633:, even when this part of his work became acknowledged only in the last years. The key contribution is contained in his 8-page paper "Elastic stress in the ground under foundations" of 1941. In this paper, Föppl determined the deformation of the surface of an elastic half-space under the action of arbitrary plane as well as arbitrary axis-symmetric pressure distribution, in a form that allowed a simple inversion and thus solution of an arbitrary contact problem. This inversion was made in the dissertation of his doctoral student Gerhard Schubert, whose dissertation was published in a shortened form in 1942.
471:
columns of letters. As an emergent property of this transcribing method, standard sequences of characters stood out readily. Foppl focused on groups of four or more characters. When a sequence appeared more than once in a message, or in several messages, he indicated that it was enciphered with the same key. Having sorted all the messages into groups, he focused on the group which seemed easiest to
891:
625:
in
Germany. During the Second World War, he relocated his residence and photoelasticity laboratory to Ammerland, which may have saved his life, because his house in Munich was hit by an American bomb in an attack on July 12, 1944, and was completely destroyed. It was his photoelasticity laboratory,
620:
After the military service in World War I, Ludwig Föppl became professor of mechanics at the
Technische Hochschule Dresden in 1920 and professor of mechanics at the Technische Hochschule Munich in 1922. The focus of his works was on theoretical continuum mechanics. Apart from this, Ludwig Föppl has
470:
Föppl began by determining which messages had been encrypted using the same key; this was accomplished by looking for common sequences of characters. These messages were structured and transmitted in sets of five letters, transcribed on square paper, and each message was represented as a series of
483:
English document. He was able to instantly determine the key. Since this key was still in use, the
Roubaix station was able to start reading incoming messages that were encrypted with that key. The news of the deciphering spread rapidly through the German Navy. The majority of the decrypts were
1749:
313:) brought this aspect of Föppl's career to prominence. Brückner's work was subsequently fleshed out from information contained in Föppl's unpublished autobiography, still retained by his family, several chapters of which provided details of his work during the two world wars.
592:, where he was sent to Vienna to work at a German wireless company. Upon arrival, there was some confusion as to his purpose, since he was then in his mid 50s, with no modern uniform, and had spent the interwar period employed as an academic. He was ordered to visit the
517:
that was long considered unbreakable by the German Navy, and was considered thus to be a new source of intelligence which was of the greatest importance. From July 1915, daily reports compiled by Foppl and
Lieutenant Martin Braune, the director of marine intelligence
33:
1735:
563:. Föppl found that due to his work, he was able to rescue academically gifted individuals from the front line, for use as cryptanalysts and evaluators, an idealised sentiment which was not always successfully achieved. The mathematician
301:, working at this profession during both the first and second world wars, eventually becoming Chief of Sixth Army’s Evaluation Office. His work was kept secret from both his family and his colleagues, even his later university assistant
503:. Föppl suggested it was used as it enabled the cipher clerk to encrypt messages very quickly and could be easily enciphered by ordinary sailors, with a key that was changed every few weeks, that could be broken within a single day.
567:
offered several suggestions to Föppl, including one individual whom he arranged to be transferred to the unit but he was killed in action before the transfer could be completed. By the end of World War I, Föppl was head of
596:, where he meet the Rector of the Institute and attended a meeting of the Senate to answer extensive questions from staff and academics about the Anschluss. After a week, he was demobilized and sent back to Munich.
599:
On 25 August 1939, Föppl was again reactivated and requested (ordered) to Army HQ in Berlin for assignment, which put his whole family into a deep depression. Föppl was assigned an
Evaluation Office working on the
455:
in the
English Channel. However, Föppl ended up working as a kitchen boy, as he was unable to transcribe nonencrypted messages due to his lack of French. By early 1915, there were thousands of
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1335:
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and was discharged on 20 January 1940, with his military career at an end. He spent the rest of the war continuing his research at the university, deliberately keeping a low profile.
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2256:
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as part of the infantry, but found the process less than straightforward due to the high number of other volunteers enlisting. Peter Vogel, who taught mathematics at the Munich
1742:
436:), suggested that Föppl would be more likely to be able to serve if he volunteered to join the wireless telegraphy service, and provided a contact for a colonel in the
305:, who would also become a well known cryptologist in his own right, never knew. In 2005, the work of Hilmar-Detlef Brückner of the Bavarian State Archive (
290:
2209:
448:
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Elena Popova, Valentin L. Popov: Ludwig Föppl and
Gerhard Schubert: Unknown classics of contact mechanics, Z Angew Math Mech.2020; 100: e202000203.
1189:
992:
2335:
437:
334:
1925:
283:
699:
Hilmar-Detlef Brückner: Germany's First
Cryptanalysis on the Western Front – Decrypting British and French Naval Ciphers in World War I.
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510:
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officer post in the regular army on the August 1918. His promotion enabled him to build a small team which included physicists Dr
718:
Martin
Samuels: Ludwig Föppl – A Bavarian cryptanalyst on the Western front. Cryptologia, 2016. doi:10.1080/01611194.2015.1084960
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in 1906 and studied mechanical engineering for two years at the
Polytechnical Institute. He then spent a year at the
1840:
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349:
110:
866:"CSDIC (UK) SIR 1704 - Herzfeld. The organisation and history of the Cryptographic Service within the German Army"
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2003:
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Schubert, Gerhard (1 June 1942). "Zur Frage der Druckverteilung unter elastisch gelagerten Tragwerken".
1039:
ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik
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as it contained the largest number of messages and the most repetitions of common sequences. He used
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447:, arriving on 15 December 1914. The unit's remit was to intercept wireless communications of the
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which gave him the possibility to continue working in the first years of the Second World War.
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608:, working in a cryptanalysis role. He subsequently made a request to move back to work at the
227:
200:
982:
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Weierud, Frode; Zabell, Sandy (6 June 2019). "German mathematicians and cryptology in WWII".
830:
Samuels, Martin (3 June 2016). "Ludwig Föppl: A Bavarian cryptanalyst on the Western front".
604:. He asked to be posted closer to his family and was eventually posted to western Army HQ in
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to be unusable. Föppl sought permission to attempt to decipher them during his spare time.
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Föppl, L. (1 January 1941). "Elastische Beanspruchung des Erdbodens unter Fundamenten".
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2013:
1978:
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341:
1239:"Tables and tables on strength theory German:Tafeln und Tabellen zur Festigkeitslehre"
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1958:
1910:
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1103:
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At the beginning of World War I, Föppl was keen to enlist and experience life at the
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67:
851:
440:. Föppl was successful in enlisting in the Wireless Telegraphy Replacement Company.
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against the message, then compared it against the equivalent statistics for a
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1159:. The University of Michigan Historical Mathematics Collection. 19 April 2007
938:
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significantly developed the very important industrial measuring technique of
588:
In March 1938, Föppl was reactivated and told to report to Army HQ after the
352:
studying the theoretical aspects of engineering. He was promoted in 1912 to
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589:
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They have proved to be a great help for our submarine and Zeppelin missions.
480:
338:
1249:
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1034:
679:, Die strenge Lösung für die rollende Reibung, Munich, Leibniz-Verlag, 1947
1035:"Ludwig Föppl and Gerhard Schubert: Unknown classics of contact mechanics"
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During this period Föppl read the lengthy daily telegrams sent by
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on 14 July 1916, which was subsequently converted into a full
282:, initially in Inspectorate 7/VI, and later in the war within
1017:
The Code Book: The Secret History of Codes & Code-breaking
666:, Elementare Mechanik vom höheren Standpunkt, Oldenbourg, 1959
645:
of his father August Föppl (with Otto Föppl) and co-author of
333:
who was an engineer and Professor of Applied Mechanics at the
683:
Tables and Tables of Strength Theory with Gerhard Sonntag.
2299:
German Radio Intelligence Operations during World War II
443:
After finishing his basic training, Föppl was posted to
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In July 1918, Föppl became engaged to Friederike Pühn.
1786:
987:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 37.
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1153:"University of Michigan Historical Math Collection"
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Elementary mechanics from the higher point of view.
580:. Föppl was demobilized at the end of hostilities.
233:
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547:) on 9 January 1916 and subsequently promoted to
2346:Presidents of the Technical University of Munich
1337:Presidents of the Technical University of Munich
715:PA 29.2005,1 (January), S. 1–22. ISSN 0161-1194.
685:, Tafeln und Tabellen zur Festigkeitslehre with
629:Ludwig Föppl made an essential contribution to
1084:Forschung Auf dem Gebiet des Ingenieurwesens A
747:Military Merit Order, Fourth Class With Swords
513:and managed to break the cipher, known as the
262:(27 February 1887 – 13 May 1976) was a German
1743:
1320:
753:Military Merit Order, Third Class With Swords
669:Festigkeitslehre mittels Spannungsoptik with
8:
984:The Historical Development of Quantum Theory
358:Stable arrangements of electrons in the atom
1215:Die strenge Lösung für die rollende Reibung
838:(4). Taylor and Francis Journals: 355–373.
495:The key that Föppl discovered was termed a
400:. From 1925 to 1955 he was Director of the
270:as Professor of Technical Mechanics at the
151:Stabile Anordnungen von Elektronen im Atom
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1033:Popova, Elena; Popov, Valentin L. (2020).
366:Stabile Anordnungen von Elektronen im Atom
31:
20:
2210:Research Office of the Reich Air Ministry
1058:
677:The strict solution for rolling friction.
388:in mathematics. He started teaching as a
337:for 30 years. His brother-in-law was the
329:and university lecturer. His brother was
925:(2). Note 69: Taylor & Francis: 51.
898:. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
872:. CSDIC. 8 July 1945. p. Appendix 2
616:Work at the Technische Hochschule Munich
1237:Föppl, Ludwig; Gerhard, Sunday (1951).
1019:. London: Fourth Estate. pp. 9–14.
787:
641:He was editor of the later editions of
404:of the Technical University of Munich.
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723:https://doi.org/10.1002/zamm.202000203
1184:. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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660:: 3rd Edition, Springer Verlag, 1972
459:messages, which were believed by the
356:in mathematics, with a thesis titled
289:By 1940, he was a full member of the
7:
1797:Wehrmacht High Command Cipher Bureau
1295:Literature by and about Ludwig Föppl
1178:Ludwig, Föppl; Ernst, Mönch (1950).
1028:
1026:
643:Vorlesungen über Technische Mechanik
499:and the cipher was a variant of the
335:Technical University of Braunschweig
1157:Michigan University Book Collection
705:Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
771:Method of Dimensionality Reduction
522:), were now sent to senior staff.
14:
2274:Heer and Luftwaffe Signals School
1926:General der Nachrichtenaufklärung
1244:(in German). Munich: Oldenbourg.
656:, Praktische Spannungsoptik with
520:German Naval Intelligence Service
284:General der Nachrichtenaufklärung
539:Föppl was promoted to sergeant (
392:at the Physics Institute at the
368:). He worked as an assistant to
293:. Föppl was one of the earliest
1356:Karl Maximilian von Bauernfeind
402:Mechanical-Technical Laboratory
610:Technical University of Munich
572:Evaluation Office, located in
272:Technical University of Munich
205:Technical University of Munich
1:
2045:Luftnachrichten Abteilung 350
931:10.1080/01611194.2019.1600076
844:10.1080/01611194.2015.1084960
776:Triakis truncated tetrahedron
743:, First Class - 16 April 1916
372:, a leading mathematician on
311:Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv
1989:Bruno von Freytag-Löringhoff
896:Bavarian Academy of Sciences
737:, Second Class - 4 July 1915
291:Bavarian Academy of Sciences
2336:German mechanical engineers
449:British Expeditionary Force
2362:
266:who succeeded his father,
16:German mechanical engineer
2293:
2233:Prince Christoph of Hesse
1767:
1762:organisations before 1945
1181:Praktische Spannungsoptik
654:Practical voltage optics.
434:Bayerische Kriegsakademie
253:
249:
245:
210:
195:
191:
187:
182:Harald Ludvig Westergaard
116:
30:
1771:The Type of organisation
959:: CS1 maint: location (
892:"Prof. Dr. Ludwig Föppl"
1515:Albert Wolfgang Schmidt
1299:German National Library
384:. In March 1914, Föppl
350:University of Göttingen
111:University of Göttingen
1427:Friedrich von Thiersch
1422:(1903–1906, 1919–1925)
1359:(1868–1874, 1880–1889)
1272:Cite journal requires
1212:Föppl, Ludwig (1947).
1060:10.1002/zamm.202000203
544:
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394:University of Würzburg
382:non-Euclidean geometry
365:
344:. Föppl completed his
310:
2341:Engineers from Berlin
2331:German cryptographers
2257:GdNA Training Referat
1015:Singh, Simon (2000).
451:and the ships of the
321:Föppl was the son of
2004:Rudolf Kochendörffer
1774:Name of organisation
1760:Signals intelligence
1706:Wolfgang A. Herrmann
1451:Heinrich von Schmidt
1372:August von Kluckhohn
981:(28 December 2000).
709:Taylor & Francis
278:, Föppl worked as a
1969:Herbert von Denffer
1851:Gisbert Hasenjaeger
1467:Karl Heinrich Hager
1051:2020ZaMM..100E0203P
755:- 12 September 1916
484:related to British
264:mechanical engineer
2223:Gottfried Schapper
1891:Oswald Teichmüller
1831:Peter Novopashenny
1131:10.1007/BF02095912
1096:10.1007/BF02593958
979:Rechenberg, Helmut
689:: Oldenbourg, 1951
673:: Oldenbourg, 1935
602:Invasion of Poland
488:operations in the
477:frequency analysis
303:Friedrich L. Bauer
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1191:978-3-642-52730-2
1045:(9): e202000203.
994:978-0-387-95177-5
631:contact mechanics
515:Allied Fleet Code
260:Karl Ludwig Föppl
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228:Robert Vorhoelzer
178:Doctoral students
118:Scientific career
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749:- 16 April 1916
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687:Gerhard Sonntag
647:Drang und Zwang
639:
623:photoelasticity
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565:Richard Courant
545:Vizwachtmeister
508:Second Sea Lord
490:English Channel
438:Ministry of War
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1974:Ludwig Föppl
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1265:cite journal
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80:(1976-05-13)
25:Ludwig Föppl
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1999:Willi Rinow
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465:German Navy
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416:World War I
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370:Felix Klein
325:, a German
276:World War I
240:Hans Piloty
223:Preceded by
132:Engineering
128:Mathematics
97:Citizenship
78:13 May 1976
43:World War I
2315:Categories
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1841:Karl Stein
1663:Presidents
1255:30 October
1242:(pamphlet)
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1197:30 October
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1000:29 October
902:28 October
876:27 October
782:References
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735:Iron Cross
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549:Lieutenant
453:Royal Navy
331:Otto Föppl
317:Early life
136:Cryptology
57:1887-02-27
1345:Directors
1301:catalogue
1218:. Leibniz
1139:122545455
1104:122466352
1069:225178471
947:198336556
939:1558-1586
606:Frankfurt
590:Anschluss
576:and then
481:plaintext
457:encrypted
339:physicist
274:. During
217:1947–1948
213:In office
107:Education
2152:Pers Z S
2070:B-Dienst
852:33902570
760:See also
561:Hans Rau
529:stated:
1758:German
1408:Rectors
1297:in the
1250:5734320
1047:Bibcode
729:Honours
594:TU Wien
578:Tournai
559:and Dr
473:analyse
445:Roubaix
354:Dr Phil
297:in the
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346:Abitur
307:German
201:Rector
155:(1912)
153:
143:Thesis
124:Fields
101:German
64:Berlin
1135:S2CID
1100:S2CID
1065:S2CID
943:S2CID
848:S2CID
574:Lille
422:front
1278:help
1257:2017
1246:OCLC
1224:2017
1199:2017
1186:ISBN
1165:2017
1002:2017
989:ISBN
961:link
935:ISSN
904:2017
878:2017
463:and
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75:Died
50:Born
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