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486:, meaning one generation per year. Life stages are approximately 10 days as eggs, 6–7 weeks as larvae, 2–3 weeks as pupae, finishing with one week as winged adults appearing in late May or early June. In the mid-Atlantic states the species is bivoltine, and farther south trivoltine, meaning respectively two and three generations per year. In the central states the first generation appears in April, second in July. Even farther south, first generation appears as early as March, with second and third spaced eight to ten weeks later.
634:
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338:, emerging from the egg, reaches a length of 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in), the second 9–10 mm (0.35–0.39 in), the third 12–16 mm (0.47–0.63 in) and the fourth 23–26 mm (0.91–1.02 in). The fifth (final) instar grows to approximately 70–90 mm (2.8–3.5 in) in length. Small, colorful dots – yellow or magenta – may line the sides of the fourth and fifth instars. The larvae may take on a reddish-brown color just prior to
725:
92:
593:. Males can detect these molecules at a distance of several miles, and then fly in the direction the wind is coming from until reaching the female. Luna moth females mate with the first males to find them, a process that typically starts after midnight and takes several hours. Researchers extracted three chemical compounds from the pheromone gland of unmated Luna moth females and identified one major and two minor aldehyde compounds designated
783:
nonessential appendages, with success occurring over 55% of the time. Experiments were conducted with Luna moths with intact wings and with the tails removed. With intact wings, a majority of the attacking bats contacted the hindwing tails rather than the body of the moth; only 35% of intact moths were caught versus 81% for those with clipped tails. The results of this experiment support echolocation distortion as an effective countermeasure.
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796:. Due to its flexible life cycle, it can parasitize more than 150 species of butterflies and moths in North America. Researchers reported that when Luna moth larvae were placed outside for about a week and then collected and returned to the laboratory, four parasitic species emerged, the most common being
523:
behind. Sometimes the shed exoskeleton is eaten. Newly hatched, this caterpillar constantly munches on the leaves of walnut, hickory, sweetgum, and paper birch trees. Each instar is green, though the first two instars do have some variation in which some larvae will have black underlying splotches on
554:
over winter, in which case the pupal stage takes about nine months. The mechanisms triggering diapause are generally a mixture of genetic triggers, duration of sunlight and temperature. The pupae have chitinous spurs near the base of the forewings. By vigorously moving about within the cocoon, these
528:
side. The final instar grows to approximately 70 mm (2.8 in) to 90 mm (3.5 in) in length. All five instar stages possess green spines on the dorsal surface. These spines do not sting, but can still cause irritation upon contact. This is a tree-dwelling species. Larvae stay on the
609:
11-18:Ald. The same compounds were also synthesized. Field experiments with both unmated females and the synthesized compounds confirmed that E6, Z11-18:Ald was the major sex pheromone, attraction augmented by the addition of E6-18:Ald but not by Z11-18:Ald. The authors mentioned that no other moth
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flying time. As with all giant silk moths, the adults only have vestigial mouthparts and no digestive system and therefore do not eat in their adult form, instead relying on energy they stored up as caterpillars. In regions where there are two or three generations per year, the second and third may
549:
after spinning a silk cocoon, which is thin and single layered. Shortly before pupation, the final, fifth-instar caterpillar will engage in a "gut dump" where any excess water and intestinal contents are expelled. As pupae, this species is more physically active than most moths. When disturbed, the
353:
with the wings small, crumpled and held close to the body. Over a period of several hours the wings will enlarge to full size. Wingspan is typically 8–11.5 cm (3.1–4.5 in), and in rare instances as much as 17.78 cm (7.00 in). Females and males are similar in size and appearance:
572:(invertebrates' equivalent to blood) from the abdomen into the wings. The moths must wait for the wings to dry and harden before being able to fly. This process can take 2–3 hours to complete. Luna moths are not rare, but are rarely seen due to their very brief (7–10 day) adult lives and
907:
reported very poor survival on these seven tree species even though older literature had identified them as hosts. The author suggested that host plant utilization may differ regionally, so that larvae collected from one region may not tolerate host plants readily consumed in another region.
358:
mouthparts and do not feed. Energy is from fat stores created while a caterpillar. The forward edge of the forewing is dark-colored and thick, tapering in thickness from the thorax to the wing tip. Its color can range from maroon to brown. The eyespots, one per wing, are oval in shape on the
782:
species collectively referred to as "moon moths" have long hindwing tails. A "false target" hypothesis holds that the tails evolved as a means of reducing risk of predation by bats which use echolocation to locate prey. The moths use the spinning hindwing tails to fool bats into attacking
567:
Pupae transition to winged state after receiving external signals in the form of temperature change. When the adult Luna moths emerge from their pupae, their abdomens are swollen and their wings are small, soft and wet. The first few hours of adult life will be spent pumping
764:
Some species of giant silk moth larvae are known to make clicking noises when attacked by rubbing their serrated mandibles together. These clicks are audible to humans and extend into ultrasound frequencies audible to predators. Clicks are thought to be a form of
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same tree where they hatched until it is time to descend to the ground to make a cocoon. When females emerge from cocoons they fly to preferred tree species, emit pheromones, and wait there for males to find them. Although some larvae in the family
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Females lay 200–400 eggs, singly or in small groups, on the underside of leaves of the tree species preferred by the larvae. Egg laying starts the evening after mating is completed and goes on for several days. Eggs hatch in about a week.
809:, which have chemical defenses much earlier in the larval stage, the Luna moth larvae are left largely defenseless until it reaches this length. However, the absence of a chemical defense allows for the shortening of the larval stage.
769:
warning signaling, made prior to predator-deterring regurgitation of intestinal contents. Luna moth larvae click and regurgitate, with the regurgitated material confirmed as being a predator deterrent against several species.
370:, but on the male, much longer and wider. Wing color is blue-green in the north and for the over-wintering generation in the central and southern states; second and third generation wing color has more of a yellow-green tint.
917:, and concentrations were even higher when larvae were fed walnut or hickory leaves versus white birch or American sweet gum. This suggests evolutionary and inducible adaptations to allow consumption of certain host plants.
284:
Across Canada, it has one generation per year, with the winged adults appearing in late May or early June, whereas farther south it will have two or even three generations per year, the first appearance as early as March in
912:
is a chemical compound common to walnut and hickory which most insects find a deterrent or even toxic. Luna moth larvae have higher concentrations of juglone-neutralizing digestive system enzymes compared to other
334:
Eggs, attached in small groups to undersides of leaves, are mottled white and brown, slightly oval, and roughly 1.5 millimeters in diameter. Larvae are primarily green, with sparse hairs. The first
386:
in 1700, this was the first North
American saturniid to be reported in the insect literature. The initial Latin name, which roughly translates to "brilliant, feather tail", was replaced when
1193:, an introduced generalist tachinid, on non-target species in North America: a cautionary tale. IN: Assessing Host Ranges of Parasitoids and Predators used for Classical Biological Control"
610:
species were attracted to either the unmated females or the synthesized products, confirming that the pheromone is species-specific, at least for the sites and dates where it was tested.
925:
The Luna moth appeared on a first class United States postage stamp issued in June 1987. Although more than two dozen butterflies have been so honored, as of 2019 this is the only moth.
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green wings, eyespots on both forewings and hind wings, and long, sometimes somewhat twisted tails extending from the back edge of the hindwings. Bodies are white and hairy. Adults have
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366:
There are some sex-determined and regional differences in appearance. Females will have a larger abdomen compared to males because it contains 200–400 eggs. Both sexes have
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391:
1562:
Barber, Jesse R.; Leavell, Brian C.; Keener, Adam L.; Breinholt, Jesse W.; Chadwell, Brad A.; McClure, Christopher J. W.; Hill, Geena M. & Kawahara, Akito Y. (2015).
410:, the Roman moon goddess. The common name became "Luna moth". Several other North American giant silk moths were also given species names after Roman or Greek mythology.
803:
Luna moth larvae have displayed defenses against predators in late instars by developing spines once they reach about 3 cm in length. Unlike other species such as
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Biochemical detoxification of host plant defensive chemicals by digestive system enzymes may be a factor in regional host plant specialization.
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is roughly 114 mm (4.5 in), but wingspans can exceed 178 mm (7.0 in), ranking the species as one of the larger moths in
2119:
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2006:
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833:. The larvae do not reach population densities sufficient to cause significant damage to their host trees. Tuskes listed white birch (
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Lee WJ, Moss CF (2016). "Can the elongated hindwing tails of fluttering moths serve as false sonar targets to divert bat attacks?".
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native to Europe was deliberately introduced to the United States throughout much of the 20th century as a biological control for
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moths will wiggle within their pupal cases, producing a noise. Pupation takes approximately two weeks unless the individual is in
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spurs tear a circular opening from which the imago emerges, the silk of the cocoon having also been weakened by the secretion of
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1233:(Meigen) (Diptera: Tachinidae) in central Virginia, and their hyperparasitism by Trigonalid wasps (Hymenoptera: Trigonalidae)"
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1998:
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Sourakov, Andrei (2018). "Size, spines and crochets: defences of luna moth caterpillars against predation by brown anoles".
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Lindroth RL (1989). "Chemical ecology of the luna moth: Effects of host plant on detoxification enzyme activity".
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are not. The spines, or setae, located on the thoracic and abdominal segments have no chemical component to them.
511:. At the end of each instar, a small amount of silk is placed on the major vein of a leaf and the larva undergoes
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forewings and round on the hindwings. Each eyespot can have arcs of black, blue, red, yellow, green or white. The
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91:
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Millar JG, Haynes KF, Dossey AT, McElfresh JS, Allison JD (2016). "Sex attractant pheromone of the Luna moth,
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326:(formerly known as gypsy moth) appears to have had a negative impact on luna moths and other native moths.
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The Wild Silk Moths of North
America: A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada
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2011:
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507:– the period between molts – generally takes about 4–10 days. There are five instars before
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Barber JR, Leavell BC, Keener AL, Breinholt JW, Chadwell BA, McClure CJ, Hill GM, Kawahara AY (2015).
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The researchers concluded that this parasitoid fly causes collateral damage to Luna moth populations.
296:, larvae emit clicks as a warning and can also regurgitate intestinal contents, confirmed as having a
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Giant silk moths have in common a mating process wherein the females, at night, release volatile sex
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1625:"Implicating an introduced generalist parasitoid in the invasive browntail moth's enigmatic demise"
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have wing coloration that is more of a yellow-green compared to the first generation of the year.
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342:. Fifth-instar larvae descend to the ground and use silk to bind dead leaves around the cocoon.
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875:) as host plants for the caterpillars. Other tree species have been identified as suitable for
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on a variety of predators. The elongated tails of the hindwings are thought to confuse the
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Featured
Creatures, Entomology & Nematology Department, University of Florida
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Featured
Creatures, Entomology & Nematology Department, University of Florida
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
349:(winged, sexually mature), often referred to as 'adult moths,' emerge from the
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The
Infinite Spider - A Science and Nature Blog for Naturalists and Educators
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5th-instar larva starting to create a cocoon (note silk strands to leaves)
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1405:"Rare Luna moth found in Devon... after travelling 4,000 miles from its"
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per year. In Canada and northern regions of the United States they are
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Mating imagoes (winged adults). Male, with larger antennae, on left
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1431:"Green Caterpillars: Discover Types, Identification, and Control"
1564:"Moth tails divert bat attack: Evolution of acoustic deflection"
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Forest Health
Technology Enterprise Team, U.S. Dept. Agriculture
1127:"Moth tails divert bat attack: evolution of acoustic deflection"
1000:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, pp. 182–184,
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The larvae of Luna moths feed on several different species of
1468:(Linnaeus) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Saturniinae)"
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in which they live, Luna moths produce different numbers of
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10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2664:iaigpi]2.0.co;2
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Pupa, removed from cocoon. Eyes visible at head end (left)
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Eggs from female raised in captivity, laid on coarse paper
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The Luna moth is found in North
America, from east of the
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has a larval stage at least twice as long on average as
446:. Luna moths are also rarely found in Western Europe as
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4th-instar larva. Spots can also be yellow or magenta.
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described the species in 1758 in the tenth edition of
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larvae, but a feeding experiment that also included
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Wings drying and enlarging after emergence from pupa
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589:, which the males, flying, detect via their large
776:(winged adults) of this and related night-flying
1033:"Clicking caterpillars: acoustic aposematism in
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1350:"Our Giant Silk Moths and Ancient Mythology"
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363:are thought to confuse potential predators.
1470:. Featured Creatures, University of Florida
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1623:Elkinton JS, Parry D, Boettner GH (2006).
1456:"Common name: luna moth: scientific name:
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994:Tuskes PM, Tuttle JP, Collins MM (1996),
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1223:Kellogg SK, Fink LS, Brower LP (2003).
1031:Brown SG, Boettner GH, Yack JE (2007).
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754:Extreme close-up of scales in eye-spot
7:
533:are known to be poisonous, those of
1225:"Parasitism of native Luna moths,
304:detection used by predatory bats.
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1187:Elkinton JS, Boettner GH (2004).
1324:"Five Facts About the Luna Moth"
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1817:at www.butterfliesandmoths.org
559:, a protein-digesting enzyme.
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1678:10.1080/00222933.2018.1439540
422:in the United States –
1454:Hall, D. W. (October 2019).
1131:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
273:are also green. Its typical
269:wings and a white body. Its
2120:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1429:Ahmed, Aleem (2024-05-21).
1249:10.1603/0046-225X-32.5.1019
1189:"Chapter 2: The effects of
851:), plus several species of
817:, leaving it vulnerable to
519:(molting), leaving the old
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2100:NatureServe secure species
1825:at Moths of North Carolina
1665:Journal of Natural History
943:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
1533:10.1007/s10886-016-0751-6
434:eastward through central
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87:Scientific classification
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1237:Environmental Entomology
947:explorer.natureserve.org
2110:Moths described in 1758
1591:10.1073/pnas.1421926112
1376:"North American map of
1152:10.1073/pnas.1421926112
848:Liquidambar styraciflua
839:), American persimmon (
760:Predators and parasites
464:Edna Libby Beutenmuller
380:Phalena plumata caudata
317:biological pest control
2115:Moths of North America
1037:and other Bombycoidea"
845:) American sweet gum (
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315:to North America as a
289:of the United States.
222:
1231:Compsilura concinnata
1191:Compsilura concinnata
789:Compsilura concinnata
614:Gallery of life cycle
468:Field Book of Insects
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220:
1035:Antheraea polyphemus
842:Diospyros virginiana
742:Eye-spot on forewing
730:Eye-spot on hindwing
378:Described and named
1582:2015PNAS..112.2812B
1143:2015PNAS..112.2812B
1093:2016ASAJ..139.2579L
786:The parasitoid fly
235:), also called the
59:Conservation status
1777:U.S. Stamp Gallery
1752:U.S. Stamp Gallery
1718:10.1007/BF01207434
1435:AI Garden Composer
1354:National Moth Week
1081:J. Acoust. Soc. Am
1054:10.1242/jeb.001990
1047:(Pt 6): 993–1005.
921:In popular culture
885:eastern cottonwood
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294:defense mechanisms
237:American moon moth
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2072:Open Tree of Life
1836:Taxon identifiers
1635:(10): 2664–2672.
1491:"Polyphemus moth"
1101:10.1121/1.4947423
836:Betula papyrifera
394:, and renamed it
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1801:Luna moth info
1796:
1795:External links
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1527:(9): 869–876.
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1384:Discovery Life
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545:The Luna moth
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309:parasitoid fly
287:southern parts
256:commonly named
246:in the family
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396:Phalaena luna
393:
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388:Carl Linnaeus
385:
384:James Petiver
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1780:. Retrieved
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1411:. 2008-06-11
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950:. Retrieved
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893:white willow
881:black cherry
876:
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811:Automeris io
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806:Automeris io
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420:Great Plains
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414:Distribution
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302:echolocation
291:
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271:caterpillars
264:
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195:
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178:A. luna
177:
176:
164:
18:
2033:NatureServe
1968:iNaturalist
1885:Actias-luna
1874:Actias luna
1868:Wikispecies
1844:Actias luna
1823:Actias luna
1815:Actias luna
1808:Actias luna
1773:"Luna moth"
1517:Actias luna
1474:December 6,
1378:Actias Luna
1299:(Linnaeus)"
1297:Actias luna
1227:Actias luna
915:lepidoptera
877:Actias luna
825:Host plants
815:Actias luna
601:11-18:Ald,
531:Saturniidae
521:exoskeleton
480:generations
440:Nova Scotia
430:, and from
400:Actias luna
330:Description
324:spongy moth
252:Saturniinae
248:Saturniidae
232:Actias luna
196:Actias luna
154:Saturniidae
144:Lepidoptera
77:NatureServe
2094:Categories
1489:Hall, DW.
1440:2024-08-08
1415:2019-02-09
1293:Hall, DW.
929:References
905:tulip tree
819:parasitism
767:aposematic
587:pheromones
484:univoltine
454:Life cycle
313:introduced
267:lime-green
254:, a group
124:Arthropoda
24:Luna moth
901:white oak
574:nocturnal
570:hemolymph
557:cocoonase
509:cocooning
374:Etymology
356:vestigial
340:cocooning
227:luna moth
172:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
2038:2.109121
2007:LepIndex
1986:10632432
1916:BugGuide
1892:BioLib:
1882:BAMONA:
1853:Wikidata
1806:Rearing
1782:1 August
1757:1 August
1734:24487403
1726:24272292
1686:90239933
1649:17089674
1610:25730869
1549:44327978
1541:27544534
1500:8 August
1360:2 August
1334:2 August
1267:23425197
1205:4 August
1171:25730869
1109:27250152
1063:17337712
591:antennae
552:diapause
513:apolysis
448:vagrants
398:, later
368:antennae
361:eyespots
319:for the
275:wingspan
241:Nearctic
204:Linnaeus
150:Family:
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
1960:1865668
1859:Q135289
1629:Ecology
1601:4352808
1578:Bibcode
1462:Tropaea
1389:28 July
1308:30 July
1258:3596946
1162:4352808
1139:Bibcode
1089:Bibcode
1013:30 July
952:20 June
910:Juglone
897:red oak
865:Juglans
853:hickory
547:pupates
535:A. luna
517:ecdysis
515:, then
476:climate
424:Florida
402:, with
347:imagoes
239:, is a
160:Genus:
140:Order:
134:Insecta
130:Class:
75: (
73:Secure
52:Female
2105:Actias
2077:180968
2064:948615
1999:936178
1947:ACTILU
1895:500509
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1458:Actias
1356:. 2014
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867:) and
861:walnut
779:Actias
774:Imagos
581:Mating
526:dorsal
524:their
505:instar
499:Larvae
470:(1918)
444:Canada
436:Quebec
336:instar
165:Actias
2051:63976
2012:68018
1981:IRMNG
1973:47916
1908:21547
1730:S2CID
1682:S2CID
1545:S2CID
1196:(PDF)
869:sumac
857:Carya
541:Pupae
503:Each
466:from
428:Maine
351:pupae
38:Male
2046:NCBI
2025:7758
2020:MONA
1994:ITIS
1955:GBIF
1942:EPPO
1934:9SSP
1903:BOLD
1784:2018
1759:2018
1722:PMID
1645:PMID
1606:PMID
1537:PMID
1502:2018
1476:2021
1466:luna
1391:2018
1362:2018
1336:2018
1310:2018
1263:PMID
1207:2018
1167:PMID
1105:PMID
1059:PMID
1015:2018
1002:ISBN
954:2022
903:and
873:Rhus
490:Eggs
408:Luna
404:luna
345:The
258:the
244:moth
225:The
208:1758
1929:CoL
1921:562
1714:doi
1674:doi
1637:doi
1596:PMC
1586:doi
1574:112
1529:doi
1253:PMC
1245:doi
1157:PMC
1147:doi
1135:112
1097:doi
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442:in
438:to
426:to
382:by
292:As
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