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227:, putting the tracker not only above, but also behind the target. The proper technique requires changing the tracking vehicle's orbit to allow the rendezvous target to either catch up or be caught up with, and then at the correct moment changing to the same orbit as the target with no relative motion between the vehicles (for example, putting the tracker into a lower orbit, which has a shorter orbital period allowing it to catch up, then executing a
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orbital velocity). Now in a slightly higher position, but with an orbital velocity that does not correspond to the local circular velocity, the chaser slightly falls behind the target. Small rocket pulses in the orbital velocity direction are necessary to keep the chaser along the radial vector of the target. If these rocket pulses are not executed (for example due to a thruster failure), the chaser will move away from the target. This is a
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179:' guidance systems inserted the two craft into nearly identical orbits; however, this was not nearly precise enough to achieve rendezvous, as the Vostok lacked maneuvering thrusters to adjust its orbit to match that of its twin. The initial separation distances were in the range of 5 to 6.5 kilometers (3.1 to 4.0 mi), and slowly diverged to thousands of kilometers (over a thousand miles) over the course of the missions.
55:
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1240:. For the R-bar approach, this effect is stronger than for the V-bar approach, making the R-bar approach the safer one of the two. Generally, the R-bar approach from below is preferable, as the chaser is in a lower (faster) orbit than the target, and thus "catches up" with it. For the R-bar approach from above, the chaser is in a higher (slower) orbit than the target, and thus has to wait for the target to approach it.
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1044:(the position of the spacecraft in the orbit) must be matched. For docking, the speed of the two vehicles must also be matched. The "chaser" is placed in a slightly lower orbit than the target. The lower the orbit, the higher the orbital velocity. The difference in orbital velocities of chaser and target is therefore such that the chaser is faster than the target, and catches up with it.
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Most observers felt that the U.S. moon landing ended the space race with a decisive
American victory. The formal end of the space race occurred with the 1975 joint Apollo–Soyuz mission, in which U.S. and Soviet spacecraft docked, or joined, in orbit while their crews visited one another's craft and
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Once the two spacecraft are sufficiently close, the chaser's orbit is synchronized with the target's orbit. That is, the chaser will be accelerated. This increase in velocity carries the chaser to a higher orbit. The increase in velocity is chosen such that the chaser approximately assumes the orbit
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Somebody said ... when you come to within three miles (5 km), you've rendezvoused. If anybody thinks they've pulled a rendezvous off at three miles (5 km), have fun! This is when we started doing our work. I don't think rendezvous is over until you are stopped – completely stopped – with no relative
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direction. If this is omitted (for example due to a thruster failure), the chaser will be carried to a higher orbit, which is associated with an orbital velocity lower than the target's. Consequently, the target moves faster than the chaser and the distance between them increases. This is called a
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To properly understand spacecraft rendezvous it is essential to understand the relation between spacecraft velocity and orbit. A spacecraft in a certain orbit cannot arbitrarily alter its velocity. Each orbit correlates to a certain orbital velocity. If the spacecraft fires thrusters and increases
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to grapple and move the spacecraft to a berthing port on the US segment. However the updated version of Cargo Dragon will no longer need to berth but instead will autonomously dock directly to the space station. The
Russian segment only uses docking ports so it is not possible for HTV, Dragon and
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involved in the process. Simply pointing the active vehicle's nose at the target and thrusting was unsuccessful. If the target is ahead in the orbit and the tracking vehicle increases speed, its altitude also increases, actually moving it away from the target. The higher altitude then increases
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to the orbital velocity of the passive spacecraft. When below the target the chaser fires radial thrusters to close in on the target. By this it increases its altitude. However, the orbital velocity of the chaser remains unchanged (thruster firings in the radial direction have no effect on the
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to the flight path along the line of the radius of the orbit (called R-bar, as it is along the radial vector, with respect to Earth, of the target). The chosen method of approach depends on safety, spacecraft / thruster design, mission timeline, and, especially for docking with the ISS, on the
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to the target's orbital velocity. In the V-bar approach from behind, the chaser fires small thrusters to increase its velocity in the direction of the target. This, of course, also drives the chaser to a higher orbit. To keep the chaser on the V-vector, other thrusters are fired in the radial
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Orbital rendezvous. 1/ Both spacecraft must be in the same orbital plane. ISS flies in a higher orbit (lower speed), ATV flies in a lower orbit and catches up with ISS. 2/At the moment when the ATV and the ISS make an alpha angle (about 2°), the ATV crosses the elliptical orbit to the
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are used at approximately six month intervals to transport crew members to and from ISS. With the introduction of NASA's
Commercial Crew Program, the US is able to use their own launch vehicle along with the Soyuz, an updated version of SpaceX's Cargo Dragon; Crew Dragon.
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motion between the two vehicles, at a range of approximately 120 feet (37 m). That's rendezvous! From there on, it's stationkeeping. That's when you can go back and play the game of driving a car or driving an airplane or pushing a skateboard – it's about that simple.
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Space rendezvous of an active, or "chaser", spacecraft with an (assumed) passive spacecraft may be divided into several phases, and typically starts with the two spacecraft in separate orbits, typically separated by more than 10,000 kilometers (6,200 mi):
214:'s upper stage. McDivitt was unable to get close enough to achieve station-keeping, due to depth-perception problems, and stage propellant venting which kept moving it around. However, the Gemini 4 attempts at rendezvous were unsuccessful largely because
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The standard technique for rendezvous and docking is to dock an active vehicle, the "chaser", with a passive "target". This technique has been used successfully for the Gemini, Apollo, Apollo/Soyuz, Salyut, Skylab, Mir, ISS, and
Tiangong programs.
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was a passing glance—the equivalent of a male walking down a busy main street with plenty of traffic whizzing by and he spots a cute girl walking on the other side. He's going 'Hey wait' but she's gone. That's a passing glance, not a
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The V-bar approach is an approach of the "chaser" horizontally along the passive spacecraft's velocity vector. That is, from behind or from ahead, and in the same direction as the orbital motion of the passive target. The motion is
1033:(or decreases) its velocity it will obtain a different orbit, one that correlates to the higher (or lower) velocity. For circular orbits, higher orbits have a lower orbital velocity. Lower orbits have a higher orbital velocity.
1934:
1819:
1928:"A Summary of the Rendezvous, Proximity Operations, Docking, and Undocking (RPODU) Lessons Learned from the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) Orbital Express (OE) Demonstration System Mission"
559:. The Progress spacecraft were used for re-supplying the station. In this space rendezvous gone wrong, the Progress collided with Mir, beginning a depressurization that was halted by closing the hatch to
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of the target. Stepwise, the chaser closes in on the target, until proximity operations (see below) can be started. In the very final phase, the closure rate is reduced by use of the active vehicle's
775:" (RPODU) for the set of all spaceflight procedures that are typically needed around spacecraft operations where two spacecraft work in proximity to one another with intent to connect to one another.
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rocket / LM inside LM adapter / CSM (in order from bottom to top at launch, also the order from back to front with respect to the current motion), with CSM crewed, LM at this stage uncrewed:
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proposed meeting ISS cargo needs with a vehicle which would approach the station, "using a traditional nadir R-bar approach." The nadir R-bar approach is also used for flights to the ISS of
1860:, page 65, "Since 1985 all Russian spacecraft had used the Kurs computers to dock automatically with the Mir station" ... "All the Russian commanders had to do was sit by and watch."
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The first rendezvous of two spacecraft from different countries took place in 1975, when an Apollo spacecraft docked with a Soyuz spacecraft as part of the
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and/or finally bring the satellite to a graveyard orbit, after which the CX-OLEV can possibly be reused for another satellite. Gradual transfer from the
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A rendezvous takes place each time a spacecraft brings crew members or supplies to an orbiting space station. The first spacecraft to do this was
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in
October 1968. Automated systems brought the craft to within 200 meters (660 ft), while Beregovoy brought this closer with manual control.
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The same rendezvous technique can be used for spacecraft "landing" on natural objects with a weak gravitational field, e.g. landing on one of the
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444:. Gemini 6 was to have been the first docking mission, but had to be cancelled when that mission's Agena vehicle was destroyed during launch.
285:. The spacecraft were not equipped to dock with each other, but maintained station-keeping for more than 20 minutes. Schirra later commented:
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Most rendezvous are for docking, as in this photo of the crews and spaceship models of the historic first time Soviet and US spacecraft
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engineer André Meyer later remarked, "There is a good explanation for what went wrong with rendezvous." The crew, like everyone else at
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of the passive spacecraft—that is, from the side and out-of-plane of the orbit of the passive spacecraft—is called a Z-bar approach.
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Johnson, Michael D.; Fitts, Richard; Howe, Brock; Hall, Baron; Kutter, Bernard; Zegler, Frank; Foster; Mark (September 18, 2007).
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The R-bar approach consists of the chaser moving below or above the target spacecraft, along its radial vector. The motion is
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would require the same matching of orbital velocities, followed by a "descent" that shares some similarities with docking.
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are in-line with the flight path of the spacecraft (called V-bar, as it is along the velocity vector of the target) and
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Possible future rendezvous may be made by a yet to be developed automated Hubble
Robotic Vehicle (HRV), and by the
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and approach to a very close distance (e.g. within visual contact). Rendezvous requires a precise match of the
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1052:. Docking typically occurs at a rate of 0.1 ft/s (0.030 m/s) to 0.2 ft/s (0.061 m/s).
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also used this system to dock with the
Russian segment of the ISS. Several uncrewed spacecraft use NASA's
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Space rendezvous has been used for a variety of other purposes, including recent service missions to the
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Bessel, James A.; Ceney, James M.; Crean, David M.; Ingham, Edward A.; Pabst, David J. (December 1993).
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involved. As a result, we all got a whole lot smarter and really perfected rendezvous maneuvers, which
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originally presented at COLLOQUE: MECANIQUE SPATIALE (SPACE DYNAMICS) TOULOUSE, FRANCE NOVEMBER 1989
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An approach of the active, or "chaser", spacecraft horizontally from the side and orthogonal to the
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Alternatively the two spacecraft are already together, and just undock and dock in a different way:
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Rendezvous
Strategy of the Japanese Logistics Support Vehicle to the International Space Station,
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Schirra used another metaphor to describe the difference between the two nations' achievements:
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and Apollo 2 lander in the background, in a first ever visit of an independent mission beyond
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spacecraft all maneuver to a close rendezvous and maintain station-keeping, allowing the ISS
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2039:. Space Systems Technology and Operations Conference, Orlando Florida, April 21–25, 2003.
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Air Force
Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio – School of Engineering
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Wertz, James R.; Bell, Robert (2003). Tchoryk, Jr., Peter; Shoemaker, James (eds.).
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achieved the first internal transfer of crew members between two docked spacecraft.
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1990:"TRACK AND CAPTURE OF THE ORBITER WITH THE SPACE STATION REMOTE MANIPULATOR SYSTEM"
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Series of orbital maneuvers to bring two spacecraft into the vicinity of each other
2240:"Astrotech Research & Conventional Technology Utilization Spacecraft (ARCTUS)"
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Analysis of a New
Nonlinear Solution of Relative Orbital Motion by T. Alan Lovell
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the CSM separated, while the four upper panels of the LM adapter were disposed of
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NASA's first attempt at rendezvous was made on June 3, 1965, when US astronaut
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launched pairs of spacecraft from the same launch pad, one or two days apart (
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of the two spacecraft, allowing them to remain at a constant distance through
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the CSM connected to the LM while that was still connected to the third stage
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docked, collecting the two crew members of Soyuz 5, which had to perform an
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1820:"Space Station Launch Delays Will Have Little Impact on Overall Operations"
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The Rocket Men: Vostok & Voskhod, The First Soviet Manned Spaceflights
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the CSM turned 180 degrees (from engine backward, toward LM, to forward)
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The first docking of two spacecraft was achieved on March 16, 1966 when
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2030:"Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking Technologies – Status and Prospects"
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938: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Soyuz spacecraft from one docking point to another on the ISS or Salyut
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467:
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338: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The first successful crewed docking occurred on January 16, 1969 when
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The Soviets carried out the first automated, uncrewed docking between
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For orbital rendezvous to occur, both spacecraft must be in the same
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Bryan Burrough, Dragonfly: NASA and the crisis aboard Mir, (1998,
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Line-Of-Sight Guidance Techniques For Manned Orbital Rendezvous.
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1529:/ Interviewed by Doug Ward / Elk Lake, Michigan – June 29, 1999
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Rendezvous was first successfully accomplished by US astronaut
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are also used to rendezvous with and resupply space stations.
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1403:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 117–118.
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1201:, and is a natural safeguard in case of a thruster failure.
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The first Soviet cosmonaut to attempt a manual docking was
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the CSM/LM combination then separated from the third stage
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crew rendezvoused with and attached a rocket motor to the
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spacecraft within 1 foot (30 cm) of its sister craft
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As a NASA astronaut, Aldrin worked to "translate complex
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International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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into relatively simple flight plans for my colleagues."
2374:
Handbook Automated Rendezvous and Docking of Spacecraft
873:
2120:"Optimal Control for Proximity Operations and Docking"
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that has run out of fuel. The CX-OLEV would take over
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The first multiple space docking took place when both
2194:"STS-104 Crew Interviews with Charles Hobaugh, Pilot"
96:
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Deliberate crash landings on extraterrestrial bodies
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missions have successfully made rendezvous with six
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Docking system agreement key to global space policy
2249:. Long Beach, California. p. 7. Archived from
1872:"Japanese Cargo Craft Captured, Berthed to Station"
868:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
87:
2287:Success! Space station snags SpaceX Dragon capsule
1155:A variety of techniques may be used to effect the
2213:"Shuttle Discovery nears rendezvous with station"
1299:, performed the first ever rendezvous outside of
703:, which is being developed for rendezvous with a
1678:History Collection - Johnson Space Center - NASA
1166:necessary for proximity operations and docking.
2367:"Lunar Orbit Rendezvous and the Apollo Program"
1755:Encyclopedia of United States National Security
296:
287:
233:
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551:module following a collision with an uncrewed
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2404:
2164:"Shuttle Rendezvous and Proximity Operations"
1964:"ATV: a very special delivery - Lesson notes"
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277:on December 15, 1965. Schirra maneuvered the
71:in lunar orbit after returning from a landing
8:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1174:The two most common methods of approach for
243:, "just didn't understand or reason out the
2247:AIAA SPACE 2007 Conference & Exposition
2104:as seen from the center of the planet; for
1803:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
1545:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
846:Learn how and when to remove these messages
440:, rendezvoused and docked with an uncrewed
269:Gemini 7 photographed from Gemini 6 in 1965
140:. Rendezvous may or may not be followed by
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3202:
3194:
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2433:
2411:
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1211:mission to conduct a V-bar arrival at the
2143:
1016:Learn how and when to remove this message
998:Learn how and when to remove this message
896:Learn how and when to remove this message
880:, without removing the technical details.
398:Learn how and when to remove this message
1063:
1787:performed joint scientific experiments.
1391:
1183:location of the assigned docking port.
159:In its first human spaceflight program
134:orbital velocities and position vectors
3057:Transposition, docking, and extraction
2309:"Prototype Space Fabrication Platform"
1908:from the original on February 10, 2010
1622:"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
1307:and taking parts of it back to Earth.
767:NASA sometimes refers to "Rendezvous,
739:transposition, docking, and extraction
231:back to the original orbital height).
186:submitted his doctoral thesis titled,
2219:from the original on December 2, 2008
1687:from the original on October 7, 2022.
1561:"On The Shoulders of Titans - Ch12-7"
1120:1,000–100 meters (3,280–330 ft)
878:make it understandable to non-experts
571:, which successfully docked with the
462:who unsuccessfully tried to dock his
7:
2118:Lee, Daero; Pernicka, Henry (2010).
1818:Marcia S. Smith (February 3, 2012).
1475:from the original on October 9, 2011
1424:Hall, Rex; David J. Shayler (2001).
1333:Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
936:adding citations to reliable sources
719:will take a number of months, using
660:. Historically, for the missions of
616:have automatically docked with both
336:adding citations to reliable sources
3400:Category:Spacecraft docking systems
2002:from the original on August 7, 2020
1970:from the original on April 29, 2021
1940:from the original on August 7, 2020
745:of the sequence third stage of the
672:would rendezvous and dock with the
514:space station during January 1978.
428:Gemini 8 docking with Agena vehicle
3225:Docking and berthing of spacecraft
2174:from the original on July 27, 2013
1826:from the original on June 13, 2020
1776:from the original on July 26, 2020
1632:from the original on April 3, 2020
1602:from the original on April 3, 2020
1571:from the original on April 3, 2020
1448:from the original on April 2, 2020
1401:Manned Spacecraft, Second Revision
741:was performed an hour or so after
530:docking in 1975 of the concluding
412:Docking and berthing of spacecraft
35:to determine distance between the
14:
3117:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
2315:. Accession number ADA273904: 9.
2211:WILLIAM HARWOOD (March 9, 2001).
2162:Pearson, Don J. (November 1989).
1878:from the original on May 19, 2017
1699:"Model of a Soyuz-4-5 spacecraft"
1371:of orbits around the Earth's axis
827:This section has multiple issues.
64:ascent stage rendezvous with the
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3242:
3177:
3112:Interplanetary Transport Network
2992:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
1317:
912:
857:
816:
312:
83:
3077:Astronomical coordinate systems
2831:Longitude of the ascending node
1961:Arrival of the ATV to the ISS,
1724:"NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details"
1133:100–10 meters (328–33 ft)
1107:to 1 kilometer (3,300 ft)
1082:(out of sight, out of contact)
923:needs additional citations for
835:or discuss these issues on the
323:needs additional citations for
218:engineers had yet to learn the
3150:Retrograde and prograde motion
2067:. Paper 5088-3. Archived from
1870:Jerry Wright (July 30, 2015).
664:that landed astronauts on the
653:Cygnus to find a berth there.
1:
3257:International Docking Adapter
1590:Agle, D.C. (September 1998).
1496:"From Earth to Moon to Earth"
674:Apollo Command/Service Module
555:in September 1997 as part of
420:Gemini 8 Agena target vehicle
3440:Projects established in 1965
3097:Equatorial coordinate system
1338:Clohessy-Wiltshire equations
713:geostationary transfer orbit
175:in 1963). In each case, the
2145:10.5139/IJASS.2010.11.3.206
1752:, ed. (December 21, 2005).
1375:Path-constrained rendezvous
1213:International Space Station
1146:<10 meters (33 ft)
595:International Space Station
261:First successful rendezvous
49:International Space Station
3458:
3263:Pressurized Mating Adapter
2849:Longitude of the periapsis
1660:NASA, NSSDC Master Catalog
1518:Oral History Transcript /
788:Command and service module
668:, the ascent stage of the
626:Automated Transfer Vehicle
409:
124:, one of which is often a
3396:
3304:Common Berthing Mechanism
3299:Chinese Docking Mechanism
3270:
3240:
3231:
3173:
3160:Specific angular momentum
2354:The Visitors (rendezvous)
2100:of the spacecraft's true
1822:. spacepolicyonline.com.
1399:Gatland, Kenneth (1976).
1344:Common Berthing Mechanism
575:station on June 7, 1971.
2037:SPIE AeroSense Symposium
705:geosynchronous satellite
690:communications satellite
646:Orbital Sciences' Cygnus
541:Damaged solar arrays on
466:craft with the uncrewed
210:craft to meet its spent
3155:Specific orbital energy
1902:www.orbitalrecovery.com
1656:April 13, 2020, at the
1100:(in sight, in contact)
1073:Typical phase duration
1050:reaction control system
692:to allow it to make an
483:extravehicular activity
436:, under the command of
212:Titan II launch vehicle
138:orbital station-keeping
2567:Geostationary transfer
2359:April 3, 2020, at the
2196:. NASA. Archived from
1592:"Flying the Gusmobile"
1525:March 4, 2016, at the
1359:Lunar orbit rendezvous
1289:
1281:astronaut Conrad with
1248:H-II Transfer Vehicles
1238:natural braking effect
1199:natural braking effect
1129:Proximity Operations B
1116:Proximity Operations A
809:
800:
773:Docking, and Undocking
737:, a maneuver known as
709:orbital stationkeeping
678:lunar orbit rendezvous
658:Hubble Space Telescope
620:and the ISS using the
564:
534:
429:
421:
301:
292:
270:
258:
223:orbital period due to
206:tried to maneuver his
72:
51:
3140:Orbital state vectors
3082:Characteristic energy
3052:Trans-lunar injection
2840:Argument of periapsis
2517:Prograde / Retrograde
2478:Hyperbolic trajectory
2294:May 25, 2012, at the
2256:on February 27, 2008.
1898:"orbitalrecovery.com"
1549:on November 29, 2010.
1432:Springer–Praxis Books
1364:Mars orbit rendezvous
1340:for co-orbit analysis
1277:
806:
786:
743:Trans Lunar Injection
721:Hall effect thrusters
680:maneuvers. Also, the
638:H-II Transfer Vehicle
540:
525:
455:on October 30, 1967.
427:
419:
268:
128:, arrive at the same
57:
24:
2987:Bi-elliptic transfer
2507:Parabolic trajectory
2274:May 5, 2021, at the
2200:on February 3, 2002.
1807:on October 30, 2007.
1469:"Orbital Rendezvous"
1434:. pp. 185–191.
1303:by landing close to
1295:, the second crewed
1176:proximity operations
1070:Separation distance
932:improve this article
769:Proximity-Operations
717:geosynchronous orbit
442:Agena Target Vehicle
332:improve this article
198:First attempt failed
3027:Low-energy transfer
2321:1993MsT..........9B
2215:. SPACEFLIGHT NOW.
2136:2010IJASS..11..206L
2049:2003SPIE.5088...20W
1750:Samuels, Richard J.
1651:NSSDC ID: 1967-105A
1626:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
1354:Flyby (spaceflight)
1170:Methods of approach
670:Apollo Lunar Module
622:Kurs docking system
614:Progress spacecraft
553:Progress spacecraft
510:were docked to the
142:docking or berthing
29:Christopher Cassidy
3435:1965 introductions
3356:Navigation systems
3022:Inclination change
2670:Distant retrograde
2385:– October 20, 2010
1325:Spaceflight portal
1290:
1270:Surface rendezvous
1042:phase of the orbit
947:"Space rendezvous"
810:
801:
779:Phases and methods
630:berthing mechanism
606:Robotic spacecraft
565:
535:
485:to reach Soyuz 4.
430:
422:
347:"Space rendezvous"
271:
225:Kepler's third law
73:
52:
3430:Orbital maneuvers
3407:
3406:
3311:docking mechanism
3191:
3190:
3165:Two-line elements
2973:
2972:
2895:Eccentric anomaly
2737:
2736:
2604:Orbit of the Moon
2463:Highly elliptical
2074:on April 25, 2012
2057:10.1117/12.498121
1769:978-0-7619-2927-7
1760:SAGE Publications
1520:James A. McDivitt
1215:. The V-bar, or
1153:
1152:
1056:Rendezvous phases
1026:
1025:
1018:
1008:
1007:
1000:
982:
906:
905:
898:
850:
735:Apollo spacecraft
597:(ISS). Currently
577:Human spaceflight
408:
407:
400:
382:
245:orbital mechanics
220:orbital mechanics
192:orbital mechanics
120:during which two
118:orbital maneuvers
3447:
3420:Space rendezvous
3276:
3246:
3234:Space rendezvous
3218:
3211:
3204:
3195:
3181:
3180:
3122:Lagrangian point
3017:Hohmann transfer
2962:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2748:
2717:Heliosynchronous
2666:Lagrange points
2619:Transatmospheric
2434:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2390:
2370:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2323:. Archived from
2304:
2298:
2284:
2278:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2115:
2109:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2034:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1867:
1861:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1758:(1st ed.).
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1675:
1671:"Part 1 - Soyuz"
1667:
1661:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1539:
1530:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1508:on May 27, 2014.
1507:
1501:. Archived from
1500:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1369:Nodal precession
1327:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1136:45 – 90 minutes
1064:
1021:
1014:
1003:
996:
992:
989:
983:
981:
940:
916:
908:
901:
894:
890:
887:
881:
861:
860:
853:
842:
820:
819:
812:
694:orbital maneuver
599:Soyuz spacecraft
460:Georgy Beregovoy
403:
396:
392:
389:
383:
381:
340:
316:
308:
256:
229:Hohmann transfer
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
78:space rendezvous
40:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3392:
3351:
3277:
3268:
3247:
3236:
3227:
3222:
3192:
3187:
3169:
3087:Escape velocity
3068:
3061:
3042:Rocket equation
2969:
2961:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2789:Semi-minor axis
2784:
2780:Semi-major axis
2775:
2766:
2760:
2733:
2655:Areosynchronous
2639:
2633:
2614:Sun-synchronous
2599:Near-equatorial
2543:
2423:
2417:
2365:
2361:Wayback Machine
2345:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2327:on May 31, 2012
2306:
2305:
2301:
2296:Wayback Machine
2285:
2281:
2276:Wayback Machine
2265:
2261:
2253:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1779:
1777:
1770:
1762:. p. 669.
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1703:MAAS Collection
1697:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1658:Wayback Machine
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1596:Air & Space
1589:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1565:www.hq.nasa.gov
1559:
1558:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1527:Wayback Machine
1517:
1513:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1442:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1301:Low Earth Orbit
1287:Low Earth Orbit
1272:
1260:
1229:
1217:velocity vector
1189:
1172:
1106:
1099:
1088:
1081:
1058:
1022:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
993:
987:
984:
941:
939:
929:
917:
902:
891:
885:
882:
874:help improve it
871:
862:
858:
821:
817:
781:
636:. The Japanese
583:stations, with
520:
414:
404:
393:
387:
384:
341:
339:
329:
317:
306:
263:
257:
255:
200:
177:launch vehicles
157:
86:
82:
66:command module
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3312:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3183:List of orbits
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Orbit equation
3132:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Gravity assist
3004:
3002:Delta-v budget
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2933:Orbital period
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2913:True longitude
2906:
2904:Mean longitude
2897:
2888:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2660:Areostationary
2657:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2629:Very low Earth
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2557:Geosynchronous
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2539:Transfer orbit
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Lagrange point
2494:
2489:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2419:Gravitational
2418:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2371:
2363:
2351:
2344:
2343:External links
2341:
2339:
2338:
2299:
2279:
2259:
2230:
2203:
2185:
2151:
2130:(3): 206–220.
2110:
2098:angular radius
2093:
2085:
2013:
1981:
1951:
1919:
1889:
1862:
1837:
1810:
1791:
1768:
1741:
1730:(in Norwegian)
1715:
1690:
1680:. p. 11.
1662:
1643:
1613:
1582:
1552:
1531:
1511:
1486:
1459:
1440:
1416:
1409:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1312:
1309:
1271:
1268:
1259:
1258:Z-bar approach
1256:
1228:
1227:R-bar approach
1225:
1223:docking port.
1207:was the third
1188:
1187:V-bar approach
1185:
1171:
1168:
1151:
1150:
1149:<5 minutes
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1123:1 to 5 orbits
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1057:
1054:
1024:
1023:
1006:
1005:
920:
918:
911:
904:
903:
865:
863:
856:
851:
825:
824:
822:
815:
780:
777:
765:
764:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
731:
662:Project Apollo
632:rather than a
519:
516:
488:In March 1969
438:Neil Armstrong
410:Main article:
406:
405:
320:
318:
311:
305:
302:
262:
259:
253:
199:
196:
173:Vostok 5 and 6
169:Vostok 3 and 4
156:
153:
116:) is a set of
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3453:
3452:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3425:Astrodynamics
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Soyuz Kontakt
3335:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:-body problem
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3032:Oberth effect
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:Orbital speed
2945:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2792:
2790:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:Earth's orbit
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Geostationary
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
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2407:
2402:
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2395:
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2381:
2379:
2378:Wigbert Fehse
2375:
2372:
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2204:
2199:
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2169:
2165:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2137:
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2125:
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2114:
2111:
2107:
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2099:
2089:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2014:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:0-06-093269-4
1855:
1851:
1850:0-88730-783-3
1847:
1841:
1838:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1780:September 20,
1775:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1494:Buzz Aldrin.
1490:
1487:
1474:
1470:
1467:Buzz Aldrin.
1463:
1460:
1452:September 25,
1447:
1443:
1441:1-85233-391-X
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1410:0-02-542820-9
1406:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:Soyuz Kontakt
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:lunar landing
1294:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1264:orbital plane
1257:
1255:
1253:
1252:SpaceX Dragon
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Space Shuttle
1206:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:perpendicular
1177:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:translational
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1097:Drift Orbit B
1095:
1094:
1091:1 to 20 days
1090:
1084:
1080:
1079:Drift Orbit A
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:orbital plane
1034:
1030:
1020:
1017:
1002:
999:
991:
980:
977:
973:
970:
966:
963:
959:
956:
952:
949: –
948:
944:
943:Find sources:
937:
933:
927:
926:
921:This section
919:
915:
910:
909:
900:
897:
889:
879:
875:
869:
866:This section
864:
855:
854:
849:
847:
840:
839:
834:
833:
828:
823:
814:
813:
805:
799:
796:
793:as seen from
792:
791:Charlie Brown
789:
785:
778:
776:
774:
770:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
647:
643:
642:SpaceX Dragon
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
593:and with the
592:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:
544:
539:
533:
529:
524:
517:
515:
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509:
505:
500:
498:
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491:
486:
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480:
476:
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469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
426:
418:
413:
402:
399:
391:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
363:
359:
356:
352:
349: –
348:
344:
343:Find sources:
337:
333:
327:
326:
321:This section
319:
315:
310:
309:
304:First docking
303:
300:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
275:Wally Schirra
267:
260:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
232:
230:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
171:in 1962, and
170:
166:
162:
154:
152:
150:
149:Martian moons
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:space station
123:
119:
113:
80:
79:
70:
69:
63:
62:
59:Lunar Module
56:
50:
46:
45:
39:
38:Space Shuttle
34:
30:
27:
23:
19:
3398:
3233:
3145:Perturbation
3127:
3102:Ground track
3046:
3012:Gravity turn
2963:
2956:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2886:True anomaly
2884:
2869:Mean anomaly
2867:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2800:
2787:
2778:
2771:Eccentricity
2769:
2727:Lunar cycler
2700:Heliocentric
2640:other points
2589:Medium Earth
2487:Non-inclined
2329:. Retrieved
2325:the original
2312:
2302:
2286:
2282:
2266:
2262:
2251:the original
2246:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2206:
2198:the original
2188:
2178:November 26,
2176:. Retrieved
2167:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2069:the original
2040:
2036:
2004:. Retrieved
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1942:. Retrieved
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1874:. nasa.gov.
1865:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1813:
1805:the original
1794:
1785:
1778:. Retrieved
1754:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1693:
1677:
1665:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1606:December 15,
1604:. Retrieved
1595:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1564:
1555:
1547:the original
1514:
1503:the original
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1430:. New York:
1426:
1419:
1400:
1394:
1291:
1261:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1173:
1154:
1141:
1128:
1115:
1110:1 to 5 days
1096:
1078:
1059:
1046:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1012:
994:
985:
975:
968:
961:
954:
942:
930:Please help
925:verification
922:
892:
883:
867:
843:
836:
830:
829:Please help
826:
797:
795:Lunar Module
790:
766:
725:
698:
655:
634:docking port
617:
604:
588:
566:
560:
546:
542:
528:Apollo-Soyuz
501:
497:Apollo–Soyuz
494:
487:
472:
457:
446:
431:
394:
385:
375:
368:
361:
354:
342:
330:Please help
325:verification
322:
297:
293:
288:
272:
234:
204:Jim McDivitt
201:
187:
181:
165:Soviet Union
158:
146:
77:
76:
74:
67:
60:
43:
18:
3107:Hill sphere
2942:Mean motion
2822:Inclination
2811:Orientation
2712:Mars cycler
2650:Areocentric
2522:Synchronous
2331:November 3,
1799:Mark Wade.
1734:October 22,
1708:October 22,
988:August 2020
686:Intelsat VI
624:, Europe's
557:Shuttle-Mir
388:August 2020
299:rendezvous.
184:Buzz Aldrin
33:rangefinder
3414:Categories
3282:Mechanisms
3047:Rendezvous
2743:Parameters
2579:High Earth
2549:Geocentric
2502:Osculating
2459:Elliptical
1801:"Soyuz 11"
1543:"Gemini 4"
1387:References
1305:Surveyor 3
1283:Surveyor 3
1254:vehicles.
1233:orthogonal
1161:rotational
1040:, and the
958:newspapers
886:April 2010
832:improve it
532:Space Race
453:Cosmos 188
449:Cosmos 186
358:newspapers
251:now uses."
122:spacecraft
3368:Canadarm2
3092:Ephemeris
3069:mechanics
2979:Maneuvers
2922:Variation
2685:Libration
2680:Lissajous
2584:Low Earth
2574:Graveyard
2473:Horseshoe
2223:March 17,
2078:August 3,
1974:April 29,
1293:Apollo 12
1279:Apollo 12
1250:, and of
1244:Astrotech
1164:maneuvers
838:talk page
650:Canadarm2
499:mission.
44:Endeavour
26:Astronaut
3363:Canadarm
3250:Adapters
2858:Position
2483:Inclined
2454:Circular
2357:Archived
2292:Archived
2272:Archived
2217:Archived
2172:Archived
2170:. NASA.
2065:64002452
1997:Archived
1995:. NASA.
1968:Archived
1935:Archived
1912:April 9,
1906:Archived
1876:Archived
1852:) 2000,
1830:June 13,
1824:Archived
1774:Archived
1682:Archived
1654:Archived
1636:April 9,
1630:Archived
1600:Archived
1575:April 9,
1569:Archived
1523:Archived
1473:Archived
1446:Archived
1311:See also
1194:parallel
747:Saturn V
573:Salyut 1
569:Soyuz 11
512:Salyut 6
508:Soyuz 27
504:Soyuz 26
490:Apollo 9
434:Gemini 8
283:Gemini 7
279:Gemini 6
254:—
208:Gemini 4
182:In 1963
68:Columbia
47:and the
3067:Orbital
3037:Phasing
2997:Delta-v
2802:Apsides
2796:,
2594:Molniya
2512:Parking
2449:Capture
2437:General
2369:. NASA.
2317:Bibcode
2132:Bibcode
2102:horizon
2096:is the
2045:Bibcode
2006:July 7,
1966:. ESA.
1944:May 16,
1882:May 15,
1205:STS-104
1142:Docking
1085:>2 λ
972:scholar
872:Please
733:In the
715:to the
701:CX-OLEV
640:(HTV),
587:, with
479:Soyuz 5
475:Soyuz 4
468:Soyuz 2
464:Soyuz 3
372:scholar
155:History
31:uses a
3383:Lyappa
3315:Gemini
3294:Apollo
2723:Other
2624:Tundra
2492:Kepler
2468:Escape
2421:orbits
2063:
2043:: 20.
1856:
1848:
1766:
1479:May 4,
1438:
1407:
1067:Phase
974:
967:
960:
953:
945:
798:Snoopy
682:STS-49
644:, and
585:Skylab
581:Salyut
561:Spektr
548:Spektr
374:
367:
360:
353:
345:
249:Apollo
163:, the
161:Vostok
3309:FREND
3265:(PMA)
3259:(IDA)
2965:Epoch
2754:Shape
2692:Lunar
2646:Mars
2638:About
2609:Polar
2429:Types
2254:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
2072:(PDF)
2061:S2CID
2033:(PDF)
2000:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1938:(PDF)
1931:(PDF)
1685:(PDF)
1674:(PDF)
1506:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1221:PMA-2
979:JSTOR
965:books
610:Soyuz
379:JSTOR
365:books
130:orbit
61:Eagle
41:
3388:TORU
3378:Kurs
3373:Igla
3347:USIS
3342:SSVP
3325:IBDM
3320:IDSS
3289:APAS
2757:Size
2696:Sun
2675:Halo
2527:semi
2333:2011
2225:2009
2180:2011
2080:2019
2041:5088
2008:2017
1976:2021
1946:2020
1914:2018
1884:2017
1854:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1832:2020
1782:2020
1764:ISBN
1736:2021
1728:NASA
1710:2021
1638:2018
1608:2018
1577:2018
1481:2012
1454:2016
1436:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1159:and
951:news
808:ISS.
688:F-3
666:Moon
612:and
543:Mir'
518:Uses
506:and
477:and
451:and
351:news
216:NASA
3330:NDS
2532:sub
2444:Box
2376:by
2140:doi
2106:LEO
2094:max
2053:doi
1105:max
1103:2 λ
1087:max
934:by
876:to
676:in
618:Mir
590:Mir
334:by
241:MSC
237:GPO
235:As
3416::
2880:,
2876:,
2485:/
2461:/
2311:.
2245:.
2166:.
2154:^
2138:.
2128:11
2126:.
2122:.
2059:.
2051:.
2035:.
2016:^
1954:^
1933:.
1904:.
1900:.
1784:.
1772:.
1726:.
1701:.
1676:.
1628:.
1624:.
1598:.
1594:.
1567:.
1563:.
1534:^
1471:.
1444:.
841:.
771:,
723:.
696:.
545:s
109:uː
103:eɪ
75:A
3217:e
3210:t
3203:v
3128:n
2960:0
2957:t
2947:v
2938:n
2929:T
2909:l
2900:L
2891:E
2882:f
2878:θ
2874:ν
2865:M
2845:ϖ
2836:ω
2827:Ω
2818:i
2798:q
2794:Q
2785:b
2776:a
2767:e
2412:e
2405:t
2398:v
2335:.
2319::
2227:.
2182:.
2148:.
2142::
2134::
2092:λ
2082:.
2055::
2047::
2010:.
1978:.
1948:.
1916:.
1886:.
1834:.
1738:.
1712:.
1640:.
1610:.
1579:.
1483:.
1456:.
1413:.
1019:)
1013:(
1001:)
995:(
990:)
986:(
976:·
969:·
962:·
955:·
928:.
899:)
893:(
888:)
884:(
870:.
848:)
844:(
563:.
401:)
395:(
390:)
386:(
376:·
369:·
362:·
355:·
328:.
112:/
106:v
100:d
97:n
94:ɒ
91:r
88:ˈ
85:/
81:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
