114:(TWTA), and the photographic system. Four solar panels were mounted to extend out from this deck with a total span across of 3.72 m (12.2 ft). Also extending out from the base of the spacecraft were a high gain antenna on a 1.32 m (4 ft 4 in) boom and a low-gain antenna on a 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) boom. Above the equipment deck, the middle deck held the velocity control engine, propellant, oxidizer, and pressurization tanks, Sun sensors, and micrometeoroid detectors. The third deck consisted of a heat shield to protect the spacecraft from the firing of the velocity control engine. The nozzle of the engine protruded through the center of the shield. Mounted on the perimeter of the top deck were four
256:) with resolution down to 1 meter (3 ft 3 in). Altogether the Orbiters returned 2180 high resolution and 882 medium resolution frames. The micrometeoroid experiments recorded 22 impacts showing the average micrometeoroid flux near the Moon was about two orders of magnitude greater than in interplanetary space, but slightly less than in the near-Earth environment. The radiation experiments confirmed that the design of Apollo hardware would protect the astronauts from average and greater than average short term exposure to solar particle events.
420:
513:
396:. The resulting outstanding views were of generally very high spatial resolution and covered a substantial portion of the lunar surface, but they suffered from a "venetian blind" striping, missing or duplicated data, and frequent saturation effects that hampered their use. For many years these images have been the basis of much of lunar scientific research. Because they were obtained at low to moderate Sun angles, the Lunar Orbiter photographic mosaics are particularly useful for studying the morphology of lunar topographic features.
22:
1123:
55:
These were flown at low-inclination orbits. The fourth and fifth missions were devoted to broader scientific objectives and were flown in high-altitude polar orbits. Lunar
Orbiter 4 photographed the entire nearside and nine percent of the far side, and Lunar Orbiter 5 completed the far side coverage and acquired medium (20 m or 66 ft) and high (2 m or 6 ft 7 in) resolution images of 36 preselected areas. All of the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft were launched by
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resulted in two photographs: medium-resolution frames recorded by the 80-mm focal-length lens and high-resolution frames recorded by the 610-mm focal length lens. Due to their large size, HR frames were divided into three sections, or sub-frames. Large-format prints (16 by 20 inches (410 mm Ă— 510 mm)) from the mosaics were created and several copies were distributed across the U.S. to NASA image and data libraries known as
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137:, the Canopus star sensor, and the inertial navigation system. Communications were via a 10 W transmitter and the directional one-meter diameter high-gain antenna for transmission of photographs, and a 0.5 W transmitter and omnidirectional low-gain antenna for other communications. Both transmitters operated in the
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frames (largely the same coverage as that of Bowker and Hughes, 1971). The frames were constructed from scanned film strips; they were digitally constructed, geometrically controlled, and map-projected without the stripes that had been noticeable in the original photographic frames. Because of its
391:
The Lunar
Orbiter orbital photographs were transmitted to Earth as analog data after onboard scanning of the original film into a series of strips. The data were written to magnetic tape and also to film. The film data were used to create hand-made mosaics of Lunar Orbiter frames. Each LO exposure
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tracking stations and Apollo Orbit
Determination Program was successful, with three of the Lunar Orbiters (2, 3, and 5) being tracked simultaneously from August through October 1967. The Lunar Orbiters were all eventually commanded to crash on the Moon before their attitude control fuel ran out so
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program, but then authorities became concerned over security surrounding the classified cameras, including the possibility of images of the Moon giving away their resolution. Some proposals were made that NASA not publish the orbital parameters of the Lunar
Orbiter probes so that the resolution of
94:
The Boeing-Eastman Kodak proposal was announced by NASA on 20 December 1963. The main bus of the Lunar
Orbiter had the general shape of a truncated cone, 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in) tall and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in diameter at the base. The spacecraft was composed of three decks
77:
During the Lunar
Orbiter missions, the first pictures of Earth as a whole were taken, beginning with Earth-rise over the lunar surface by Lunar Orbiter 1 in August, 1966. The first full picture of the whole Earth was taken by Lunar Orbiter 5 on 8 August 1967. A second photo of the whole Earth was
54:
All five missions were successful, and 99 percent of the lunar surface was mapped from photographs taken with a resolution of 60 meters (200 ft) or better. The first three missions were dedicated to imaging 20 potential crewed lunar landing sites, selected based on Earth-based observations.
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FR-900 analog video recordings of the spacecraft data to digital image format, a change which provided vastly improved resolution over the original images released in the 1960s. The first of these restored images were released in late 2008. Almost all of the Lunar
Orbiter images had been
470:
In addition, the USGS digitization project created frames from very high resolution Lunar
Orbiter images for several 'sites of scientific interest.' These sites had been identified in the 1960s when the Apollo landing sites were being selected. Frames for sites such as the
66:, a film processing unit, a readout scanner, and a film handling apparatus. Both lenses, a 610 mm (24 in) narrow angle high resolution (HR) lens and an 80 mm (3.1 in) wide angle medium resolution (MR) lens, placed their frame exposures on a single roll of
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403:(1971); it contained 675 photographic plates with approximately global coverage of the Moon. In part because of high interest in the data and in part because that atlas is out of print, the task was undertaken at the
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125:. The batteries were used during the brief periods of occultation when no solar power was available. Propulsion for major maneuvers was provided by the gimballed velocity control engine, a
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70:. The axes of the two cameras were coincident so the area imaged in the HR frames were centered within the MR frame areas. The film was moved during exposure to compensate for the
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the images could not be calculated through their altitude. In the end, NASA's existing camera systems, while lower resolution, proved to be adequate for the needs of the mission.
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The camera used two lenses to simultaneously expose a wide-angle and a high-resolution image on the same film. The wide-angle, medium resolution mode used an 80 mm F 2.8
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rocket motor. Three axis stabilization and attitude control were provided by four 4 newtons (1 lbf) nitrogen gas jets. Navigational knowledge was provided by five
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emphasis on construction of a global mosaic, this project only scanned about 15% of the available Lunar
Orbiter photographic frames. Data from Lunar Orbiter missions
203:, Apollo astronauts would operate LM&SS remotely in lunar orbit. NASA canceled the project in the summer of 1967 after the complete success of the Lunar Orbiters.
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Power of 375 W was provided by the four solar arrays containing 10,856 n/p solar cells which would directly run the spacecraft and also charge the 12 A·h
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446:) to scan at 25 micrometer resolution archival LO positive film strips that were produced from the original data. The goal was to produce a
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landing sites by mapping the Moon's surface, they provided the first photographs from lunar orbit and photographed both the Moon and Earth.
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they would not present navigational or communications hazards to later Apollo flights. The Lunar
Orbiter program was managed by NASA
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The Lunar Orbiter program consisted of five spacecraft which returned photography of 99 percent of the surface of the Moon (near and
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The above links lead to a whole book on the Lunar Orbiter program. For the HTML one, scroll down to see the table of contents link.
74:, which was estimated by an electro-optical sensor. The film was then processed, scanned, and the images transmitted back to Earth.
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998:
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Digitized Lunar Orbiter IV Images: A Preliminary Step to Recording the Global Set of Lunar Oribter Images in Bowker & Hughes
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The first image of Earth taken from the Moon. On the left the original and on the right a digitally restored version created by
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of West Germany. The high-resolution mode used a 610 mm F 5.6 Panoramic lens manufactured by the Pacific Optical Company.
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Several atlases and books featuring Lunar Orbiter photographs have been published. Perhaps the most definitive was that of
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608:
563:
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703:
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successfully recovered As of February 2014 and were undergoing digital processing before being submitted to NASA's
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L. Weller, T. Becker, B. Archinal, A. Bennett, D. Cook, L. Gaddis, D. Galuszka, R. Kirk, B. Redding, D. Soltesz,
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275:(mascons), or gravitational highs, which were located in the centers of some (but not all) of the lunar maria.
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Doppler tracking of the five orbiters allowed mapping of the gravitational field of the Moon and discovery of
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1952:
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E-1 reconnaissance camera, built by Kodak for a short-lived USAF near-realtime satellite imaging project.
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1987:
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1007:
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704:"SAMOS to the Moon: The Clandestine Transfer of Reconnaissance Technology Between Government Agencies"
21:
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A detail of an original image at the top, compared to a reprocessed version at the bottom created by
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The photographic film was developed in-orbit with a semidry process, and then it was scanned by a
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B.K. Byers, 1977, DESTINATION MOON: A history of the Lunar Orbiter Program (PDF), NASA TM X-3487
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545:
34:
503:
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to scan the large-format prints of Lunar Orbiter data. These were made available online as the
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supported by trusses and an arch. The equipment deck at the base of the craft held the battery,
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T. Becker, L. Weller, L. Gaddis, D. Cook, B. Archinal, M. Rosiek, C. Isbell, T. Hare, R. Kirk,
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thermal blanket which enshrouded the main bus, special paint, insulation, and small heaters.
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Jeffrey J. Gillis, Paul D. Spudis, Mary Ann Hager, Mary Noel, Debra Rueb, and James Cohen,
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for transmission to Earth. This system was adapted under permission of the NRO from the
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486:(LOIRP) began a process to convert the Lunar Orbiter Images directly from the original
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Bowker, David E. and J. Kenrick Hughes, Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon
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of the US Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona was funded by NASA (as part of the
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Below is the flight log information of the five Lunar Orbiter photographic missions:
44:
967:
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DESTINATION MOON: A history of the Lunar Orbiter Program (PDF) 1977, NASA TM X-3487
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1977:
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at about 2295 MHz. Thermal control was maintained by a multilayer aluminized
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As a backup for the Lunar Orbiter program, NASA and the NRO cooperated on the
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Hansen, T.P. (1970). Guide to Lunar Orbiter Photographs. Washington DC: NASA.
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P. M. Muller, W. L. Sjogren (1968). "Mascons: Lunar Mass Concentrations".
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Originally, the Air Force had offered NASA several spare cameras from the
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The Lunar Orbiters had an imaging system which consisted of a dual-lens
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1006:, the highest quality version of the Lunar Orbiter data, hosted at the
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Clearly visible on the left side of the globe is the eastern half of
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USGS Astrogeology Science Center, NASA Planetary Data System Archive
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20:
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Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project (LOIRP) Online Data Volumes
823:
Jeffrey J. Gillis, Debra Rueb, James Cohen, and Mary Ann Hager,
192:
37:
3142:
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1152:
1051:
923:
DESTINATION MOON: A history of the Lunar Orbiter Program (HTML)
2910:
Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in
404:
864:
USGS Lunar Orbiter Digitization Project: Updates and Status
946:
Guide to Lunar Orbiter Photographs (PDF) 1970, NASA SP-242
678:"DESTINATION MOON: A History of the Lunar Orbiter Program"
479:
Hills, and the Sulpicius Gallus rille have been released.
827:, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI, Abstract #1815 (2000)
207:
Engineering mock-up in the National Air and Space Museum
3138:
1034:
Willard P. Williams Lunar Orbiter Photograph Collection
814:, Lunar and Planetary Science XXX, Abstract #1770(1999)
259:
The use of Lunar Orbiters for tracking to evaluate the
999:
Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project (LOIRP) Overview
941:
Guide to Lunar Orbiter Photographs (PDF), NASA SP-242
838:
Cartographic Processing of Digital Lunar Orbiter Data
836:
L.R. Gaddis, T. Sucharski, T. Becker, and A. Gitlin,
976:
Over 2,600 high- and moderate-resolution photographs
968:
Digital Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon
825:
The Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas Digital Archive
409:
Digital Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon
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2483:
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2402:
2326:
2317:
2148:
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1986:
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1466:
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1424:
1348:
1339:
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358:Impact with Moon: Approximately October 31, 1967
78:taken by Lunar Orbiter 5 on 10 November 1967.
16:Series of five uncrewed lunar orbiter missions
3154:
2939:
2888:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
1164:
1063:
1016:Close Up of the Moon: A Look at Lunar Orbiter
866:, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007).
8:
2868:List of species that have landed on the Moon
1044:at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections
1036:at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections
1030:at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections
853:, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX (2008).
840:, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII (2001).
3741:
3572:
3533:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
3443:
3183:
3161:
3147:
3139:
2969:
2946:
2932:
2924:
2589:
2323:
1492:
1345:
1171:
1157:
1149:
1070:
1056:
1048:
953:National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC)
268:at a total cost of roughly $ 200 million.
47:in 1966 and 1967. Intended to help select
4427:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
962:Exploring the Moon: Lunar Orbiter Program
877:"Repaired data drives restoring the Moon"
394:Regional Planetary Information Facilities
1028:Donald D. Viele Lunar Orbiter Collection
195:reconnaissance satellite. Replacing the
4512:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
620:
380:Lunar mapping and hi-res survey mission
205:
3300:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
2863:List of artificial objects on the Moon
604:List of artificial objects on the Moon
110:, command decoder, multiplex encoder,
4090:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
879:. collectSPACE.com. November 14, 2008
450:of the Moon using the best available
7:
4552:
2564:International Lunar Research Station
1138:Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project
993:Lunar Orbiter Digitized Film Project
559:Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project
484:Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project
467:were included in the global mosaic.
336:Imaged Moon: February 15 to 23, 1967
317:Imaged Moon: November 18 to 25, 1966
728:Day, Dwayne A. (29 November 2010).
647:. NASA. August 8, 1967. p. 352
3206:National Aeronautics and Space Act
1278:Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
980:Lunar Orbiter Digitization Project
437:Lunar Orbiter Digitization Project
377:Impact with Moon: January 31, 1968
342:Apollo landing site survey mission
323:Apollo landing site survey mission
320:Impact with Moon: October 11, 1967
304:Apollo landing site survey mission
301:Impact with Moon: October 29, 1966
298:Imaged Moon: August 18 to 29, 1966
129:440 newtons (100 lbf) thrust
14:
4160:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3714:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
2982:Lunar Discovery & Exploration
702:Hall, R. Cargill (October 2001).
374:Imaged Moon: August 6 to 18, 1967
339:Impact with Moon: October 9, 1967
4551:
4540:
4539:
4455:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
4213:Space Flight Operations Facility
3399:Operations and Checkout Building
2977:Large strategic science missions
2883:Moon landing conspiracy theories
1121:
989:USGS Astrogeology Science Center
851:Lunar Orbiter Mosaic of the Moon
709:. National Reconnaissance Office
538:
511:
502:
238:
229:
220:
211:
3674:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
2600:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
355:Imaged Moon: May 11 to 26, 1967
189:Lunar Mapping and Survey System
676:Byers, Bruce K. (April 1977).
415:Data recovery and digitization
1:
970:Lunar and Planetary Institute
964:Lunar and Planetary Institute
554:Astrogeology Research Program
433:Astrogeology Research Program
405:Lunar and Planetary Institute
112:traveling-wave tube amplifier
4492:Space program on U.S. stamps
4417:Gemini and Apollo medallions
4367:Solar System Family Portrait
4143:Joint Polar Satellite System
4012:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
3266:Vision for Space Exploration
3236:Space Exploration Initiative
2898:List of crewed lunar landers
2858:List of missions to the Moon
2681:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
2640:Lunar Crater Radio Telescope
2412:Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost
1727:SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)
1383:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
957:Astronautix on Lunar Orbiter
773:10.1126/science.161.3842.680
609:List of missions to the Moon
564:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
90:Lunar Orbiter diagram (NASA)
4487:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
4444:We choose to go to the Moon
4407:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3965:International Space Station
3945:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3684:Great Observatories program
3528:International Space Station
3506:Roscosmos State Corporation
3423:Science Mission Directorate
3369:Manned Space Flight Network
2740:International Lunar Network
1024:NASA Documentary from 1967.
974:Lunar Orbiter Photo Gallery
282:Lunar Orbiter camera (NASA)
261:Manned Space Flight Network
4601:
4304:NASA cameras on spacecraft
4115:James Webb Space Telescope
4027:Solar Dynamics Observatory
3248:U.S. National Space Policy
191:(LM&SS), based on the
4535:
3379:Vehicle Assembly Building
3123:
2972:
2906:
1546:List of Apollo astronauts
1119:
951:Lunar Orbiter to the Moon
333:Launched February 5, 1967
314:Launched November 6, 1966
82:Spacecraft and subsystems
43:missions launched by the
4450:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
4374:The Day the Earth Smiled
3709:Solar Terrestrial Probes
3014:Ocean Worlds Exploration
3007:Solar System Exploration
2843:Colonization of the Moon
732:. www.thespacereview.com
295:Launched August 10, 1966
25:Lunar Orbiter spacecraft
4507:Other primates in space
4219:Deep Space Atomic Clock
4039:Mars Science Laboratory
3827:Spitzer Space Telescope
3416:Lunar Sample Laboratory
3359:Launch Services Program
2893:Apollo 11 anniversaries
2730:European Lunar Explorer
1953:Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)
1041:LO (Lunar Orbiter) bugl
589:Exploration of the Moon
371:Launched August 1, 1967
266:Langley Research Center
101:inertial reference unit
4522:National Astronaut Day
4465:The Astronaut Monument
4287:Space Shuttle missions
3987:Mars Exploration Rover
3970:Hubble Space Telescope
3879:Kepler space telescope
3679:Earth Observing System
3653:Mars Exploration Rover
3364:Mercury Control Center
2079:Emirates Lunar Mission
680:. NASA. Archived from
428:
283:
123:nickel-cadmium battery
91:
26:
4580:Lunar Orbiter program
4470:Lunar sample displays
4460:Space Mirror Memorial
4402:Voyager Golden Record
4294:United States rockets
3486: (with the
3394:Launch Control Center
3128:List of NASA missions
2958:planetary exploration
2688:Lunar Orbital Station
2140:Peregrine Mission One
1079:Lunar Orbiter program
1008:Planetary Data System
630:, NASA SP-206 (1971).
493:Planetary Data System
422:
361:Lunar mapping mission
281:
156:lens manufactured by
99:, flight programmer,
89:
33:was a series of five
31:Lunar Orbiter program
24:
4585:Missions to the Moon
3488:Soviet space program
3406:Johnson Space Center
3374:Kennedy Space Center
3337:spinoff technologies
2853:List of lunar probes
2848:Google Lunar X Prize
2797:Project Harvest Moon
1910:Lunar Roving Vehicle
1390:(relay satellite at
352:Launched May 4, 1967
59:-D launch vehicles.
4497:Apollo 17 Moon mice
4353:Pillars of Creation
4260:Space Shuttle crews
3738:(human and robotic)
3732:Individual featured
3315:Ranks and positions
2878:Apollo 17 Moon mice
2807:Resource Prospector
2735:First Lunar Outpost
2718:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg 1
2674:Boeing Lunar Lander
1799:Apollo Lunar Module
1613:(propulsion module)
1578:Apollo Lunar Module
1180:Spacecraft missions
765:1968Sci...161..680M
273:mass concentrations
158:Schneider Kreuznach
72:spacecraft velocity
4299:NASA cancellations
4194:Deep Space Network
4184:Near Earth Network
3669:Living With a Star
3643:Project Prometheus
3623:Planetary Observer
3110:Project Prometheus
3069:Planetary Observer
2992:Planetary Missions
2546:Cislunar Explorers
985:2017-11-23 at the
939:T.P. Hansen, 1970
928:2020-04-11 at the
546:Spaceflight portal
475:landing site, the
442:2017-11-23 at the
429:
284:
92:
27:
4567:
4566:
4480:stolen or missing
4277:uncrewed missions
4255:Apollo astronauts
4250:Gemini astronauts
4168:
4167:
3952:2001 Mars Odyssey
3727:
3726:
3603:Mars Surveyor '98
3561:
3560:
3504: (with
3437:Human spaceflight
3431:
3430:
3389:Launch Complex 48
3384:Launch Complex 39
3136:
3135:
3027:
3026:
2921:
2920:
2767:Lunar Mission One
2724:#dearMoon project
2697:
2696:
2579:
2578:
2424:Lunar Trailblazer
2313:
2312:
1755:Moon Impact Probe
1482:
1481:
1146:
1145:
759:(3842): 680–684.
662:Arabian Peninsula
599:Norman L. Crabill
594:Robert J. Helberg
401:Bowker and Hughes
387:Data availability
4592:
4555:
4554:
4543:
4542:
4381:Fallen Astronaut
4022:Van Allen Probes
3742:
3648:Mars Exploration
3573:
3444:
3212:Space Task Group
3184:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3140:
2987:Mars Exploration
2970:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2925:
2590:
2540:Lunar Pathfinder
2324:
2220:Lunar Flashlight
1707:Lunar Prospector
1493:
1374:(service module)
1346:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1150:
1125:
1072:
1065:
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1049:
1018:
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897:LOIRP Moon Views
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637:
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574:Surveyor program
548:
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242:
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183:Potential backup
116:attitude control
4600:
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4422:Mission patches
4397:Pioneer plaques
4360:Mystic Mountain
4337:Family Portrait
4330:The Blue Marble
4314:
4308:
4282:Apollo missions
4223:
4175:
4164:
4131:
3936:
3930:
3767:Mercury-Atlas 6
3737:
3733:
3723:
3657:
3593:Mariner Mark II
3557:
3538:Commercial Crew
3516:
3439:
3427:
3411:Mission Control
3310:Astronaut Corps
3305:Chief Scientist
3283:
3188:
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3137:
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3105:Mariner Mark II
3088:
3044:Lunar Precursor
3023:
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2873:Lunar resources
2831:
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2585:
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2479:
2430:
2398:
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2309:
2144:
2136:(Chandrayaan-2)
2067:Failed landings
2062:
1982:
1958:(Chandrayaan-3)
1896:
1883:(Chandrayaan-3)
1784:
1731:
1682:Lunar Orbiter 1
1551:
1496:Crewed landings
1488:
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1462:
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1420:
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1341:
1335:
1227:Lunar Precursor
1194:
1186:
1177:
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1126:
1117:
1113:Lunar Orbiter 5
1108:Lunar Orbiter 4
1103:Lunar Orbiter 3
1098:Lunar Orbiter 2
1093:Lunar Orbiter 1
1081:
1076:
1014:
987:Wayback Machine
930:Wayback Machine
909:
904:
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899:, February 2014
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660:and the entire
650:
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645:Lunar Orbiter V
639:
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444:Wayback Machine
417:
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367:Lunar Orbiter 5
348:Lunar Orbiter 4
329:Lunar Orbiter 3
310:Lunar Orbiter 2
291:Lunar Orbiter 1
250:
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165:photomultiplier
131:Marquardt Corp.
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4517:Astronauts Day
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4205:
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4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4176:and navigation
4174:Communications
4170:
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4154:Europa Clipper
4150:
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3608:New Millennium
3605:
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3115:Voyager (Mars)
3112:
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3059:New Millennium
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2774:
2772:Lunar Observer
2769:
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907:External links
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730:"Black Apollo"
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4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:NASA insignia
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Lunar plaques
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4344:Pale Blue Dot
4341:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4272:NASA missions
4270:
4268:
4267:NASA aircraft
4265:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Space Network
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4171:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3933:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Space Shuttle
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:New Frontiers
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:Lunar Orbiter
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3553:Lunar Gateway
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3512:Constellation
3510:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3494:Space Shuttle
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3332:NASA research
3330:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Lunar Orbiter
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:New Frontiers
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:Lunar Gateway
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Lunar IceCube
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1988:Sample return
1985:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:Chandrayaan-3
1609:
1607:
1606:Chandrayaan-1
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:Chandrayaan-2
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Lunar Orbiter
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
958:
955:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
938:
937:
936:
931:
927:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
906:
898:
893:
890:
878:
872:
869:
865:
859:
856:
852:
846:
843:
839:
833:
830:
826:
820:
817:
813:
807:
804:
798:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
744:
731:
724:
721:
705:
698:
695:
684:on 2020-04-11
683:
679:
672:
669:
665:
663:
659:
646:
642:
641:"Whole Earth"
636:
633:
629:
624:
621:
614:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
536:
531:
524:
514:
505:
496:
494:
489:
485:
482:In 2007, the
480:
478:
474:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
452:Lunar Orbiter
449:
448:global mosaic
445:
441:
438:
434:
431:In 2000, the
426:
421:
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
386:
379:
376:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
360:
357:
354:
351:
350:
349:
346:
341:
338:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
322:
319:
316:
313:
312:
311:
308:
303:
300:
297:
294:
293:
292:
289:
288:
287:
280:
276:
274:
269:
267:
262:
257:
255:
247:
241:
236:
232:
227:
223:
218:
214:
209:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
180:
177:
172:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
88:
81:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
60:
58:
52:
50:
46:
45:United States
42:
39:
36:
32:
23:
19:
4557:
4545:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4358:
4351:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4152:
4101:Perseverance
4100:
4062:
4055:
4032:
3992:
3975:
3959:New Horizons
3957:
3950:
3943:
3916:
3908:
3884:
3872:
3865:
3852:
3840:
3832:
3793:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3612:
3500:
3484:Apollo–Soyuz
3038:
2911:
2762:Lunar Lander
2749:
2722:
2710:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2566:(late 2020s)
2392:Artemis VIII
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2170:Chang'e 5-T1
2162:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1797:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1372:Chang'e 5-T1
1285:South Korean
1221:
1078:
1040:
1015:
934:
892:
881:. Retrieved
871:
858:
845:
832:
819:
806:
797:
756:
752:
746:
734:. Retrieved
723:
713:November 13,
711:. Retrieved
697:
686:. Retrieved
682:the original
671:
655:
649:. Retrieved
644:
635:
623:
481:
469:
430:
398:
390:
285:
270:
258:
251:
197:Lunar Module
186:
173:
162:
151:
120:
108:star tracker
93:
76:
61:
53:
30:
28:
18:
4387:Deep fields
4315:and artwork
4313:NASA images
3885:Opportunity
3354:NASA Social
3180:and history
2792:OrbitBeyond
2702:Cancelled /
2570:Argonaut M1
2528:Beresheet 2
2516:Hakuto-R M2
2384:Artemis VII
2352:Artemis III
2190:Longjiang-1
2084:Hakuto-R M1
1647:Longjiang-2
1622:Explorer 35
1266:Chandrayaan
1192:Exploration
176:KH-7 GAMBIT
135:Sun sensors
118:thrusters.
97:transponder
57:Atlas-Agena
4574:Categories
4475:Moon rocks
4235:Astronauts
4228:NASA lists
4085:OSIRIS-REx
3919:helicopter
3787:Pioneer 11
3780:Pioneer 10
3583:Hitchhiker
3458:suborbital
3295:Space Race
3100:Grand Tour
2802:Prospector
2777:Lunokhod 3
2650:Moon Diver
2645:McCandless
2558:MoonRanger
2376:Artemis VI
2360:Artemis IV
2337:Artemis II
2235:Mariner 10
2124:Surveyor 2
2119:OMOTENASHI
1938:Lunokhod 1
1856:Surveyor 1
1617:Clementine
1010:'s servers
883:2008-12-24
688:2010-12-18
651:2008-12-24
615:References
127:hypergolic
68:70 mm film
4502:Moon tree
4323:Earthrise
4198:Goldstone
4095:Mars 2020
4064:Voyager 2
4057:Voyager 1
3993:Curiosity
3937:operating
3935:Currently
3917:Ingenuity
3854:MESSENGER
3833:Sojourner
3762:Mercury 3
3752:Apollo 11
3699:Discovery
3689:Explorers
3278:Augustine
3242:Augustine
3093:Cancelled
3032:Completed
2997:Discovery
2817:Ukrselena
2667:DSE-Alpha
2625:Garatéa-L
2615:Blue Moon
2610:Artemis-7
2534:ispace M3
2499:Chang'e 8
2493:Chang'e 7
2436:Luna-Glob
2368:Artemis V
2250:Pioneer 4
2240:NEA Scout
2215:LunaH-Map
2164:Apollo 13
2074:Beresheet
2053:Chang'e 5
1997:Apollo 11
1916:Apollo 15
1806:Chang'e 5
1737:Impactors
1591:Chang'e 1
1586:Artemis I
1504:Apollo 11
1432:Chang'e 3
1388:Queqiao 1
1302:Luna-Glob
473:Apollo 12
4546:Category
4208:Canberra
4120:timeline
4108:timeline
4044:timeline
4000:timeline
3897:observed
3892:timeline
3860:Aquarius
3800:timeline
3773:Magellan
3735:missions
3633:Surveyor
3569:programs
3499:Shuttle–
3440:programs
3272:Aldridge
3191:creation
3079:Surveyor
2960:programs
2812:SELENE-2
2787:MoonRise
2782:MoonLITE
2704:concepts
2630:ISOCHRON
2586:missions
2584:Proposed
2320:missions
2255:Ranger 5
1887:EagleCam
1760:Ranger 4
1564:Apollo 8
1556:Orbiters
1489:missions
1474:ArgoMoon
1406:Tiandu-1
1361:CAPSTONE
1349:Orbiters
1342:missions
1324:Lunokhod
1273:Japanese
1242:Surveyor
1202:American
1195:programs
1086:Missions
983:Archived
926:Archived
789:40110502
781:17801458
532:See also
440:Archived
254:far side
201:Saturn V
35:uncrewed
4558:Commons
4436:Related
4245:by year
4240:by name
4017:GOES 15
4007:GOES 14
3924:flights
3910:InSight
3866:Cassini
3794:Galileo
3719:SIMPLEx
3694:Voyager
3662:Current
3618:Pioneer
3588:Mariner
3567:Robotic
3548:Artemis
3521:Current
3464:Mercury
3456: (
3349:NASA TV
3288:General
3187:History
3064:Pioneer
3049:Mariner
3019:Voyager
2912:italics
2836:Related
2757:Lunar-A
2635:LunaNet
2593:Robotic
2560:(2020s)
2554:(2020s)
2548:(2020s)
2522:DESTINY
2476:(2030s)
2474:Luna 31
2470:(2030s)
2468:Luna 30
2464:(2030s)
2462:Luna 29
2456:Luna 28
2450:Luna 27
2444:Luna 26
2420:(2025)
2328:Artemis
2318:Planned
2180:Galileo
2175:Geotail
2038:Luna 16
1978:Jinchan
1790:Landers
1722:SMART-1
1652:Luna 10
1425:Landers
1416:ICUBE-Q
1368:Orbiter
1356:ARTEMIS
1297:Russian
1254:Chang'e
1249:Chinese
1232:Pioneer
1212:Artemis
1182:to the
1131:Related
1022:YouTube
761:Bibcode
753:Science
248:Results
199:in the
154:Xenotar
105:Canopus
103:(IRU),
41:orbiter
4203:Madrid
4136:Future
4051:NuSTAR
3982:THEMIS
3904:RHESSI
3841:Spirit
3638:Viking
3628:Ranger
3479:Skylab
3474:Apollo
3469:Gemini
3327:Budget
3280:(2009)
3274:(2004)
3268:(2004)
3262:(2003)
3256:(2002)
3254:CFUSAI
3250:(1996)
3244:(1990)
3238:(1989)
3232:(1987)
3226:(1986)
3224:Rogers
3220:(1986)
3214:(1958)
3208:(1958)
3202:(1915)
3178:Policy
3084:Viking
3074:Ranger
2966:Active
2712:Altair
2659:Crewed
2572:(2031)
2542:(2026)
2536:(2026)
2530:(2025)
2524:(2025)
2518:(2024)
2509:Others
2501:(2028)
2495:(2026)
2458:(2030)
2452:(2028)
2446:(2027)
2414:(2024)
2395:(2033)
2387:(2032)
2379:(2031)
2371:(2030)
2363:(2028)
2355:(2026)
2340:(2025)
2305:PAS-22
2280:Zond 3
2260:STEREO
2245:Nozomi
2195:Luna 1
2150:Flybys
2134:Vikram
2089:Luna 5
1972:Sora-Q
1902:Rovers
1881:Vikram
1816:Luna 9
1750:Luna 2
1745:LCROSS
1467:Flybys
1458:Yutu-2
1451:Rovers
1378:Danuri
1340:Active
1314:Crewed
1309:Soviet
1290:Danuri
1261:Indian
1237:Ranger
1207:Apollo
787:
779:
658:Africa
477:Marius
147:Dacron
139:S band
64:camera
49:Apollo
4148:NISAR
4103:rover
4075:MAVEN
3995:rover
3976:Swift
3887:rover
3848:LADEE
3843:rover
3835:rover
3812:GRAIL
3807:GALEX
3598:MESUR
3543:Orion
3344:NASA+
3320:Chief
3218:Paine
3054:MESUR
2827:VIPER
2620:BOLAS
2605:ALINA
2230:LunIR
1968:LEV-2
1963:LEV-1
1717:PFS-2
1712:PFS-1
1642:LADEE
1637:Hiten
1632:GRAIL
785:S2CID
736:9 May
707:(PDF)
523:LOIRP
488:Ampex
425:LOIRP
169:SAMOS
143:Mylar
38:lunar
4127:PACE
4070:WISE
4033:Juno
3873:Dawn
3817:WMAP
3757:COBE
3745:Past
3576:Past
3454:X-15
3447:Past
3260:CAIB
3230:Ride
3200:NACA
3170:NASA
2955:NASA
2822:XL-1
2552:CU-E
2485:CLEP
2418:IM-2
2404:CLPS
2275:Wind
2270:WMAP
2265:TESS
1948:Yutu
1892:IM-1
1487:Past
1442:SLIM
1329:Zond
1319:Luna
1217:CLPS
1184:Moon
777:PMID
738:2023
715:2022
463:and
193:KH-7
145:and
29:The
4080:MMS
3501:Mir
2745:LEO
2185:ICE
1020:on
769:doi
757:161
457:III
4576::
2751:LK
2158:4M
2114:25
2109:18
2104:15
2048:24
2043:20
2032:17
2025:16
2018:15
2011:14
2004:12
1930:17
1923:16
1851:24
1846:23
1841:21
1836:20
1831:17
1826:16
1821:13
1802:Ă—6
1677:22
1672:19
1667:14
1662:12
1657:11
1627:49
1571:10
1539:17
1532:16
1525:15
1518:14
1511:12
783:.
775:.
767:.
755:.
654:.
643:.
495:.
461:IV
459:,
411:.
4446:"
4442:"
4215:)
4196:(
3508:)
3490:)
3460:)
3193:)
3189:(
3162:e
3155:t
3148:v
2947:e
2940:t
2933:v
2914:.
2300:8
2295:7
2290:6
2285:5
2210:6
2205:4
2200:3
2129:4
2099:8
2094:7
2058:6
1974:)
1970:(
1943:2
1876:7
1871:6
1866:5
1861:3
1811:6
1780:9
1775:8
1770:7
1765:6
1702:5
1697:4
1692:3
1687:2
1601:5
1596:2
1548:)
1544:(
1437:4
1411:2
1401:2
1397:)
1394:2
1392:L
1172:e
1165:t
1158:v
1071:e
1064:t
1057:v
886:.
791:.
771::
763::
740:.
717:.
691:.
664:.
525:.
465:V
427:.
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