1334:
1318:
1306:
861:
has no fewer than nine possible pronunciations, depending both on the origin of a word and the phonetic environment. Natively, it is pronounced initially and elsewhere, the latter being devoiced to at the end of a morpheme. Words from French, English and (in a few cases) German have introduced
2121:
occur mainly before voiceless consonants (including phonetically voiceless consonants that are voiced in their underlying form). The last traces of the dative forms of nouns show a shortening from
1771:. Contrary to Standard German, the sequence of and a sonorant never results in a syllabic sonorant; however, Standard German spoken in Luxembourg often also lacks syllabic sonorants, so that e.g.
2207:, unless a vowel follows within the same word. It is also sporadically retained in the environments where it is vocalized after other long vowels, which is why the merger with the monophthong
2606:
2326:
An der Zäit hunn sech den
Nordwand an d'Sonn gestridden, wie vun hinnen zwee wuel méi staark wier, wéi e Wanderer, deen an ee waarme Mantel agepak war, iwwert de Wee koum.
1891:
The opposition between close-mid and open-mid vowels does not exist in native
Luxembourgish words. In non-native words, there is a marginal contrast between the close-mid
518:
precedes in the same syllable, or when another plosive or affricate follows. The fortis affricates are unaspirated and thus contrast with the lenis ones by voicing alone.
2712:
2664:
3363:
2974:
2308:/ɑnderˈtsæːɪthunzeχdenˈnordvɑndɑnˈdzonɡeˈʃtridenviəfunhinenˈtsveːvuəlˈməɪʃtaːrkviːrvəɪenˈvɑndererdeːnɑnenˈvaːrmenˈmɑntelˈɑnɡepaːkvaːrivertdenˈveːkəʊm/
468:
occurs only in loanwords from
Standard German. Just as among many native German-speakers, it tends to be simplified to word-initially. For example,
877:
In the unstressed intervocalic position when simultaneously following and preceding or , may lose its friction and become an approximant , as in
883:'cheap (infl.)'. This is generally not obligatory and it happens regardless of whether merges with , proving that the underlying phoneme is still
2215:
is assumed to be phonetic, rather than phonemic. This variation is not encoded in transcriptions in this article, where the phonetic output of
2979:
2942:
2596:
1450:
663:. The fricative variant is used after short vowels before consonants. If the consonant is voiceless, the fricative is also voiceless, i.e.
1888:
The nasal vowels appear only in loanwords from French, whereas the oral front rounded vowels appear in loans from both French and German.
483:
1272:
422:
2705:
1471:
798:
on the other is neutralized in favor of the former, unless a word-initial vowel follows in which case the obstruent is voiced and are
2645:
727:'high'). An increasing number of speakers do not distinguish between the alveolo-palatal allophones and the postalveolar phonemes
2814:
1212:
1110:
874:
indicates (devoiced ). By the now very common mergers of and , as well as and , this number may be reduced to seven, however.
701:
331:
259:
587:
does not occur word-initially except in French and
English loanwords. In the oldest loans from French it is often replaced with
3497:
3200:
3187:
2741:
1913:
1880:
1822:
1758:
1512:
1443:
317:
244:
51:
33:
3398:
2766:
1801:
1766:
1487:
671:. Older speakers use the consonantal variant also in the word-final position, where younger speakers tend to vocalize the
3502:
3358:
3323:
2964:
2756:
2698:
1645:
1066:
626:
375:
291:
2954:
2907:
2751:
1464:
832:) is pronounced , although this article transcribes it so that it corresponds more closely to the spelling. Similarly,
813:
361:
324:
252:
1730:
1413:
1406:
345:
3336:
2882:
2837:
2771:
2746:
2679:
2296:
2252:
2240:
2210:
2202:
1868:
1519:
1242:
1183:
666:
404:
338:
211:
204:
177:
170:
2665:"The Wiltz Dialect in a Luxembourgish Drama for Children: Analysis of the Script for "Den Zauberer vun Oz" (2005)"
2049:.) The contrast between the two sets of diphthongs is only partially encoded in orthography, so that the fronting
3055:
2984:
2842:
2827:
1975:
1850:
1750:
1629:
1622:
1528:
692:
368:
282:
84:
3368:
3060:
2994:
2959:
1429:
1422:
3105:
3075:
3040:
2832:
2776:
2761:
2232:
1832:
1494:
1333:
1317:
1148:
1027:
841:
678:
658:
382:
220:
186:
3466:
3253:
3070:
2969:
2307:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2258:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2196:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2070:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1969:
1957:
1948:
1926:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1844:
1838:
1816:
1812:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1744:
1736:
1724:
1717:
1704:
1692:
1675:
1663:
1658:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1141:
1059:
926:
888:
884:
829:
807:
803:
795:
791:
738:
728:
724:
688:
672:
641:
620:
610:
602:
594:
588:
584:
580:
576:
564:
560:
553:
549:
540:
534:
515:
511:
507:
503:
489:
477:
465:
455:
451:
443:
108:
68:
47:
43:
29:
20:
3087:
3080:
2989:
2902:
2897:
2046:
1941:, meaning the same). For this reason, it is not differentiated from in phonetic transcription (so that
782:('the cross'). Due to cluster simplification this article often disappears entirely between consonants.
459:
392:
138:
131:
3456:
3318:
3228:
3207:
3117:
2854:
2250:
2238:
2230:
2208:
2200:
2012:
1973:
1961:
1911:
1878:
1866:
1848:
1830:
1820:
1799:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1728:
1270:
1240:
1210:
1181:
1146:
1108:
1064:
1025:
933:
931:
839:
811:
746:
699:
676:
664:
656:
648:
624:
481:
2299:. The transcription is based on a recording of a 26-year-old male speaker of Central Luxembourgish.
3446:
3353:
3331:
3288:
3273:
3238:
3182:
3127:
3122:
3001:
2887:
2864:
2809:
650:
431:
304:
230:
1929:). In other positions, they are perceived as the same sound, as shown in the spelling of the word
695:
and uvular . The latter occur after back vowels, whereas the former occur in all other positions.
3343:
3152:
3097:
3092:
3047:
3006:
2799:
2725:
863:
537:
are unaspirated lenis, more often voiceless than voiced . The lenis affricates are truly voiced.
447:
147:
103:
3243:
2690:
3471:
3436:
3421:
3405:
3393:
3378:
3348:
3308:
3278:
3258:
3248:
3192:
3172:
3162:
3147:
3132:
3027:
3022:
2949:
2919:
2914:
2892:
2874:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2641:
2592:
2279:
behaves more like a short vowel than a long one. When the following consonant is lenis or the
2014:
1963:
1457:
606:
118:
72:
2249:
despite their being unaspirated with variable voicing). The fricativization and devoicing to
2113:'lazy'. The diphthongs contrast mainly in monosyllabics. In penultimate syllables, the short
3451:
3383:
3373:
3313:
3303:
3298:
3283:
3268:
3263:
3177:
3167:
3035:
2929:
2822:
2804:
2794:
2621:
802:, that is, moved to the onset of the first syllable of the next word (the same happens with
762:
750:
614:
414:
354:
310:
272:
236:
197:
163:
113:
98:
1305:
3461:
3441:
3426:
3388:
3293:
3233:
3157:
3142:
3137:
3110:
2937:
2924:
2175:
1637:
1437:
867:
799:
757:, i.e. , or . Furthermore, some unusual consonant clusters may arise post-lexically after
645:
598:
522:
125:
19:
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of
Luxembourgish for Knowledge (XXG) articles, see
2187:
2283:
occurs before a pause, it is unclear whether the more common consonantal realization of
3476:
3431:
1653:
1479:
157:
1951:⟩ in both types of transcription, which does not imply a difference in quality.
3491:
1362:
2635:
2586:
1947:
is transcribed ). The long counterpart of this sound is transcribed with ⟨
1670:
1616:
1590:
1400:
1375:
1357:
2077:. The difference is phonemic in both cases and there are minimal pairs such as
2626:
1506:
1382:
1367:
754:
2721:
2245:, depending on the voicing of the following sound (the lenis stops count as
1682:
1538:
1322:
64:
60:
1921:
39:
2117:
occur mainly before voiced consonants and in hiatus, whereas the long
1747:
is most usually realized as a mid central vowel with slight rounding (
2006:
may be phonetically short in fast speech or in unstressed syllables.
758:
742:
1910:
only on a phonemic level, as the latter is fronted and unrounded to
1332:
1316:
1304:
2037:
contrasts arose from a former lexical tone contrast: the shorter
2694:
2564:
2562:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2011:
The centering diphthongs end in the mid central unrounded area
2637:
German dialects: phonology and morphology, with selected texts
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2388:
2386:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2172:
after long vowels. In loanwords from
Standard German (such as
790:
In the word-final position the contrast between the voiceless
706:
allophone appears only in a few words intervocalically, e.g.
83:
2168:
Additional phonetic diphthongs arise after vocalisation of
1837:
is the realization of a non-prevocalic, unstressed sequence
2486:
2041:
were used in words with Accent 1, whereas the lengthened
2229:
after short vowels is not vocalized but fricativized to
2585:
Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) ,
2295:
The sample text is a reading of the first sentence of
1999:
are similar to the corresponding short monophthongs .
1783:
are higher than close-mid and may be even as high as
838:
is pronounced ('an interesting idea'), with a voiced
16:
1861:, a phonological back vowel (the long counterpart of
1219:
stem-internally after consonants and non-back vowels
474:('obligation') is pronounced , or in careful speech .
1249:when both unstressed and intervocalic between and
556:
as a phoneme occurs only in loanwords from
English.
38:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3414:
3221:
3015:
2787:
2324:
2266:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2078:
1930:
1337:Part 2 of native diphthongs of Luxembourgish, from
1282:
1252:
1222:
1193:
1163:
1123:
1090:
1042:
1007:
971:
948:
878:
833:
819:
777:
771:
765:
719:
713:
707:
632:
544:
493:
469:
1815:matches the prototypical IPA value of the ⟨
1279:word-finally after consonants and non-back vowels
1076:stem-initially and internally before orthographic
992:stem-initially and internally before orthographic
559:Phonetic and occur due to voicing of word-final
543:as a phoneme appears only in a few words, such as
2614:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2591:(in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag,
2271:'black', alternatively pronounced . Thus, before
1755:). Before velars, it is fronted and unrounded to
1720:are close to the corresponding cardinal vowels .
52:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2025:appears only in loanwords from Standard German.
1873:. Sometimes, it may be as front and as high as
806:, which becomes , and the non-native affricate
2568:
2553:
2541:
2517:
2498:
2474:
2462:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2392:
2377:
2352:
1338:
1326:
1310:
770:(for feminine, neuter and plural forms), e.g.
745:: it is deleted unless followed by a vowel, a
2706:
521:If followed by a vowel, the fortis stops are
8:
2185:
2173:
2147:'house' with the corresponding dative forms
1942:
1936:
1919:
1772:
1549:əɪ əʊ æːɪ æːʊ ɑɪ ɑʊ
523:moved to the onset of the following syllable
2640:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
1309:Native monophthongs of Luxembourgish, from
2713:
2699:
2691:
2487:Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015)
568:
526:
2672:Bulletin of Aichi University of Education
2625:
1972:may be more of a centralized front vowel
2605:Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013),
2257:also occurs whenever the non-prevocalic
1581:
1348:
893:
89:
2336:
2045:were used in words with Accent 2 (see
862:(devoiced ) in other environments, and
2529:
1763:, though this is sometimes as open as
2219:is consistently written with ⟨
1354:
741:undergoes both internal and external
7:
1885:), though without losing its length.
91:Consonant phonemes of Luxembourgish
71:, which is regarded as the emerging
42:. For the distinction between ,
1160:stem-internally after back vowels
59:This article aims to describe the
14:
2195:) and also occur. The sequence
1644:
1628:
1621:
1527:
1518:
1511:
1493:
1486:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1428:
1421:
1412:
1405:
454:is bilabial-labiodental, whereas
430:
421:
403:
381:
374:
367:
360:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
290:
281:
258:
251:
243:
219:
210:
203:
185:
176:
169:
146:
137:
130:
510:in most positions, but not when
506:are voiceless fortis . They are
2129:; compare the nominative forms
1918:before velars (cf. the surname
1190:word-finally after back vowels
794:on the one hand and the voiced
34:International Phonetic Alphabet
2265:and a fortis consonant, as in
1865:), is phonetically near-front
691:have two types of allophones:
583:only contrast between vowels.
1:
2634:Keller, Rudolf Ernst (1961),
1935:'public' (loaned from German
1777:is pronounced , rather than .
857:In Luxembourgish, the letter
2569:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2554:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2542:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2518:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2499:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2475:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2463:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2438:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2426:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2414:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2393:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2378:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
2353:Gilles & Trouvain (2013)
1680:
1668:
1651:
1635:
1614:
1536:
895:Summary of pronunciation of
850:Pronunciation of the letter
2943:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
2287:is a fricative or a trill.
1968:, but the first element of
1339:Gilles & Trouvain (2013
1327:Gilles & Trouvain (2013
1311:Gilles & Trouvain (2013
3521:
2297:The North Wind and the Sun
1723:Some speakers may realize
1580:
810:, which is also voiced to
683:, as in German and Danish.
640:The normal realization of
623:is frequently realized as
18:
2732:
2627:10.1017/S0025100312000278
2325:
1960:are typically schwa-like
1703:
1691:
1681:
1674:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1537:
1505:
1478:
1436:
1399:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1283:
1253:
1223:
1194:
1164:
1154:
1140:
1124:
1117:word-finally before mute
1091:
1072:
1058:
1043:
1008:
972:
949:
930:
925:
413:
391:
303:
229:
156:
124:
95:
2663:Tamura, Kenichi (2011),
2588:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
1798:is realized as open-mid
2975:Regional North American
2678:: 11–21, archived from
1983:The starting points of
1956:The starting points of
1325:of Luxembourgish, from
85:that of Standard German
30:phonetic transcriptions
3498:Luxembourgish language
3399:Dialects and varieties
2970:Received Pronunciation
2815:American Sign Language
2313:Phonetic transcription
2303:Phonemic transcription
2267:
2199:is monophthongized to
2186:
2174:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2053:are differentiated as
2002:The first elements of
1943:
1937:
1931:
1920:
1773:
1342:
1330:
1314:
879:
834:
820:
778:
772:
766:
720:
714:
708:
633:
552:('to go for a walk').
545:
494:
470:
27:This article contains
21:Help:IPA/Luxembourgish
2501:, pp. 68, 70–71.
2069:can stand for either
2047:Pitch-accent language
1902:The short non-native
1336:
1320:
1308:
786:Word-final obstruents
488:when it occurs after
3503:Germanic phonologies
2320:Orthographic version
2261:is retained between
1735:, especially before
1676:õː ɛ̃ː ɑ̃ː
912:Phonetic environment
835:eng interessant Iddi
525:and voiced to ; see
3324:Proto-Indo-European
2980:White South African
2532:, pp. 260–261.
1584:
1351:
899:
776:('the country') or
718:(inflected form of
92:
2544:, pp. 68, 71.
2440:, pp. 68, 72.
2067:⟨au⟩
2063:⟨äi⟩
2059:⟨ai⟩
2055:⟨ei⟩
1583:Non-native vowels
1582:
1349:
1343:
1331:
1315:
1265:cheap (inflected)
965:some German words
894:
864:French orthography
796:/b,d,dʒ,ɡ,v,z,ʒ,ʁ/
792:/p,t,tʃ,k,f,s,ʃ,χ/
90:
3485:
3484:
2985:Standard Canadian
2726:world's languages
2598:978-3-411-04067-4
2556:, pp. 72–73.
2477:, pp. 70–71.
2428:, pp. 68–69.
1906:is distinct from
1895:and the open-mid
1819:⟩ symbol (
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1578:
1577:
1321:Part 1 of native
1298:
1297:
940:native and German
897:⟨g⟩
818:). For instance,
655:than a fricative
440:
439:
3510:
3337:Kerkrade dialect
2960:General American
2715:
2708:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2650:
2630:
2629:
2611:
2601:
2572:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2356:
2350:
2328:
2327:
2309:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2183:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1660:
1648:
1632:
1625:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1585:
1574:
1573:iːɐ̯uːɐ̯ɛːɐ̯oːɐ̯
1569:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1531:
1522:
1515:
1497:
1490:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1409:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1230:
1229:
1216:
1200:
1199:
1187:
1171:
1170:
1152:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1114:
1098:
1097:
1070:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1031:
1015:
1014:
979:
978:
968:stem-internally
955:
954:
937:
928:
900:
898:
890:
886:
882:
845:
837:
831:
827:
817:
809:
805:
797:
793:
781:
775:
769:
763:definite article
740:
730:
726:
723:
717:
711:
705:
690:
682:
674:
670:
662:
654:
644:is more often a
643:
636:
630:
622:
612:
604:
596:
590:
586:
582:
578:
566:
562:
555:
551:
548:
542:
536:
517:
513:
505:
497:
491:
487:
479:
473:
467:
457:
453:
445:
434:
425:
407:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:
294:
285:
275:
262:
255:
247:
239:
223:
214:
207:
200:
189:
180:
173:
166:
150:
141:
134:
93:
49:
45:
3520:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3410:
3364:Scottish Gaelic
3217:
3071:Standard Modern
3011:
2823:Modern Standard
2783:
2728:
2719:
2689:
2682:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2656:Further reading
2653:
2648:
2633:
2609:
2607:"Luxembourgish"
2604:
2599:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2399:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2359:
2351:
2338:
2334:
2322:
2315:
2305:
2293:
2086:'elevated' vs.
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
1811:The quality of
1699:
1687:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1567:
1555:
1543:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1303:
1156:
1155:native and most
1035:
1034:French and some
945:stem-initially
941:
896:
855:
788:
737:Morpheme-final
693:alveolo-palatal
480:is realized as
353:
309:
271:
235:
196:
162:
81:
57:
56:
55:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3369:Serbo-Croatian
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2631:
2602:
2597:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2397:
2382:
2357:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2292:
2289:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1981:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1900:
1886:
1856:
1842:
1828:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1778:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:yːɐ̯ øːɐ̯
1702:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:Native vowels
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1280:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1250:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1220:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1191:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1088:
1074:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1005:
990:
986:
985:
982:
980:
969:
966:
962:
961:
958:
956:
946:
943:
938:
929:
923:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
854:
848:
828:(phonemically
787:
784:
735:
734:
733:
732:
686:
685:
684:
638:
592:
574:
573:
572:
550:/ʃpɑˈdzəɪeren/
538:
532:
531:
530:
501:
500:
499:
475:
438:
437:
435:
428:
426:
419:
417:
411:
410:
408:
401:
399:
397:
395:
389:
388:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
350:
349:
342:
335:
328:
321:
314:
307:
301:
300:
298:
296:
287:
278:
276:
268:
267:
265:
263:
256:
249:
240:
233:
227:
226:
224:
217:
215:
208:
201:
193:
192:
190:
183:
181:
174:
167:
160:
154:
153:
151:
144:
142:
135:
128:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
80:
77:
50:⟩, see
26:
25:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3516:
3515:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3213:Luxembourgish
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:Maastrichtian
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Orthographies
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2685:on 2016-03-04
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:0-7190-0762-3
2643:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2571:, p. 73.
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2530:Keller (1961)
2526:
2523:
2520:, p. 71.
2519:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2489:, p. 39.
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2465:, p. 70.
2464:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2416:, p. 68.
2415:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2395:, p. 69.
2394:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:, p. 72.
2379:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2355:, p. 67.
2354:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2269:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2234:
2224:
2212:
2204:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2108:
2104:'rotten' vs.
2099:
2095:'decent' and
2090:
2081:
2048:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1982:
1977:
1965:
1955:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1901:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1870:
1857:
1852:
1847:is near-open
1843:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1810:
1803:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1743:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1718:/i,iː,u,uː,o/
1716:
1715:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1684:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1553:
1542:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1157:German words
1150:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1073:French words
1068:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1039:word-finally
1038:
1036:German words
1033:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:or consonant
1003:
999:
995:
991:
989:French words
988:
987:
983:
981:
976:
970:
967:
964:
963:
959:
957:
952:
947:
944:
939:
935:
924:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
901:
892:
881:
875:
873:
871:
865:
860:
853:
849:
847:
843:
836:
826:
824:
815:
801:
800:resyllabified
785:
783:
780:
774:
768:
764:
760:
759:cliticisation
756:
755:noncontinuant
752:
748:
744:
722:
716:
710:
703:
697:
696:
694:
687:
680:
668:
660:
652:
647:
639:
637:or ('June').
635:
628:
619:
618:
616:
608:
600:
593:
575:
570:
558:
557:
547:
539:
533:
528:
524:
520:
519:
509:
502:
496:
485:
476:
472:
464:
463:
461:
449:
442:
441:
436:
433:
429:
427:
424:
420:
418:
416:
412:
409:
406:
402:
400:
398:
396:
394:
390:
387:
384:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
363:
359:
356:
352:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
333:
329:
326:
322:
319:
315:
312:
308:
306:
302:
299:
297:
293:
288:
284:
279:
277:
274:
270:
269:
266:
264:
261:
257:
254:
250:
246:
241:
238:
234:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
188:
184:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
159:
155:
152:
149:
145:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
94:
88:
86:
78:
76:
74:
70:
69:Luxembourgish
66:
62:
53:
41:
37:
35:
31:
22:
3467:West Frisian
3254:Massachusett
3212:
2767:Prepositions
2736:
2680:the original
2675:
2671:
2636:
2620:(1): 67–74,
2617:
2613:
2587:
2578:Bibliography
2549:
2537:
2525:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2433:
2421:
2323:
2316:
2306:
2294:
2246:
2225:
2189:
2177:
2167:
2028:
1727:as open-mid
1671:Nasal vowels
1285:
1255:
1225:
1196:
1166:
1126:
1118:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1045:
1010:
1001:
997:
993:
974:
950:
876:
869:
858:
856:
851:
822:
789:
736:
712:('mirror'),
109:Postalveolar
82:
58:
46:and ⟨
28:
3197:Limburgish
3088:Greenlandic
2965:New Zealand
2898:Northern Wu
2757:Determiners
2737:Phonologies
2722:Phonologies
2138:'body' and
1991:as well as
546:spadséieren
460:labiodental
393:Approximant
67:of central
3492:Categories
3457:Vietnamese
3328:Ripuarian
3319:Portuguese
3229:Macedonian
3208:Lithuanian
3118:Hindustani
2955:Australian
2908:Historical
2855:Belarusian
2752:Adjectives
2332:References
2223:⟩.
2065:, whereas
1938:öffentlich
1932:ëffentlech
1683:Diphthongs
1539:Diphthongs
1323:diphthongs
909:Applies in
889:/ˈbeleʁen/
830:/zeχˈeːns/
747:homorganic
79:Consonants
3447:Ukrainian
3354:Sardinian
3332:Colognian
3289:Old Saxon
3274:Norwegian
3239:Maldivian
3183:Latgalian
3128:Icelandic
3123:Hungarian
3002:Esperanto
2888:Cantonese
2865:Bulgarian
2838:Levantine
2810:Afrikaans
2123:/æːɪ,æːʊ/
2119:/æːɪ,æːʊ/
2043:/æːɪ,æːʊ/
2004:/æːɪ,æːʊ/
1985:/æːɪ,æːʊ/
1638:Close-mid
1556:centering
1438:Close-mid
1235:disposal
1103:original
1020:negation
906:Allophone
508:aspirated
305:Fricative
231:Affricate
65:phonetics
61:phonology
3344:Romanian
3153:Japanese
3111:Biblical
3098:Hawaiian
3093:Gujarati
3056:Standard
3048:Galician
3036:Parisian
3007:Estonian
2938:Standard
2883:Mandarin
2879:Chinese
2843:Tunisian
2828:Egyptian
2800:Acehnese
2772:Pronouns
2747:Grammars
2268:schwaarz
2051:/ɑɪ,æːɪ/
2035:/æːʊ~ɑʊ/
2031:/æːɪ~ɑɪ/
1927:/ˈbœker/
1654:Open-mid
1480:Open-mid
921:Meaning
880:bëllegen
609:whereas
498:('two').
490:/k,ts,ʃ/
448:bilabial
104:Alveolar
73:standard
44:/ /
40:Help:IPA
3472:Yiddish
3437:Turkish
3422:Tagalog
3406:Swedish
3394:Spanish
3379:Slovene
3349:Russian
3309:Persian
3279:Occitan
3259:Medumba
3249:Marathi
3193:Latvian
3173:Kurdish
3163:Konkani
3148:Italian
3133:Ingrian
3102:Hebrew
3076:Ancient
3061:Bernese
3052:German
3032:French
3028:Finnish
3023:Faroese
2950:English
2920:Cornish
2915:Chukchi
2893:Hokkien
2875:Catalan
2870:Burmese
2860:Bengali
2850:Avestan
2819:Arabic
2724:of the
2145:/hæːʊz/
2136:/læːɪv/
2127:/ɑɪ,ɑʊ/
2115:/ɑɪ,ɑʊ/
2111:/fæːʊl/
2093:/fæːɪn/
2039:/ɑɪ,ɑʊ/
1989:/ɑɪ,ɑʊ/
1958:/əɪ,əʊ/
1790:Before
1781:/eː,oː/
1700:opening
1688:closing
1598:rounded
1568:opening
1544:closing
1363:Central
915:Example
903:Phoneme
779:d'Kräiz
761:of the
725:/ˈhəɪɕ/
631:, e.g.
607:palatal
595:/ŋ,k,ɡ/
535:/b,d,ɡ/
504:/p,t,k/
492:, e.g.
471:Pflicht
444:/m,p,b/
158:Plosive
119:Glottal
32:in the
3452:Uyghur
3384:Somali
3374:Slovak
3314:Polish
3304:Pashto
3299:Ottawa
3284:Ojibwe
3269:Nepali
3264:Navajo
3178:Kyrgyz
3168:Korean
3106:Modern
3067:Greek
3041:Quebec
2995:Middle
2934:Dutch
2930:Danish
2833:Hejazi
2805:Adyghe
2795:Abkhaz
2644:
2595:
2291:Sample
2247:voiced
2163:/hɑʊz/
2154:/lɑɪv/
2102:/fɑʊl/
2084:/fɑɪn/
1944:Böcker
1922:Böcker
1774:tragen
1301:Vowels
1294:cheap
1176:store
1136:beach
1013:atioun
984:drugs
942:words
868:"soft
773:d'Land
751:apical
749:(i.e.
743:sandhi
715:héijen
709:Spigel
615:uvular
567:; see
415:Liquid
311:fortis
237:fortis
164:fortis
114:Dorsal
99:Labial
48:
3462:Welsh
3442:Ubykh
3427:Tamil
3389:Sotho
3359:Scots
3294:Oromo
3244:Māori
3234:Malay
3188:Latin
3158:Kiowa
3143:Irish
3138:Inuit
3081:Koine
2925:Czech
2777:Verbs
2762:Nouns
2683:(PDF)
2668:(PDF)
2610:(PDF)
2255:]
2251:[
2243:]
2239:[
2235:]
2231:[
2217:/aːr/
2213:]
2209:[
2205:]
2201:[
2197:/aːr/
2075:/æːʊ/
2017:]
2013:[
1978:]
1974:[
1966:]
1962:[
1916:]
1912:[
1883:]
1879:[
1871:]
1867:[
1853:]
1849:[
1835:]
1831:[
1825:]
1821:[
1804:]
1800:[
1785:/i,u/
1769:]
1765:[
1761:]
1757:[
1753:]
1749:[
1733:]
1729:[
1617:Close
1605:short
1591:Front
1401:Close
1389:short
1376:short
1358:Front
1284:bëlle
1275:]
1271:[
1254:bëlle
1245:]
1241:[
1224:Verfü
1215:]
1211:[
1186:]
1182:[
1151:]
1147:[
1113:]
1109:[
1096:inell
1069:]
1065:[
1054:drug
1030:]
1026:[
936:]
932:[
844:]
840:[
816:]
812:[
729:/ʃ,ʒ/
721:héich
704:]
700:[
689:/χ,ʁ/
681:]
677:[
669:]
665:[
661:]
657:[
653:]
649:[
646:trill
629:]
625:[
599:velar
569:below
527:below
486:]
482:[
456:/f,v/
355:lenis
273:lenis
198:lenis
126:Nasal
36:(IPA)
3477:Zuni
3432:Taos
2642:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2277:/aː/
2263:/aː/
2184:and
2180:mann
2159:Haus
2156:and
2150:Leif
2141:Haus
2132:Läif
2107:faul
2098:faul
2089:fäin
2080:fein
2071:/ɑʊ/
2061:vs.
2033:and
2029:The
2023:/oɪ/
1997:/uə/
1995:and
1993:/iə/
1970:/əɪ/
1897:/œː/
1893:/øː/
1859:/aː/
1839:/er/
1796:/eː/
1610:long
1561:iəuə
1507:Open
1394:long
1383:long
1368:Back
1341::71)
1329::71)
1313::70)
1205:day
825:eens
808:/pf/
804:/ts/
698:The
634:Juni
597:are
589:/ts/
579:and
565:/tʃ/
563:and
561:/ts/
554:/dʒ/
541:/dz/
495:zwee
466:/pf/
458:are
452:/pf/
446:are
63:and
3415:T–Z
3222:M–S
3016:F–L
2990:Old
2903:Old
2788:A–E
2622:doi
2285:/r/
2281:/r/
2273:/r/
2259:/r/
2237:or
2227:/r/
2190:öhr
2170:/r/
2125:to
2073:or
2057:or
1908:/e/
1904:/œ/
1875:/æ/
1869:a̠ː
1863:/ɑ/
1845:/ɑ/
1813:/æ/
1792:/r/
1745:/e/
1737:/r/
1725:/o/
1228:ung
1142:/ʁ/
1125:Pla
1092:ori
1060:/ʒ/
1044:Dro
973:Dro
960:go
927:/ɡ/
918:IPA
891:).
885:/ʁ/
866:'s
739:/n/
675:to
673:/r/
642:/r/
621:/j/
613:is
611:/r/
605:is
603:/j/
585:/s/
581:/z/
577:/s/
516:/ʃ/
514:or
512:/s/
478:/v/
3494::
2676:60
2674:,
2670:,
2618:43
2616:,
2612:,
2561:^
2506:^
2445:^
2400:^
2385:^
2360:^
2339:^
2275:,
2221:aː
2211:aː
2203:aː
2178:ür
2165:.
1987:,
1976:ë̞
1949:œː
1881:æː
1851:ɑ̝
1827:).
1802:ɛː
1794:,
1787:.
1751:ə̹
1693:oɪ
1664:œː
1646:øː
1630:yː
1520:aː
1488:ɛː
1472:oː
1451:eː
1430:uː
1414:iː
1258:en
1195:Da
1169:er
1165:La
1084:,
1080:,
1009:Ne
1000:,
996:,
977:en
953:éi
846:.
823:ch
821:se
814:bv
767:d'
753:)
617:.
601:,
462:.
450:,
295:)
292:dʒ
286:)
283:dz
260:tʃ
253:ts
248:)
245:pf
87:.
75:.
2714:e
2707:t
2700:v
2624::
2253:χ
2241:χ
2233:ʁ
2188:R
2176:L
2019:.
2015:ə
1980:.
1964:ə
1914:e
1899:.
1877:(
1855:.
1841:.
1833:ɐ
1823:æ
1817:æ
1806:.
1767:ɛ
1759:e
1739:.
1731:ɔ
1659:œ
1623:y
1529:ɑ
1513:æ
1495:ɐ
1465:o
1458:ə
1444:e
1423:u
1407:i
1286:g
1273:ɕ
1256:g
1243:j
1226:g
1213:ʑ
1197:g
1184:χ
1167:g
1149:ʁ
1129:e
1127:g
1119:e
1111:ʃ
1094:g
1086:y
1082:i
1078:e
1067:ʒ
1046:g
1028:k
1011:g
1002:u
998:o
994:a
975:g
951:g
934:ɡ
887:(
872:"
870:g
859:g
852:g
842:d
731:.
702:ʑ
679:ɐ
667:χ
659:ʁ
651:ʀ
627:ʒ
591:.
571:.
529:.
484:w
432:r
423:l
405:j
383:ʁ
376:ʒ
369:z
362:v
346:h
339:χ
332:ʃ
325:s
318:f
289:(
280:(
242:(
221:ɡ
212:d
205:b
187:k
178:t
171:p
148:ŋ
139:n
132:m
54:.
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