115:
669:
965:
premolar and permanent first molar (M1)and also has five right permanent tooth crown germs which are I1, I2, C, P3, and P4 and the author concludes that PA868 was most likely a female. Age at time of death of PA868 was estimated using the number of perikymata on the surface of the cusp to the developing cervix. Age was 2.4-4.5 years based on the central incisor germ and 2.5-4.7 years based on the canine germ. The author discovers that first molar emergence was younger than the age of death due to the emergence of symptoms resembling gingivitis. The age of molars in the PA868 was estimated 3.2-3.3 years. The age of the crown formation took about 0.25-0.75 years for PA868. Cuspal enamel formed within 0.4โ1 years. Lateral enamel formed in 686โ1078 days. The age of first molar emergence for PA868 resembles that of extant great apes and is less in relation to modern humans.
136:
4384:
5106:
2588:
114:
3544:
981:
similar in a single orangutan species (based on the species discussed in the paper) and not related to humans. In the juvenile there are double mental foramina on the corpora whereas the adult species and every other species mentioned in the paper have single mental foramina. Results indicates that the corpus of juvenile mandible of
668:
704:
ZT 299, a relatively complete juvenile male cranium found in the
Zhaotong Basin in Yunnan Province of Southeast China. While it was partly broken during recovery, it encountered almost no distortion beforehand. It has prominent, robust arching supraorbital costae, and eye orbits that are broader than
745:
possess prominent and rounded brow (supraorbital) ridges; in females the supraorbital ridges are predicted to be squarer. The brow ridges do not form a single bar. The midsagittal line of the face is also concave. The mandibular symphysis has a moderate superior transverse torus and prominent robust
980:
species and early great apes. The superior transverse torus is more prominent and developed in the adult species whereas the juvenile (PA869) has a less developed superior transverse torus. In the juvenile and the adult species the lateral prominences are separated into two branches which are only
964:
at time of death. The results of the paper will help understand โLife
Historyโ in Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene hominids and great apes and humans. The author uses fossil PA868 as baseline and the fossil is thought to be a juvenile. They use the right mandibular of the fossil which has right four
774:
are very similar to that of modern humans. The first upper incisors are high-crowned and proportionally thick (labiolingual length) compared to their breadth (mesiodistal length), with a distinct, high relief median lingual pillar. In contrast, the lower incisors are high crowned and relatively
557:
from
Yuanmou), there may have been a high degree of local endemism of apes during this time, due to the wide differences between the two species. This fits with the topographic data of Southwest China at the time, which was subject to uplift and erosion, which created the complex topography of
778:
The age of molars in the assumed-female specimen PA868 was estimated 3.2-3.3 years, crown formation taking about 0.25-0.75 years, cspal enamel formation 0.4โ1 years, and lateral enamel 686โ1078 days. This is consistent with the growth rate of non-human great apes. She may have had
769:
has expanded the known range of sexual dimorphism. The molars have thick enamel, peripheralized cusp apices with expansive basin and a dense, complex pattern of occlusal crenulations. The pattern of compactness of the small transverse ridges in the enamel of permanent teeth of
864:
evolved, the vegetation in the area was dominated by subtropical evergreen broad-leaved taxa with a few temperate deciduous taxa. During its time, the landscape changed and evergreen broad-leaved forests and grasses began to take over. The dominant species at the times were
752:
The orbits are approximately square in outline and the interorbital contains a wide region. The glabella appear to be broad and depressed. There is a superior margin of nasal aperture higher than inferior margin of orbits. The nasoalveolar clivus is also relatively short.
847:
researchers believe that the species' diet consisted primarily of leaves and berries. Because the enamel on the cusp of the molars is still relatively thick, this displays they were not worn down by tough foods. The crowns on their teeth tend to be less worn than those
893:
began to decrease in this time, indicating a gradual warming of the climate. The greater diversity and warm humid climate during the late
Miocene would have favored this ape's survival. Lake or wetland environments were also common, and it is postulated that
823:
is that their diet was strictly leaves and berries. Research was done on a set of upper and lower molars and measurements of both the mesiodistal and buccolingual cusps were done and compared with other indigenous apes of the area in the time period.
1797:
Scott, Jeremiah E., Caitlin M. Shrein, and Jay Kelley. "Beyond
Gorilla and Pongo: Alternative Models for Evaluating Variation and Sexual Dimorphism in Fossil Hominoid Samples." AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 140.2 (2009): 253-164.
1830:
Jiangzuo, Q.; Li, S.; Fu, J.; Wang, S.; Ji, X.; Duan, M.; Che, D. (2022). "Fossil
Felidae (Carnivora: Mammalia) from the Yuanmou hominid site, southern China (Late Miocene) and its significance in the living environment of the fossil ape".
948:. Animals found near the fossil include tapirs, insectivores, flying squirrels, bamboo rats, freshwater birds, fish, frogs, turtles, crocodiles, beavers, otters and terrestrial birds, all which point to a swampy or lacustrine environment.
696:
In the Lufeng region of China, a
Miocene hominoid site, a series of excavations were untaken between 1975 and 1983 which recovered five skulls, tens of mandibles, hundreds of isolated teeth and some post-cranial bones of the species.
976:, the superior part of the anterior surface and the vertical implantation of the anterior teeth are a lot like the adults of the same species. Additionally, the juvenile and the adult species have these features in common with early
552:
from
Shihuiba in the Lufeng Basin (6.2-6.9mya). Some argue that this taxa is a distinct clade of late Miocene East Asian hominoids that are not closely related to any extant taxa. In fact, compared to YV0999 (a cranium of
831:
s molars were much larger than all the other hominoids in size. The ratio of M1 to M3 shows a pattern and when there is a high M1 to M3 ratio it indicates a consumption of more fruits rather than leaves and berries.
746:
inferior torus. The orbits are approximately square in outline and the interorbital contains a wide region. The maximum height of the nasal opening is at the same level as the lower margins of the eye sockets.
1163:
Lu, Li-Li; Yao, Yi-Feng; Wang, Guo-An; Xie, Gan; Lu, Kai-Qing; Sun, Bin; Li, Jin-Feng; Bruch, Angela A.; Ferguson, David K.; Cui, Yi-Ming; Wang, Qiang; Zhou, Xin-Ying; Gao, Feng; Wang, Yu-Fei (2023-03-22).
1810:
Zhao, Lingxia, Qingwu Lu, and
Wending Zhang. "Age at First Molar Emergence in Lufengpithecus Lufengensis and Its Implications for Life-history Evolution." Journal of Human Evolution (2007): 251-57. Print.
1819:
Wu Liu, Zhang Liang, "Comparisons of tooth size and morphology between the late
Miocene hominoids from Lufeng and Yuanmou, China, and their implications" Anthropological Science Vol. 113 (2005): 73-77.
709:
orbital height and width, although it does not have any of the key features of the genus or any of the African apes. It is only the second relatively complete cranium uncovered of this species.
960:
from the late Miocene is crucial in understanding hominoid evolution in Asia. The fossil being studied may be a member of the Homininae and a study wants to show an estimated age of molars in
749:
The glabellar region which is located between the eyebrows and above the nose along with the frontal triangle are both very depressed. The midsagittal line of the face is also concave.
765:
was more dimorphic than all modern ape species. Due to the extremely high molar dimorphism, there is no overlap between male and female molar size. With respect to postcanines,
1629:
633:
A series of excavations were done between 1975 and 1983 which recovered five skulls, tens of mandibles, hundreds of isolated teeth and some post-cranial bones of the species.
5199:
630:
than in any living ape. The fossil remains from Shihuiba included a number of relatively complete but badly crushed crania of both male and female specimens.
1398:
1333:
1600:
420:
is generally considered to be a primitive pongine by most Western observers, Chinese scientists have noted a set of features that are more reminiscent of
794:
probably had a diet that consisted of both hard and soft fruits. It similarly developed molar shearing crests similar to other Miocene hominids such as
5266:
5186:
673:
619:
to accommodate the large collection of hominoid fossils recovered at Lufeng in the 1970s. The species was recognized to have a very large degree of
5332:
5312:
1049:
1883:
1126:"Pollen evidence of the palaeoenvironments of Lufengpithecus lufengensis in the Zhaotong Basin, southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau"
5317:
775:
narrow mesiodistal and moderately procumbent. Male lower canines taper sharply toward the apex, and are relatively very high-crowned.
1644:
5327:
5322:
712:
PA 644, an adult crania discovered in 1987 that has been reconstructed, but is different in both age and development than ZT299.
719:, which was in process of sprouting its first molar, found in the Yunnan Province in southwestern China around the late 1950s.
1692:
Zhao, Lingxia, and Zhufang He."Dental Development and Ontogeny of Late Miocene Large-bodied Hominoids from Yunnan, China."
735:
Using an equation derived by Conroy (1987) based on the mesiodistal length of preserved teeth found, it is estimated that
135:
1471:
Ji, XuePing; Jablonski, Nina G.; Su, Denise F.; Deng, ChengLong; Flynn, Lawrence J.; You, YouShan; Kelley, Jay (2013).
1224:
3296:
481:, suggesting the genus may have survived until as recently as two million years ago, possibly overlapping with both
5337:
5307:
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1445:
1876:
123:
5105:
1380:
4141:
3959:
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511:
5126:
3420:
3124:
2505:
985:
possessed the basic structural framework of the adult mandible of same species and other species such as
1552:
Schwartz; Wu; Liang (2003). "Preliminary investigation of dental microstructure in the Yuanmou hominoid (
5279:
5225:
4206:
3890:
3832:
3770:
1623:
2587:
1521:"The Diet of the Yuanmou Hominoid, Yunnan Province, China: An Analysis from Tooth Size and Morphology"
5173:
4610:
4304:
3797:
3763:
3699:
3440:
3188:
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1659:
1565:
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1413:
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2405:
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2139:
2003:
1397:
Chaimanee, Y.; Suteethorn, V.; Jintasakul, P.; Vidthayanon, C.; Marandat, B.; Jaeger, J. J. (2004).
926:
529:. The species lived about 10 million years ago and may have been the ancestor of modern orangutans.
5164:
4883:
4264:
3979:
3825:
3811:
3642:
3461:
3406:
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2217:
2097:
1869:
1332:
Chaimanee, Y.; Jolly, D.; Benammi, M.; Tafforeau, P.; Duzer, D.; Moussa, I.; Jaeger, J. J. (2003).
425:
4186:
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3144:
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2542:
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2301:
2153:
2146:
2125:
2026:
1281:
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2412:
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2054:
2033:
2019:
1856:
1766:
1726:
1437:
1372:
1255:
1101:
899:
796:
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they are tall, more so than any extant great apes. However, these still fall within the range of
270:
130:
5284:
3818:
3198:
3090:
2983:
2810:
2280:
2259:
2245:
2188:
2181:
2090:
1041:
1035:
911:
5230:
3804:
2963:
2371:
2357:
2308:
2224:
2207:
2160:
2118:
2047:
2012:
1166:"Palaeobotanical evidence reveals the living conditions of Miocene Lufengpithecus in East Asia"
969:
is more similar to great apes and the hominoids and less related to monkeys and modern humans.
917:
5212:
5204:
4105:
4081:
3754:
3066:
2378:
2343:
2287:
2195:
2174:
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1992:
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620:
460:
449:
433:
5217:
2737:
2651:
2419:
2385:
2350:
2322:
2294:
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lived in forests adjacent to open areas with grasses, which began expanding along with other
5013:
4657:
4550:
4233:
4016:
3952:
3922:
3859:
2946:
2862:
2796:
2707:
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2315:
1840:
1758:
1718:
1667:
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17:
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4123:
3969:
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3672:
3665:
3619:
3413:
3208:
2878:
2831:
2765:
2080:
944:
922:
654:
fragments and the facial skeleton of a juvenile. The skull is quite distinct from that of
600:
483:
1762:
816:
has smaller incisors indicating a preference for softer foods such as leaves or berries.
1663:
1569:
1488:
1417:
1352:
1300:
1200:
1165:
1141:
1081:
680:
Ape fossils collected in the 1950s at Keiyuan County in Yunnan originally attributed to
5062:
5023:
4954:
4801:
4771:
4748:
4738:
4728:
4640:
4589:
4574:
4559:
4496:
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4112:
3727:
3454:
3431:
2889:
1003:
808:
802:
647:
624:
506:
410:
332:
1788:
Hartwig, Walter Carl. The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002. Print.
1577:
5301:
5041:
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4867:
4596:
4566:
4516:
4486:
4328:
4294:
4226:
4148:
4098:
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4036:
3635:
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3316:
3279:
3235:
3228:
3178:
3154:
2774:
2697:
2464:
576:
489:
398:
72:
1770:
1730:
1645:"On the systematic status of the late Neogene hominoids from Yunnan Province, China"
1259:
413:, denoting a shift from their principal role as cutting teeth in other ape species.
5073:
5002:
4913:
4890:
4838:
4821:
4791:
4633:
4581:
4435:
4216:
4169:
4074:
4009:
3999:
3989:
3899:
3781:
3743:
3628:
3475:
3468:
3376:
3114:
3100:
3033:
2912:
2682:
2640:
2438:
1977:
1441:
1376:
1105:
1010:
886:
473:
402:
389:
360:
280:
5257:
1844:
1149:
493:
in the region. One of the original authors who assigned the Longgupo specimen to
5158:
4979:
4162:
4043:
4026:
3790:
3396:
3306:
3171:
3134:
3054:
2993:
2714:
2167:
1263:
780:
726:
discovered in 1980 in Shihuiba Village, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province in China.
47:
1182:
650:, Yunnan, China. The specimens include a large number of teeth, mandibular and
4455:
4247:
3574:
3561:
3511:
3447:
3386:
3289:
3272:
3164:
3107:
3080:
3043:
3013:
3003:
2728:
2454:
2336:
2040:
1985:
1937:
1892:
1749:
Wu, Xinzhi (2004). "Fossil Humankind and Other Anthropoid Primates of China".
1497:
1472:
882:
878:
441:
437:
321:
197:
92:
57:
5149:
1191:
1125:
4924:
4854:
4828:
4697:
4647:
4284:
4274:
4197:
4050:
3940:
3839:
3605:
3359:
3262:
2476:
2238:
1954:
526:
376:
217:
147:
97:
1679:
1671:
1585:
1433:
1368:
1318:
1209:
1097:
331:, known from the Late Miocene of East Asia. It is known from thousands of
5251:
5143:
4990:
4966:
4759:
4718:
4664:
4603:
4176:
3326:
3219:
2919:
2844:
2744:
2329:
1969:
1910:
906:
501:
456:
440:
remains indicate it may have had adaptations for a significant degree of
421:
406:
372:
167:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
5271:
1537:
1520:
1425:
1360:
5191:
5051:
4944:
4671:
4311:
4240:
3492:
3485:
3347:
3242:
3024:
2905:
2851:
2671:
2532:
2489:
1922:
1722:
1251:
890:
867:
651:
584:
572:
464:
340:
339:
and probably weighed about 50 kg (110 lb). It contains three
187:
102:
77:
1473:"Juvenile hominoid cranium from the terminal Miocene of Yunnan, China"
1068:
Kelley; Xu (1991). "Extreme sexual dimorphism in a Miocene hominoid".
4621:
4445:
4254:
4155:
3876:
3073:
2789:
2619:
2606:
2558:
1916:
1904:
1089:
931:
739:
had a body mass between 55.4 and 67.6 kg (122 and 149 lb).
627:
608:
580:
207:
177:
157:
5120:
1309:
646:
was excavated in the 1980s and 1990s from a number of localities in
873:
672:
A replica of maxillary tooth fossil of keiyuanensis, collected in
667:
518:
468:
364:
336:
324:
5178:
558:
mountain ranges and basins that is still present in current day.
5031:
4064:
5124:
4399:
3559:
2604:
1935:
1865:
1334:"A Middle Miocene hominoid from Thailand and orangutan origins"
587:. It was originally thought to represent two distinct species,
4414:
4401:
4351:
1709:
Qingwu, Lu (2004). "The Juvenile Mandible of Lufengpithecus".
843:. Due to the shearing crest size of the teeth that belongs to
328:
1861:
1399:"A new orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand"
812:, indicating a general preference for harder fruits. Though,
658:, suggesting high rates of endemism in this time and region.
436:, and a number of dental similarities. Also, basicranial and
993:, but possess a different framework from modern humans.
521:, which appear to be intermediate in morphology between
1744:
1742:
1740:
544:
from near Kaiyuan in the Xiaolongtan Basin (10-11mya),
367:, named after the Lufeng site and dated around 6.2 Ma.
1223:
Etler, D. A.; Crummett, T. L.; Wolpoff, M. H. (2001).
1806:
1804:
839:
s ratio was much lower than compared to the ratio of
375:, or the sister to the clade containing Ponginae and
5069:
5058:
5047:
5037:
5019:
5009:
4998:
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4834:
4817:
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2511:
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1950:
1611:(1): 25โ32. Archived from the original on 2020-05-17
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2724:
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2437:
2395:
2205:
2078:
2002:
1948:
1601:"Dryopithecus Teeth from Keiyuan, Yunnan Province"
1130:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
615:led to the creation of the new genus and species
1628:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
819:An alternative theory that was developed about
1784:
1782:
1780:
1877:
1029:
1027:
575:(soft coal) beds at the Shihuiba Locality in
8:
1040:(second ed.). Academic Press. pp.
371:is either thought to be the sister group to
305:
5121:
4971:
4860:
4707:
4703:
4424:
4420:
4409:
4396:
4347:
4128:
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3507:
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2836:
2629:
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2614:
2601:
2443:
2434:
1961:
1945:
1932:
1884:
1870:
1862:
1643:Harrison, T.; Xueping, J.; Su, D. (2002).
113:
31:
1833:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1536:
1519:Wu, Liu; Feng, Gao; Liang, Zhang (2002).
1496:
1308:
1199:
1181:
459:fragment with P4 and M1 from the site of
497:now considers it to be a "mystery ape".
1023:
1621:
1034:Fleagle, John G. (25 September 1998).
1704:
1702:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1282:"The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia"
603:. The recognition in the 1980s that "
548:from Yuanmou Basin (7.1-8.2mya), and
7:
1751:International Journal of Primatology
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1063:
1061:
477:, has been argued to be similar to
471:, originally assigned to the genus
1763:10.1023/b:ijop.0000043353.24043.19
623:, more comparable to that seen in
25:
571:is an extinct ape recovered from
537:There are three known species of
517:. The species is known only from
5104:
4382:
3542:
2586:
1124:Chang, Lin; et al. (2015).
500:A possibly related species from
428:distance, an "African" subnasal
134:
122:A lower jaw fossil collected in
722:PA 869, a juvenile mandible of
715:PA 868, a juvenile mandible of
591:, thought to be an ancestor of
409:sometimes have a slight second
987:Sivapithecus, Australopithecus
684:were subsequently assigned to
583:, China, dating to the latest
1:
5333:Fossil taxa described in 1988
5313:Fossil taxa described in 1987
1578:10.1016/S0047-2484(02)00197-5
1037:Primate Anatomy and Evolution
761:Postcanine records show that
1556:), Yunnan Province, China".
1150:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.007
972:In the juvenile mandible of
877:. The vegetation was mostly
262:
1229:colonizer or late Pliocene
686:Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis
663:Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis
444:. The ultimate position of
18:Lufengpithecus keiyuanensis
5354:
5318:Prehistoric primate genera
5243:Lufengpithecus lufengensis
1845:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab116
1711:Journal of Human Evolution
1694:AS Anthropological Science
1652:Journal of Human Evolution
1558:Journal of Human Evolution
1554:Lufengpithecus hudienensis
1183:10.1186/s12870-023-04165-3
967:Lufengpithecus lufengensis
962:Lufengpithecus lufengensis
724:Lufengpithecus lufengensis
717:Lufengpithecus lufengensis
644:Lufengpithecus hudienensis
638:Lufengpithecus hudienensis
617:Lufengpithecus lufengensis
569:Lufengpithecus lufengensis
563:Lufengpithecus lufengensis
504:was assigned to the genus
357:Lufengpithecus lufengensis
5101:
4974:
4710:
4706:
4427:
4423:
4408:
4395:
4380:
4346:
3868:
3694:
3587:
3583:
3568:
3555:
3540:
3506:
2955:
2839:
2632:
2628:
2613:
2600:
2583:
2446:
2433:
1964:
1944:
1931:
1899:
1498:10.1007/s11434-013-6021-x
1233:survivor in south China?"
952:Relation to other species
682:Dryopithecus keiyuanensis
599:, thought to be an early
276:
269:
260:
255:
131:Scientific classification
129:
121:
112:
34:
27:Extinct genus of primates
5328:Miocene primates of Asia
1477:Chinese Science Bulletin
597:Ramapithecus lufengensis
589:Sivapithecus yunnanensis
452:requires more research.
424:. These include a broad
124:Yunnan Provincial Museum
5323:Miocene mammals of Asia
1525:Anthropological Science
1280:Ciochon, R. L. (2009).
956:Fossils from the genus
1672:10.1006/jhev.2002.0570
1605:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
905:Other animals include
677:
5280:Paleobiology Database
5226:Paleobiology Database
1696:(2004): 79-83. Print.
1599:Woo, Ju-kang (1957).
671:
4265:Paradolichopithecus
1664:2002JHumE..43..207H
1570:2003JHumE..44..189S
1538:10.1537/ase.110.149
1489:2013ChSBu..58.3771J
1426:10.1038/nature02245
1418:2004Natur.427..439C
1361:10.1038/nature01449
1353:2003Natur.422...61C
1301:2009Natur.459..910C
1142:2015PPP...435...95C
1082:1991Natur.352..151K
700:Specimens include:
3891:Victoriapithecidae
3833:Plesiopliopithecus
3771:Platodontopithecus
1723:10.1007/bf02438916
1252:10.1007/BF02438918
678:
674:Honghe Prefectural
595:(orangutans), and
405:. The lower third
335:remains and a few
5338:Prehistoric China
5295:
5294:
5213:Open Tree of Life
5127:Taxon identifiers
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5083:
5082:
4848:
4847:
4691:
4690:
4391:
4390:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4337:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3755:Dionysopithecidae
3657:Propliopithecidae
3551:
3550:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3502:
3501:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2596:
2595:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2553:
2552:
2429:
2428:
1483:(31): 3771โ3779.
1412:(6973): 439โ441.
1295:(7249): 910โ911.
1225:"Longgupo: Early
1170:BMC Plant Biology
1076:(6331): 151โ153.
1051:978-0-12-260341-9
941:saber-toothed cat
621:sexual dimorphism
297:
296:
291:
251:
16:(Redirected from
5345:
5308:Prehistoric apes
5288:
5287:
5275:
5274:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5234:
5233:
5221:
5220:
5208:
5207:
5195:
5194:
5182:
5181:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5122:
5109:
5108:
5071:
5060:
5049:
5039:
5021:
5014:Australopithecus
5011:
5000:
4972:
4952:
4934:
4866:
4861:
4836:
4819:
4809:
4799:
4789:
4779:
4769:
4746:
4736:
4726:
4716:
4708:
4704:
4679:
4655:
4631:
4551:Dendropithecidae
4549:
4534:
4524:
4514:
4504:
4494:
4484:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4410:
4397:
4386:
4348:
4319:
4302:
4292:
4282:
4272:
4262:
4224:
4214:
4184:
4129:
4089:
4072:
4034:
4024:
4007:
3997:
3987:
3977:
3967:
3953:Cercopithecoides
3950:
3923:Victoriapithecus
3889:
3874:
3866:
3860:Cercopithecoidea
3714:
3692:
3685:
3655:
3618:
3603:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3570:
3557:
3546:
3508:
3483:
3404:
3394:
3384:
3374:
3357:
3334:
3324:
3314:
3304:
3287:
3270:
3260:
3250:
3206:
3196:
3186:
3162:
3152:
3142:
3132:
3122:
3098:
3088:
3064:
3041:
3011:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2953:
2863:Proteopithecidae
2837:
2830:
2764:
2727:
2696:
2680:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2615:
2602:
2591:
2590:
2540:
2523:
2513:
2473:
2462:
2452:
2444:
2435:
1962:
1952:
1946:
1933:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1857:sciencedaily.com
1849:
1848:
1839:(3): 1156โ1174.
1827:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1757:(5): 1093โ1103.
1746:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1468:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1444:. Archived from
1403:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1379:. Archived from
1338:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1262:. Archived from
1237:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1185:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1090:10.1038/352151a0
1065:
1056:
1055:
1031:
885:, and low-lying
838:
830:
611:were females of
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
285:
249:
242:
229:
139:
138:
117:
107:
44:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5283:
5278:
5270:
5265:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5237:
5229:
5224:
5216:
5211:
5203:
5198:
5190:
5185:
5177:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5129:
5119:
5110:
5103:
5079:
4985:
4961:
4937:Chororapithecus
4919:
4906:Pierolapithecus
4898:Hispanopithecus
4857:
4844:
4782:Gigantopithecus
4754:
4700:
4687:
4682:Yuanmoupithecus
4616:
4611:Turkanapithecus
4542:
4537:Samburupithecus
4507:Nacholapithecus
4417:
4404:
4387:
4366:
4334:
4305:Procynocephalus
4192:
4124:Cercopithecinae
4118:
3970:Dolichopithecus
3935:
3907:Nsungwepithecus
3882:
3862:
3845:
3798:Barberapithecus
3776:
3764:Dionysopithecus
3749:
3737:Epipliopithecus
3722:
3700:Krishnapithecus
3687:Pliopithecoidea
3678:
3673:Propliopithecus
3666:Aegyptopithecus
3648:
3620:Oligopithecidae
3611:
3577:
3564:
3547:
3526:
3498:
3426:
3342:
3214:
3189:Proteropithecia
3049:
3019:
2949:
2932:
2927:Ucayalipithecus
2884:
2857:
2832:Parapithecoidea
2823:
2804:Myanmarpithecus
2766:Amphipithecidae
2757:
2752:Phenacopithecus
2720:
2689:
2622:
2609:
2592:
2585:
2573:
2549:
2484:
2425:
2391:
2201:
2081:Anaptomorphinae
2074:
1998:
1958:
1940:
1927:
1895:
1890:
1853:
1852:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1778:
1748:
1747:
1738:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1518:
1517:
1506:
1470:
1469:
1456:
1448:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1347:(6927): 61โ65.
1336:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1310:10.1038/459910a
1284:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1240:Human Evolution
1235:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1020:
999:
954:
945:Longchuansmilus
923:flying squirrel
858:
836:
828:
789:
759:
733:
694:
666:
641:
566:
542:L. keiyuanensis
539:Lufengpithecus:
535:
515:chiangmuanensis
484:Gigantopithecus
385:
383:Characteristics
353:L. keiyuanensis
317:
314:
311:
308:
248:
240:
231:Lufengpithecini
227:
133:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5351:
5349:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5300:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5276:
5263:
5247:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5235:
5222:
5209:
5196:
5183:
5170:
5165:Lufengpithecus
5155:
5139:
5137:
5135:Lufengpithecus
5131:
5130:
5125:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5067:
5063:Sahelanthropus
5056:
5045:
5035:
5028:
5024:Graecopithecus
5017:
5007:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:Nakalipithecus
4948:
4941:
4929:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4872:
4870:
4858:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4832:
4825:
4815:
4812:Lufengpithecus
4805:
4802:Khoratpithecus
4795:
4785:
4775:
4772:Ankarapithecus
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4749:Ouranopithecus
4742:
4739:Nakalipithecus
4732:
4729:Graecopithecus
4722:
4711:
4701:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4626:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4590:Rangwapithecus
4586:
4578:
4575:Nyanzapithecus
4571:
4563:
4560:Dendropithecus
4555:
4553:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4497:Morotopithecus
4490:
4480:
4476:Kamoyapithecus
4469:
4466:Griphopithecus
4459:
4449:
4439:
4428:
4418:
4413:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4322:Soromandrillus
4315:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4278:
4268:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4220:
4210:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4142:Allenopithecus
4137:
4135:
4133:Cercopithecini
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4113:Trachypithecus
4109:
4102:
4095:
4085:
4078:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4030:
4020:
4013:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3973:
3963:
3956:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3930:Zaltanpithecus
3926:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3869:
3863:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3730:
3728:Pliopithecidae
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3599:
3588:
3578:
3573:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3479:
3472:
3469:Leontopithecus
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3436:
3434:
3432:Callitrichidae
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3400:
3390:
3380:
3370:
3363:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3320:
3310:
3300:
3293:
3283:
3276:
3266:
3256:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3007:
2997:
2987:
2977:
2967:
2956:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2892:
2890:Parapithecidae
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2872:Proteopithecus
2867:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2676:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2633:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2536:
2529:
2519:
2516:Hesperotarsius
2509:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2469:
2458:
2447:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2274:Gunnelltarsius
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2140:Pseudotetonius
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2006:
2004:Microchoerinae
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1822:
1812:
1800:
1790:
1776:
1736:
1698:
1685:
1658:(2): 207โ227.
1635:
1591:
1564:(2): 189โ202.
1544:
1504:
1454:
1451:on 2012-01-17.
1389:
1386:on 2012-10-23.
1324:
1272:
1269:on 2009-01-05.
1231:Lufengpithecus
1215:
1155:
1111:
1057:
1050:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1004:Griphopithecus
998:
995:
983:Lufengpithecus
974:Lufengpithecus
958:Lufengpithecus
953:
950:
927:Pliopetaurista
896:Lufengpithecus
881:, followed by
862:Lufengpithecus
857:
854:
850:L. hudienensis
845:L. lufengensis
841:L. hudienensis
834:L. lufengensis
826:L. lufengensis
821:L. lufengensis
814:Lufengpithecus
809:Dendropithecus
803:Ouranopithecus
792:Lufengpithecus
788:
785:
772:L. lufengensis
767:Lufengpithecus
763:Lufengpithecus
758:
755:
743:Lufengpithecus
737:Lufengpithecus
732:
729:
728:
727:
720:
713:
710:
693:
690:
665:
660:
656:L. lufengensis
648:Yuanmou County
640:
635:
625:cercopithecoid
601:human ancestor
565:
560:
555:L. hudienensis
550:L. lufengensis
546:L. hudienensis
534:
531:
507:Khoratpithecus
479:Lufengpithecus
446:Lufengpithecus
418:Lufengpithecus
395:Lufengpithecus
384:
381:
369:Lufengpithecus
349:L. hudienensis
345:L. lufengensis
301:Lufengpithecus
295:
294:
293:
292:
274:
273:
267:
266:
258:
257:
253:
252:
245:Lufengpithecus
238:
234:
233:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
127:
126:
119:
118:
110:
109:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
39:
36:Lufengpithecus
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5350:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5107:
5076:
5075:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5042:Kenyanthropus
5036:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4956:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4877:Anoiapithecus
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4868:Dryopithecini
4862:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4694:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4597:Rukwapithecus
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:Micropithecus
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4517:Otavipithecus
4511:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4487:Kenyapithecus
4481:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4331:
4330:
4329:Theropithecus
4326:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4295:Procercocebus
4289:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4227:Gorgopithecus
4221:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4156:Cercopithecus
4153:
4151:
4150:
4149:Allochrocebus
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4099:Semnopithecus
4096:
4094:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:Rhinopithecus
4079:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4037:Parapresbytis
4031:
4029:
4028:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3980:Kuseracolobus
3974:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3826:Laccopithecus
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3812:Egarapithecus
3809:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3643:Talahpithecus
3640:
3638:
3637:
3636:Oligopithecus
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3596:Micropithecus
3590:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3545:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:Protopithecus
3311:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:Plecturocebus
3176:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3155:Miocallicebus
3149:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2818:Siamopithecus
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:Bugtipithecus
2779:
2777:
2776:
2775:Amphipithecus
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:Afrotarsiidae
2692:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:Aseanpithecus
2656:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2506:Cephalopachus
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:Afrotarsiidae
2459:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2397:Tarkadectinae
2394:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2267:Ekwiiyemakius
2264:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2218:Ageitodendron
2215:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2098:Anaptomorphus
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:(3): 217โ26.
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1531:(2): 149โ63.
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
975:
970:
968:
963:
959:
951:
949:
947:
946:
942:
938:
937:
933:
929:
928:
924:
920:
919:
915:, the rodent
914:
913:
909:, the beaver
908:
903:
901:
897:
892:
888:
887:pteridophytes
884:
880:
876:
875:
870:
869:
863:
855:
853:
851:
846:
842:
835:
827:
822:
817:
815:
811:
810:
805:
804:
799:
798:
793:
786:
784:
782:
776:
773:
768:
764:
756:
754:
750:
747:
744:
740:
738:
730:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:
708:
703:
702:
701:
698:
691:
689:
687:
683:
675:
670:
664:
661:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:Lufeng County
574:
570:
564:
561:
559:
556:
551:
547:
543:
540:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:
512:specific name
509:
508:
503:
498:
496:
492:
491:
486:
485:
480:
476:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
303:
302:
289:
284:
282:
278:
277:
275:
272:
268:
265:
264:
259:
254:
247:
246:
239:
236:
235:
232:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
128:
125:
120:
116:
111:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
37:
33:
30:
19:
5242:
5134:
5074:Paranthropus
5072:
5061:
5050:
5040:
5030:
5022:
5012:
5003:Ardipithecus
5001:
4978:
4953:
4943:
4935:
4914:Rudapithecus
4912:
4904:
4896:
4891:Dryopithecus
4889:
4882:
4875:
4839:Sivapithecus
4837:
4827:
4822:Meganthropus
4820:
4811:
4810:
4800:
4792:Indopithecus
4790:
4780:
4770:
4747:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4680:
4672:Symphalangus
4670:
4663:
4656:
4646:
4639:
4634:Bunopithecus
4632:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4582:Oreopithecus
4580:
4573:
4565:
4558:
4535:
4525:
4515:
4505:
4495:
4485:
4474:
4464:
4454:
4444:
4436:Afropithecus
4434:
4327:
4320:
4310:
4303:
4293:
4283:
4273:
4263:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4217:Dinopithecus
4215:
4205:
4187:Nanopithecus
4185:
4175:
4170:Erythrocebus
4168:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4080:
4075:Rhinocolobus
4073:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4044:Piliocolobus
4042:
4035:
4025:
4015:
4010:Microcolobus
4008:
4000:Mesopithecus
3998:
3990:Libypithecus
3988:
3978:
3968:
3958:
3951:
3928:
3921:
3915:Prohylobates
3913:
3905:
3900:Noropithecus
3898:
3875:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:Crouzeliidae
3769:
3762:
3744:Pliopithecus
3742:
3735:
3715:
3705:
3698:
3671:
3664:
3641:
3634:
3629:Catopithecus
3627:
3604:
3594:
3491:
3484:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3395:
3385:
3377:Dolichocebus
3375:
3365:
3358:
3335:
3325:
3315:
3305:
3295:
3288:
3278:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3153:
3145:Mazzonicebus
3143:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3106:
3101:Cebupithecia
3099:
3089:
3079:
3072:
3067:Antillothrix
3065:
3042:
3032:
3012:
3002:
2992:
2982:
2974:Perupithecus
2972:
2962:
2925:
2918:
2913:Parapithecus
2911:
2904:
2897:
2877:
2870:
2850:
2843:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2713:
2706:
2683:Phileosimias
2681:
2670:
2660:
2650:
2641:Altiatlasius
2639:
2543:Xanthorhysis
2541:
2531:
2526:Oligotarsius
2524:
2514:
2504:
2497:
2474:
2463:
2453:
2439:Tarsiiformes
2418:
2411:
2404:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2302:Macrotarsius
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2154:Strigorhysis
2152:
2147:Sphacorhysis
2145:
2138:
2131:
2126:Chlororhysis
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2027:Microchoerus
2025:
2018:
2011:
1991:
1984:
1978:Altiatlasius
1976:
1968:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1815:
1793:
1754:
1750:
1714:
1710:
1693:
1688:
1655:
1651:
1638:
1624:cite journal
1613:. Retrieved
1608:
1604:
1594:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1528:
1524:
1480:
1476:
1446:the original
1409:
1405:
1392:
1381:the original
1344:
1340:
1327:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1264:the original
1243:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1173:
1169:
1158:
1133:
1129:
1073:
1069:
1036:
1011:Meganthropus
1009:
1002:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
971:
966:
961:
957:
955:
943:
934:
925:
916:
910:
904:
895:
872:
866:
861:
859:
856:Paleoecology
849:
844:
840:
833:
825:
820:
818:
813:
807:
801:
795:
791:
790:
777:
771:
766:
762:
760:
751:
748:
742:
741:
736:
734:
723:
716:
706:
699:
695:
685:
681:
679:
662:
655:
643:
642:
637:
632:
616:
613:Sivapithecus
612:
605:Ramapithecus
604:
596:
592:
588:
568:
567:
562:
554:
549:
545:
541:
538:
536:
523:Sivapithecus
522:
514:
505:
499:
494:
488:
487:and ancient
482:
478:
472:
454:
448:in hominoid
445:
426:interorbital
417:
415:
403:canine teeth
394:
390:Sivapithecus
388:
386:
368:
361:Late Miocene
359:is from the
356:
352:
348:
344:
300:
299:
298:
287:
281:Ramapithecus
279:
261:
244:
243:
230:
204:Infraorder:
43:Late Miocene
35:
29:
5159:Wikispecies
4622:Hylobatidae
4312:Rungwecebus
4177:Miopithecus
4163:Chlorocebus
4092:Sawecolobus
4027:Paracolobus
3791:Anapithecus
3707:Paidopithex
3462:Leontocebus
3397:Panamacebus
3307:Paralouatta
3243:Brachyteles
3135:Insulacebus
3055:Pitheciidae
2994:Canaanimico
2947:Platyrrhini
2899:Abuqatrania
2715:Afrotarsius
2620:Simiiformes
2607:Simiiformes
2559:Simiiformes
2413:Tarkadectes
2253:Diablomomys
2232:Brontomomys
2168:Teilhardina
2112:Arapahovius
2105:Anemorhysis
2069:Vectipithex
2062:Quercyloris
2055:Pseudoloris
2034:Nannopithex
2020:Melaneremia
883:gymnosperms
879:angiosperms
781:gum disease
525:and modern
438:postcranial
283:lufengensis
208:Simiiformes
5302:Categories
4456:Equatorius
4415:Hominoidea
4402:Hominoidea
4361:see belowโ
4352:Hominoidea
4248:Mandrillus
4234:Lophocebus
4207:Cercocebus
4058:Procolobus
3819:Fanchangia
3575:Catarrhini
3562:Catarrhini
3521:see belowโ
3512:Catarrhini
3448:Callithrix
3387:Killikaike
3290:Mohanamico
3273:Chilecebus
3199:Soriacebus
3165:Nuciruptor
3125:Homunculus
3115:Chiropotes
3108:Cheracebus
3091:Carlocebus
3081:Callicebus
3044:Tremacebus
3014:Lagonimico
3004:Branisella
2984:Szalatavus
2811:Pondaungia
2729:Eosimiidae
2568:see belowโ
2455:Archicebus
2337:Shoshonius
2281:Hemiacodon
2260:Dyseolemur
2246:Chumashius
2189:Trogolemur
2182:Tetonoides
2091:Absarokius
2041:Necrolemur
1986:Bownomomys
1938:Haplorhini
1893:Haplorhini
1615:2020-09-09
1176:(1): 155.
1136:: 95โ104.
1018:References
939:, and the
912:Sinocastor
527:orangutans
510:under the
457:mandibular
442:bipedalism
432:, frontal
430:morphology
401:and large
397:had heavy
315:Lufeng ape
198:Haplorhini
194:Suborder:
5258:Q10320473
4925:Gorillini
4855:Homininae
4698:Hominidae
4648:Hylobates
4527:Proconsul
4285:Pliopapio
4275:Parapapio
4198:Papionini
4065:Pygathrix
4051:Presbytis
3941:Colobinae
3840:Pliobates
3805:Crouzelia
3606:Saadanius
3441:Callimico
3360:Acrecebus
3337:Stirtonia
3280:Lagothrix
3263:Cartelles
3209:Xenothrix
2964:Parvimico
2490:Tarsiidae
2477:Omomyidae
2372:Washakius
2358:Uintanius
2309:Nesomomys
2239:Chipetaia
2225:Asiomomys
2208:Omomyinae
2161:Tatmanius
2119:Aycrossia
2048:Paraloris
2013:Indusomys
1955:Omomyidae
1903:Kingdom:
1192:1471-2229
918:Kowalskia
907:elephants
900:C4 plants
797:Proconsul
757:Dentition
692:Discovery
652:maxillary
455:A single
450:phylogeny
422:hominines
407:premolars
377:Homininae
363:found in
218:Hominidae
154:Kingdom:
148:Eukaryota
5272:11211759
5252:Wikidata
5179:10642663
5144:Wikidata
4991:Hominina
4967:Hominini
4884:Danuvius
4760:Ponginae
4719:Buronius
4665:Nomascus
4604:Simiolus
3493:Saguinus
3455:Cebuella
3407:Patasola
3327:Solimoea
3229:Alouatta
3220:Atelidae
3172:Pithecia
2920:Qatrania
2845:Arsinoea
2745:Eosimias
2379:Wyomomys
2344:Steinius
2330:Rooneyia
2288:Jemezius
2196:Walshina
2175:Tetonius
2133:Gazinius
1993:Kohatius
1970:Altanius
1923:Primates
1917:Mammalia
1911:Chordata
1909:Phylum:
1905:Animalia
1771:24478752
1731:84417572
1680:12160716
1586:12662942
1434:14749830
1369:12621432
1319:19536242
1260:81056081
1246:: 1โ12.
1210:36945024
1201:10031969
997:See also
989:, early
936:Alilepus
891:Conifers
533:Taxonomy
502:Thailand
461:Longgupo
373:Ponginae
320:) is an
271:Synonyms
263:See text
256:Species
250:Wu, 1987
214:Family:
188:Primates
178:Mammalia
168:Chordata
164:Phylum:
158:Animalia
144:Domain:
5218:3607684
5205:1016751
5192:4827671
5150:Q138078
5052:Orrorin
4945:Gorilla
4641:Hoolock
4017:Nasalis
3960:Colobus
3486:Micodon
3421:Sapajus
3414:Saimiri
3348:Cebidae
3297:Oreonax
3253:Caipora
3074:Cacajao
3025:Aotidae
2906:Apidium
2879:Serapia
2852:Biretia
2738:Bahinia
2708:Afrasia
2672:Nosmips
2652:Amamria
2533:Tarsius
2499:Carlito
2420:Tarkops
2386:Yaquius
2351:Stockia
2323:Ourayia
2295:Loveina
1921:Order:
1915:Class:
1660:Bibcode
1566:Bibcode
1485:Bibcode
1442:4349664
1414:Bibcode
1377:4422882
1349:Bibcode
1297:Bibcode
1138:Bibcode
1106:4248241
1098:1906139
1078:Bibcode
1042:474โ475
868:Quercus
860:Before
731:Anatomy
628:monkeys
609:fossils
585:Miocene
573:lignite
465:Sichuan
434:sinuses
341:species
322:extinct
309:
237:Genus:
224:Tribe:
184:Order:
174:Class:
5285:385523
4446:Ekembo
4241:Macaca
4106:Simias
3877:Alophe
3236:Ateles
2797:Krabia
2790:Ganlea
2365:Utahia
2316:Omomys
1820:Print.
1798:Print.
1769:
1729:
1678:
1584:
1440:
1432:
1406:Nature
1375:
1367:
1341:Nature
1317:
1289:Nature
1258:
1208:
1198:
1190:
1104:
1096:
1070:Nature
1048:
932:rabbit
930:, the
921:, the
806:, and
676:Museum
581:Yunnan
416:While
399:molars
337:skulls
333:dental
290:, 1978
288:et al.
5231:89270
5200:IRMNG
4829:Pongo
4658:Junzi
4255:Papio
3367:Cebus
3034:Aotus
2406:Tarka
1767:S2CID
1727:S2CID
1648:(PDF)
1449:(PDF)
1438:S2CID
1402:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1373:S2CID
1337:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
1267:(PDF)
1256:S2CID
1236:(PDF)
1102:S2CID
874:Alnus
837:'
829:'
707:Pongo
593:Pongo
519:teeth
490:Pongo
469:China
387:Like
365:China
325:genus
5267:GBIF
5187:GBIF
5032:Homo
3717:Kapi
3476:Mico
1676:PMID
1630:link
1582:PMID
1430:PMID
1365:PMID
1315:PMID
1227:Homo
1206:PMID
1188:ISSN
1094:PMID
1046:ISBN
991:Homo
978:Homo
871:and
787:Diet
495:Homo
474:Homo
411:cusp
351:and
306:lit.
48:Pre๊
5174:EoL
4980:Pan
1841:doi
1837:196
1759:doi
1719:doi
1668:doi
1574:doi
1533:doi
1529:110
1493:doi
1422:doi
1410:427
1357:doi
1345:422
1305:doi
1293:459
1248:doi
1196:PMC
1178:doi
1146:doi
1134:435
1086:doi
1074:352
463:in
329:ape
327:of
286:Xu
5304::
5282::
5269::
5254::
5228::
5215::
5202::
5189::
5176::
5161::
5146::
1835:.
1803:^
1779:^
1765:.
1755:25
1753:.
1739:^
1725:.
1715:19
1713:.
1701:^
1674:.
1666:.
1656:43
1654:.
1650:.
1626:}}
1622:{{
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1603:.
1580:.
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1560:.
1527:.
1523:.
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1491:.
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1475:.
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1436:.
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1420:.
1408:.
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1303:.
1291:.
1287:.
1254:.
1244:16
1242:.
1238:.
1204:.
1194:.
1186:.
1174:23
1172:.
1168:.
1144:.
1132:.
1128:.
1114:^
1100:.
1092:.
1084:.
1072:.
1060:^
1044:.
1026:^
902:.
889:.
852:.
800:,
783:.
688:.
607:"
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467:,
393:,
379:.
355:.
347:,
343::
98:Pg
5070:โ
5066:?
5059:โ
5055:?
5048:โ
5038:โ
5027:?
5020:โ
5010:โ
5006:?
4999:โ
4958:?
4951:โ
4940:?
4933:โ
4909:?
4901:?
4865:โ
4835:โ
4818:โ
4808:โ
4798:โ
4788:โ
4778:โ
4768:โ
4745:โ
4735:โ
4725:โ
4715:โ
4678:โ
4654:โ
4630:โ
4585:?
4570:?
4548:โ
4533:โ
4523:โ
4513:โ
4503:โ
4493:โ
4483:โ
4479:?
4472:โ
4462:โ
4452:โ
4442:โ
4432:โ
4318:โ
4301:โ
4291:โ
4281:โ
4271:โ
4261:โ
4223:โ
4213:โ
4183:โ
4088:โ
4071:โ
4033:โ
4023:โ
4006:โ
3996:โ
3986:โ
3976:โ
3966:โ
3949:โ
3918:?
3910:?
3888:โ
3873:โ
3713:โ
3684:โ
3654:โ
3617:โ
3602:โ
3592:โ
3482:โ
3403:โ
3393:โ
3383:โ
3373:โ
3356:โ
3333:โ
3323:โ
3313:โ
3303:โ
3286:โ
3269:โ
3259:โ
3249:โ
3205:โ
3195:โ
3185:โ
3161:โ
3151:โ
3141:โ
3131:โ
3121:โ
3097:โ
3087:โ
3063:โ
3040:โ
3010:โ
3000:โ
2990:โ
2980:โ
2970:โ
2960:โ
2829:โ
2785:?
2763:โ
2726:โ
2700:?
2695:โ
2686:?
2679:โ
2675:?
2668:โ
2658:โ
2648:โ
2644:?
2637:โ
2546:?
2539:โ
2522:โ
2512:โ
2481:?
2479:"
2475:"
2472:โ
2468:?
2461:โ
2451:โ
2210:"
2206:"
2083:"
2079:"
1981:?
1973:?
1957:"
1953:"
1951:โ
1885:e
1878:t
1871:v
1847:.
1843::
1773:.
1761::
1733:.
1721::
1682:.
1670::
1662::
1632:)
1618:.
1609:1
1588:.
1576::
1568::
1541:.
1535::
1501:.
1495::
1487::
1424::
1416::
1359::
1351::
1321:.
1307::
1299::
1250::
1212:.
1180::
1152:.
1148::
1140::
1108:.
1088::
1080::
1054:.
318:'
312:'
304:(
241:โ
228:โ
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:๊
20:)
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