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is and remains intact and is at the moment the strongest in Europe". Beck ended with these comments: "The military-economic situation of
Germany is bad, worse than in 1917–1918. In its current military, military-political and military-economic condition, Germany cannot expose itself to the risk of a long war". The May Crisis of 21–22 May 1938 further convinced Beck of the dangers of going to war in 1938 and led him to increase his efforts to stop a war that he felt that Germany could not win. In November 1938, Beck informed a friend that from the time of the May Crisis, he had only one consideration in his mind: "How can I prevent a war?"
33:
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General Staff and presumably abandon his plans for aggression. In a memorandum opposing war in 1938, Beck commented: "Once again, the comments of the Führer demonstrate the complete inadequacy of the current top military-advisory hierarchy". Beck advocated the need for a "continual, competent advising of the commander-in-chief of the
Wehrmacht on questions of war leadership" and predicted that otherwise, "the future destiny of the Wehrmacht in peace and war, indeed the destiny of Germany in a future war, must be painted in the blackest of colors".
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847:, Wilhelm Keitel, and Walther von Brauchitsch, during which Hitler restated the views that he had first expressed in the Hossbach Memorandum. In response, Beck drafted another memo on 29 May in which he presented a case that the Czechoslovak Army was not, as Hitler argued, a weak force and that a limited regional war in Central Europe was not a realistic possibility. In the same memorandum, Beck proclaimed his agreement with Hitler's views about the necessity of acquiring
1121:
with her father. Following the start of World War II, to avoid being conscripted into the labour service, she moved to a family friend's forestry estate in East
Prussia. Here she met Gunther Neubaur, who was born on 18 October 1915. Despite already being engaged and his parents objecting, since at 23 they considered her to be too young, the couple went ahead and married in Berlin on 2 March 1940. Their daughter was born in January 1941. Neubaur was serving as a
336:
678:, wanted. In Beck's conception of power politics, it was crucial to have German military power restored to its pre-1919 levels, and from the latter half of 1933, he advocated a level of military spending beyond even those considered by Hitler. Once Germany was sufficiently rearmed, Beck thought that the Reich should wage a series of wars that would establish Germany as Europe's foremost power and place all of
928:, a leading protégé of Beck's, wrote to his mentor urging him to stay at his post and to place his faith in Hitler. On 29 July, Beck wrote a memorandum stating the German Army had the duty to prepare for possible wars with foreign enemies and "for an internal conflict which need only take place in Berlin". The 29 July memo is normally considered to be the start of Beck's efforts to overthrow the Nazi regime.
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890:, Beck was a leader of the "antiwar" group in the German government, which was determined to avoid a war in 1938 that it felt Germany would lose. The group was not necessarily committed to the overthrow of the regime but was loosely allied to another, more radical group, the "anti-Nazi" faction centred on Colonel
1117:. She had been advised by its head, Dr Luebhard Saathoff, never to have children. Following her marriage, he was persuaded to change his opinion. Amalie gave birth to Gertrud Beck on 1 January 1917 in Wiesbaden, Hassen-Nassau, Preussen. Nine months later, on 16 November 1917, Amalie died in the sanatorium.
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Beck was serving on the
Western Front at the time of his wife’s death and had little interest in his five-year-old child. Consequently, Dr Saathoff took responsibility for her and she joined his family of five children and several adopted children. From the age of 14, Gertrud began living permanently
853:
in
Eastern Europe, called the existence of Czechoslovakia "intolerable" and concluded that "a way must be found to eliminate it (Czechoslovakia) as a threat to Germany, even, if necessary, by war". However, Beck argued that Germany was not strong enough to fight the general war that would result from
800:
However, Beck felt that
Germany needed more time to rearm before starting such a war. In Beck's assessment, the earliest date Germany could risk a war was 1940, and any war that was started in 1938 would be a "premature war" that Germany would lose. Most of the generals felt that the idea of starting
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visited her and requested that she accompany them. Her sister-in-law, Annemarie, was present and suggested that since it was late in the day they should have dinner at a nearby hotel and stay the night there. After the
Gestapo had left to take up the suggestion, the two women burnt any incriminating
947:. At Hitler's request, Beck kept his resignation secret and thus nullified the protest value of his resignation. Hitler promised Beck that if he kept his resignation secret, he would be rewarded with a major field command, and Beck was much disillusioned after he was instead put on the retired list.
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On 22 May 1938, Hitler stated that he had deep respect for Beck for his pro-Nazi testimony at the Ulm trial of 1930, but his views were too much that of a
Reichswehr general and not enough of a Wehrmacht general. Hitler commented that Beck was "one of the officers still imprisoned in the idea of the
871:
in 1938. Beck ended his appeal to
Brauchitsch: "If they all act together, then it will be impossible to carry out military action.... If a soldier in a position of highest authority in such times see his duties and tasks only within the limits of his military responsibilities, without consciousness
830:
of 1937, were mistaken and stated his belief that France "wishes for peace or, perhaps more accurately, abhors a new war" but that "in case of a real threat, or what is perceived by the people to be foreign policy pressure, the French nation comes together as if one". Beck believed "The French army
595:
At the
Leipzig trial of Ludin and Scheringer, Beck testified to the good character of the accused, described the Nazi Party as a positive force in German life and proclaimed his belief that the Reichswehr ban on Nazi Party membership should be rescinded. When Lieutenant Scheringer spoke of a future
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could mobilise at least 38 divisions and at least 30 German divisions would be needed to break through, which required a campaign of at least three weeks. Beck concluded that Hitler's assumptions about a limited war in 1938 were mistaken. In July 1938, upon being shown Beck's 5 May 1938 memorandum
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Beck's campaign for a mass resignation was not aimed at the overthrow of Hitler but was rather intended to persuade Hitler to abandon his plans for war in 1938 and to purge certain "radical" elements from the Nazi Party, which Beck believed to have a negative influence on Hitler. Together with the
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since members of the Reichswehr were forbidden from membership of political parties. The three officers admitted their membership and used as their defence the claim that Nazi Party membership should not be forbidden to Reichswehr personnel. When the three officers were arrested after being caught
862:
At first, Beck felt that Hitler's rush to war in 1938 was caused not by his personality but rather him receiving poor military advice, especially from Keitel. As a result, Beck spent much of his time urging a reorganization of the command structure so that Hitler would receive his advice from the
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war in which the Nazi Party and the Reichswehr would fight hand in hand as brothers in a "war of liberation" to abrogate the Treaty of Versailles, Beck supported Scheringer by testifying, "The Reichswehr is told daily that it is an army of leaders. What is a young officer to understand by that?"
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and the Chief of the Hungarian General Staff to discuss plans "for the division of Czechoslovakia". On 12 November 1937, Beck submitted a memorandum stating that "various facts" show the requirement "for an imminent solution by force" of the problem of Czechoslovakia and that it was desirable to
482:
between 1935 and 1938, Beck became increasingly disillusioned and stood in opposition to the rising totalitarianism of the Nazi regime and to Hitler's aggressive foreign policy. Public foreign-policy disagreements with Hitler made Beck resign as Chief of Staff in August 1938. Beck became a major
709:
suburb of Berlin, and worked normally from 09:00 to 19:00 every day. In that role, Beck was widely respected for his intelligence and work ethic but was often criticised by other officers for being too interested in administrative details. In 1934, Beck wrote a lengthy covering letter to a long
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In the following years, Beck lived in retirement in his Berlin apartment and ceased to have any meaningful influence on German military affairs. His opposition to Hitler had brought him in contact with a small number of senior officers intent on deposing the dictator, and his home became the
732:
against Blomberg, who feared the French reaction to such a move. By late 1937 and early 1938, Beck had come into increasing conflict with other officers over the place and importance of the General Staff in the German military hierarchy, in which Beck wished to have all of the important
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letters and documents that they could find. The next morning the Gestapo took her to Munich, her three-year-old daughter remaining behind in the village. Eventually the Gestapo released her from prison and she returned to Oberstdorf, where she spent the rest of her life, dying in 2008.
924:" ("childish calculations"). In another memorandum of July 1938, Beck contended that a war against Czechoslovakia, France and Britain would end in Germany's defeat and urged Hitler to postpone his plans for aggression until Germany was strong enough for such a war. In late July 1938,
736:
In the mid-1930s, Beck started to create his own intelligence network of German military attachés, whom he used both to collect and to leak information. Besides military attachés, Beck also recruited civilians for his private intelligence network, the most notable volunteer being
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would be as strong as the army of 1914. Furthermore, Beck contended that he could not "accept these estimates of the military power of France and England.... Germany, whether alone or in alliance with Italy, is not in a position militarily to match England or France".
637:, which led Beck to warn that those in "leading positions" must understand that foreign adventures might then lead to Germany being forced to make a "humiliating retreat", which might bring about the end of the regime. In August 1934, after the death of President
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an attack on Czechoslovakia in 1938 and urged Hitler to avoid a "premature war". In particular, Beck argued, "It is not accurate to judge Germany today as stronger than in 1914". He also presented a detailed military case that more time was needed before the
1098:. Beck requested permission to keep his private pistol with the intention to commit suicide to avoid torture by the Gestapo. He shot himself in the head but succeeded only in severely wounding himself, and one of Fromm's men was brought in to administer the
592:, to which the three Nazi officers belonged, was furious and argued that since the Nazi Party was a force for good, Reichswehr personnel should not be banned from joining the party. At the preliminary hearing, Beck spoke on behalf of the three officers.
866:
It was only in June 1938 that Beck realised that Hitler was behind the drive for war. In a memorandum to Brauchitsch, Beck urged that all of the senior officers threaten a mass collective resignation to force Hitler to abandon his plans for
1002:, Germany was to be governed by a triumvirate of Beck, Goerdeler and Schacht, who would negotiate a peace with Britain and France that would allow Germany to keep most of its conquests, including Austria, all of western Poland and the
801:
a war in 1938 was highly risky, but none of them would confront Hitler with a refusal to carry out orders since most of them thought that Beck's arguments against war in 1938 were flawed. From May 1938, Beck had bombarded Hitler,
956:
headquarters of the small circle of opposition. He increasingly came to rely on contacts with the British in the hope that London would successfully exert its influence on Hitler through threats and warnings, but he failed.
1112:
In Bremen on 12 May 1916, Beck married Amalie Christine Auguste Luise Pagenstecher, who had been born in Bremen on 6 May 1893. In her youth Amalie had been treated for tuberculosis at the Stillachhaus Sanatorium in
1036:, channelled communications back and forth in secrecy. The British were non-committal, but the Resistance were encouraged by the talks. In January to February 1940, a series of meetings between Goerdeler, Beck,
1044:
produced agreement that when the Nazi regime was overthrown, Beck was to head the Council of Regency, which would govern Germany. In 1940 and 1941, Beck spent much time discussing with Goerdeler, Hassell and
641:, which led to Hitler's assumption of the roles of powers of the presidency, most notably the position of commander-in-chief, Beck wrote that Hitler's move created "favourable conditions" for the Reichswehr.
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start preparing "the political ground among those powers which stood on our side or who were not against us" and that the "military discussion in either the one case or the other should begin at once".
907:
In a June 1938 General Staff study, Beck concluded that Germany could defeat Czechoslovakia but that to do so would leave western Germany empty of troops, which could allow the French to seize the
2959:
625:, Beck wrote, "I have wished for years for the political revolution, and now my wishes have come true. It is the first ray of hope since 1918". In July 1934, Beck expressed some alarm at
611:("Army of Leaders"), which trained soldiers to be leaders for when the army would be expanded beyond the limits permitted by the Treaty of Versailles, by seeking to apply it to politics.
1128:
In 1944, considering the risk from Allied bombing to be high, Beck arranged for Gertrud and her daughter to stay with her Neubaur in-laws in Oberstdorf due to its remote location in the
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served in a mere administrative function, and the Chief of the General Staff should have been able to advise the Reich leadership directly. His views led to conflicts with War Minister
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of his higher responsibility to the whole people, then he shows a lack of greatness, a lack of comprehension of responsibility. Extraordinary times demand extraordinary actions!"
758:, war was a necessary part of restoring Germany to a great power if the wars were limited and if Germany possessed enough strength and had allies that were sufficiently strong.
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to overthrow the Nazi regime. By then, Beck had come to accept that it was not possible to overthrow the Nazi regime if that meant keeping Hitler in power. After a successful
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as a staff officer. After the war, he served in various staff and command appointments. In 1931 and 1932, he led the group of army writers, at the Department of the Army (
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In the early stages of the war, after Poland had been overrun but before France and the Low Countries had been attacked, the German Resistance sought the assistance of
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Beck and his conspirators knew that Germany faced certain and rapid defeat if France and Britain helped Czechoslovakia in 1938. Accordingly, they contacted the
963:, informed Britain of their plot and asked for a firm British warning to deter Hitler from attacking Czechoslovakia. In September 1938, British Prime Minister
777:
for his efforts to curb the army's position of influence. Beck tried very early—as Chief of the General Staff—to deter Hitler from using the grievances of the
754:
of February–March 1938, once Beck was convinced that no war would result from a move against Austria, he swiftly drew up the orders. In Beck's conception of
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748:(Case Otto), the German plan for an invasion of Austria, under the grounds that such a move might cause a world war before Germany was ready. During the
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Müller, Klaus-Jürgen (1985). "The Structure and Nature of the National Conservative Opposition in Germany up to 1940". In Koch, H. W. (ed.).
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in early 1938, Beck saw a chance to reassert the interests and power of the army against what he regarded as the excessive power of the SS.
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was the best fighting force in Europe and that Britain would certainly intervene on the side of France if Germany attacked Czechoslovakia.
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In August 1938, Beck suggested to Brauchitsch that a "house cleaning" of the Nazi regime was necessary, under which the influence of the
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and won over the majority of the generals. Beck resigned alone on 18 August. He was replaced, as head of the General Staff, by General
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to eliminate Czechoslovakia as a state. In 1935, he had a series of meetings with Prince Bernard von Bülow, the State Secretary of the
3259:
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487:. The 20 July plot failed, however, and Beck shot himself in the head but succeeded only in severely wounding himself. One of General
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In the autumn of 1939, Beck was in contact with German Army officers, politicians, and civil servants, including General Halder, Dr.
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considered Müller to be a representative of Beck and agreed to offer the machinery for mediation between the plotters and the
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542:. The first section was promulgated in 1933 and the second section in 1934. A modified version is still in use today by the
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In 1943, Beck planned two abortive attempts to kill Hitler by means of a bomb. In May 1944, a memorandum by Field Marshal
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would be reduced, but Hitler would continue as dictator. At a 10 August summit, attended by the leading generals of the
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armour manoeuvres as a way of encouraging interest in armoured warfare. In Beck's view of the General Staff's role, the
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1132:. They were still there at the time of the failed plot to kill Hitler. Eight days after the event, two members of the
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1091:(regent) and head of the provisional government that would assume power in Germany after Hitler had been eliminated.
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815:(Case Green), the plan for a war against Czechoslovakia. In the first memorand, on 5 May 1938, Beck argued that the
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979:, which handed the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany. That ended the crisis and hence Beck's efforts at a
715:
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The character of Beck appears in all film, literary, and TV dramatisations of the July 1944 plot, being played by
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by shooting Beck in the back of the neck. Beck, along with other conspirators, was buried in secret that night.
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distributing Nazi literature at their base, Beck, the commanding officer of the 5th Artillery Regiment based in
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515:, at Biebrich, Hessen in Germany to Bertha (nee Draudt) and industrialist Ludwig Georg Ernst Wilhelm Beck.
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668:(1935–1938), Beck encouraged the development of armoured forces but not to the extent that advocates of
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to overthrow the Nazi regime. The divergent aims between both factions produced considerable tensions.
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and the need to re-arm, although he believed Germany needed more time to rearm before starting a war.
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1125:(captain) when he was shot near Leningrad and died on 10 February 1942 while on the way to hospital.
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In his May memorandum, Beck argued that Hitler's assumptions about France, which were made in the
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Müller, Klaus-Jürgen (1983). "The German Military Opposition before the Second World War". In
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hundred-thousand-man army". On 28 May 1938, Beck had a meeting with Hitler, Foreign Minister
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with little difficulty. Beck maintained that Czechoslovak defences were very formidable,
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Site of Beck's suicide attempt in the Bendlerblock office in which Valkyrie was planned.
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In September and October 1930, Beck was a leading defence witness at the trial in
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The plot failed, however, and by the evening, Beck was in the custody of General
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prior to assuming their command positions. During his time first as Chief of the
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aspects of the proposed state after the successful overthrow of the regime.
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2257:(Paperback). Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1905:; 3rd Edn (First English Edn); McDonald & Jane's; London; 1977; p. 160
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in the new government. In 1944, Beck was one of the driving forces of the
1988:
Campbell, Kenneth J. (2013). "Colonel General Ludwig Beck: Conspirator".
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The Change in the European Balance of Power, 1938–1939 The Path to Ruin
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Treason was No Crime: Ludwig Beck, Chief of the German General Staff
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1253:(in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, p. 699
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In May 1937, Beck refused an order to draw up orders for executing
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As Chief of the General Staff, Beck lived in a modest home in the
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have noted that Beck was deliberately distorting the principle of
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officers: Lieutenant Richard Scheringer, Hans Friedrich Wendt and
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Beck gained respect with the publication of his tactical manual,
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2107:"G Neubaur in the Germany, Military Killed in Action, 1939-1948"
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meant Japan would be unable to come to Germany's aid, that the
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The Nemesis of Power: The German Army In Politics, 1918–1945
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The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II
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decisionmaking moved into the arms of the General Staff.
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involving Germany in a "premature war" after the failed
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explicitly forbade the existence of the General Staff).
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579:. The three men were charged with being members of the
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in 1932. Two years later, in 1934, he replaced General
16:
Chief of Staff of the German Army between 1935 and 1938
990:, Carl Goerdeler, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris and Colonel
725:, who resented Beck's efforts to diminish his powers.
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1996:(1). National Military Intelligence Foundation: 129.
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made it clear that his participation in the proposed
2303:. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 61–75.
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The Fascist Challenge and the Policy of Appeasement
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1073:was based on the condition of Beck serving as the
1923:; Secker & Warburg; London; 1960; pp. 648–649
443:; 29 June 1880 – 20 July 1944) was a German
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920:by Brauchitsch, Hitler called Beck's arguments "
3205:Colonel generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
1972:
1960:
1948:
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1937:The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945
1903:The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945
1887:The History of the German Resistance 1933–1945
491:'s men then shot him in the back of the neck.
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2017:"Amalie Christine Auguste Luise Pagenstecher"
788:Beck had no moral objection to the idea of a
463:. Although Beck never became a member of the
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1983:
1981:
1013:in preparations for a coup to oust Hitler.
276:Amalie Christine Auguste Luise Pagenstecher
3230:Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Bremen)
3215:People executed by Nazi Germany by firearm
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2238:(Paperback). London: Elliot and Thompson.
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2345:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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1270:"On the German Art of War Truppenfuhrung"
1085:. It was proposed that Beck would become
2399:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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1081:, along with Carl Goerdeler and Colonel
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2322:. London: Macmillan. pp. 133–178.
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265: 1916; died 1917)
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2234:Boyd, Julia; Patel, Angelika (2022).
2067:"Gertrud K Beck (Neubaur - Neubauer)"
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1004:Reich Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia
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129:1 October 1933 – 1 July 1935
63:1 July 1935 – 31 August 1938
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3255:Executed members of the 20 July plot
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3220:Military personnel from Hesse-Nassau
3210:Protestants in the German Resistance
3200:German Army officers of World War II
1920:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
478:In serving as Chief of Staff of the
3086:Chiefs of the general staff of the
3034:Chiefs of the general staff of the
2982:Chiefs of general staff of the Army
2192:"Stauffenberg – full cast and crew"
1870:
1858:
1834:
1741:
1681:
1666:
1649:
1618:
1606:
1582:
1570:
1414:
1402:
1339:
1322:
1310:
994:about the possibility of staging a
467:, in the early 1930s he supported
14:
3250:Military personnel from Wiesbaden
1708:, pp. 162–163 & 166–167.
730:remilitarisation of the Rhineland
499:Beck was born on 29 June 1880 in
173:as Chief of the OKH General Staff
3162:
3134:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2431:
619:In 1933, on witnessing the Nazi
471:'s forceful denunciation of the
386:
348:
334:
320:
85:as Supreme Commander of the Army
3235:German male non-fiction writers
2385:The German Opposition to Hitler
2284:, Jonathan Cape, London, 2006,
2212:"Valkyrie – Full Cast and Crew"
262:
2363:, 1975, London: Kimber, 1976,
1152:The Plot to Assassinate Hitler
451:during the early years of the
1:
2299:; Lettenacke, Lothar (eds.).
1990:American Intelligence Journal
1245:"Beck, Ludwig August Theodor"
37:Beck in 1936 as Generaloberst
2276:. New York: Hill & Wang.
2236:A Village in the Third Reich
922:kindische Kräfteberechnungen
769:Pre-war conflict with Hitler
615:Early career in Nazi Germany
2590:Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord
2449:20th Century Press Archives
2337:Murray, Williamson (1984).
2255:German Resistance to Hitler
1493:. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
1243:Foerster, Wolfgang (1953),
1019:clandestine mission to Rome
971:and Italian Prime Minister
47:Chief of the General Staff
3276:
2320:Aspects of the Third Reich
666:Chief of the General Staff
424:Ludwig August Theodor Beck
192:Ludwig August Theodor Beck
3260:Executed military leaders
3115:
2862:Hans-Georg von Friedeburg
2716:
2685:Eugen Ritter von Schobert
485:conspiracy against Hitler
417:
178:
122:
56:
42:
30:
2700:Heinrich von Vietinghoff
2555:Nikolaus von Falkenhorst
2253:Hoffmann, Peter (1988).
2093:, pp. 258–261, 363.
2052:, pp. 258–259, 363.
1491:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1274:Lynne Rienner Publishers
1250:Neue Deutsche Biographie
967:, French Prime Minister
809:with memoranda opposing
664:(1933–1935) and then as
648:. Both Beck and General
51:German Army High Command
3225:German military writers
2387:. London: Oswald Wolff.
2383:Rothfels, Hans (1961).
1172:The Plot to Kill Hitler
807:Walther von Brauchitsch
763:Blomberg-Fritsch Crisis
599:Historians such as Sir
532:), which published the
2650:Eberhard von Mackensen
1083:Claus von Stauffenberg
1062:
1034:Francis d'Arcy Osborne
961:British Foreign Office
837:Joachim von Ribbentrop
702:
432:[ˈluːt.vɪçbɛk]
3151:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
2530:Hans-Jürgen von Arnim
2440:at Wikimedia Commons
2415:Wheeler-Bennett, John
2091:Boyd & Patel 2022
2050:Boyd & Patel 2022
1060:
794:German Foreign Office
696:
658:Frankfurt an der Oder
546:. He was promoted to
495:Early life and career
375:Years of service
237:Free State of Prussia
2970:German General Staff
2908:Oberst-Gruppenführer
2660:Georg-Hans Reinhardt
2421:. London: Macmillan.
1973:Wheeler-Bennett 1967
1961:Wheeler-Bennett 1967
1949:Wheeler-Bennett 1967
1299:Wheeler-Bennett 1967
1216:"Ludwig August Beck"
1017:was despatched on a
888:Ernst von Weizsäcker
654:1st Cavalry Division
601:John Wheeler-Bennett
562:Treaty of Versailles
473:Treaty of Versailles
449:German General Staff
3055:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff
2808:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff
2540:Johannes Blaskowitz
2359:Reynolds, Nicholas
2272:May, Ernst (2000).
1963:, pp. 501–502.
1873:, pp. 217–218.
1783:, pp. 180–181.
1771:, pp. 178–179.
1558:, pp. 174–175.
1546:, pp. 182–183.
1381:, pp. 158–159.
1141:Portrayals in media
1047:Erwin von Witzleben
965:Neville Chamberlain
896:Hans Bernd Gisevius
828:Hossbach Memorandum
723:Werner von Blomberg
688:sphere of influence
639:Paul von Hindenburg
627:Nazi foreign policy
536:Operations Manual,
252:Amelie Pagenstecher
138:Paul von Hindenburg
2877:Alfred Saalwächter
2630:Hans-Valentin Hube
2620:Karl-Adolf Hollidt
2565:Werner von Fritsch
2550:Friedrich Dollmann
1487:"Munich Agreement"
1063:
1038:Ulrich von Hassell
926:Erich von Manstein
703:
699:Werner von Fritsch
697:Beck (right) with
650:Werner von Fritsch
503:(now a borough of
483:leader within the
213:Kingdom of Prussia
97:Office established
82:Werner von Fritsch
3122:
3121:
3050:Albert Kesselring
2935:
2934:
2872:Wilhelm Marschall
2600:Gotthard Heinrici
2560:Johannes Frießner
2436:Media related to
2406:978-0-226-88511-7
2393:Weinberg, Gerhard
2369:978-0-7183-0014-2
2352:978-0-691-05413-1
2329:978-0-333-35272-4
2310:978-0-04-940068-9
2297:Mommsen, Wolfgang
2290:978-0-224-07121-5
2280:Moorhouse, Roger
2264:978-0-67435-086-1
2245:978-1-78396-656-1
1915:William L. Shirer
1849:, pp. 70–72.
1837:, pp. 77–78.
1744:, pp. 71–72.
1621:, pp. 69–70.
1405:, pp. 33–34.
1354:, pp. 33–34.
1157:Karl Ludwig Diehl
817:Sino-Japanese War
790:war of aggression
674:warfare, such as
518:He served on the
447:and Chief of the
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2882:Otto Schniewind
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2645:Georg Lindemann
2570:Friedrich Fromm
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1096:Friedrich Fromm
1055:
1042:Johannes Popitz
988:Hjalmar Schacht
953:
884:Wilhelm Canaris
882:chief, Admiral
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622:Machtergreifung
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524:First World War
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1975:, p. 608.
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2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Erich Hoepner
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:Generaloberst
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1798:, p. 57.
1797:
1796:Rothfels 1961
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1684:, p. 74.
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:, p. 71.
1668:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1652:, p. 70.
1651:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1609:, p. 72.
1608:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1585:, p. 69.
1584:
1579:
1576:
1573:, p. 68.
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1474:, p. 64.
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:Weinberg 1980
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1417:, p. 37.
1416:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1393:, p. 35.
1392:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1342:, p. 34.
1341:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:, p. 35.
1324:
1319:
1316:
1313:, p. 33.
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:Terence Stamp
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:Bavarian Alps
1126:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1108:Personal life
1107:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1101:coup de grâce
1097:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:head of state
1072:
1068:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Pope Pius XII
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
950:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
905:
903:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:
873:
870:
864:
860:
857:
852:
851:
846:
842:
838:
832:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
804:
798:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
768:
766:
764:
759:
757:
753:
752:
747:
742:
740:
734:
731:
726:
724:
721:
720:Field Marshal
717:
713:
708:
700:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
614:
612:
610:
606:
602:
597:
593:
591:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
545:
541:
540:
535:
531:
530:
525:
521:
520:Western Front
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
492:
490:
486:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
433:
425:
416:
410:
406:
403:
402:
400:
396:
393:
392:Generaloberst
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
367:
363:
357:
346:
343:
332:
329:
328:German Empire
318:
317:
315:
311:
306:
303:Bertha Draudt
299:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
225:
221:
218:
217:German Empire
214:
210:
206:
190:
186:
181:
177:
170:
164:
161:
158:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
126:
121:
118:
115:Chief of the
113:
110:
107:
101:
98:
95:
89:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
60:
55:
52:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3174:from Commons
3169:
3148:
3088:Kriegsmarine
3087:
3035:
2995:Franz Halder
2989:
2927:Paul Hausser
2906:
2897:Karl Witzell
2839:Kriegsmarine
2832:
2818:Hubert Weise
2803:Kurt Student
2763:Otto Deßloch
2748:
2625:Hermann Hoth
2610:Carl Hilpert
2605:Walter Heitz
2585:Franz Halder
2545:Eduard Dietl
2534:
2525:Wilhelm Adam
2510:
2498:Nazi Germany
2430:
2418:
2396:
2384:
2360:
2340:
2319:
2300:
2281:
2273:
2254:
2235:
2215:
2206:
2195:
2186:
2175:
2172:"IMDB entry"
2166:
2155:
2152:"IMDB entry"
2146:
2135:
2132:"IMDB entry"
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:
2010:
1993:
1989:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1803:
1776:
1764:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1498:
1490:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1359:
1347:
1318:
1306:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1255:; (
1248:
1223:. Retrieved
1219:
1190:
1182:Stauffenberg
1180:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1144:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1079:20 July plot
1070:
1067:Erwin Rommel
1064:
1053:20 July plot
1031:
1015:Josef Müller
1008:
999:
995:
985:
980:
958:
954:
945:Franz Halder
940:
936:
930:
921:
917:
906:
899:
877:
874:
868:
865:
861:
855:
848:
841:Erich Raeder
833:
825:
810:
799:
787:
775:Adolf Hitler
772:
760:
749:
745:
743:
735:
727:
716:War Minister
712:British Army
707:Lichterfelde
704:
669:
661:
645:
643:
620:
618:
608:
598:
594:
566:
557:
554:Wilhelm Adam
547:
537:
527:
517:
513:Hesse-Nassau
498:
477:
469:Adolf Hitler
461:World War II
423:
422:
409:World War II
398:Battles/wars
356:Nazi Germany
284:Gertrud Beck
241:Nazi Germany
228:(1944-07-20)
226:20 July 1944
209:Hesse-Nassau
202:29 June 1880
167:Succeeded by
160:Wilhelm Adam
148:Adolf Hitler
124:
117:Troop Office
109:Franz Halder
104:Succeeded by
96:
72:Adolf Hitler
58:
18:
3195:1944 deaths
3190:1880 births
3149:Ludwig Beck
3102:Kurt Fricke
3076:Karl Koller
3023:Alfred Jodl
2990:Ludwig Beck
2705:Walter Weiß
2655:Erhard Raus
2640:Alfred Jodl
2595:Josef Harpe
2535:Ludwig Beck
2438:Ludwig Beck
2065:Frank, KR.
2015:Frank, KR.
1847:Müller 1983
1823:Murray 1984
1808:Murray 1984
1781:Murray 1984
1769:Murray 1984
1757:Murray 1984
1730:Murray 1984
1718:Müller 1985
1706:Müller 1985
1694:Müller 1985
1631:Murray 1984
1595:Murray 1984
1556:Murray 1984
1544:Murray 1984
1532:Müller 1985
1520:Müller 1985
1503:Müller 1985
1472:Müller 1983
1442:Müller 1985
1427:Müller 1985
1391:Murray 1984
1379:Müller 1985
1364:Müller 1985
1352:Murray 1984
1214:Frank, KR.
1185:(2004) and
1177:Remo Girone
1147:Werner Hinz
975:signed the
821:French Army
779:Sudetenland
761:During the
631:Nazi putsch
609:Führerarmee
577:Hanns Ludin
534:German Army
522:during the
480:German Army
405:World War I
296: [
293:Ludwig Beck
155:Preceded by
92:Preceded by
25:Ludwig Beck
3184:Categories
3017:Hans Krebs
2857:Rolf Carls
2813:Ernst Udet
2580:Curt Haase
1199:References
1115:Oberstdorf
992:Hans Oster
892:Hans Oster
850:Lebensraum
839:, Admiral
781:region of
662:Truppenamt
586:red-handed
581:Nazi Party
573:Reichswehr
558:Truppenamt
544:Bundeswehr
529:Truppenamt
465:Nazi Party
455:regime in
313:Allegiance
198:1880-06-29
144:Chancellor
68:Chancellor
3141:Biography
3036:Luftwaffe
2974:Wehrmacht
2914:Waffen-SS
2755:Luftwaffe
2417:(1967) .
1123:Hauptmann
941:Fall Grün
918:Fall Grün
916:opposing
909:Rhineland
869:Fall Grün
856:Wehrmacht
812:Fall Grün
751:Anschluss
746:Fall Otto
505:Wiesbaden
378:1898–1938
344:(to 1933)
330:(to 1918)
289:Parent(s)
134:President
125:In office
59:In office
2395:(1980).
2111:Ancestry
2071:Ancestry
2021:Ancestry
2002:26202052
1871:May 2000
1859:May 2000
1835:May 2000
1742:May 2000
1682:May 2000
1667:May 2000
1650:May 2000
1619:May 2000
1607:May 2000
1583:May 2000
1571:May 2000
1415:May 2000
1403:May 2000
1340:May 2000
1323:May 2000
1311:May 2000
1220:Ancestry
1195:(2008).
1192:Valkyrie
1175:(1990),
1165:(1955),
1155:(1955),
951:Plotting
701:in 1937.
501:Biebrich
281:Children
205:Biebrich
171:Himself
3117:*Acting
2972:of the
2912:of the
2837:of the
2753:of the
2515:of the
2488:German
2451:of the
2447:in the
2377:2204228
2228:Sources
1279:10 June
1134:Gestapo
1023:Vatican
680:Central
635:Austria
569:Leipzig
459:before
457:Germany
445:general
428:German:
267:
259:
255:
49:of the
3127:Portal
2403:
2375:
2367:
2349:
2326:
2307:
2288:
2261:
2242:
2116:6 July
2076:6 July
2026:6 July
2000:
1225:6 July
1071:putsch
1027:Allies
1021:. The
1000:putsch
996:putsch
981:putsch
913:Prague
901:putsch
879:Abwehr
671:Panzer
353:
339:
325:
247:Spouse
233:Berlin
78:Leader
3171:Media
1998:JSTOR
937:Reich
656:, in
511:) in
509:Hesse
300:]
261:(
257:
2517:Army
2492:and
2401:ISBN
2373:OCLC
2365:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2217:IMDb
2197:IMDb
2177:IMDb
2157:IMDb
2137:IMDb
2118:2023
2078:2023
2028:2023
1281:2019
1227:2023
1040:and
894:and
805:and
682:and
453:Nazi
383:Rank
369:Army
223:Died
188:Born
2496:of
2453:ZBW
1189:in
1179:in
1169:in
1159:in
1149:in
633:in
607:'s
590:Ulm
3186::
2371:,
2214:.
2194:.
2174:.
2154:.
2134:.
2109:.
2098:^
2069:.
2057:^
2036:^
2019:.
1994:31
1992:.
1980:^
1935:;
1917:;
1901:;
1885:;
1815:^
1788:^
1749:^
1674:^
1657:^
1638:^
1563:^
1510:^
1489:,
1479:^
1464:^
1449:^
1434:^
1371:^
1330:^
1289:^
1272:.
1247:,
1235:^
1218:.
1206:^
1029:.
1006:.
983:.
933:SS
843:,
741:.
690:.
507:,
298:de
263:m.
239:,
235:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
3157::
3129::
3072:*
3025:*
3019:*
3013:*
3007:*
2961:e
2954:t
2947:v
2835:)
2831:(
2751:)
2747:(
2513:)
2509:(
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2474:t
2467:v
2409:.
2379:.
2355:.
2332:.
2313:.
2267:.
2248:.
2220:.
2200:.
2180:.
2160:.
2140:.
2120:.
2080:.
2030:.
2004:.
1283:.
1259:)
1229:.
426:(
200:)
196:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
