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of experimentation is to use steel balls dropped by an electromagnet onto a glass prism to test relationships such as platform thickness and flake length. Additionally, work by
Patterson(1990) indicates that the process of bifacial reduction can be identified through analysis of debitage in the absence of an identifiable bifacial artefact by comparing the various proportions of an assemblage's flake sizes. A very wide range of attributes may be used to characterize and compare assemblages to isolate (and interpret) differences across time and space in the production of stone tools. Lithic analysts identify flake scarring on stone artifacts in order to understand the manufacturing process of flake production. There have been efforts to identify variables to predict original size of discarded tool artifact but the results yielded from these studies have not been uniform and research continues. Kuhn (1990) presents his Geometric Index of Unifacial Reduction, an equation for estimating the mass loss of retouched stone artefacts. This index attempts to use 2D measurements of a flakes reduced edge to find the lost mass. Discovering the amount a particular flake has been reduced can help archaeologists answer questions of tool maintainability, optimal resources, and knapping practices. Kuhn's GIUR method was recently reestablished as a robust method as evident through simulation and experiments yielding strong positive correlation coefficients of flake mass removed from retouched flakes. The GIUR method is best used on flakes that have been lightly retouched and it can only be used on flakes that are unifacial.
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assumption contain the concept that people tend to shape stone tool into certain specific form for specific purpose. This is the foundation of lithic typology and widely accepted. However
Hiscock (2004) provides an ethnographic observation from Australia and points out that the processes of making lithic flake are actually more social dynamic and with much negotiation between lithic knappers, the common measure attributes, such as retouched scar, form of flake and optimal economic presumption, are all less related to the function of the end-product. Although there are several other ethnographic studies lead to similar conclusion, Hiscock reminds that these observations are not to overthrow the classification system now but to provide an alternative possibility to consider lithic study. Shott proposed that the settlement mobility and lithic technology are related based on ethnographic and archaeological studies. The technological diversity decreases when the mobility frequency and magnitude become greater, which is consistent with theoretically derived expectations from 14 ethnographic groups. Though diversity decreases, however, the range in the tool's flexibility in function greatly increases. As a result, the tool limit a group can carry can be determined by their mobility. Foragers need only two to three different tool classes in order to survive.
341:, where sixty three types of stone tools were defined on the basis of manufacturing techniques and morphological characteristics. According to Bordes, the presence or absence of tool types, or differences in the frequency of types between assemblages, were manifestations of cultural differences between ethnic groups. Notwithstanding that there have been several re-evaluations of Bordes’ interpretation of the "ethnicity" of variations in assemblage type composition, the basic assumption that there is explanatory value in the construction of morphologically defined types of artifacts has remained. For instance, the use of typologies as indicators of chronological and/or cultural affiliations is rarely disputed and is acknowledged as an invaluable analytical tool for this purpose.
429:. One example of this application is Yellin (1996) in which neutron activation analysis was used to trace the source of obsidian artifacts found at the Gilat site in Israel. This investigation found that earlier obsidian was obtained from central Anatolia, but in later times, obsidian was obtained from another region in eastern Anatolia. This is used as evidence for changing trade relationships in Israel during the Chalcolithic period.
380:. The overall purpose is to provide an accurate, and precise, analytical instrument for the identification of stone tool function. It is worth noting that the precision of functional identifications may range considerably, from "scraping soft material" to "scraping fresh hide for 10 minutes" with a corresponding drop in accuracy as precision increases. Macrowear studies relying on 3D modelling are also increasingly common.
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weapons, utensils, clothing, and musical instruments. However, the lithic materials might be less important than wooden tools in their material culture when considering other resources in the Wola. It shows that studying both people and environment as a whole can provide a better understanding of the function and role of stone tools.
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Lithic reduction itself can be studied to help illuminate the settlement and movement patterns of hunter-gatherer groups by following the idea of
Central Place Foraging Models. The Model dictates that the farther from a resource a group inhabits, the more processing of that resource will occur in the
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Ethnographic research is another way to figure out the use of stone tools by observing the modern communities which still have stone tool traditions. A research of the Wola society in Papua New Guinea shows that stone tools have a wide range of uses, but a short lifespan. They use stone tools to make
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Experiments have been conducted in order to match up the microwear patterns on actual artifacts with experimental artifacts. At the site of
Nausharo, the use-wear analysis conducted on the flint artifacts showed a match to the experimental use-wear of a potter using the flint blades as trimming tools
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Technological analysis is concerned with the examination of the production of knapped-stone artifacts. The study of the attributes of waste products (debitage) and tools are the most important methods for the study of knapped-stone technology, backed up with experimental production. One such method
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Functional analysis of stone tools – a term given to a variety of approaches designed with the aim of identifying the use of a stone tool – is based on the argument that the uses to which tools were put in antiquity leave diagnostic damage and/or polish on their working edges. This type of analysis
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Conventional approaches to the analysis of knapped stone can be grouped into three elementary, yet ultimately interconnected, areas of study: typological analysis, functional analysis, and technological analysis. Additional areas of study, such as geochemical analysis, have been developed in recent
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Above all, whether the typological classification, function or technology, there is a premise in these analytic method. The premise is that archaeologists presume a blueprint of the end-product of stone tool, or say a mental map with step-by-step processes of prehistoric people in mind. This
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is synonymous with "chipped" or "struck", but is preferred by some analysts because it signifies intentionality and process. Ground stone generally refers to any tool made by a combination of flaking, pecking, pounding, grinding, drilling, and incising, and includes things such as
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field before being transported to the primary habitation. Testing of this model has indicated it is indeed applicable to lithic assemblages, and can help to identify assemblages created by highly mobile hunter-gatherer societies in prehistory.
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glass, was also a highly sought-after material for knapping and was widely traded. This is due to the quality of the stone, the razor sharpness of edges that can be created, and the fact that it fractures in highly predictable ways.
167:. A thorough understanding of the lithic reduction and ground stone processes, in combination with the use of statistics, can allow the analyst to draw conclusions concerning the type of lithic manufacturing techniques used at a
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Marwick, Ben (May 2008). "What attributes are important for the measurement of assemblage reduction intensity? Results from an experimental stone artefact assemblage with relevance to the
Hoabinhian of mainland Southeast Asia".
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Petrological and geochemical analysis can be useful in identifying the sources of lithics and assist in establishing trade and migration routes. Methods used are typical of those used in geologic research, such as
271:, and flint can be seen as a variety of chert. In common usage, flint may refer more often to high quality material from chalky matrix (i.e. "chalk flint" as found in Britain) and chert refers to material from
305:, or steatite, has been a popular rock for grinding and carving among many cultures worldwide. It has been used for production of such disparate items as vessels/bowls, pipes, cooking slabs, and sculptures.
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Beck, Charlotte; Taylor, Amanda K.; Jones, George T.; Fadem, Cynthia M.; Cook, Caitlyn R.; Millward, Sara A. (2002). "Rocks are heavy: transport costs and
Paleoarchaic quarry behavior in the Great Basin".
174:. For example, they can make certain equation between each the factors of flake to predict original shape. These data can then be used to draw an understanding of socioeconomic and cultural organization.
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MĂ©ry, S.; Anderson, P.; Inizan, M. L.; Lechevallier, M.; Pelegrin, J. (2007). "A pottery workshop with flint tools on blades knapped with copper at
Nausharo (Indus civilisation, ca. 2500 BC)".
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Europe, well into the 19th century in many parts of Europe and the
Americas. Contemporary stone tool manufacturers often work stone for experimentation with past techniques or for replication.
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Stone is the one category of material which is used by (virtually) all human cultures and, for the vast majority of the human past, is the only record of human behaviour. The end of
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is the act of artifact classification based on morphological similarities. Resultant classes include those artifacts subsumed by tool, production, and debitage categories.
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for pottery placed on a potter's wheel. This is significant because it gives direct evidence for the use of the blades and for the presence of a potter's wheel.
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tools. The ability of a microwear analyst has been tested in the past by presenting them with a set of experimentally produced and utilised tool in a
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Eren, Metin I.; Sampson, C. Garth (2008). "Kuhn's
Geometric Index of Unifacial Stone Tool Reduction (GIUR): does it measure missing flake mass?".
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Yellin, Joseph; Thomas E., Levy; Yorke M., Rowan (1996). "New evidence on prehistoric trade routes: the obsidian evidence from Gilat, Israel".
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Eren, M.; Sampson, C (2009). "Kuhn's
Geometric Index of Unifacial Stone Tool Reduction (GIUR): does it measure missing flake mass?".
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144:, the measurement of various physical attributes, and examining other visible features (such as noting the presence or absence of
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Although there are debates concerning the physics of both edge polishes and edge damage which draw on the science of
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Hiscock, P.; Clarkson, C. (2009). "The reality of reduction experiments and the GIUR: reply to Eren and Sampson".
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using basic scientific techniques. At its most basic level, lithic analyses involve an analysis of the artifact's
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analysis usually depends on the comparisons of the edge wear of modern experimentally produced samples with
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Shott, M.J. (1986). "Technological organization and settlement mobility: An ethnographic examination".
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Shott, Michael. J. (2007). "Flake Size from Platform Attributes: Predictive and Empirical Approaches".
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In North America, Central America, and other places around the world, such as Turkey and New Zealand,
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Speth, J.D. (1981). "The Role of Platform Angle and Core Size in Hard Hammer Percussion Flaking".
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Sillitoe, P. and K. Hardy 2003 "Living lithics: ethnoarchaeology in highland Papua New Guinea".
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Pelcin, Andrew W. (1998). "The Threshold Effect of Platform Width: A Reply to Davis and Shea".
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Patterson, Leland W. (1990). "Characteristics of Bifacial-Reduction Flake-Size Distribution".
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quartz (both vein quartz and rock crystal) was a commonly used raw material around the globe.
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Driscoll, Killian. 2010. "Understanding quartz technology in early prehistoric Ireland"
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561:"After the Revolution: A Review of 3D Modelling as a Tool for Stone Artefact Analysis"
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quartzes that are suitable for knapping. As well as cryptocrystalline quartz,
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Kuhn, S. (1990). "A geometric index of reduction for unifacial stone tools".
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Grosman, Leore; Karasik, Avshalom; Harush, Ortal; Smilansky, Uzy (2014).
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The term 'lithic analysis' can technically refer to the study of any
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7. Institute of Archaeology. University of California, Los Angeles.
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Luedtke, B.E. 1992. "An archaeologist's guide to chert and flint".
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does not signify the end of stone working; stones were knapped in
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Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies
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Cotterell, B.; Kamminga, J. (1987). "The formation of flakes".
155:(human-created) stone, but in its usual sense it is applied to
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The best known lithic typology is the series established by
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are the most commonly knapped materials and are compact
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is an increasingly important tool for lithic analysis.
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Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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279:" may be used to describe the family of
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1142:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
405:Petrological and geochemical analysis
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
1045:Journal of Anthropological Research
275:matrices. To avoid this, the term "
159:material that was produced through
559:Wyatt-Spratt, Simon (2022-11-04).
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2310:Megalithic architectural elements
967:10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.2.1.0048
916:Journal of Archaeological Science
871:Journal of Archaeological Science
836:Journal of Archaeological Science
801:Journal of Archaeological Science
774:Journal of Archaeological Science
626:Journal of Archaeological Science
523:Journal of Archaeological Science
457:Journal of Archaeological Science
322:In reference to lithic analyses,
206:, grooved and perforated stones,
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1005:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
333:(1950) for the Lower and Middle
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2929:Evolutionary origin of religion
34:needs additional citations for
673:10.1080/01977261.1981.11720840
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2542:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2072:British megalith architecture
1154:10.1016/s0278-4165(02)00007-7
491:Archaeological Research Tools
3199:electrical resistance survey
2537:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2077:Nordic megalith architecture
1114:Journal of Field Archaeology
821:10.1016/0305-4403(90)90038-7
419:neutron activation analysis
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3088:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
2685:British Isles and Brittany
2606:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1126:10.1179/009346996791973873
324:typological classification
318:Typological classification
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3169:Philosophy of archaeology
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646:10.1016/j.jas.2007.08.007
543:10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.002
1057:10.1086/jar.42.1.3630378
2917:Evolutionary musicology
2320:Oldest extant buildings
2247:Archaeological features
1766:Prepared-core technique
996:Hiscock, Peter (2004).
2879:Unchambered long cairn
2727:Mound Builders culture
2060:Neolithic architecture
1195:Prehistoric technology
786:10.1006/jasc.1999.0499
477:10.1006/jasc.1997.0253
3179:Archaeological ethics
3174:Archaeological diving
3164:Archaeological theory
2554:List of Stone Age art
1756:Microblade technology
1704:Langdale axe industry
1302:Ard / plough
3118:Augustus Pitt Rivers
3113:William Henry Holmes
3078:Archaeological sites
2961:Prehistoric medicine
2956:Prehistoric counting
2939:Prehistoric religion
2934:Paleolithic religion
2912:Behavioral modernity
2269:Causewayed enclosure
2161:Abri de la Madeleine
1285:Neolithic Revolution
43:improve this article
3108:John Lloyd Stephens
3098:Heinrich Schliemann
3000:Prehistoric warfare
1746:Magdalenian culture
1709:Levallois technique
1640:Earliest toolmaking
1086:Driscoll, Killian.
928:2009JArSc..36.1243E
883:2009JArSc..36.1576H
848:2009JArSc..36.1243E
813:1990JArSc..17..583K
638:2008JArSc..35.1189M
535:2007JArSc..34.1098M
469:1998JArSc..25..615P
172:archaeological site
129:is the analysis of
3632:History portal
3194:geophysical survey
2951:Origin of language
2944:Spiritual drug use
2854:Rectangular dolmen
2756:Dartmoor kistvaens
2569:Carved stone balls
2281:Circular enclosure
2240:Other architecture
2183:Alp pile dwellings
1771:Solutrean industry
1682:Gravettian culture
1332:Secondary products
731:American Antiquity
688:American Antiquity
427:X-ray fluorescence
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3157:Method and theory
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2922:music archaeology
2579:Cup and ring mark
2404:Clothing/textiles
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1776:Striking platform
1741:Lithic technology
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1611:Game drive system
1530:Projectile points
1422:Mortar and pestle
1092:lithicsireland.ie
661:Lithic Technology
352:use-wear analysis
350:is also known as
281:cryptocrystalline
262:cryptocrystalline
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3128:Mortimer Wheeler
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2895:Archaeoastronomy
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790:
789:
769:
763:
762:
726:
720:
719:
683:
677:
676:
656:
650:
649:
632:(5): 1189–1200.
620:
614:
607:
601:
600:
590:
580:
578:10.5334/jcaa.103
556:
547:
546:
529:(7): 1098–1116.
518:
512:
507:
501:
487:
481:
480:
452:
378:blind experiment
285:macrocrystalline
161:lithic reduction
148:, for example).
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3606:
3554:
3453:
3368:Archaeogenetics
3346:
3290:
3236:Sub-disciplines
3230:
3226:Post-excavation
3221:Lithic analysis
3152:
3123:Flinders Petrie
3064:
3059:
3029:
3016:
2883:
2869:Stone box grave
2839:Megalithic tomb
2744:Cotswold-Severn
2696:
2601:Guardian stones
2529:Prehistoric art
2523:
2366:
2341:
2330:Timber trackway
2235:
2199:
2195:Wattle and daub
2048:
2027:Standing stones
2001:
1980:
1795:
1622:
1599:
1524:
1441:
1351:Food processing
1346:
1295:New World crops
1267:
1254:
1197:
1192:
1162:
1161:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1000:
995:
994:
990:
948:
947:
943:
913:
912:
908:
868:
867:
863:
833:
832:
828:
798:
797:
793:
780:(10): 877–894.
771:
770:
766:
728:
727:
723:
685:
684:
680:
658:
657:
653:
622:
621:
617:
608:
604:
558:
557:
550:
520:
519:
515:
508:
504:
488:
484:
454:
453:
449:
444:
435:
407:
390:
347:
331:François Bordes
320:
311:
240:
127:lithic analysis
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3622:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3595:Assyriologists
3592:
3585:Archaeologists
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3437:Zooarchaeology
3434:
3429:
3427:Geoarchaeology
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3388:Paleopathology
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3363:Bioarchaeology
3360:
3354:
3352:
3351:Methodological
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Dorothy Garrod
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:Antiquarianism
3080:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2978:Alligator drum
2970:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2905:lunar calendar
2902:
2891:
2889:
2888:Other cultural
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2692:Venus figurine
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Megalithic art
2620:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2576:
2574:Cave paintings
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2376:Material goods
2368:
2367:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2092:Cliff dwelling
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1677:Fire hardening
1674:
1669:
1667:Clovis culture
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1590:Manis Mastodon
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1469:throwing stick
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1281:
1279:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1148:(4): 481–507.
1131:
1120:(3): 361–368.
1104:
1078:
1032:
988:
941:
906:
861:
826:
807:(5): 583–593.
791:
764:
743:10.2307/281378
737:(4): 675–708.
721:
700:10.2307/281285
694:(3): 550–558.
678:
651:
615:
602:
571:(1): 215–237.
548:
513:
502:
482:
463:(7): 615–620.
446:
445:
443:
440:
434:
431:
425:analysis, and
423:stable isotope
406:
403:
389:
386:
370:archaeological
346:
343:
319:
316:
310:
309:Areas of study
307:
239:
236:
200:grinding slabs
163:(knapping) or
157:archaeological
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3665:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:Egyptologists
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Phenomenology
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:Environmental
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Computational
3408:
3406:
3405:Archaeogaming
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:Post-Medieval
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Protohistoric
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:Chronological
3242:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Richard Hoare
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Simple dolmen
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Passage grave
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2795:Gallery grave
2793:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:Burial mounds
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Statue menhir
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:Stone carving
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:Sewing needle
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Timber circle
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:Tor enclosure
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2262:fulacht fiadh
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
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1499:
1498:spear-thrower
1496:
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1477:
1476:Bow and arrow
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1385:Grinding slab
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1317:Domestication
1315:
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1312:Digging stick
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1300:
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1290:Founder crops
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1266:
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1232:
1231:New Stone Age
1229:
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186: /
185:
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153:anthropogenic
149:
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135:chipped stone
132:
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110:
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91:
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84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3470:Archaeometry
3444:Experimental
3378:Near Eastern
3337:Near Eastern
3332:Mesopotamian
3286:Contemporary
3220:
3103:Arthur Evans
2805:wedge-shaped
2790:Funeral pyre
2783:Great dolmen
2739:Chamber tomb
2720:Round barrow
2675:Stone circle
2547:Blombos Cave
2475:Grooved ware
2399:Chalcolithic
2303:Thornborough
2221:Flush toilet
2156:Blombos Cave
2151:Rock shelter
2107:Quiggly hole
1999:Architecture
1974:illustration
1723:
1616:Buffalo jump
1437:Storage pits
1400:Aşıklı Höyük
1390:Ground stone
1226:Subdivisions
1145:
1141:
1134:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:
1081:
1051:(1): 15–51.
1048:
1044:
1011:(1): 71–77.
1008:
1004:
991:
961:(1): 48–64.
958:
954:
944:
919:
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874:
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864:
839:
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829:
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724:
691:
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629:
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618:
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605:
568:
564:
526:
522:
516:
505:
490:
485:
460:
456:
450:
436:
415:thin section
412:petrographic
408:
399:
395:3D modelling
391:
382:
374:ethnographic
359:
355:
348:
335:Palaeolithic
328:
321:
312:
301:
289:
252:
241:
204:hammerstones
178:
176:
165:ground stone
150:
126:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3550:Transgender
3475:Battlefield
3251:Prehistoric
3211:Burnt layer
3148:George Bass
3062:Archaeology
2827:unchambered
2822:Long barrow
2812:Grave goods
2768:Court cairn
2763:Clava cairn
2715:Bowl barrow
2653:Rock cupule
2596:Golden hats
2589:Hill figure
2490:Unstan ware
2470:Cord-marked
2335:Sweet Track
2257:Burnt mound
2178:Stilt house
2166:Sibudu Cave
1959:Tally stick
1927:Quern-stone
1912:Hammerstone
1902:Fire plough
1873:Pesse canoe
1831:Bannerstone
1801:Other tools
1714:Lithic core
1662:Aurignacian
1550:Bare Island
1432:Quern-stone
613:77:555-566.
169:prehistoric
131:stone tools
123:archaeology
3573:by country
3505:Industrial
3500:Indigenous
3449:Underwater
3395:Calceology
3317:Australian
3295:Geographic
3281:Historical
3216:Excavation
2966:trepanning
2859:Ring cairn
2817:Jar burial
2800:transepted
2732:U.S. sites
2633:Petroglyph
2559:Bird stone
2517:wine press
2190:Stone roof
2173:Roundhouse
2065:long house
2042:Stonehenge
2010:Ceremonial
1954:Stone tool
1781:Tool stone
1751:Metallurgy
1655:Mousterian
1632:Toolmaking
1570:Cumberland
1543:Transverse
1513:Schöningen
1405:Qesem cave
1373:Earth oven
1327:Irrigation
1238:Technology
1206:Prehistory
1026:1885/42661
900:1885/54549
588:2123/30230
442:References
417:analysis,
388:Technology
269:colloquial
244:prehistory
226:) such as
142:morphology
133:and other
99:March 2008
69:newspapers
3510:Landscape
3383:Osteology
3266:Classical
3010:symbolism
2874:Tor cairn
2832:Grønsalen
2773:Cremation
2665:Sculpture
2643:Pictogram
2628:Petroform
2448:amber use
2416:Cosmetics
2226:Reservoir
2211:Check dam
2141:Pueblitos
2136:Pit-house
2119:Longhouse
2053:Dwellings
1922:Microlith
1853:Bow drill
1848:Bone tool
1841:prismatic
1650:Acheulean
1565:Cresswell
1538:Arrowhead
1464:Boomerang
1380:Granaries
1342:Terracing
1221:Stone Age
975:2166-3556
759:163565502
716:164139945
611:Antiquity
597:2514-8362
433:Reduction
366:microwear
364:, modern
362:tribology
314:decades.
303:Soapstone
273:limestone
238:Materials
177:The term
138:artifacts
3647:Category
3620:Category
3602:Journals
3520:Mortuary
3515:Maritime
3490:Funerary
3485:Feminist
3480:Conflict
3458:Thematic
3373:Medieval
3327:Egyptian
3322:Oceanian
3307:American
3271:Medieval
3261:Biblical
3138:Max Uhle
2648:Rock art
2611:painting
2584:Geoglyph
2409:timeline
2389:Beadwork
2129:Mehrgarh
2124:Mudbrick
2032:megalith
1907:Fire-saw
1729:debitage
1724:analysis
1692:Hand axe
1672:Cupstone
1250:Glossary
1211:Timeline
1073:45430590
983:60936690
345:Function
296:volcanic
292:obsidian
277:silicate
248:Medieval
224:debitage
220:unifaces
3653:Lithics
3580:Periods
3415:Virtual
3400:Digital
3302:African
3204:Sondage
3070:History
3005:Symbols
2616:pigment
2502:Weaving
2465:Cardium
2460:Pottery
2455:Mirrors
2443:Jewelry
2384:Baskets
2364:culture
2216:Cistern
2022:Pyramid
1964:Weapons
1942:Scraper
1932:Racloir
1892:Cleaver
1880:Chopper
1786:Uniface
1697:Grooves
1687:Hafting
1645:Oldowan
1604:Systems
1555:Cascade
1518:woomera
1508:harpoon
1481:history
1447:Hunting
1427:Pottery
1368:Cooking
1277:Farming
1243:history
1216:Outline
1097:8 April
1065:3630378
924:Bibcode
879:Bibcode
844:Bibcode
809:Bibcode
634:Bibcode
531:Bibcode
465:Bibcode
372:and/or
216:bifaces
192:pestles
188:metates
184:mortars
179:knapped
83:scholar
3569:Sites
3495:Gender
3358:Aerial
3342:Nubian
3189:Survey
2983:flutes
2778:Dolmen
2702:Burial
2512:winery
2485:Linear
2315:Midden
2293:Cursus
2286:Goseck
2146:Pueblo
2097:Dugout
2082:Burdei
1761:Mining
1585:Lamoka
1580:Folsom
1560:Clovis
1417:Metate
1395:Hearth
1363:Basket
1337:Sickle
1071:
1063:
981:
973:
757:
751:281378
749:
714:
708:281285
706:
595:
497:
339:France
265:quartz
228:flakes
146:cortex
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3563:Lists
3545:Queer
3525:Music
3312:Asian
2900:sites
2844:Mummy
2564:Cairn
2480:JĹŤmon
2431:shoes
2426:Hides
2298:Henge
2252:Broch
2114:Jacal
1969:Wheel
1917:Knife
1863:Canoe
1858:Burin
1836:Blade
1734:flake
1595:Plano
1503:baton
1493:Spear
1459:Arrow
1412:Manos
1265:Tools
1069:S2CID
1061:JSTOR
1001:(PDF)
979:S2CID
755:S2CID
747:JSTOR
712:S2CID
704:JSTOR
294:, or
258:chert
254:Flint
232:cores
196:manos
90:JSTOR
76:books
3530:Nazi
2993:gudi
2751:Cist
2680:list
2507:Wine
2436:Ă–tzi
2421:Glue
2394:Beds
2362:and
2360:Arts
2231:Well
2087:Cave
2017:Kiva
1947:side
1937:Rope
1885:tool
1819:bone
1809:Adze
1575:Eden
1488:Nets
1358:Fire
1322:Goad
1307:Celt
1099:2017
971:ISSN
593:ISSN
495:ISBN
256:and
230:and
208:axes
194:(or
62:news
2102:Hut
2037:row
1868:Oar
1826:Axe
1814:Awl
1150:doi
1122:doi
1053:doi
1021:hdl
1013:doi
963:doi
932:doi
895:hdl
887:doi
852:doi
817:doi
782:doi
739:doi
696:doi
669:doi
642:doi
583:hdl
573:doi
539:doi
473:doi
337:of
198:),
121:In
45:by
3649::
1146:21
1144:.
1118:23
1116:.
1090:.
1067:.
1059:.
1049:42
1047:.
1035:^
1019:.
1009:14
1007:.
1003:.
977:.
969:.
957:.
953:.
930:.
920:36
918:.
893:.
885:.
875:36
873:.
850:.
840:36
838:.
815:.
805:17
803:.
778:27
776:.
753:.
745:.
735:52
733:.
710:.
702:.
692:55
690:.
665:10
663:.
640:.
630:35
628:.
591:.
581:.
567:.
563:.
551:^
537:.
527:34
525:.
471:.
461:25
459:.
421:,
234:.
218:,
214:,
202:,
190:,
125:,
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3040:v
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1128:.
1124::
1101:.
1075:.
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1029:.
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985:.
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903:.
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718:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
