889:
1159:(2001), "data indicates that the mean alkaloid content of marketable sweet lupin seed is on average 130–150 mg/kg." Regarding the daily tolerable intake of alkaloids, it writes, "The only data available on human chronic toxicity are the reports of traditional use of lupini beans in Europe, which indicate a daily dose of 0.35 mg/kg can be tolerated in adults without adverse affects. Also, the information applies only to adults, not children, and it is likely that the adult population has developed a certain amount of tolerance to these alkaloids. If a safety factor of 10 is applied to account for the uncertainties in the data and particularly to take into account likely human variation, the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) for humans is 0.035 mg/kg/day or 35 μg/kg/day."
1203:, so nut allergy sufferers should exercise extreme caution with lupin-containing food. In the EU, lupin must be listed as an allergen in pre-packed foods where it has been used, but may still be hidden in over-the-counter products. This can be a significant problem for allergy sufferers since breads, pastries, pizzas, pasta, cakes and ice cream are all commonly sold over-the-counter, and all may contain lupin. Lupin has even been found in some tomato ketchup sauces. At present, no desensitization treatments are available, so avoidance is the only advice offered, alongside carrying an
34:
1100:
Lupin poisoning is a nervous syndrome caused by alkaloids in bitter lupins. Lupin poisoning affects people who eat incorrectly prepared lupin beans. Mediterranean cultures prefer the historic bitter lupin beans with the required toxin-removal by traditional leaching in water preparation methods due
1166:
states that "there are no systematic and validated tests for the quality of household kitchen debittering methods", and as a precaution, it recommends that "consumers avoid the consumption of bitter lupin seeds which were not debittered by the manufacturer, as there is no certainty that the
940:
Lupins are currently under widespread cultivation in
Australia, Europe, Russia, and the Americas as a green manure, livestock fodder and grazing plant, and high-protein additive for animal and human foods. In Australia, the danger of cross-pollination of the wild bitter and cultivated sweet
941:
low-alkaloid variety is understood to be unacceptable when testing reveals the presence of one bitter bean per hundred sweet beans, and a wide quarantine zone is maintained around lupin-growing croplands to prevent wind-blown wild pollen from having a large influence on crop toxicity.
1278:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
961:). They can be eaten by making a small tear in the skin with one's teeth and "popping" the seed directly into one's mouth, but can also be eaten with the skin on. The skin can also be removed by rubbing the bean between forefinger and thumb.
820:
Forsk., already domesticated in those times, were discovered. Seven seeds of this species were also retrieved in the tombs of this dynasty dated back to the 22nd century BC. They are the most ancient evidence of lupin in the
Mediterranean.
853:, was domesticated by pre-Incan inhabitants of present-day Peru. Rock imprints of seeds and leaves, dated around 6th and 7th century BC, are exhibited in the National Museum of Lima. It was a food widespread during the
1017:
Lupin beans can be ground into a flour, and this is widely used in parts of Europe and in
Australia as an additive to wheat flour, enhancing the flavour and lending a rich, creamy colour to the resulting foods.
744:
1563:
Grande, Aulo Di; Paradiso, Rosario; Amico, Salvatore; Fulco, Giovanni; Fantauzza, Bruno; Noto, Paola (2004). "Anticholinergic toxicity associated with lupin seed ingestion: Case report".
906:) lupins are grown in Australia, Germany and Poland; they lack any bitter taste and require no soaking in salt solution. The seeds are used for different foods from lupin flake,
1145:
Many human symptoms are described in the
Australian government's evaluation of lupin food and livestock fodder export safety standards in the medical literature review section:
800:, dating back to the 22nd century BC. The bitter variety of the beans are high in alkaloids and are extremely bitter unless rinsed methodically. Low alkaloid cultivars called
1257:
1513:
1632:
937:
species of lupin (blue lupin, white lupin and yellow lupin) are widely cultivated for livestock and poultry feed. Bitter lupins in feed can cause livestock poisoning.
888:
1101:
to the better flavour that results. Improper preparation of bitter lupins with insufficient soaking allows pharmacologically significant amounts of the
1115:
to many, with soaking the level is reduced. There are several references in medical literature to poisoning caused by errors in lupini preparation.
1773:
1678:
1448:
1368:
1341:
1290:
1163:
1416:
1156:
1539:
858:
1790:
1285:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
1249:
968:
they are found mainly in the southern part of the country. They are prepared in brine, like olives and are often served with an
1665:
1405:
836:
festival, which is a national festival in Egypt whose history goes back to ancient
Egyptian times. Lupin were also used by the
1644:
1304:
1941:
1893:
1245:
1010:
are only edible after soaking the seeds for some days in salted water. In
Ecuador, the lupin is often consumed as a
1167:
recommended debittering procedures result in a sufficient reduction in the levels of health-damaging alkaloids."
813:
1438:
1358:
969:
1385:
1926:
1833:
872:
Today, lupin are commonly found in
Mediterranean countries like France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, in
1931:
740:
1170:
900:
than the "bitter lupin" varieties. Newly bred variants of the narrow-leafed or 'Australian Sweet Lupin' (
1488:
902:
792:
589:
731:
1822:(1994) Diaporthe toxica sp. nov., The cause of lupinosis in sheep. Mycological Research, 98 (12): 1367
1006:
987:" (ترمس), and it is sold by street vendors as well as local markets as a snack, especially during the
1702:
934:
919:
641:
602:
1118:
Symptoms of lupin bean poisoning (from excess alkaloid in cooked food) include dilated unresponsive
926:, can be grown in more temperate to cool climates, lupins are becoming increasingly recognized as a
896:
Some varieties are referred to as "sweet lupins" because they contain much smaller amounts of toxic
1607:
767:
654:
153:
143:
1474:
1889:
1871:
1730:
1588:
1050:
563:
543:
173:
1863:
1769:
1722:
1674:
1580:
1444:
1364:
1337:
1296:
1286:
849:
782:
667:
441:
1331:
1936:
1853:
1845:
1801:
1714:
1572:
1514:"Strong Growth Predicted for Lupin Protein Market as Demand for Plant-Based Foods Increases"
1175:
1074:
1022:
576:
458:
1768:. Technical report series / Australia New Zealand Food Authority. Canberra: The Authority.
1037:. Lupin beans are growing in use as a plant-based protein source in the world marketplace.
1102:
1030:
980:
1703:"Two cases of anticholinergic syndrome associated with consumption of bitter lupin flour"
1152:
reports of poisoning from overly bitter lupin flour used in foods reported in the media.
743:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1849:
1718:
1701:
Pingault, Nevada M; Gibbs, Robyn A Gibbs; Barclay, Alexander M; Monaghan, Mark (2009).
1217:
1200:
1123:
1026:
866:
837:
1742:
1920:
1576:
1000:
988:
958:
873:
862:
833:
797:
777:
772:
327:
317:
257:
123:
89:
1910:
1875:
1734:
1684:
1420:
1592:
1046:
1033:. As of 2020, only 4% of lupins were consumed by humans, with the majority used as
854:
841:
787:
65:
892:
Peeled and unpeeled lupin beans; the skins are often discarded rather than eaten.
1196:
1112:
1070:
877:
49:
1280:
1763:
1540:"Wide Open Agriculture enters multi-billion-dollar plant-based protein market"
1062:
1034:
628:
475:
424:
237:
207:
187:
1805:
1184:
1180:
1135:
1085:
1078:
927:
829:
615:
521:
508:
297:
197:
133:
1867:
1726:
1584:
1300:
33:
1743:"Warning On Untreated Bitter Lupins After Two Women Become Ill, Australia"
1134:, difficulty with or slurred speech, in-coordination, dizziness, burning
1105:
897:
766:. They are traditionally eaten as a pickled snack food, primarily in the
407:
287:
267:
1227:
for species and genus information, and for other uses of the lupin bean.
1223:
1204:
1173:
is a disease caused by lupin material that is infected with the fungus
1139:
1058:
1011:
762:
387:
347:
337:
307:
247:
217:
1858:
1406:"Lupin Alkaloids in Food: A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment"
1131:
1066:
965:
954:
757:
491:
357:
277:
227:
1765:
Lupin alkaloids in food: a toxicological review and risk assessment
1667:
Lupin
Alkaloids in Food: A Toxicological Review and Risk Assessment
1127:
1119:
976:
950:
915:
907:
887:
825:
812:
The earliest archaeological reports on lupins are referred to the
79:
20:
1333:
Lupins: Geography, Classification, Genetic
Resources and Breeding
1111:
While the alkaloids found in raw and dried beans are bitter and
1089:
911:
680:
1791:"Risk assessment of the occurrence of alkaloids in lupin seeds"
1057:(table). In a 100 gram reference amount, raw lupins supply 370
1199:
in sensitive individuals. There is some cross-reactivity with
1148:
Current media describes the symptoms when referring to recent
1054:
923:
109:
1084:
Lupins have a thick seed coat (25%) which consists mainly of
1643:. Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility. Archived from
1890:"Allergies to a Legume Called Lupin: What You Need to Know"
1250:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
1073:(DV) (table). Lupins also contain substantial amounts of
1832:
Smith, William B; Gillis, David; Kette, Frank E (2004).
1673:. Australia New Zealand Food Authority. November 2011.
1108:
to remain in the beans, and poisoning symptoms result.
1092:
fiber) and is removed as the first step in processing.
1606:
Kurzbaum, A; Safori, G; Monir, M; Simsolo, C (2008).
1789:
Bundesinstitut Für Risikobewertung (27 March 2017).
1489:"Receta del ceviche de chochos - Recetas de Laylita"
1021:They can also be used as a key ingredient in vegan
716:
704:
679:
666:
653:
640:
627:
614:
601:
588:
575:
562:
541:
520:
507:
490:
474:
457:
440:
423:
406:
385:
356:
346:
336:
326:
316:
306:
296:
286:
276:
266:
256:
246:
236:
226:
216:
206:
196:
186:
170:
152:
142:
132:
122:
106:
88:
78:
62:
48:
43:
1762:Australia New Zealand Food Authority, ed. (2001).
1475:"Historia de los altramuces. Un humilde aperitivo"
1282:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1207:and anti-histamine/anti-inflammatory medication.
828:(known by the name "termes") and is eaten by the
553:
397:
918:. Given that lupin seeds have the full range of
1325:
1323:
1321:
816:of Egyptian Pharaohs. In their tombs, seeds of
732:Link to entry in USDA FoodData Central database
804:have been bred, and are increasingly planted.
796:). The most ancient evidence of lupin is from
44:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
8:
1641:Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System
26:
1493:Las recetas de Laylita - Recetas en español
847:The Andean American variety of this lupin,
1246:United States Food and Drug Administration
1014:-like street food known as "cevichochos".
367:
38:Pickled lupini beans ready for consumption
25:
1911:Citation at plants.usda.gov Plant Profile
1857:
1195:Lupin allergy may cause life-threatening
1384:Kurlovich, Boguslav S. (17 July 2006).
1237:
1565:European Journal of Emergency Medicine
1336:. St. Petersburg: Intan. p. 147.
1130:, high heart rate and blood pressure,
1615:Israeli Journal of Emergency Medicine
1164:Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
7:
1417:Australia New Zealand Food Authority
1386:"The History of Lupin Domestication"
1157:Australia New Zealand Food Authority
1834:"Lupin: a new hidden food allergen"
1045:Raw lupin beans are 10% water, 40%
949:Lupin beans are commonly sold in a
1850:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06242.x
1798:Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung
1719:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02732.x
14:
1495:(in European Spanish). 2012-06-03
1061:and are moderate-rich sources of
1838:The Medical Journal of Australia
1707:The Medical Journal of Australia
1608:"Anticholinergic Lupin Toxicity"
1577:10.1097/00063110-200404000-00014
1122:, confusion, slowed thought and
32:
16:Yellow legume seeds used as food
1419:. November 2001. Archived from
1330:Kurlovich, Boguslav S. (2002).
1307:from the original on 2024-05-09
1260:from the original on 2024-03-27
832:as snack anytime as during the
1538:Nicholas, Lorna (2020-05-18).
1:
1162:A 2017 opinion by the German
54:1,550 kJ (370 kcal)
1894:Food and Drug Administration
1187:, which cause liver damage.
739:Percentages estimated using
972:or used to garnish salads.
922:and that they, contrary to
857:. Lupins were also used by
1958:
1440:New Larousse Gastronomique
1360:New Larousse Gastronomique
1150:Australian Medical Journal
824:Lupin is commonly used in
18:
738:
728:
724:
700:
692:
537:
533:
381:
377:
370:
366:
166:
162:
102:
98:
58:
31:
27:Lupins, mature seeds, raw
1806:10.17590/20170530-142504
1413:www.foodstandards.gov.au
979:, lupin is known by its
808:History and distribution
1463:Hedrick (1919): 387-388
741:US recommendations
1179:; the fungus produces
1126:, flushed face and/or
893:
745:the National Academies
1633:"Notes on poisoning:
1437:Hamlyn (2018-08-02).
1357:Hamlyn (2018-08-02).
920:essential amino acids
891:
372:Vitamins and minerals
1942:Egyptian snack foods
1138:, stomach pain, and
1081:at 113% DV (table).
998:, the Mediterranean
930:alternative to soy.
19:For other uses, see
1171:Mycotoxic lupinosis
1004:(white lupin), and
768:Mediterranean basin
760:seeds of the genus
459:Pantothenic acid (B
28:
1747:Medical News Today
1473:Azcoytia, Carlos.
894:
706:Other constituents
1775:978-0-642-34507-3
1680:978-0-642-34507-3
1450:978-0-600-63587-1
1370:978-0-600-63587-1
1343:978-5-86741-034-6
1292:978-0-309-48834-1
1155:According to the
994:The Andean lupin
850:Lupinus mutabilis
818:Lupinus digitatus
751:
750:
696:
695:
1949:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1829:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1795:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1749:. 5 August 2009.
1738:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1683:. Archived from
1672:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1635:Lupinus sericeus
1629:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1426:on 22 June 2009.
1425:
1410:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1327:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1242:
1176:Diaporthe toxica
1075:dietary minerals
1031:meat substitutes
1007:Lupinus hirsutus
910:sausages, lupin-
903:L. angustifolius
859:Native Americans
793:L. angustifolius
557:
495:
479:
462:
445:
428:
411:
401:
368:
36:
29:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1917:
1916:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1741:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1329:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1293:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1261:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1213:
1193:
1103:anticholinergic
1098:
1043:
981:Egyptian Arabic
947:
886:
876:and across the
814:Twelfth Dynasty
810:
756:are the yellow
734:
729:
687:
674:
661:
648:
635:
622:
609:
596:
583:
570:
558:
528:
515:
502:
493:
485:
477:
469:
460:
452:
443:
435:
426:
418:
409:
402:
373:
182:
177:
154:Polyunsaturated
144:Monounsaturated
118:
113:
74:
69:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Edible legumes
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1905:External links
1903:
1900:
1899:
1881:
1844:(4): 219–220.
1824:
1811:
1781:
1774:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1693:
1690:on 2009-06-22.
1679:
1657:
1624:
1598:
1555:
1530:
1505:
1480:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1429:
1397:
1376:
1369:
1349:
1342:
1317:
1291:
1270:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1218:Lupinus luteus
1212:
1209:
1201:peanut allergy
1192:
1189:
1142:or "malaise".
1124:disorientation
1097:
1094:
1069:at 89% of the
1042:
1039:
989:Sham el-Nessim
953:in jars (like
946:
943:
885:
882:
867:Yavapai people
838:Ancient Greeks
809:
806:
749:
748:
736:
735:
730:
726:
725:
722:
721:
718:
714:
713:
708:
702:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
685:
683:
677:
676:
672:
670:
664:
663:
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633:
631:
625:
624:
620:
618:
612:
611:
607:
605:
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598:
594:
592:
586:
585:
581:
579:
573:
572:
568:
566:
560:
559:
552:
547:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
518:
517:
513:
511:
505:
504:
500:
498:
488:
487:
483:
481:
472:
471:
467:
465:
455:
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450:
448:
438:
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433:
431:
421:
420:
416:
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404:
403:
396:
391:
383:
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379:
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364:
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284:
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274:
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264:
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254:
253:
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244:
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234:
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214:
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210:
204:
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194:
193:
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184:
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178:
171:
168:
167:
164:
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159:
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150:
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140:
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136:
130:
129:
126:
120:
119:
116:
114:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
72:
70:
63:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1954:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Roman cuisine
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1647:on 2012-02-27
1646:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:(2): 119–20.
1570:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1477:(in Spanish).
1476:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:Lupin allergy
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:, especially
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:carbohydrates
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:Lupinus albus
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
944:
942:
938:
936:
935:Mediterranean
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:
899:
890:
883:
881:
879:
875:
874:South America
870:
868:
864:
863:North America
860:
856:
852:
851:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
819:
815:
807:
805:
803:
799:
798:ancient Egypt
795:
794:
789:
785:
784:
779:
778:Latin America
775:
774:
769:
765:
764:
759:
755:
746:
742:
737:
733:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:
709:
707:
703:
699:
691:
684:
682:
678:
671:
669:
665:
658:
656:
652:
645:
643:
639:
632:
630:
626:
619:
617:
613:
606:
604:
600:
593:
591:
587:
580:
578:
574:
567:
565:
561:
556:
551:
548:
546:
545:
540:
536:
532:
525:
523:
519:
512:
510:
506:
499:
497:
489:
482:
480:
473:
466:
464:
456:
449:
447:
439:
432:
430:
425:Riboflavin (B
422:
415:
413:
405:
400:
395:
392:
390:
389:
384:
380:
376:
369:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
329:
328:Glutamic acid
325:
321:
319:
318:Aspartic acid
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
269:
265:
261:
259:
258:Phenylalanine
255:
251:
249:
245:
241:
239:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
199:
195:
191:
189:
185:
179:
176:
175:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
115:
112:
111:
105:
101:
97:
93:
91:
90:Dietary fiber
87:
83:
81:
77:
71:
68:
67:
66:Carbohydrates
61:
57:
53:
51:
47:
42:
35:
30:
22:
1884:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1797:
1784:
1764:
1757:
1746:
1713:(3): 173–4.
1710:
1706:
1696:
1685:the original
1666:
1660:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1640:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1601:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1547:. Retrieved
1543:
1533:
1522:. Retrieved
1520:. 2020-09-07
1517:
1508:
1497:. Retrieved
1492:
1483:
1468:
1459:
1439:
1432:
1421:the original
1412:
1400:
1389:. Retrieved
1379:
1359:
1352:
1332:
1309:. Retrieved
1281:
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1253:
1240:
1222:
1216:
1194:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1117:
1110:
1099:
1083:
1077:, including
1044:
1020:
1016:
1005:
999:
996:L. mutabilis
995:
993:
984:
974:
963:
948:
939:
932:
914:, and lupin
901:
895:
871:
855:Incan Empire
848:
846:
834:Sham Elnesim
823:
817:
811:
802:sweet lupins
801:
791:
788:North Africa
783:L. mutabilis
781:
771:
761:
753:
752:
710:
705:
554:
549:
542:
398:
393:
386:
172:
108:
64:
1818:Williamson
1518:vegconomist
1443:. Octopus.
1363:. Octopus.
1197:anaphylaxis
1113:unpalatable
1088:(insoluble
1071:Daily Value
878:Middle East
865:, e.g. the
408:Thiamine (B
1921:Categories
1859:2440/33148
1651:2015-09-29
1621:(2): 20–2.
1549:2021-02-27
1544:Small Caps
1524:2021-02-27
1499:2018-03-14
1391:2020-12-30
1311:2024-06-21
1264:2024-03-28
1232:References
1185:phomopsins
1181:mycotoxins
1063:B vitamins
1053:, and 10%
1035:stock feed
991:festival.
629:Phosphorus
238:Methionine
208:Isoleucine
188:Tryptophan
1136:dry mouth
1106:alkaloids
1086:cellulose
1079:manganese
1041:Nutrition
928:cash crop
898:alkaloids
884:Varieties
830:Egyptians
642:Potassium
616:Manganese
603:Magnesium
522:Vitamin D
509:Vitamin C
492:Folate (B
476:Vitamin B
442:Niacin (B
298:Histidine
198:Threonine
124:Saturated
1876:36425783
1868:15310260
1735:28694253
1727:19645650
1585:15028905
1305:Archived
1301:30844154
1258:Archived
1248:(2024).
1211:See also
1096:Toxicity
1059:calories
970:aperitif
773:L. albus
711:Quantity
655:Selenium
550:Quantity
544:Minerals
486:0.357 mg
394:Quantity
388:Vitamins
288:Arginine
268:Tyrosine
1937:Lupinus
1593:9945520
1224:Lupinus
1205:epi-pen
1183:called
1140:anxiety
1132:tremors
1051:protein
1012:ceviche
959:pickles
763:Lupinus
688:4.75 mg
649:1010 mg
623:2.38 mg
597:4.36 mg
584:1.02 mg
564:Calcium
470:0.75 mg
453:2.19 mg
436:0.22 mg
419:0.64 mg
348:Proline
338:Glycine
308:Alanine
252:0.466 g
248:Cystine
242:0.255 g
218:Leucine
192:0.289 g
174:Protein
1874:
1866:
1820:et al.
1772:
1733:
1725:
1677:
1591:
1583:
1447:
1367:
1340:
1299:
1289:
1120:pupils
1067:folate
1049:, 36%
1029:, and
985:termis
983:name "
966:France
955:olives
933:Three
842:Romans
786:) and
758:legume
720:10.5 g
668:Sodium
662:8.2 μg
636:440 mg
610:198 mg
577:Copper
571:176 mg
516:4.8 mg
503:355 μg
362:1.87 g
358:Serine
352:1.48 g
342:1.54 g
332:8.69 g
322:3.88 g
302:1.03 g
292:3.88 g
282:1.51 g
278:Valine
272:1.36 g
262:1.44 g
232:1.93 g
228:Lysine
222:2.74 g
212:1.62 g
202:1.33 g
181:36.2 g
158:2.44 g
148:3.94 g
128:1.16 g
117:9.74 g
94:18.9 g
80:Sugars
50:Energy
1872:S2CID
1794:(PDF)
1731:S2CID
1688:(PDF)
1671:(PDF)
1611:(PDF)
1589:S2CID
1424:(PDF)
1409:(PDF)
1128:fever
1023:dairy
977:Egypt
951:brine
916:flour
908:vegan
826:Egypt
754:Lupin
717:Water
675:15 mg
312:1.3 g
134:Trans
73:40.4g
21:Lupin
1864:PMID
1770:ISBN
1723:PMID
1675:ISBN
1581:PMID
1445:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1297:PMID
1287:ISBN
1221:and
1090:bran
957:and
945:Uses
912:tofu
840:and
681:Zinc
621:103%
590:Iron
582:113%
529:0 μg
1854:hdl
1846:doi
1842:181
1802:doi
1715:doi
1711:191
1573:doi
1254:FDA
1055:fat
1027:egg
975:In
964:In
924:soy
861:in
776:),
686:43%
660:15%
647:34%
634:35%
608:47%
595:24%
569:14%
555:%DV
501:89%
484:21%
468:15%
451:14%
434:17%
417:53%
399:%DV
110:Fat
1923::
1892:.
1870:.
1862:.
1852:.
1840:.
1836:.
1800:.
1796:.
1745:.
1729:.
1721:.
1709:.
1705:.
1639:.
1617:.
1613:.
1587:.
1579:.
1569:11
1567:.
1542:.
1516:.
1491:.
1415:.
1411:.
1320:^
1303:.
1295:.
1256:.
1252:.
1025:,
880:.
869:.
844:.
673:1%
527:0%
514:5%
1913:.
1896:.
1878:.
1856::
1848::
1808:.
1804::
1778:.
1737:.
1717::
1654:.
1637:"
1619:8
1595:.
1575::
1552:.
1527:.
1502:.
1453:.
1394:.
1373:.
1346:.
1314:.
1267:.
790:(
780:(
770:(
747:.
496:)
494:9
478:6
463:)
461:5
446:)
444:3
429:)
427:2
412:)
410:1
138:0
84:0
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
