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341:; some still had the remains of the arrow shafts or fastenings attached. Other stone or bone tools included pipes, awls, and rounded fragments of stone that Over hypothesized might have been game pieces. The excavations also found pendants made of stone and elk tusk, as well as beads carved from seashells and fruit pits. Many of the artifacts Over found are held at the
324:
During Over's 1920 excavation, his team uncovered various layers of human occupation. Inside, the uppermost layers of soil contained modern deposits—including those from contemporary Native
Americans—and animal remains. The lowest level was about 3 feet (0.91 m) below the modern surface and
295:
The rock art inside and around Ludlow Cave varies in age from prehistoric to modern. Much of it consists of big game animals like bison. Hoofprint impressions are also located near the site and likely date to 1300–1700 AD. Other depictions are of humans or other animals. Many of these drawings
315:
and the other a humanoid figure; later researchers proposed this figure could be
Hetanehao, an important design in Cheyenne mythology that represents masculine power. Over removed at least one petroglyph containing a human face that had fallen from the cave wall prior to his arrival.
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194:
cliff face and measures about 20 feet (6.1 m) high. The total depth of the cave is 300 feet (91 m). The main chamber of the cave measures 16 ft (4.9 m) wide and 39 ft (12 m) deep, with a 10 ft (3.0 m) high ceiling.
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307:, is the most prominent at the site now. Several members of Custer's 1874 expedition carved their names in and near the cave. Some art was removed from the site by early archaeologists like Will and Over. Will excised two
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contained traces of fire, animal bones, arrowheads, tools, beads, pipes, pots, woven basketry, and other artifacts. Over recorded at least 300 arrowheads made out of material like
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The rock art at Ludlow Cave has suffered heavy damage, and most of the petroglyphs have been destroyed. Modern graffiti, in particular that left by early local
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area believed Ludlow Cave was a portal through which game, particularly bison, entered from the spirit world to populate the vast herds on the
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man named Goose. It and the town of Ludlow itself were subsequently named after the expedition's engineering officer, Major
William Ludlow.
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414:
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Ludlow Cave was first discovered and inhabited by various Native
American tribes and their ancestors. Some rock art suggests the
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1495:
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More pottery, charcoal, bone, and stone tools and flakes were found in a rock shelter very close to Ludlow Cave in 1971.
172:
144:
89:
37:
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and was named for one of his officers, William Ludlow. Much of the original art has been destroyed by modern graffiti.
368:
further proposed the artifacts were left by an ancestral group to the
Arikara who may have arrived from modern-day
300:. Some of the artwork is found outside the cave in the surrounding area, on cliff faces and rocks around the site.
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147:, United States. It is regarded as a sacred site by several Native American tribes, who have long created
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bisected by Bull Creek into the North and South Cave Hills. It is located just inside the boundaries of
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carried out an excavation in 1920 and uncovered hundreds of artifacts such as stone tools and other
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The first archaeologist to visit the site was George Will, who published his findings in 1909.
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175:, United States. The largest cave in the county, it is in the northern portion of the
105:
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of the arrowheads, Over suggested this oldest level might have been resulted from a
699:
284:
1486:
Archaeological sites on the
National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota
877:. Memoir 32: Pronghorn Past and Present: Archaeology, Ethnography, and Biology.
272:
264:
252:
835:"Tribal Affiliation of Shield Petroglyphs from the Black Hills and Cave Hills"
338:
308:
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in the northeastern quarter of section 12 of township 21, range 5 W, in rural
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1506:
National
Register of Historic Places in Harding County, South Dakota
296:
resemble other local petroglyphs, such as that found at a site near
770:
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311:, likely of Cheyenne origin, depicting shields, one containing a
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Ludlow Cave is located about 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of
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228:
through western South Dakota. The group's guide was an
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712:"The Archaeology of Ludlow Cave and Its Significance"
448:
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444:
1414:
1071:
1037:
History of the
National Register of Historic Places
1014:
799:"The Sacred Black Hills: An Ethnohistorical Review"
255:to multiple Native American peoples, including the
111:
98:
88:
52:
44:
28:
23:
224:visited the site on July 11, 1874, as part of his
16:Archaeological site in South Dakota, United States
364:, inhabiting the cave temporarily. Archaeologist
938:"A Pottery Find Near Ludlow Cave, South Dakota"
628:
694:Klassen, Michael A.; Keyser, James D. (2016).
988:
871:"Cheyenne Pronghorn Procurement and Ceremony"
698:. University of Washington Press – via
604:
565:
553:
198:It is part of the Ludlow Division within the
8:
1511:Vandalized works of art in the United States
909:. Vol. 21, no. 6. pp. 10–14.
385:List of archaeological sites in South Dakota
1465:National Register of Historic Places Portal
833:Sundstrom, Linda; Keyser, James D. (1998).
1450:
995:
981:
973:
20:
1521:Landforms of Harding County, South Dakota
1004:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
592:
510:
78:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
94:Prehistoric Rock Art of South Dakota MPS
401:
1516:Locations in Native American mythology
664:
616:
541:
522:
495:
435:
410:"National Register Information System"
753:"Unanswered Questions on Ludlow Cave"
190:The cave's one entrance is high on a
7:
676:
652:
640:
580:
526:
452:
415:National Register of Historic Places
14:
1491:Petroglyphs in the United States
1459:
1449:
1440:
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1062:
1055:
151:inside. The cave was visited by
465:Isern, Tom (January 23, 2021).
202:, which was created during the
100:
1:
243:, bones, and shell jewelry.
173:Harding County, South Dakota
145:Harding County, South Dakota
70:Archeological Site No. 39HN1
38:Harding County, South Dakota
1422:National Historic Landmarks
629:Sundstrom & Keyser 1998
471:Prairie Public Broadcasting
218:may have visited the site.
1557:
903:"Exploring the Cave Hills"
1435:
1053:
936:Wood, W. Raymond (1971).
869:Sundstrom, Linda (2000).
797:Sundstrom, Linda (1997).
605:Klassen & Keyser 2016
566:Klassen & Keyser 2016
554:Klassen & Keyser 2016
119:
99:NRHP reference
84:
75:
68:
64:
60:
347:Vermillion, South Dakota
279:. Several tribes of the
1427:Wind Cave National Park
360:-based tribe, possibly
222:George Armstrong Custer
153:George Armstrong Custer
1027:Keeper of the Register
901:Wilson, Jerry (2006).
803:Great Plains Quarterly
749:Strong, William Duncan
696:Plains Indian Rock Art
226:Black Hills Expedition
185:Custer National Forest
157:Black Hills Expedition
1496:Caves of South Dakota
1042:National Park Service
1022:Contributing property
942:Plains Anthropologist
907:South Dakota Magazine
875:Plains Anthropologist
839:Plains Anthropologist
467:"Into the Cave Hills"
420:National Park Service
366:William Duncan Strong
155:as part of his 1874
48:300 feet (91 m)
643:, pp. 126–127.
631:, pp. 227–230.
422:. November 2, 2013.
137:archaeological site
758:American Antiquity
717:American Antiquity
619:, pp. 10, 13.
525:, pp. 12–13;
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1472:
1032:Historic district
343:W. H. Over Museum
251:Ludlow Cave is a
200:Laramie Formation
123:
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1536:Siouan mythology
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881:(174): 119–132.
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809:(3/4): 185–212.
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141:North Cave Hills
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358:Rocky Mountains
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204:Late Cretaceous
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40:, United States
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771:10.2307/276008
765:(3): 205–207.
745:
730:10.2307/275884
724:(2): 126–129.
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667:, p. 206.
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655:, p. 129.
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593:Sundstrom 1997
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583:, p. 128.
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568:, p. 183.
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556:, p. 181.
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531:
529:, p. 126.
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511:Sundstrom 2000
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281:Missouri River
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1331:Oglala Lakota
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547:
544:, p. 13.
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498:, p. 12.
497:
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438:, p. 10.
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352:Based on the
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328:
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278:
277:Siouan tribes
274:
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115:March 7, 1994
114:
112:Added to NRHP
110:
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67:
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39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
19:
1008:South Dakota
963:– via
957:. Retrieved
945:
941:
927:– via
921:. Retrieved
912:
906:
890:. Retrieved
878:
874:
860:– via
854:. Retrieved
842:
838:
824:– via
818:. Retrieved
806:
802:
788:– via
782:. Retrieved
762:
756:
739:– via
733:. Retrieved
721:
715:
700:Project MUSE
695:
687:Bibliography
672:
660:
648:
636:
624:
612:
607:, p. 5.
600:
588:
561:
549:
518:
474:. Retrieved
470:
460:
413:
404:
374:
351:
323:
302:
294:
285:Great Plains
250:
234:
220:
213:
197:
189:
166:
132:
125:
124:
18:
1541:Assiniboine
1415:Other lists
1131:Charles Mix
708:Over, W. H.
665:Strong 1937
617:Wilson 2006
542:Wilson 2006
523:Wilson 2006
496:Wilson 2006
436:Wilson 2006
313:thunderbird
309:petroglyphs
273:Assiniboine
253:sacred site
126:Ludlow Cave
24:Ludlow Cave
1480:Categories
1336:Pennington
1241:Hutchinson
1191:Fall River
391:References
354:typography
339:chalcedony
177:Cave Hills
1321:Minnehaha
1301:McPherson
1266:Kingsbury
1146:Codington
1101:Brookings
1096:Bon Homme
929:EBSCOhost
677:Wood 1971
653:Over 1936
641:Over 1936
581:Over 1936
527:Over 1936
453:Over 1936
396:Citations
335:quartzite
320:Artifacts
247:Mythology
237:W.H. Over
192:sandstone
163:Geography
143:of rural
53:Entrances
1501:Cheyenne
1445:Category
1396:Walworth
1311:Mellette
1291:Marshall
1276:Lawrence
1126:Campbell
1072:Lists by
954:25666989
918:20259193
887:25669691
851:25669547
815:23533207
751:(1937).
710:(1936).
379:See also
370:Nebraska
362:Shoshone
305:pioneers
298:Mobridge
291:Rock art
269:Cheyenne
216:Cheyenne
149:rock art
135:) is an
106:94000108
29:Location
1531:Hidatsa
1526:Arikara
1406:Ziebach
1401:Yankton
1366:Stanley
1356:Sanborn
1351:Roberts
1341:Perkins
1281:Lincoln
1256:Jerauld
1251:Jackson
1231:Harding
1206:Gregory
1186:Edmunds
1181:Douglas
1161:Davison
1116:Buffalo
1091:Bennett
959:June 5,
784:May 11,
261:Hidatsa
257:Arikara
241:lithics
230:Arikara
210:History
139:in the
1386:Turner
1346:Potter
1296:McCook
1236:Hughes
1226:Hanson
1216:Hamlin
1211:Haakon
1156:Custer
1151:Corson
1086:Beadle
1081:Aurora
1074:county
1015:Topics
952:
923:May 6,
916:
892:May 6,
885:
856:May 6,
849:
820:May 6,
813:
779:276008
777:
735:May 6,
476:May 6,
337:, and
275:, and
181:buttes
169:Ludlow
34:Ludlow
1391:Union
1381:Tripp
1371:Sully
1361:Spink
1326:Moody
1316:Miner
1306:Meade
1286:Lyman
1261:Jones
1201:Grant
1196:Faulk
1176:Dewey
1171:Deuel
1136:Clark
1121:Butte
1111:Brule
1106:Brown
965:JSTOR
950:JSTOR
911:EBSCO
883:JSTOR
862:JSTOR
847:JSTOR
826:JSTOR
811:JSTOR
790:JSTOR
775:JSTOR
741:JSTOR
331:agate
327:flint
133:39HN1
45:Depth
32:near
1455:List
1376:Todd
1271:Lake
1246:Hyde
1221:Hand
1141:Clay
961:2024
925:2024
913:host
894:2024
858:2024
822:2024
786:2024
737:2024
478:2024
265:Crow
130:SITS
1166:Day
1006:in
767:doi
726:doi
345:in
101:No.
90:MPS
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