
889:
886:
882:
877:
874:
870:
869:Bailey (1947)
865:
862:
858:
857:
852:
847:
845:
841:
836:
832:
825:
822:
819:, p. 44.
818:
813:
810:
807:
801:
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
778:
774:
768:
766:
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563:1754 copy of
559:
554:
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534:C. J. Thomsen
531:
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272:Gaius Memmius
269:
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195:
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126:atomic theory
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69:
65:
58:
54:
49:
43:
38:
31:
26:
22:
21:Lucretia gens
5160:Institutions
5024:Leptis Magna
4977:Major cities
4884:Philostratus
4671:Quadrigarius
4575:
4491:Rufus Festus
4354:Contemporary
4075:Romanization
3998:Architecture
3605:Collegiality
3454:Constitution
3305:Ancient Rome
3254:Philostratus
3141:Neoplatonist
2981:
2795:Theophrastus
2469:Dionysodorus
2426:Thrasymachus
2052:Pre-Socratic
1921:
1914:
1842:
1815:Philosophers
1807:Epicureanism
1751:
1739:
1707:
1665:
1646:
1620:Online books
1614:By Lucretius
1613:
1596:Online books
1586:
1563:. Retrieved
1537:(9): 67–68.
1534:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1503:
1493:
1480:
1465:. Retrieved
1452:
1433:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1387:
1375:
1353:
1344:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1287:
1275:
1261:Bibliography
1234:
1224:
1219:, 1.1052–82.
1216:
1211:
1188:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1166:the original
1161:
1151:
1127:(2): 45–58.
1124:
1120:
1110:
1091:
1085:
1073:
1066:Smith (1975)
1061:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1027:
1008:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
975:
970:, p. 2.
963:
956:Smith (2011)
951:
939:
934:, p. 3.
927:
905:Costa (1984)
900:
895:, p. 6.
888:
881:Smith (1992)
876:
864:
854:
834:
824:
812:
805:
800:
776:
772:
745:
741:
737:
716:
699:
677:
666:
661:teleological
654:
644:
634:
620:
609:
594:
579:
564:
548:
523:
519:
510:
495:Epicureanism
490:
488:
477:
462:
460:
439:toga virilis
437:
429:
423:
416:
414:
407:
397:civil strife
378:
375:
368:
366:
360:
351:
349:
341:
299:
293:
287:
275:
263:
259:
256:Epicureanism
245:
231: 55 BC
137:
136:
98:Epicureanism
47:
5271:Empiricists
5155:Geographers
4839:Dioscorides
4819:Cassius Dio
4441:Cassiodorus
4344:Renaissance
3950:Agriculture
3922:Auxiliaries
3863:Engineering
3700:Magistrates
3552:Citizenship
3547:Mos maiorum
3482:Late Empire
2856:Aenesidemus
2829:Hellenistic
2777:Peripatetic
2695:Clinomachus
2533:Antisthenes
2147:Pythagorean
2098:Heraclitean
2083:Anaximander
2000:Seven Sages
1737:Lucretius:
1507:. Hackett.
1215:Lucretius,
980:Gale (2007)
968:Gale (2007)
922:, Foreword.
704:, a modern
310:Middle Ages
242:philosopher
122:metaphysics
106:Materialism
5276:Epic poets
5235:Categories
5044:Mediolanum
4984:Alexandria
4949:Themistius
4914:Porphyrius
4741:Tertullian
4676:Quintilian
4666:Propertius
4561:Lactantius
4511:Fulgentius
4446:Censorinus
4268:Sanitation
4253:Metallurgy
4210:Technology
4175:Demography
4123:Patricians
4090:Spectacles
4048:Literature
4043:Hairstyles
3880:Technology
3630:Praefectus
3582:Government
3572:Litigation
3557:Auctoritas
3502:Centuriate
3389:Principate
3384:Pax Romana
3344:Foundation
3211:Simplicius
3176:Iamblichus
3121:Nicomachus
3010:Arcesilaus
2977:Philodemus
2967:Metrodorus
2909:Posidonius
2899:Chrysippus
2838:Pyrrhonist
2762:Xenocrates
2757:Speusippus
2730:Panthoides
2571:Aristippus
2474:Euthydemus
2411:Protagoras
2384:Democritus
2347:Empedocles
2320:Anaxagoras
2271:Parmenides
2248:Xenophanes
2205:Hermotimus
2155:Pythagoras
2106:Heraclitus
2088:Anaximenes
1990:Pherecydes
1985:Epimenides
1879:Eudaimonia
1838:Philodemus
1828:Metrodorus
1560:"Georgics"
1265:See also:
1101:0199263965
756:References
669:empiricism
448:flourished
5200:Quaestors
5130:Empresses
5120:Dynasties
5110:Dictators
5085:and other
5074:Volubilis
5069:Vindobona
5029:Londinium
4954:Theodoret
4924:Procopius
4904:Polyaenus
4879:Pausanias
4781:Vitruvius
4726:Symmachus
4721:Suetonius
4631:Petronius
4616:Obsequens
4581:Macrobius
4576:Lucretius
4501:Frontinus
4476:Eutropius
4461:Columella
4411:Augustine
4401:Appuleius
4349:Neo-Latin
4324:Classical
4315:Versions
4223:Aqueducts
4165:Patronage
4085:Sexuality
4058:Mythology
4033:Education
4023:Cosmetics
3848:Campaigns
3843:Structure
3796:Decemviri
3655:Imperator
3354:overthrow
3244:Favorinus
3206:Damascius
3048:Antiochus
3015:Carneades
2982:Lucretius
2954:Epicurean
2929:Epictetus
2904:Panaetius
2894:Cleanthes
2785:Aristotle
2710:Dionysius
2705:Euphantus
2657:Eubulides
2619:Menedemus
2591:Anniceris
2497:Classical
2464:Lycophron
2459:Callicles
2379:Leucippus
2357:Pausanias
2325:Archelaus
2304:Pluralist
2200:Calliphon
2185:Brontinus
2165:Philolaus
2033:Cleobulus
2028:Periander
1884:Free will
1843:Lucretius
1757:Montaigne
1587:Lucretius
1477:Smith, M.
1143:2280-9643
1028:Lucretius
1009:Lucretius
856:Chronicon
773:Lucretius
684:free will
647:evolution
617:Reception
503:cosmology
489:His poem
463:Chronicon
444:consulate
434:Suetonius
380:Chronicon
224: 99
203:-təs loo-
5286:Lucretii
5261:Atomists
5205:Tribunes
5195:Praetors
5145:Generals
5125:Emperors
5034:Lugdunum
5019:Eboracum
5009:Carthage
4994:Aquileia
4909:Polybius
4899:Plutarch
4869:Libanius
4859:Josephus
4854:Herodian
4746:Tibullus
4661:Priscian
4636:Phaedrus
4596:Manilius
4541:Jordanes
4526:Hydatius
4456:Claudian
4436:Catullus
4426:Boëthius
4421:Ausonius
4339:Medieval
4311:Alphabet
4283:Theatres
4258:Numerals
4243:Concrete
4233:Circuses
4200:Bagaudae
4190:Adoption
4185:Marriage
4158:Assembly
4063:Religion
4038:Folklore
4018:Clothing
4013:Calendar
3970:Currency
3960:Commerce
3858:Strategy
3820:Military
3806:Triumvir
3786:Dictator
3781:Interrex
3760:Governor
3745:Quaestor
3708:Ordinary
3690:Province
3680:Tetrarch
3670:Augustus
3635:Vicarius
3625:Officium
3562:Imperium
3512:Plebeian
3472:Republic
3394:Dominate
3361:Republic
3322:Timeline
3191:Syrianus
3171:Porphyry
3159:students
3154:Plotinus
3078:Alcinous
3073:Apuleius
3063:Plutarch
2962:Epicurus
2744:Platonic
2725:Alexinus
2672:Pasicles
2667:Nicarete
2647:Ichthyas
2634:Megarian
2606:Eretrian
2563:Cyrenaic
2548:Menippus
2538:Diogenes
2515:Xenophon
2509:students
2505:Socrates
2416:Prodicus
2281:Melissus
2253:Xeniades
2215:Arignote
2180:Alcmaeon
2175:Lamiskos
2170:Archytas
2160:Hippasus
2124:Diogenes
2111:Cratylus
2070:Milesian
2018:Pittacus
1874:Clinamen
1869:Ataraxia
1862:Concepts
1823:Epicurus
1687:LibriVox
1558:Virgil.
1374:(2009).
1307:Cicero.
1286:(1937).
1232:(1960).
1080:, 2.490.
1068:, intro.
694:See also
680:Epicurus
635:Georgics
395:and its
389:Olympiad
301:Eclogues
295:Georgics
286:(in his
252:didactic
233:) was a
226: –
5175:Legions
5135:Fiction
5105:Consuls
5100:Climate
5054:Ravenna
5049:Pompeii
5039:Lutetia
5004:Bononia
4999:Berytus
4989:Antioch
4964:Zosimus
4959:Zonaras
4934:Sozomen
4919:Priscus
4894:Photius
4736:Terence
4731:Tacitus
4716:Statius
4701:Servius
4686:Sallust
4641:Plautus
4621:Orosius
4601:Martial
4556:Juvenal
4531:Hyginus
4516:Gellius
4375:Writers
4306:History
4288:Thermae
4278:Temples
4228:Bridges
4195:Slavery
4143:Equites
4115:Society
4095:Theatre
4068:Deities
4028:Cuisine
4008:Bathing
3990:Culture
3965:Finance
3942:Economy
3833:Borders
3828:History
3730:Tribune
3725:Praetor
3615:Legatus
3610:Emperor
3497:Curiate
3467:Kingdom
3462:History
3438:History
3421:decline
3379:History
3349:Kingdom
3332:History
3317:Outline
3259:more...
3216:more...
3196:Proclus
3131:more...
3088:more...
3030:more...
2992:more...
2944:more...
2871:more...
2815:more...
2767:more...
2596:more...
2553:more...
2479:more...
2454:Gorgias
2446:Italian
2436:more...
2421:Hippias
2394:Sophist
2371:Atomist
2339:Italian
2263:Eleatic
2240:Skeptic
2230:more...
2225:Eurytus
2138:Italian
1853:more...
1676:at the
1551:4389660
1013:online.
995:5.107 (
627:Quintus
511:fortuna
499:atomism
471:Lucilia
456:Crassus
318:atomism
102:Atomism
5185:Nomina
5170:Legacy
5150:Gentes
5087:topics
5083:Lists
5064:Smyrna
4944:Strabo
4874:Lucian
4864:Julian
4814:Arrian
4809:Appian
4799:Aelian
4776:Vergil
4551:Justin
4536:Jerome
4521:Horace
4506:Fronto
4496:Florus
4471:Ennius
4451:Cicero
4431:Caesar
4329:Vulgar
4153:Tribes
4080:Romans
3890:Legion
3873:castra
3750:Aedile
3720:Censor
3715:Consul
3675:Caesar
3645:Lictor
3567:Status
3507:Tribal
3487:Senate
3477:Empire
3371:Empire
3307:topics
3249:Lucian
3181:Julian
3166:Origen
3025:Cicero
2934:Arrian
2914:Seneca
2846:Pyrrho
2677:Bryson
2662:Stilpo
2543:Crates
2403:Ionian
2313:Ionian
2190:Theano
2078:Thales
2061:Ionian
2038:Chilon
2008:Thales
1889:Hedone
1584:about
1565:16 May
1549:
1520:16 May
1511:
1467:16 May
1440:
1421:
1404:16 May
1395:
1360:
1332:
1315:16 May
1300:390382
1298:
1246:
1199:
1141:
1098:
1078:Virgil
1056:, 2.9.
1054:Cicero
1005:online
851:Jerome
678:While
631:Virgil
623:Cicero
551:(1570)
526:bronze
467:potion
452:Pompey
385:Jerome
306:Horace
304:) and
289:Aeneid
284:Virgil
268:client
212:Latin:
118:Ethics
93:School
50:, 1682
4849:Galen
4791:Greek
4761:Varro
4571:Lucan
4383:Latin
4298:Latin
4273:Ships
4263:Roads
4248:Domes
4180:Women
4128:Plebs
4053:Music
3595:Forum
3590:Curia
3083:Galen
3068:Gaius
2881:Stoic
2752:Plato
2720:Philo
2525:Cynic
2431:Damon
2352:Acron
2294:Hippo
2013:Solon
1908:Works
1894:Otium
1745:Somni
1547:JSTOR
1172:8 May
729:Notes
235:Roman
207:-shəs
62:99 BC
5165:Laws
5140:Film
5059:Roma
4626:Ovid
4566:Livy
4334:Late
4148:Gens
4105:Wine
3917:Navy
3885:Army
3524:SPQR
3426:fall
3404:fall
2276:Zeno
2220:Myia
2195:Damo
2023:Bias
1567:2012
1522:2012
1509:ISBN
1469:2012
1438:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1406:2012
1393:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1317:2012
1296:OCLC
1244:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1174:2019
1162:Aeon
1139:ISSN
1096:ISBN
1007:and
501:and
454:and
393:Rome
336:Life
292:and
250:, a
240:and
238:poet
205:KREE
67:Died
56:Born
4319:Old
4003:Art
3776:Rex
3620:Dux
3534:Law
1700:at
1685:at
1658:at
1539:doi
1129:doi
708:by
428:'s
270:of
82:Era
5237::
1645:.
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1533:.
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1294:.
1290:.
1242:.
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221:c.
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201:TY
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170:uː
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