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378:. The liberals found the actions from the king and cabinet had endangered Dutch neutrality and almost dragged the country into a European war. Parliament blocked the budget of the Foreign Affairs department and, when the irritated king disbanded the parliament, the new parliament confirmed this and demanded the dismissal of the government. The king and government concurred, and the
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But the French were shocked to learn that
Bismarck now objected. There was a public outcry against the deal in Germany; Bismarck's hand was forced by nationalistic newspapers in north Germany. He reneged on the pledge that he had made to Napoleon at Biarritz, and threatened war. Not only had Bismarck
370:
For
Luxembourg, this was an important step towards full independence, despite the fact that it remained united in a personal union with the Netherlands until 1890. Luxembourg was provided an opportunity to develop itself independently, leading to the emergence of the steel industry in the south of
355:
All of the Great Powers were invited to London to hammer out a deal that would prevent war. As it was clear that no other power would accept the incorporation of
Luxembourg into either France or the North German Confederation, negotiations centred upon the terms of Luxembourg's neutrality. The
363:
The
Luxembourg Crisis showed the influence public opinion could have on the actions of governments. It also demonstrated the growing opposition between France and Prussia and foreshadowed the
57:
243:), the result was a shock to Europe. Prussia quickly defeated Austria and her allies, forcing Austria to the negotiating table. Napoleon III offered to mediate, and the result, the
341:
was more than happy to host the talks as the
British government feared that the absorption of Luxembourg by either power would weaken Belgium, its strategic ally on the continent.
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kept France neutral. Although he, like most of Europe, expected an
Austrian victory, he could not intervene on Austria's side as that would jeopardise France's relationship with
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With the German public angered and an impasse developing, Napoleon III sought to backtrack; he certainly did not want to appear to be unduly expansionist to the other
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329:. Thus, he demanded only that Prussia withdraw its soldiers from Luxembourg City, threatening war if Prussia did not comply. To avoid this fate, Emperor
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of 1864 had further advanced nationalist tensions in
Germany, and, throughout 1865, it was clear that Prussia intended to challenge the position of the
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220:, France's neutrality, hoping that such an open statement of intent would strengthen France's negotiating position regarding the western bank of the
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result was a victory for
Bismarck; although Prussia would have to remove its soldiers from Luxembourg City, Luxembourg would remain in the
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united much of northern
Germany under the Prussian crown, but he had secretly concluded agreements with the southern states on 10 October.
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In the
Netherlands, there was criticism from parliament against the king and government, especially against Foreign Affairs minister
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To avert a war that might drag their own countries into conflict, other countries rushed to offer compromise proposals. Austria's
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was created in Dutch state law: a minister or government could rule only with support of (a majority in) parliament.
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and improved by subsequent engineers, which gave the city the nickname "Gibraltar of the North". Since the 1815
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Cartoon mocking the Dutch government for dragging the Netherlands into a European conflict because of
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within the German Confederation. Despite potentially holding the balance of power between the two,
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Assuming that Bismarck would honour his part of the agreement, the French government offered King
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511:
154:
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85:
228:, which was Napoleon's preferred region. However, he did make suggestions of French hegemony in
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The confrontation almost led to war between the two parties, but was peacefully resolved by the
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for Luxembourg. Being in deep financial trouble, William accepted the offer on 23 March 1867.
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318:, in return for which France would be compensated with Belgian land. However, King
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271:(as a shepherd of the German states), to protect Luxembourg, who is threatened by
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refused to part with any of his lands, putting paid to Beust's proposal.
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161:), threatening Dutch control of the remaining territory. As a result,
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boasted some of the most impressive fortifications in the world, the
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258:
221:
106:
31:
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153:, with several thousand Prussian soldiers stationed there. The
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hosted critical negotiations between Napoleon III and Bismarck.
239:
When Austria and Prussia did go to war in 1866 (the so-called
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43:, whose non-committal answers encouraged French Emperor
333:
called for an international conference, to be held in
495:
The European Powers and the German Question, 1848-71
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891:
798:
691:
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The Making of a Nation From 1815 to the Present Day
267:, the personification of the German nation, asking
236:, although not committing anything to writing.
314:, proposed transferring Luxembourg to neutral
224:. Bismarck refused to offer any land from the
673:Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg
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157:of 1830 had divided Luxembourg into two (see
8:
137:, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg had been in
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897:
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275:(as a wolf) on the other side of the Rhine
80:dispute and confrontation in 1867 between
212:on 4 October 1865, Napoleon III promised
27:1867 diplomatic dispute and confrontation
497:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
538:(in German). Stuttgart: Seewald-Verlag.
424:
417:
436:
392:Belgium in the long nineteenth century
1180:Diplomatic crises of the 19th century
517:A History of Modern Europe, 1792-1878
477:
465:
448:
397:France in the long nineteenth century
7:
149:, Luxembourg became a member of the
534:(1983). "Blick in die Geschichte".
402:Belgium and the Franco-Prussian War
165:entered Luxembourg into the German
145:. In a concession to neighbouring
25:
1165:History of Luxembourg (1815–1890)
910:Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union
263:A 1867 German caricature showing
1150:1867 in international relations
367:which would break out in 1870.
506:. Luxembourg City: Saint-Paul.
281:William III of the Netherlands
1:
376:Jules van Zuylen van Nijevelt
159:Third Partition of Luxembourg
88:over the political status of
41:minister president of Prussia
493:Moose, Werner Eugen (1958).
380:unwritten rule of confidence
163:William I of the Netherlands
1155:France–Luxembourg relations
774:Valley of the Seven Castles
407:League of Peace and Freedom
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502:Calmes, Christian (1989).
348:
249:North German Confederation
143:Kingdom of the Netherlands
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1160:France–Prussia relations
705:Administrative divisions
636:Second Treaty of London
351:Treaty of London (1867)
214:Prussian Prime Minister
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331:Alexander II of Russia
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127:Fortress of Luxembourg
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320:Leopold II of Belgium
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129:, partly designed by
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74:Crise luxembourgeoise
35:
1081:World Heritage Sites
668:Military occupations
606:Austrian Netherlands
302:'s personal troubles
193:Emperor Napoleon III
185:Second Schleswig War
151:German Confederation
1071:RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg
839:Diplomatic missions
812:Chamber of Deputies
601:Spanish Netherlands
596:House of Luxembourg
512:Fyffe, Charles Alan
365:Franco-Prussian War
179:Austro-Prussian War
1145:1867 in Luxembourg
945:Telecommunications
920:Electricity sector
759:Luxembourg plateau
754:Little Switzerland
616:Belgian Revolution
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155:Belgian Revolution
135:Congress of Vienna
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1170:Otto von Bismarck
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874:Political parties
849:Foreign relations
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631:Luxembourg Crisis
591:Celtic Luxembourg
536:Das ist Luxemburg
480:, pp. 264–5.
439:, pp. 325–7.
345:London Conference
269:Otto von Bismarck
218:Otto von Bismarck
53:Luxembourg Crisis
37:Otto von Bismarck
18:Luxembourg crisis
16:(Redirected from
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241:Seven Weeks' War
208:As a result, at
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730:Luxembourg City
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116:Villa Eugénie
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1175:Napoleon III
1006:Social class
976:Demographics
630:
535:
521:. Retrieved
516:
503:
494:
473:
451:, ch. XXIII.
444:
432:
425:Trausch 1983
420:
373:
369:
362:
357:
354:
327:Great Powers
324:
305:
289:
278:
273:Napoleon III
255:French offer
238:
207:
202:Risorgimento
200:
182:
170:
121:
94:
52:
50:
45:Napoleon III
29:
905:Accountancy
859:LGBT rights
468:, ch. XXIV.
437:Calmes 1989
312:Count Beust
300:William III
1129:Categories
1061:Newspapers
986:Euthanasia
925:Euro coins
663:Partitions
651:Occupation
574:Luxembourg
523:2006-06-27
487:References
478:Moose 1958
466:Fyffe 1895
449:Fyffe 1895
358:Zollverein
283:5,000,000
234:Luxembourg
172:Zollverein
103:Background
90:Luxembourg
78:diplomatic
1185:War scare
991:Languages
981:Education
950:Transport
930:RTL Group
844:Elections
769:Red Lands
710:Districts
693:Geography
656:Holocaust
413:Footnotes
226:Rhineland
141:with the
58:‹See Tfd›
1109:Category
1001:Religion
864:Military
854:Monarchy
800:Politics
749:Guttland
735:quarters
720:Communes
514:(1895).
386:See also
285:guilders
265:Germania
210:Biarritz
112:Biarritz
76:) was a
1100:Outline
1039:Cuisine
1021:Culture
964:Society
915:Benelux
893:Economy
715:Cantons
583:History
316:Belgium
230:Belgium
147:Prussia
86:Prussia
1114:Portal
1034:Cinema
996:People
869:Police
786:Rivers
781:Éislek
611:ForĂŞts
337:. The
335:London
169:, the
82:France
70:French
62:German
39:, the
1076:Sport
1051:Music
935:Steel
725:Towns
222:Rhine
199:post-
197:Italy
1044:Wine
232:and
183:The
84:and
51:The
1029:Art
114:'s
1131::
456:^
360:.
310:,
251:.
216:,
205:.
99:.
92:.
72::
68:,
64::
566:e
559:t
552:v
526:.
55:(
47:.
20:)
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