2288:
31:
46:
2213:
246:. At sea level on Earth, each cubic centimeter of the atmosphere contains approximately 10 molecules; by comparison the lunar atmosphere contains fewer than 10 molecules in the same volume. On Earth, this is considered to be a very good vacuum. In fact, the density of the atmosphere at the Moon's surface is comparable to the density of some of the outermost fringes of Earth's atmosphere, where the
1078:
447:
928:
121:), varying throughout the day, and in total mass less than 10 metric tonnes. Otherwise, the Moon is considered not to have an atmosphere because it cannot absorb measurable quantities of radiation, does not appear layered or self-circulating, and requires constant replenishment due to the high rate at which its gases are lost into space.
2189:
384:. While this greatly exceeds the density of the solar wind, which is usually on the order of just a few protons per cubic centimeter, it is virtually a vacuum in comparison with the atmosphere of the Earth.
2136:
423:
missions, that the Moon had once possessed a relatively thick atmosphere for a period of 70 million years between 3 and 4 billion years ago. This atmosphere, sourced from gases ejected from
823:
Benna, M.; Mahaffy, P. R.; Halekas, J. S.; Elphic, R. C.; Delory, G. T. (May 2015). "Variability of helium, neon, and argon in the lunar exosphere as observed by the LADEE NMS instrument".
2094:
668:
Lucey, Paul; Korotev, Randy L.; Gillis, Jeffrey J.; Taylor, Larry A.; Lawrence, David; et al. (January 2006). "Understanding the Lunar
Surface and Space-Moon Interactions".
2562:
2129:
431:. It has been theorized that this ancient atmosphere could have supported life, though no evidence of life has been found. The ancient lunar atmosphere was eventually
943:
851:
Neon was detected over the nightside at levels comparable to He and was found to exhibit the spatial distribution of a surface accommodated noncondensable gas.
2122:
1769:
887:
1703:
329:
2287:
2101:
2250:
339:
The average daytime abundances of the elements known to be present in the lunar atmosphere, in atoms per cubic centimeter, are as follows:
639:
2108:
971:
2167:
2152:
717:
Lawson, Stefanie L.; Feldman, William C.; Lawrence, David J.; Moore, Kurt R.; Elphic, Richard C.; et al. (September 2005).
1574:
723:
380:
This yields approximately 80,000 total atoms per cubic centimeter, marginally higher than the quantity posited to exist in the
2557:
1726:
1719:
1696:
1006:
476:
1387:
1192:
412:
1755:
825:
408:
1468:
2519:
1898:
1461:
1447:
1403:
247:
1567:
1560:
1215:
1109:
1095:
1043:
552:
Colwell, Joshua E.; Robertson, Scott R.; Horányi, Mihály; Wang, Xu; Poppe, Andrew; Wheeler, Patrick (2009-01-01).
2243:
1378:
553:
1792:
1652:
388:
2115:
1746:
1620:
1360:
1050:
1027:
481:
196:
2552:
1659:
1290:
1064:
964:
782:
218:
124:
526:
2535:
Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.
2331:
2304:
2196:
1712:
1682:
1410:
1394:
1325:
765:
460:
432:
424:
381:
90:
569:
500:
30:
2509:
2458:
2371:
2345:
2236:
2025:
2011:
1829:
1778:
1332:
937:
834:
774:
732:
703:
677:
590:
2451:
2391:
2377:
2317:
2310:
1808:
1645:
989:
787:
452:
2524:
2324:
2276:
1993:
1845:
1613:
1514:
1261:
1199:
1157:
800:
210:
58:
38:
253:
The elements sodium and potassium have been detected in the Moon's atmosphere using Earth-based
97:" for scientific objectives, is negligible in comparison with the gaseous envelopes surrounding
45:
763:
Stern, S. Alan (1999). "The lunar atmosphere: History, status, current problems, and context".
616:
2402:
2175:
1634:
1592:
1086:
1077:
957:
905:
152:
114:
647:
2415:
2071:
1735:
1537:
1353:
1346:
1306:
1148:
1102:
842:
792:
740:
719:"Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: The Lunar Prospector Alpha Particle Spectrometer"
685:
565:
266:
160:
62:
127:
was the first modern astronomer to argue for the lack of atmosphere around the Moon in his
2514:
2430:
2425:
2078:
1815:
1668:
1431:
310:
203:
156:
838:
778:
736:
681:
1838:
1762:
1627:
1544:
1521:
864:
420:
333:
318:
269:
164:
70:
89:. The elevated presence of atomic and molecular particles in its vicinity compared to
2546:
2420:
2216:
2182:
2064:
1958:
1891:
1500:
1440:
1277:
1254:
1222:
1208:
1185:
118:
932:
804:
2440:
2363:
2050:
1866:
1785:
1606:
1484:
1299:
1139:
1013:
272:
262:
254:
106:
888:"Life on the Moon? New study argued life could have existed on the lunar surface"
419:
announced their finding, based on studies of Moon magma samples retrieved by the
2485:
2445:
2159:
2143:
2085:
2057:
2043:
2018:
1909:
1859:
1530:
1268:
1247:
1034:
17:
2259:
1972:
1551:
1477:
1454:
1417:
1371:
1313:
1132:
442:
392:
230:
What little atmosphere the Moon has consists of some unusual gases, including
214:
176:
168:
140:
34:
2492:
2478:
2469:
2435:
1979:
1965:
1951:
1935:
1928:
1877:
1599:
1507:
1231:
1171:
1125:
1057:
465:
367:
258:
235:
66:
689:
85:. For most practical purposes, the Moon is considered to be surrounded by
2384:
1986:
1944:
1921:
1799:
1164:
846:
796:
745:
718:
554:"Lunar Dust Levitation - Journal of Aerospace Engineering - Vol 22, No 1"
373:
299:
280:
276:
202:
escape the Moon entirely if the particle is moving at or above the lunar
192:
172:
206:
of 2.38 km/s (1.48 mi/s), or 5,328 mph (8,575 km/h);
2352:
1424:
1178:
416:
288:
50:
163:. Another important source is the bombardment of the lunar surface by
2338:
2296:
361:
349:
284:
231:
148:
102:
86:
54:
1852:
1675:
1493:
1116:
470:
343:
243:
144:
98:
44:
29:
2267:
1884:
1240:
980:
428:
404:
355:
239:
82:
2232:
953:
2228:
49:
The thin lunar atmosphere is visible on the Moon's surface at
865:"NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere"
949:
906:"NASA: The Moon Once Had an Atmosphere That Faded Away"
527:"NASA Mission To Study Mysterious Lunar Twilight Rays"
640:"Chapter 5, Appendix J: Impact Upon Lunar Atmosphere"
2502:
2468:
2401:
2362:
2295:
2266:
2035:
2003:
1908:
1825:
1745:
1584:
1287:
1085:
996:
642:. In Johnson, Richard D.; Holbrow, Charles (eds.).
238:, which are not found in the atmospheres of Earth,
69:sketch depicts the glow and rays among the general
427:, was twice the thickness of that of present-day
387:The Moon may also have a tenuous "atmosphere" of
81:is a very sparse layer of gases surrounding the
471:Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer
2244:
965:
944:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
265:have been inferred from data obtained by the
109:. The pressure of this small mass is around 3
37:observes levitating dust, a phenomenon named
8:
758:
756:
27:Very scant presence of gases around the Moon
2251:
2237:
2229:
972:
958:
950:
863:Steigerwald, William A. (17 August 2015).
435:by solar winds and dissipated into space.
217:, by being swept away in the solar wind's
2563:Planetary atmospheres of the Solar System
786:
744:
591:"The zodiacal light, seen from the moon"
324:
305:
294:
818:
816:
814:
492:
670:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
139:One source of the lunar atmosphere is
61:and lunar twilight rays, like Earth's
704:"Is There an Atmosphere on the Moon?"
7:
570:10.1061/(ASCE)0893-1321(2009)22:1(2)
501:"Lunar horizon glow from Surveyor 7"
183:Escape velocity and atmospheric hold
939:Is There an Atmosphere on the Moon?
646:. NASA. NASA SP-413. Archived from
25:
2190:Lilith (hypothetical second moon)
644:Space Settlements: A Design Study
209:be lost to space either by solar
2286:
2212:
2211:
2153:Moon landing conspiracy theories
1076:
931: This article incorporates
926:
886:Ciaccia, Chris (July 24, 2018).
558:Journal of Aerospace Engineering
445:
1575:Selenographic coordinate system
724:Journal of Geophysical Research
143:: the release of gases such as
2102:Artificial objects on the Moon
477:Orders of magnitude (pressure)
1:
1193:Total penumbral lunar eclipse
589:Deborah Byrd (Apr 24, 2014).
413:Lunar and Planetary Institute
2168:Moon is made of green cheese
1462:Permanently shadowed craters
826:Geophysical Research Letters
409:Marshall Space Flight Center
328:)) were detected by in-situ
2520:Extraterrestrial atmosphere
531:Science Mission Directorate
389:electrostatically levitated
248:International Space Station
2579:
2095:Craters named after people
1568:Transient lunar phenomenon
1216:Solar eclipses on the Moon
2533:
2284:
2206:
1074:
987:
191:be re-implanted into the
425:lunar volcanic eruptions
175:, in a process known as
2116:Moon in science fiction
1621:Giant-impact hypothesis
1469:South Pole–Aitken basin
482:Sodium tail of the Moon
257:, whereas the isotopes
2137:futuristic exploration
1660:Late Heavy Bombardment
933:public domain material
706:. NASA. 12 April 2013.
125:Roger Joseph Boscovich
79:atmosphere of the Moon
74:
42:
2558:Satellite atmospheres
2197:Splitting of the Moon
2109:Memorials on the Moon
1713:Lunar sample displays
1395:Peak of eternal light
766:Reviews of Geophysics
690:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.2
638:Globus, Ruth (1977).
505:The Planetary Society
461:Atmosphere of Mercury
382:atmosphere of Mercury
255:spectroscopic methods
213:or, if the gases are
91:interplanetary medium
48:
33:
2510:Prebiotic atmosphere
847:10.1002/2015GL064120
797:10.1029/1999RG900005
746:10.1029/2005JE002433
129:De lunae atmosphaera
1697:Lunar laser ranging
839:2015GeoRL..42.3723B
779:1999RvGeo..37..453S
737:2005JGRE..110.9009L
682:2006RvMG...60...83L
615:Williams, David R.
453:Solar System portal
407:scientists at the
195:as a result of the
2525:Stellar atmosphere
2403:Natural satellites
1846:Lunisolar calendar
1515:Lunar basalt 70017
1262:Tidal acceleration
1117:Perigee and apogee
1007:Internal structure
399:Ancient atmosphere
395:for more details.
211:radiation pressure
93:, referred to as "
75:
59:lunar horizon glow
43:
39:Lunar horizon glow
2540:
2539:
2226:
2225:
2176:Natural satellite
1635:Lunar magma ocean
1411:Volcanic features
833:(10): 3723–3729.
617:"Moon Fact Sheet"
403:In October 2017,
153:radioactive decay
16:(Redirected from
2570:
2290:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2162:
2155:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2028:
2021:
2019:Meridian passage
2014:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1818:
1811:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1738:
1736:Lunar seismology
1729:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1669:Lunar meteorites
1662:
1655:
1648:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1538:Space weathering
1533:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1280:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1103:Orbital elements
1098:
1080:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
974:
967:
960:
951:
947:
930:
929:
921:
920:
918:
916:
902:
896:
895:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
860:
854:
853:
820:
809:
808:
790:
760:
751:
750:
748:
714:
708:
707:
700:
694:
693:
665:
659:
658:
656:
655:
635:
629:
628:
626:
624:
612:
606:
605:
603:
601:
586:
580:
579:
577:
576:
549:
543:
542:
540:
538:
523:
517:
516:
514:
512:
497:
455:
450:
449:
448:
346:: 20,000–100,000
327:
316:
308:
297:
267:Lunar Prospector
112:
95:lunar atmosphere
63:crepuscular rays
21:
18:Lunar atmosphere
2578:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2498:
2464:
2397:
2358:
2291:
2282:
2262:
2257:
2227:
2222:
2210:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2079:Man in the Moon
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2004:Daily phenomena
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1952:Super and micro
1950:
1943:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1827:
1821:
1816:Lunar resources
1814:
1807:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1340:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
992:
983:
978:
936:
927:
924:
914:
912:
904:
903:
899:
885:
884:
880:
870:
868:
862:
861:
857:
822:
821:
812:
762:
761:
754:
716:
715:
711:
702:
701:
697:
667:
666:
662:
653:
651:
637:
636:
632:
622:
620:
614:
613:
609:
599:
597:
588:
587:
583:
574:
572:
551:
550:
546:
536:
534:
525:
524:
520:
510:
508:
499:
498:
494:
490:
451:
446:
444:
441:
401:
376:: fewer than 17
326:
322:
314:
311:carbon monoxide
307:
303:
296:
292:
228:
204:escape velocity
185:
165:micrometeorites
151:resulting from
137:
110:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2576:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1925:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1899:Lunar distance
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1849:
1842:
1839:Lunar calendar
1834:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1763:Apollo program
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1545:Micrometeorite
1534:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:Changesite-(Y)
1518:
1504:
1501:Wrinkle ridges
1497:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1175:
1168:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1099:
1096:Lunar distance
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1054:
1047:
1044:Magnetic field
1040:
1039:
1038:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1002:
1000:
994:
993:
988:
985:
984:
979:
977:
976:
969:
962:
954:
923:
922:
897:
878:
855:
810:
788:10.1.1.21.9994
773:(4): 453–491.
752:
731:(E9): E09009.
709:
695:
660:
630:
607:
581:
544:
518:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
479:
474:
468:
463:
457:
456:
440:
437:
400:
397:
378:
377:
371:
365:
359:
358:: up to 20,000
353:
352:: 5,000–30,000
347:
332:placed by the
319:carbon dioxide
270:alpha particle
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:magnetic field
207:
200:
197:Moon's gravity
184:
181:
136:
133:
71:zodiacal light
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2575:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Lunar science
2551:
2550:
2548:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2364:Dwarf planets
2361:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:Double planet
2180:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:Moon illusion
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:Lunar deities
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:Lunar station
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1826:Time-telling
1824:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1278:Lunar station
1275:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:Tidal locking
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:Eclipse cycle
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1209:Solar eclipse
1206:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:Lunar eclipse
1183:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:Gravity field
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1001:
995:
991:
986:
982:
975:
970:
968:
963:
961:
956:
955:
952:
948:
945:
941:
940:
934:
911:
907:
901:
898:
893:
889:
882:
879:
866:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:
819:
817:
815:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
789:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:
759:
757:
753:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:
720:
713:
710:
705:
699:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:(1): 83–219.
675:
671:
664:
661:
650:on 2010-05-31
649:
645:
641:
634:
631:
618:
611:
608:
596:
592:
585:
582:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
548:
545:
533:. Sep 3, 2013
532:
528:
522:
519:
507:. May 6, 2016
506:
502:
496:
493:
487:
483:
480:
478:
475:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
454:
443:
438:
436:
434:
433:stripped away
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
396:
394:
390:
385:
383:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
341:
340:
337:
335:
331:
320:
312:
301:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
189:
188:
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
134:
132:
130:
126:
122:
120:
116:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2457:
2450:
2410:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2275:
2051:Lunar effect
1867:Nodal period
1793:Colonization
1607:Lunar theory
1300:Selenography
1140:Nodal period
1020:
938:
925:
913:. Retrieved
909:
900:
891:
881:
869:. Retrieved
858:
850:
830:
824:
770:
764:
728:
722:
712:
698:
673:
669:
663:
652:. Retrieved
648:the original
643:
633:
621:. Retrieved
610:
598:. Retrieved
594:
584:
573:. Retrieved
561:
557:
547:
535:. Retrieved
530:
521:
509:. Retrieved
504:
495:
402:
386:
379:
338:
336:astronauts.
273:spectrometer
263:polonium-210
252:
229:
186:
138:
128:
123:
107:Solar System
94:
78:
76:
2486:HD 209458 b
2260:Atmospheres
2160:Moon Treaty
2144:Hollow Moon
2086:Moon rabbit
2058:Earth phase
1860:Lunar month
1747:Exploration
1691:Experiments
1593:Observation
1455:Ray systems
1320:Hemispheres
1288:Surface and
1269:Tidal range
1248:Tidal force
1051:Sodium tail
1035:Hill sphere
623:16 November
226:Composition
187:Gases can:
155:within the
41:can be seen
2547:Categories
2470:Exoplanets
2130:Apollo era
2072:Pareidolia
1830:navigation
1552:Sputtering
1432:Lava tubes
1354:South pole
1347:North pole
1307:Terminator
1149:Precession
1065:Earthshine
1021:Atmosphere
1014:Topography
999:properties
654:2016-11-15
575:2022-08-08
564:(1): 2–9.
488:References
393:Lunar soil
391:dust. See
177:sputtering
169:solar wind
141:outgassing
117:(0.3
35:Surveyor 7
2493:Kepler-7b
2479:GJ 1132 b
2436:Enceladus
1878:Fortnight
1770:Explorers
1727:Apollo 17
1720:Apollo 11
1683:Volcanism
1653:Timescale
1600:Libration
1388:Mountains
1326:Near side
1232:Supermoon
1172:Full moon
1126:Libration
1058:Moonlight
871:18 August
783:CiteSeerX
466:Exosphere
368:Potassium
330:detectors
309:) and/or
259:radon-222
236:potassium
101:and most
67:Apollo 17
57:with the
2503:See also
2431:Callisto
2426:Ganymede
2385:Makemake
2217:Category
2012:Moonrise
1945:Crescent
1885:Sennight
1800:Moonbase
1756:Missions
1425:Calderas
1333:Far side
1291:features
1179:Eclipses
1165:New moon
1110:Distance
997:Physical
915:16 April
892:Fox News
805:10406165
595:EarthSky
439:See also
411:and the
374:Hydrogen
300:nitrogen
281:helium-4
277:Argon-40
250:orbits.
193:regolith
173:sunlight
131:(1753).
113:10
2353:Neptune
2332:Jupiter
2305:Mercury
2297:Planets
2036:Related
2026:Moonset
1809:Tourism
1786:Landing
1646:Geology
1585:Science
1441:Craters
1404:Valleys
990:Outline
835:Bibcode
775:Bibcode
733:Bibcode
678:Bibcode
473:(LADEE)
417:Houston
317:), and
289:methane
287:and/or
215:ionized
135:Sources
105:of the
103:planets
65:. This
51:sunrise
2459:Triton
2421:Europa
2346:Uranus
2339:Saturn
1994:Tetrad
1910:Phases
1779:Probes
1614:Origin
1561:Quakes
1494:Rilles
1485:swirls
1200:Tetrad
1158:Syzygy
867:. NASA
803:
785:
619:. NASA
600:Aug 8,
537:Aug 8,
511:Aug 8,
421:Apollo
362:Sodium
350:Helium
334:Apollo
285:oxygen
232:sodium
171:, and
167:, the
161:mantle
149:helium
87:vacuum
55:sunset
2452:Titan
2441:Dione
2378:Pluto
2372:Ceres
2318:Earth
2311:Venus
2268:Stars
1973:Black
1959:Blood
1936:Names
1914:names
1853:Month
1704:ALSEP
1676:KREEP
1628:Theia
1531:Water
1508:Rocks
1418:Domes
1372:Maria
1341:Poles
1133:Nodes
1087:Orbit
935:from
801:S2CID
344:Argon
244:Venus
242:, or
157:crust
145:radon
99:Earth
2515:Coma
2446:Rhea
2411:Moon
2392:Eris
2325:Mars
2123:list
1980:Dark
1966:Blue
1929:Full
1828:and
1478:Soil
1448:List
1379:List
1361:Face
1314:Limb
1241:Tide
981:Moon
917:2018
910:Time
873:2015
625:2016
602:2022
539:2022
513:2022
429:Mars
405:NASA
370:: 17
364:: 70
356:Neon
261:and
240:Mars
234:and
159:and
147:and
83:Moon
77:The
53:and
2277:Sun
1987:Wet
1922:New
1912:and
843:doi
793:doi
741:doi
729:110
686:doi
566:doi
415:in
298:),
119:nPa
115:atm
2549::
2416:Io
942:.
908:.
890:.
849:.
841:.
831:42
829:.
813:^
799:.
791:.
781:.
771:37
769:.
755:^
739:.
727:.
721:.
684:.
674:60
672:.
593:.
562:22
560:.
556:.
529:.
503:.
323:CO
315:CO
293:CH
283:,
279:,
275:.
179:.
2252:e
2245:t
2238:v
2170:"
2166:"
973:e
966:t
959:v
946:.
919:.
894:.
875:.
845::
837::
807:.
795::
777::
749:.
743::
735::
692:.
688::
680::
657:.
627:.
604:.
578:.
568::
541:.
515:.
325:2
321:(
313:(
306:2
304:N
302:(
295:4
291:(
221:.
199:;
111:×
73:.
20:)
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