355:
321:
399:
305:
410:
440:
27:
282:
1884:
681:
correct the orbit, most satellites released into low lunar orbits (under about 60 miles or 100 km) will eventually crash into the Moon. ... a number of 'frozen orbits' where a spacecraft can stay in a low lunar orbit indefinitely. They occur at four inclinations: 27°, 50°, 76°, and 86° — the last one being nearly over the lunar poles. The orbit of the relatively long-lived
168:) beneath the lunar surface caused by large impacting bodies at some remote time in the past. These anomalies are large enough to cause a lunar orbit to change significantly over the course of several days. They can cause a plumb bob to hang about a third of a degree off vertical, pointing toward the mascon, and increase the force of gravity by one-half percent. The
544:(LM) landed. The combined CSM/LM would first enter an elliptical orbit, nominally 170 nautical miles (310 km; 200 mi) by 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi), which was then changed to a circular parking orbit of about 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi). Orbital periods vary according to the sum of
519:
of 102.1 nautical miles (189.1 km; 117.5 mi). Then the orbit was circularized at around 170 nautical miles (310 km; 200 mi) to obtain suitable imagery. Five such spacecraft were launched over a period of thirteen months, all of which successfully mapped the Moon, primarily for the
172:
first manned landing mission employed the first attempt to correct for the perturbation effect (the frozen orbits were not known at that time). The parking orbit was "circularized" at 66 nautical miles (122 km; 76 mi) by 54 nautical miles (100 km; 62 mi), which was expected to
680:
Lunar mascons make most low lunar orbits unstable ... As a satellite passes 50 or 60 miles overhead, the mascons pull it forward, back, left, right, or down, the exact direction and magnitude of the tugging depends on the satellite's trajectory. Absent any periodic boosts from onboard rockets to
177:
with the CSM. But the effect was overestimated by a factor of two; at rendezvous, the orbit was calculated to be 63.2 nautical miles (117.0 km; 72.7 mi) by 56.8 nautical miles (105.2 km; 65.4 mi).
218:, and successfully completed its mission after one and a half years. PFS-2 was placed in a particularly unstable orbital inclination of 11°, and lasted only 35 days in orbit before crashing into the lunar surface.
930:
245:
extends to a radius of 60,000 km (37,000 mi), the gravity of Earth intervenes enough to make lunar orbits unstable at a distance of 690 km (430 mi).
689:
had an inclination of 28°, which turned out to be close to the inclination of one of the frozen orbits—but poor PFS-2 was cursed with an inclination of only 11°.
926:
702:
Konopliv, A. S.; Asmar, S. W.; Carranza, E.; Sjogren, W. L.; Yuan, D. N. (2001-03-01). "Recent
Gravity Models as a Result of the Lunar Prospector Mission".
876:
767:
983:
467:, on January 4, 1959. It passed within 6,000 kilometres (3,200 nmi; 3,700 mi) of the Moon's surface, but did not achieve lunar orbit.
354:
1761:
634:
344:
1821:
1042:
413:
429:
125:) is an orbit below 100 km (62 mi) altitude. These have a period of about 2 hours. They are of particular interest in the
552:, and for the CSM were about two hours. The LM began its landing sequence with a Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI) burn to lower their
1816:
1696:
1115:
1781:
1535:
1854:
1493:
1484:
1221:
161:
564:
to save more of the LM fuel for its powered descent, by using the CSM's fuel to perform the DOI burn, and later raising its
560:
reaching heights of 20,000 feet (6.1 km; 3.3 nmi). After the second landing mission, the procedure was changed on
557:
537:
211:
950:
1801:
1271:
369:
359:
1016:
1746:
597:
309:
294:
226:
For lunar orbits with altitudes in the 500 to 20,000 km (300 to 12,000 mi) range, the gravity of Earth leads to orbit
901:
500:, was launched on August 24, 1966, and studied lunar gravitational anomalies, radiation and solar wind measurements.
1908:
1726:
1553:
320:
1864:
954:
798:
1849:
1374:
816:
The moon's Hill sphere has a radius of 60,000 kilometres, about one-sixth of the distance between it and Earth.
592:
256:
227:
130:
398:
663:
1859:
1167:
463:
sent the first spacecraft to the vicinity of the Moon (or any extraterrestrial object), the robotic vehicle
275:
126:
1721:
1323:
1243:
1231:
475:
472:
1844:
1786:
1756:
1544:
1421:
1389:
1359:
1318:
1303:
1182:
482:
and returned to the Earth. This craft provided the first pictures of the far side of the Lunar surface.
334:
248:
304:
160:
Gravitational anomalies slightly distorting the orbits of some Lunar
Orbiters led to the discovery of
1869:
1691:
1475:
1364:
1333:
1261:
1236:
1211:
1172:
1153:
1108:
991:
711:
479:
271:
259:, using two oppositional Lagrange points (L1 and L2), flying from one to the other around the Moon.
173:
become the nominal circular 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) when the LM made its return
1731:
1526:
1266:
541:
444:
417:
348:
215:
191:
409:
1404:
1293:
1191:
819:
For mean distance and mass data for the bodies (for verification of the foregoing citation), see
235:
822:
439:
26:
1771:
1669:
1599:
1354:
1308:
1226:
1050:
727:
630:
587:
20:
1751:
1683:
1447:
1409:
1283:
1253:
1206:
803:
779:
719:
622:
508:
362:
trajectory around Earth. Using a direct transfer, it arrived on moon in four and a half days
174:
850:
1791:
1384:
1288:
1278:
1177:
1101:
745:
504:
448:
338:
281:
267:
194:: 27°, 50°, 76°, and 86°, in which a spacecraft can stay in a low orbit indefinitely. The
112:
1043:"CHAPTER IX: MISSIONS I, II, III: APOLLO SITE SEARCH AND VERIFICATION, The First Launch"
715:
1887:
1839:
1831:
1826:
1711:
1706:
1637:
1617:
1608:
1201:
1187:
1163:
1158:
1133:
984:"APPENDIX C [367-373] RECORD OF UNMANNED LUNAR PROBES, 1958-1968: Soviet Union"
582:
577:
533:
521:
493:
297:, using as well a Lagrange point, have been used and are planned to be employed by the
252:
1902:
1741:
1736:
1655:
1298:
1216:
402:
298:
231:
152:
30:
1072:
266:
around or together with one of the Earth-Moon
Lagrange points, as employed by lunar
1806:
1716:
1590:
1573:
1431:
1328:
1196:
460:
187:
139:
98:
278:
satellite placed around Earth-Moon L2 at roughly 65,000 km (40,000 mi).
214:, contributed to this discovery. PFS-1 ended up in a long-lasting orbit, at 28°
186:
Study of the mascons' effect on lunar spacecraft led to the discovery in 2001 of
1811:
1646:
1416:
1313:
1020:
626:
242:
46:
1379:
958:
471:, launched on October 4, 1959, was the first robotic spacecraft to complete a
263:
134:
731:
343:
There are three main ways to get to lunar orbit from Earth: direct transfer,
1796:
1148:
927:"Fifty Years Ago, This Photo Captured the First View of Earth From the Moon"
682:
565:
561:
553:
549:
478:, still not a lunar orbit, but a figure-8 trajectory which swung around the
452:
313:
203:
195:
169:
82:
65:. In general these orbits are not circular. When farthest from the Moon (at
42:
34:
723:
405:'s trajectory included multiple orbit raising maneuvers to get to the Moon
827:
556:
to about 50,000 feet (15 km; 8.2 nmi), chosen to avoid hitting
545:
516:
290:
66:
447:(the Moon), and first picture of both Earth and the Moon from space, by
1701:
1093:
783:
512:
497:
485:
312:) in cislunar space, as illustrated by A.I. Solutions, Inc. using the
496:
flux, and lunar environment until May 30, 1966. A follow-on mission,
468:
464:
1506:
1125:
768:"Stable Constellations of Frozen Elliptical Inclined Lunar Orbits"
686:
438:
408:
397:
353:
319:
303:
280:
207:
199:
58:
25:
902:"45 Years Ago: How the 1st Photo of Earth From the Moon Happened"
752:
489:
62:
1097:
1049:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
990:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
617:
Woods, W.D. (2008). "Entering lunar orbit: the LOI manoeuvre".
285:
An example of a halo orbit at the second lunar lagrange point.
877:"It's International Moon Day! Let's talk about Cislunar Space"
621:. Space Exploration. Springer Praxis Books. pp. 189–210.
515:
of 1,008 nautical miles (1,867 km; 1,160 mi) and a
351:. These take 3–4 days, months or 2.5–4 months respectively.
568:
back to a circular orbit after the LM had made its landing.
503:
The first United States spacecraft to orbit the Moon was
262:
Relatively stable orbits above locations on the Moon are
157:
Most lunar low orbits below 100 km (60 mi) are unstable.
1047:
DESTINATION MOON: A History of the Lunar
Orbiter Program
988:
DESTINATION MOON: A History of the Lunar
Orbiter Program
492:
and any extraterrestrial body in April 1966. It studied
133:
that make most unstable, and leave only a few orbital
143:. These would be useful for long-term stays in LLO.
1770:
1682:
1626:
1562:
1515:
1455:
1446:
1342:
1252:
1141:
1132:
230:. At altitudes higher than that perturbed two-body
540:(CSM) remained in a lunar parking orbit while the
488:became the first spacecraft to actually orbit the
831:. Greenbelt, MD: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
210:, both small satellites released from the Apollo
19:For the orbit of the Moon around the Earth, see
1079:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
1109:
430:List of extraterrestrial orbiters § Moon
255:are options for stable lunar orbits, as with
97:. These derive from names or epithets of the
8:
1019:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
507:on August 14, 1966. The first orbit was an
1883:
1452:
1138:
1116:
1102:
1094:
1010:
1008:
977:
975:
772:The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences
443:First image of Earth from around another
875:The Aerospace Corporation (2023-07-20).
274:, the first of such kind being the 2019
944:
942:
940:
821:Williams, David R. (20 December 2021).
609:
1762:Transposition, docking, and extraction
115:maneuver used to achieve lunar orbit.
933:from the original on August 25, 2016.
7:
451:(not to be confused with the later
147:Perturbation effects and low orbits
424:History of missions to lunar orbit
16:Orbit of an object around the Moon
14:
1822:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
900:Stein, Ben P. (August 23, 2011).
851:"A New Paradigm for Lunar Orbits"
324:Overview of NRHOs around the Moon
1882:
1817:Interplanetary Transport Network
1697:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
797:Follows, Mike (4 October 2017).
129:, but suffer from gravitational
69:) a spacecraft is said to be at
37:above the Moon in December 2022.
1782:Astronomical coordinate systems
1536:Longitude of the ascending node
1077:Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal
81:. When closest to the Moon (at
1855:Retrograde and prograde motion
1041:Byers, Bruce K. (1976-12-14).
982:Byers, Bruce K. (1976-12-14).
1:
1071:Jones, Eric M. (1976-12-14).
308:Near-rectilinear halo orbit (
1802:Equatorial coordinate system
520:purpose of finding suitable
370:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
295:near-rectilinear halo orbits
234:models are insufficient and
61:by an object around Earth's
627:10.1007/978-0-387-74066-9_8
619:How Apollo Flew to the Moon
598:Near-rectilinear halo orbit
1925:
1554:Longitude of the periapsis
746:"Apollo 11 Mission Report"
668:NASA Science: Science News
427:
332:
150:
18:
1878:
1865:Specific angular momentum
1073:"The First Lunar Landing"
955:Encyclopedia Astronautica
799:"Ever Decreasing Circles"
528:Crewed and later orbiters
257:distant retrograde orbits
593:Distant retrograde orbit
137:possible for indefinite
1860:Specific orbital energy
766:Ely, Todd (July 2005).
416:'s trajectory included
127:exploration of the Moon
1272:Geostationary transfer
755:. pp. 4–3 to 4–4.
724:10.1006/icar.2000.6573
664:"Bizarre Lunar Orbits"
538:Command/Service Module
476:free return trajectory
456:
420:
406:
395:
325:
317:
286:
85:) it is said to be at
38:
1845:Orbital state vectors
1787:Characteristic energy
1757:Trans-lunar injection
1545:Argument of periapsis
1222:Prograde / Retrograde
1183:Hyperbolic trajectory
442:
428:Further information:
412:
401:
357:
335:Trans-lunar injection
323:
307:
284:
238:models are required.
151:Further information:
105:Lunar orbit insertion
29:
1692:Bi-elliptic transfer
1212:Parabolic trajectory
480:far side of the Moon
272:far side of the Moon
241:Although the Moon's
192:orbital inclinations
1732:Low-energy transfer
929:. August 23, 2016.
716:2001Icar..150....1K
445:astronomical object
418:low energy transfer
349:low-energy transfer
345:low thrust transfer
162:mass concentrations
55:selenocentric orbit
1727:Inclination change
1375:Distant retrograde
1023:on August 21, 2002
784:10.1007/BF03546355
670:. NASA. 2006-11-06
457:
421:
407:
396:
326:
318:
287:
190:occurring at four
39:
1909:Orbit of the Moon
1896:
1895:
1870:Two-line elements
1678:
1677:
1600:Eccentric anomaly
1442:
1441:
1309:Orbit of the Moon
1168:Highly elliptical
823:"Moon Fact Sheet"
636:978-0-387-71675-6
588:Orbital mechanics
222:Lunar high orbits
182:Stable low orbits
53:(also known as a
21:Orbit of the Moon
1916:
1886:
1885:
1827:Lagrangian point
1722:Hohmann transfer
1667:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1453:
1422:Heliosynchronous
1371:Lagrange points
1324:Transatmospheric
1139:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1012:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
979:
970:
969:
967:
966:
957:. Archived from
946:
935:
934:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
897:
891:
890:
888:
887:
872:
866:
865:
863:
862:
847:
841:
840:
838:
836:
818:
813:
811:
804:NewScientist.com
794:
788:
787:
763:
757:
756:
750:
742:
736:
735:
699:
693:
692:
676:
675:
660:
641:
640:
614:
509:elliptical orbit
394:
392:
383:
381:
372:
367:
329:Orbital transfer
268:relay satellites
1924:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1874:
1792:Escape velocity
1773:
1766:
1747:Rocket equation
1674:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1511:
1502:
1498:
1494:Semi-minor axis
1489:
1485:Semi-major axis
1480:
1471:
1465:
1438:
1360:Areosynchronous
1344:
1338:
1319:Sun-synchronous
1304:Near-equatorial
1248:
1128:
1122:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1054:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1017:"Lunar Orbiter"
1014:
1013:
1006:
997:
995:
981:
980:
973:
964:
962:
948:
947:
938:
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
899:
898:
894:
885:
883:
874:
873:
869:
860:
858:
849:
848:
844:
834:
832:
820:
809:
807:
796:
795:
791:
765:
764:
760:
748:
744:
743:
739:
701:
700:
696:
673:
671:
662:
661:
644:
637:
616:
615:
611:
606:
574:
558:lunar mountains
530:
524:landing sites.
505:Lunar Orbiter 1
449:Lunar Orbiter 1
437:
432:
426:
390:
389:
379:
378:
365:
364:
363:
341:
339:orbit insertion
333:Main articles:
331:
253:Lagrange points
224:
184:
155:
149:
119:Low lunar orbit
113:orbit insertion
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1888:List of orbits
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1840:Orbit equation
1837:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:Gravity assist
1709:
1707:Delta-v budget
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1638:Orbital period
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1618:True longitude
1611:
1609:Mean longitude
1602:
1593:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:Areostationary
1362:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1334:Very low Earth
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1262:Geosynchronous
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1244:Transfer orbit
1241:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1202:Lagrange point
1199:
1194:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1124:Gravitational
1123:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1063:
1033:
1004:
971:
936:
918:
892:
867:
842:
789:
778:(3): 301–316.
758:
737:
694:
642:
635:
608:
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
583:List of orbits
580:
578:Cislunar space
573:
570:
534:Apollo program
529:
526:
522:Apollo program
494:micrometeoroid
436:
435:First orbiters
433:
425:
422:
330:
327:
223:
220:
212:Service Module
183:
180:
148:
145:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1921:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:-body problem
1834:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Oberth effect
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:Orbital speed
1650:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1577:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1497:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1410:Earth's orbit
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1807:Ground track
1717:Gravity turn
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1574:Mean anomaly
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1476:Eccentricity
1474:
1432:Lunar cycler
1405:Heliocentric
1396:
1345:other points
1294:Medium Earth
1192:Non-inclined
1081:. Retrieved
1076:
1066:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:the original
1046:
1036:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:the original
1015:Wade, Mark.
996:. Retrieved
992:the original
987:
963:. Retrieved
959:the original
949:Wade, Mark.
921:
909:. Retrieved
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857:. 2006-12-01
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542:Lunar Module
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289:Since 2022 (
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135:trajectories
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99:moon goddess
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1812:Hill sphere
1647:Mean motion
1527:Inclination
1516:Orientation
1417:Mars cycler
1355:Areocentric
1227:Synchronous
710:(1): 1–18.
473:circumlunar
382: Earth
264:halo orbits
251:Earth-Moon
243:Hill sphere
216:inclination
75:apocynthion
51:lunar orbit
47:spaceflight
1752:Rendezvous
1448:Parameters
1284:High Earth
1254:Geocentric
1207:Osculating
1164:Elliptical
1083:2014-11-09
1057:2007-02-17
1027:2007-02-17
998:2007-02-17
965:2007-02-17
911:October 7,
886:2023-11-07
861:2023-11-05
674:2012-12-09
604:References
511:, with an
393: Moon
236:three-body
175:rendezvous
95:periselene
1797:Ephemeris
1774:mechanics
1684:Maneuvers
1627:Variation
1390:Libration
1385:Lissajous
1289:Low Earth
1279:Graveyard
1178:Horseshoe
906:Space.com
732:0019-1035
683:Apollo 15
566:periapsis
562:Apollo 14
554:periapsis
550:periapsis
453:Earthrise
316:software.
314:FreeFlyer
204:Apollo 16
196:Apollo 15
170:Apollo 11
83:periapsis
79:aposelene
43:astronomy
35:Artemis 1
1903:Category
1563:Position
1188:Inclined
1159:Circular
931:Archived
855:Phys.org
828:NASA.gov
572:See also
546:apoapsis
517:perilune
455:image).
291:CAPSTONE
202:and the
164:(dubbed
111:) is an
87:perilune
67:apoapsis
57:) is an
1772:Orbital
1742:Phasing
1702:Delta-v
1507:Apsides
1501:,
1299:Molniya
1217:Parking
1154:Capture
1142:General
835:23 July
810:23 July
712:Bibcode
513:apolune
498:Luna 11
486:Luna 10
276:Queqiao
270:to the
166:mascons
71:apolune
1428:Other
1329:Tundra
1197:Kepler
1173:Escape
1126:orbits
951:"Luna"
881:Medium
730:
704:Icarus
633:
469:Luna 3
465:Luna 1
391:
386:·
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375:·
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1670:Epoch
1459:Shape
1397:Lunar
1351:Mars
1343:About
1314:Polar
1134:Types
749:(PDF)
687:PFS-1
388:
377:
208:PFS-2
200:PFS-1
93:, or
77:, or
59:orbit
1462:Size
1401:Sun
1380:Halo
1232:semi
913:2020
837:2023
812:2023
753:NASA
728:ISSN
631:ISBN
548:and
532:The
490:Moon
459:The
414:SLIM
347:and
337:and
310:NRHO
63:Moon
49:, a
45:and
1237:sub
1149:Box
780:doi
720:doi
708:150
623:doi
536:'s
360:LRO
123:LLO
109:LOI
41:In
33:of
1905::
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