250:
members of the
Carvajal family, he lists the youngest child, "Anica" - almost certainly Ana - as a member of the family who had arrived in 1580 in Tampico in his article "Crypto-Jews in Mexico during the Sixteenth Century." Samuel Temkin in "Luis de Carvajal and His People" lists her birthdate as 1579, which would mean she was about seventy at the time of her death.
47:, who was the governor of New Mexico, and was brought to Mexico at a young age. In Mexico, he began to practice Judaism in secret alongside his family, and additionally kept memoirs of his life. His writings are the earliest known to be written by a Jew in the Americas. He was executed as a martyr of the Jewish faith by the Spanish Inquisition in 1596.
135:(the term used in the Spanish Inquisition for crypto-Jews practicing Judaism in secret), and was tortured until she gave up the names of her family and several others. Luis de Carvajal was detained for Judaizing alongside his family. His uncle, who had already been arrested on suspicions of being descended from
139:, died in prison, and his mother and sisters were sent to a convent. Carvajal was sent to teach Latin to indigenous men. Two of his brothers, Baltasar and Miguel, had managed to escape from Mexico before they could be arrested and made their way first to Spain, then to Italy; Miguel eventually settled in
173:
164:
in Mexico City. He was about 30 years old. His mother
Francisca and sisters Catalina, Isabel, and Leonor were executed on the same day. According to one contemporary source, upon witnessing the execution of his mother and two of his sisters, he had a mental breakdown and converted to Catholicism just
249:
Confusion exists around the birthdate of Ana de
Carvajal. Garcia-Riquelme lists her birthdate as 1581. Arnold Wiznitzer writes in "Crypto-Jews in Mexico during the Seventeenth Century" that she was sixty-seven at the time of her death, putting her birthdate at around 1582. However, when listing the
168:
His sisters, Ana and
Mariana, were not executed with their brother, and Mariana was "reconciled" into the Catholic faith. Mariana was accused of relapsing to Judaism and was executed by garrote and then burnt at the stake on 25 March 1601, at twenty-nine years of age, in an auto da fe, whereas Ana
118:
with a pair of old scissors. He joined the rest of his family, with the exception of his brother Gaspar, who became a
Franciscan friar, in practicing Jewish faith in secret. Carvajal spoke no Hebrew and knew little about Jewish tradition; his isolation from the rest of the Jewish world led him to
147:
Undeterred by his arrest, he became the leader of a secret Jewish community. When he was arrested again in
February of 1595, alongside his mother and several sisters, he refused to incriminate them in Judaizing. However, in February 1596, he was tortured, and revealed the names of 120 other
239:
This individual's name is varyingly transcribed as Ana or Anica. For instance, Arnold
Wiznitzer in his article "Crypto-Jews in Mexico during the Sixteenth Century" gives her name as Anica, and then in his article "Crypto-Jews in Mexico during the Seventeenth Century" gives her name as
143:
and became a rabbi. He began writing his autobiography in 1591, with the last entry dated to
October 1594. He also wrote under the pseudonym José Lumbroso, or "Joseph the Enlightened". The memoirs that he kept were very small, possibly that size in order to hide in his hat.
189:, as such, they have posed great interest to historians. His memoirs were stored in the national archives of Mexico until 1932, when they disappeared for unexplained reasons. They were recovered in 2016 by Leonard L. Milberg and restored to the archives.
169:
was "reconciled" at the same auto da fe. Ana was also accused of practicing
Judaism in secret, and was garroted and subsequently burnt at the stake in April 1649, at about seventy years of age, in an auto da fe in Mexico City.
83:. The elder Luis de Carvajal may have heard suspicions of his sister's family practicing Judaism in secret, and brought them to New Spain, possibly hoping to save them from the worst of the Inquisition. His family arrived in
993:
67:. He was the fifth of nine children, and had five sisters: Isabel, Leonor, Catalina, Mariana, and Ana, and three brothers: Baltasar, Miguel, and Gaspar. His parents were both born in
1075:
1427:
565:
983:
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103:. Carvajal accompanied his father to Mexico City to sell indigenous slaves; when his father died, Luis returned to Pánuco.
95:. Carvajal accompanied his uncle on his political missions; his brother Gaspar did not live in Pánuco, but rather lived in
448:"Blood and Spirit: Paternity, Fraternity and Religious Self-fashioning in Luis de Carvajal's Spiritual Autobiography"
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crypto-Jews, including his mother and sisters. In shame, he tried to kill himself, but could not do so.
1097:
172:
1407:
1392:
1336:
1191:"Secret Histories Exposed: the Recovery of Crypto-Jewish Identity in Modern Latin American Theater"
1102:
92:
176:
A depiction of the execution of
Mariana de Carvajal, Luis de Carvajal's sister. Published in 1870.
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950:
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782:
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114:
around the age of thirteen. According to his memoirs, he received a Bible, after reading it, he
1354:
1303:
1259:
1202:
1164:
1028:
942:
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876:"In the Cross-Currents of the Reformation: Crypto-Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition 1570-1670"
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608:
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60:
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25:
544:[A Novohispanic Siddur: The way of calling to God of Luis de Carvajal (1580-1596)]
220:
1241:
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730:
136:
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features aspects of his and the Carvajal family's life during the inquistion process.
110:
school. He was introduced to his family's tradition of secretly practicing Judaism on
1386:
343:
203:
80:
165:
before his death; however, there is ambiguity over whether the source is reliable.
192:
140:
76:
542:"Un Siddur Novohispano: El Modo de llamar a Dios de Luis de Carvajal (1580-1596)"
63:, Spain, around 1566 or 1567. His parents were Francisco Rodriguez de Mattos and
762:
195:
dramatises Luis de Carvajal the Younger's life and struggle as part of his work
96:
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40:
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675:"The Letters and Last Will and Testament of Luis De Carvajal, the Younger"
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819:[Hybridization in the Letters of Luis de Carvajal the Younger].
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335:
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88:
185:
Carvajal's writings are the earliest known writings from a Jew in the
107:
1242:"Inquisitorial process in Arturo Ripstein's film: "El Santo Oficio""
210:(In the Name of God) dramatizes the lives of the Carvajal family.
171:
1350:
491:"Some Misconceptions About the Crypto-Jews in Colonial Mexico"
984:"Earliest Jewish manuscript in New World to return to Mexico"
817:"La hibridaciĂłn en las Cartas de Luis de Carvajal, el Mozo"
1145:"El Iluminado, written by Ilan Stavans and Steve Sheinkin"
1068:"A Secret Jew, the New World, a Lost Book: Mystery Solved"
452:
Estudios Interdisciplinarios de America Latina y el Caribe
731:"Secret Mexican diary sheds light on Spanish Inquisition"
767:"Trial of Jorge De Almeida by the Inquisition in Mexico"
1119:"'El Iluminado' illuminates New Mexico's 'crypto-Jews'"
55:
Luis de Carvajal the Younger was born into a family of
931:"Crypto-Jews in Mexico during the Seventeenth Century"
771:
Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society
645:
428:
416:
392:
368:
287:
1098:"El Iluminado: A Graphic Novel | Jewish Book Council"
1290:"The Autobiography of Luis De Carvajal, the Younger"
597:"Crypto-Jews in Mexico during the Sixteenth Century"
160:, then burnt at the stake on 8 December 1596, in an
1246:
Ihering. Cuadernos de Ciencias JurĂdicas y Sociales
1343:The Carvajal Family and the Inquisition in Mexico
1338:La Familia Carvajal y La InquisiciĂłn de MĂ©xico
810:
808:
668:
666:
590:
588:
586:
131:In 1589, his sister Isabel was denounced as a
43:writer. He was the nephew of the conquistador
156:Luis de Carvajal the Younger was executed by
8:
71:, Portugal. His uncle on his mother's side,
1335:GarcĂa-Molina Riquelme, Antonio M. (2021).
1428:People executed by the Spanish Inquisition
1021:The Princeton University Library Chronicle
978:
976:
441:
439:
437:
1253:
18:Crypto-Jewish writer and martyr (d. 1596)
1240:Prado Rubio, Erika (9 September 2020).
268:
232:
724:
722:
720:
657:
470:from the original on 20 September 2014
404:
380:
275:
39:– 8 December 1596) was a Spanish-born
1221:from the original on 6 September 2023
1078:from the original on 6 September 2023
1047:from the original on 6 September 2023
996:from the original on 6 September 2023
961:from the original on 5 September 2023
910:from the original on 6 September 2023
855:from the original on 6 September 2023
793:from the original on 7 September 2023
571:from the original on 7 September 2023
350:from the original on 6 September 2023
7:
1370:from the original on 25 October 2023
1295:American Jewish Historical Quarterly
935:American Jewish Historical Quarterly
679:American Jewish Historical Quarterly
601:American Jewish Historical Quarterly
495:American Jewish Historical Quarterly
219:(1974) directed by Mexican director
1143:Greenlee, Gaby (2 December 2013).
1117:Tobar, Hector (23 November 2012).
821:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos
123:form of Judaism and Christianity.
14:
1322:from the original on 6 April 2023
1066:Berger, Joseph (2 January 2017).
705:from the original on 6 April 2023
627:from the original on 6 April 2023
540:SaldĂas, Ignacio Chuecas (2021).
521:from the original on 6 April 2023
302:"Luis de Carvajal and His People"
1433:16th-century executions by Spain
1423:People executed by strangulation
743:from the original on 3 June 2023
1418:Victims of antisemitic violence
1017:"The Diary of Luis de Carvajal"
729:Pizzey, Natasha (3 June 2017).
73:Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva
45:Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva
1:
815:Silverstein, Stephen (2015).
33:
1453:16th-century Spanish writers
1189:Warshawsky, Matthew (2009).
1015:Milberg, Leonard L. (2020).
22:Luis de Carvajal the Younger
1443:Spanish emigrants to Mexico
646:GarcĂa-Molina Riquelme 2021
446:De Perelis, Ronnie (2012).
429:GarcĂa-Molina Riquelme 2021
417:GarcĂa-Molina Riquelme 2021
393:GarcĂa-Molina Riquelme 2021
369:GarcĂa-Molina Riquelme 2021
288:GarcĂa-Molina Riquelme 2021
65:Francisca Núñez de Carvajal
1474:
1288:Cohen, Martin A. (1966a).
929:Wiznitzer, Arnold (1962).
595:Wiznitzer, Arnold (1962).
1448:16th-century Spanish Jews
1398:People from Zamora, Spain
1161:10.1163/18718000-12340021
673:Cohen, Martin A. (1966).
489:Cohen, Martin A. (1972).
320:10.1017/S0364009408000044
849:10.1525/msem.2015.31.1.1
833:10.1525/msem.2015.31.1.1
30:Luis de Carvajal el Mozo
1195:Pacific Coast Philology
874:Bodian, Miriam (2002).
300:Temkin, Samuel (2008).
91:in 1580, and stayed in
79:named as a governor of
177:
106:Carvajal studied at a
99:, then the capital of
29:
1155:(1). Brill: 121–123.
888:10.1093/past/176.1.66
175:
550:EHumanista Conversos
407:, pp. 284, 287.
208:En el nombre de Dios
1255:10.51743/ihering.33
1103:Jewish Book Council
383:, pp. 277–278.
116:circumcised himself
1072:The New York Times
880:Past & Present
178:
1360:978-607-30-5570-3
1123:Los Angeles Times
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882:(176): 66–104.
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221:Arturo Ripstein
216:El Santo Oficio
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87:at the port of
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12:
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5:
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1438:Jewish writers
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1413:Jewish martyrs
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1349:(in Spanish).
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1302:(3): 277–318.
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1248:(3): 139–164.
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1027:(1): 131–134.
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941:(4): 222–322.
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685:(4): 451–520.
662:
660:, p. 279.
650:
648:, p. 329.
638:
607:(3): 168–214.
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552:(in Spanish).
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501:(4): 289–291.
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280:
278:, p. 277.
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137:New Christians
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204:Sabina Berman
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197:El Illuminado
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41:Crypto-Jewish
31:
27:
23:
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1403:Mexican Jews
1372:. Retrieved
1342:
1337:
1324:. Retrieved
1299:
1293:
1282:Bibliography
1267:. Retrieved
1245:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1201:(1): 17–33.
1198:
1194:
1184:
1174:19 September
1172:. Retrieved
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1138:
1128:19 September
1126:. Retrieved
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1080:. Retrieved
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998:. Retrieved
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963:. Retrieved
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912:. Retrieved
879:
869:
857:. Retrieved
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795:. Retrieved
773:(4): 29–79.
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763:Adler, Cyrus
757:
745:. Retrieved
734:
707:. Retrieved
682:
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629:. Retrieved
604:
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553:
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523:. Retrieved
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472:. Retrieved
455:
451:
424:
412:
400:
395:, p. 8.
388:
376:
371:, p. 4.
364:
352:. Retrieved
311:
305:
295:
290:, p. 3.
283:
271:
245:
235:
214:
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207:
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196:
193:Ilan Stavans
191:
184:
167:
155:
146:
130:
105:
77:conquistador
54:
21:
20:
15:
1408:1596 deaths
1393:Crypto-Jews
1374:9 September
1326:5 September
1225:6 September
1082:6 September
1051:6 September
1000:6 September
965:6 September
914:6 September
859:6 September
827:(1): 1–21.
797:7 September
747:7 September
709:5 September
658:Cohen 1966a
631:6 September
575:7 September
525:6 September
474:8 September
405:Cohen 1966a
381:Cohen 1966a
354:6 September
276:Cohen 1966a
202:The writer
119:practice a
97:Mexico City
37: 1566
1387:Categories
307:AJS Review
258:References
213:The movie
162:auto da fe
112:Yom Kippur
81:Nuevo LeĂłn
51:Early life
1308:0002-9068
1264:2660-552X
1207:0078-7469
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