52:
244:
of
Lykandos. Melias was tasked with refortifying the castle, which lay in ruins, and with settling and garrisoning the district, which lay uninhabited. Melias was swiftly successful in his efforts: the region, able to provide for men and horses and "abundant in grazing lands" according to
291:
evidence, Lykandos was organized like the other themes, and possessed the full array of thematic officials. Administratively, it was often run together with the neighbouring themes of
Melitene and Tzamandos. It does not appear to have constituted a
263:. A fierce Arab assault was launched against Lykandos in 909 but it failed, achieving only to reclaim some outlying positions, while in 915, Melias's troops ravaged Arab territory as far as Germanikeia (modern
214:
in Greek sources), who settled there in 903, establishing a quasi-autonomous lordship. The area was of critical strategic importance, lying directly on the frontier zone between the
Byzantines and the Muslim
1059:
1054:
1044:
761:
1019:
347:. This dual arrangement is also in evidence over the following years, while in the mid-11th century the governorship of Lykandos appears to have been held in tandem with the post of
754:
1039:
747:
235:
1029:
234:
In 905, however, Melias was expelled from the
Byzantine Empire (along with other Armenian nobles) in the aftermath of the failed rebellion of
730:
267:). The importance of Lykandos and the successes of its commander were duly recognized, and by 916, it had been elevated in status to a full
1034:
253:, whose castle he built, and of Symposion (modern Kaleköy), whose original commander, the Armenian Ismael, had been killed by the Arabs.
654:
The
Political Collapse of Byzantium in the East: The Eastern Frontier and Central Asia Minor During the Second Half of the 11th Century
271:. Modern historians consider the promotion of Melias and his jurisdiction also as a political expedient to counterbalance the power of
706:
638:
613:
340:
629:
604:
650:Η πολιτική κατάρρευση του Βυζαντίου στην Ανατολή: το ανατολικό σύνορο και η κεντρική Μικρά Ασία κατά το β' ήμισυ του 11ου αι
249:, was settled with Armenians, and soon, Melias managed to expand his control over the neighbouring mountain districts of
584:
272:
246:
1049:
1024:
34:
739:
259:
sources make clear that the new and expanding province posed a direct threat, particularly to the nearby emirate of
238:
against Leo VI. Recalled in 908, his lordship was formally sanctioned by Leo through his elevation to the status of
770:
268:
163:
698:
308:
279:, but whatever the short-term political calculations, the theme of Lykandos proved to have a long existence.
300:
401:
376:
936:
192:
396:
966:
954:
948:
853:
841:
357:
323:
195:. It emerged as a major fortified military centre on the eastern Byzantine frontier under Emperor
901:
806:
365:
304:
960:
924:
883:
865:
835:
726:
702:
634:
624:
609:
599:
224:
155:
990:
877:
859:
817:
774:
688:
665:
657:
264:
159:
57:
38:
984:
930:
196:
972:
942:
918:
889:
802:
796:
312:
288:
240:
143:
51:
1013:
895:
779:
293:
220:
1002:
Thrace and
Macedonia were counted among the Eastern themes for hierarchical purposes
319:
and into
Armenia and Syria, as well as in the civil wars of the later 10th century.
716:
361:
227:, and commanding one of the principal routes through the mountains into Byzantine
720:
692:
588:
978:
299:
In 917, the troops of
Lykandos participated in the disastrous campaign against
810:
670:
276:
829:
335:
316:
250:
207:
661:
364:, but it nevertheless appears in the formal grant of territory by Emperor
326:, who dominated Charsianon, also extended his influence over Lykandos. In
823:
349:
260:
228:
184:
725:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
847:
344:
216:
111:
656:] (PhD thesis) (in Greek). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
311:
of the early and middle 10th century, especially in the campaigns of
211:
188:
256:
743:
633:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1334.
608:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1258.
24:
480:
515:
513:
447:
445:
183:
The fortress of
Lykandos was located in the area of modern
623:
Kazhdan, Alexander; Cutler, Antony (1991). "Melias". In
464:
462:
460:
315:, which expanded the imperial frontier eastwards to the
307:. The theme's forces would play a major role in the
1060:
11th-century establishments in the
Byzantine Empire
1055:
10th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire
910:
788:
683:(in Italian). Rome: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
108:
98:
88:
76:
64:
21:
1045:States and territories disestablished in the 1070s
16:Byzantine fortress and military-civilian province
1020:States and territories established in the 900s
356:The area was lost by the Byzantines after the
755:
492:
170:(θέμα Λυκανδοῦ), in the 10th–11th centuries.
162:fortress and military-civilian province (or "
8:
694:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
353:(regional military commander) of Melitene.
762:
748:
740:
567:
555:
519:
451:
50:
18:
669:
590:De thematibus et de administrando imperio
543:
504:
681:Constantino Porfirogenito: De Thematibus
648:Leveniotis, Georgios Athanasios (2007).
339:(military governor) of Lykandos and the
56:Map of the Theme of Lykandos within the
587:(1840). Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (ed.).
531:
468:
388:
63:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
333:, Maleinos was even for a time joint
128:
124:
107:
97:
87:
83:
71:
7:
436:
360:in 1071, when it was overrun by the
598:Foss, Clive (1991). "Lykandos". In
399:(1935). "Notes arméno-byzantines".
630:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
605:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
14:
1040:History of Kahramanmaraş Province
722:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
481:Constantine Porphyrogennetos 1840
370:
201:
1030:Themes of the Byzantine Empire
283:History of Lykandos as a theme
206:), through the actions of the
1:
327:
585:Constantine Porphyrogennetos
247:Constantine Porphyrogennetos
1076:
911:Western or European themes
100:• Elevation to theme
25:
1000:
699:Stanford University Press
493:Kazhdan & Cutler 1991
322:In the 960s, the magnate
147:
129:
125:
121:
90:• Arrival of Melias
84:
72:
49:
44:
33:
697:. Stanford, California:
179:Origin and early history
789:Eastern or Asian themes
275:in the nearmy theme of
26:Λυκανδός, θέμα Λυκανδοῦ
1035:Abbasid–Byzantine wars
377:Bohemond I of Antioch
679:Pertusi, A. (1952).
193:Antitaurus Mountains
158:, was the name of a
662:10.12681/eadd/19246
558:, pp. 400–401.
546:, pp. 479–481.
534:, pp. 316–317.
483:, pp. 33, 228.
358:Battle of Manzikert
324:Eustathios Maleinos
309:Arab–Byzantine wars
110:• Fall to the
1050:903 establishments
1025:Byzantine Anatolia
625:Kazhdan, Alexander
600:Kazhdan, Alexander
366:Alexios I Komnenos
305:Battle of Acheloos
303:that ended in the
287:Based on the rich
273:Constantine Doukas
1007:
1006:
884:Cibyrrhaeot Theme
836:Bucellarian Theme
732:978-0-520-20496-6
689:Treadgold, Warren
236:Andronikos Doukas
225:Upper Mesopotamia
168:Theme of Lykandos
166:"), known as the
133:
132:
68:Lykandos fortress
22:Theme of Lykandos
1067:
818:Thracesian Theme
775:Byzantine Empire
764:
757:
750:
741:
736:
712:
684:
675:
673:
671:10442/hedi/19246
644:
619:
594:
571:
565:
559:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
455:
449:
440:
434:
411:
410:
393:
374:
373: 1081–1118
372:
332:
329:
205:
203:
187:in southeastern
149:
58:Byzantine Empire
54:
39:Byzantine Empire
28:
27:
19:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1003:
996:
985:Cherson/Klimata
906:
784:
768:
733:
715:
709:
687:
678:
647:
641:
622:
616:
597:
583:
580:
575:
574:
568:Leveniotis 2007
566:
562:
556:Leveniotis 2007
554:
550:
542:
538:
530:
526:
520:Leveniotis 2007
518:
511:
503:
499:
495:, p. 1334.
491:
487:
479:
475:
467:
458:
452:Leveniotis 2007
450:
443:
439:, p. 1258.
435:
414:
395:
394:
390:
385:
369:
330:
285:
217:border emirates
200:
197:Leo VI the Wise
181:
176:
114:
101:
91:
55:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1073:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
994:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
914:
912:
908:
907:
905:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
824:Opsician Theme
820:
814:
803:Armeniac Theme
799:
797:Anatolic Theme
792:
790:
786:
785:
769:
767:
766:
759:
752:
744:
738:
737:
731:
713:
707:
685:
676:
645:
639:
620:
614:
595:
579:
576:
573:
572:
570:, p. 401.
560:
548:
544:Treadgold 1997
536:
524:
522:, p. 400.
509:
507:, p. 474.
505:Treadgold 1997
497:
485:
473:
471:, p. 316.
456:
454:, p. 399.
441:
412:
387:
386:
384:
381:
341:newly captured
313:John Kourkouas
289:sigillographic
284:
281:
241:kleisourarches
204: 886–912
180:
177:
175:
172:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:Historical era
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
47:
46:
42:
41:
31:
30:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1072:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
999:
992:
988:
986:
982:
980:
976:
974:
970:
968:
964:
962:
958:
956:
952:
950:
946:
944:
940:
938:
934:
932:
928:
926:
922:
920:
916:
915:
913:
909:
903:
899:
897:
893:
891:
887:
885:
881:
879:
875:
873:
869:
867:
863:
861:
857:
855:
851:
849:
845:
843:
839:
837:
833:
831:
827:
825:
821:
819:
815:
812:
808:
804:
800:
798:
794:
793:
791:
787:
782:
781:
780:De Thematibus
777:according to
776:
772:
765:
760:
758:
753:
751:
746:
745:
742:
734:
728:
724:
723:
718:
717:Whittow, Mark
714:
710:
708:0-8047-2630-2
704:
700:
696:
695:
690:
686:
682:
677:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
642:
640:0-19-504652-8
636:
632:
631:
626:
621:
617:
615:0-19-504652-8
611:
607:
606:
601:
596:
592:
591:
586:
582:
581:
577:
569:
564:
561:
557:
552:
549:
545:
540:
537:
533:
528:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
501:
498:
494:
489:
486:
482:
477:
474:
470:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:(1): 161–203.
408:
405:(in French).
404:
403:
398:
392:
389:
382:
380:
378:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
351:
346:
342:
338:
337:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
290:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Kahramanmaraş
262:
258:
254:
252:
248:
243:
242:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
210:leader Mleh (
209:
198:
194:
190:
186:
178:
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
141:
137:
120:
116:
113:
103:
93:
79:
75:
67:
59:
53:
48:
43:
40:
36:
32:
20:
937:Thessalonica
871:
778:
721:
693:
680:
653:
649:
628:
603:
589:
563:
551:
539:
532:Whittow 1996
527:
500:
488:
476:
469:Whittow 1996
406:
400:
391:
362:Seljuk Turks
355:
348:
334:
321:
298:
286:
255:
239:
233:
182:
167:
151:
150:), known as
139:
135:
134:
979:Longobardia
967:Dyrrhachium
955:Cephallenia
949:Peloponnese
854:Mesopotamia
842:Paphlagonia
593:. E. Weber.
80:Middle Ages
60:in 1000 AD.
1014:Categories
989:(omitted:
902:Aegean Sea
811:Charsianon
807:Cappadocia
397:Adontz, N.
383:References
331: 969
277:Charsianon
117:after 1071
104:before 916
961:Nicopolis
925:Macedonia
866:Sebasteia
830:Optimates
437:Foss 1991
402:Byzantion
379:in 1108.
336:strategos
317:Euphrates
294:bishopric
251:Tzamandos
191:, on the
160:Byzantine
45:903–1070s
991:Dalmatia
878:Seleucia
872:Lykandos
860:Koloneia
783:(c. 950)
719:(1996).
691:(1997).
350:katepano
343:city of
301:Bulgaria
261:Melitene
229:Anatolia
208:Armenian
185:Elbistan
156:Armenian
148:Λυκανδός
140:Lycandus
136:Lykandos
931:Strymon
848:Chaldia
805:(incl.
773:of the
627:(ed.).
602:(ed.).
578:Sources
345:Antioch
174:History
112:Seljuks
65:Capital
37:of the
973:Sicily
943:Hellas
919:Thrace
890:Cyprus
771:Themes
729:
705:
637:
612:
212:Melias
189:Turkey
152:Djahan
896:Samos
652:[
375:) to
269:theme
221:Syria
164:theme
144:Greek
35:Theme
983:12.
977:11.
971:10.
900:17.
894:16.
888:15.
882:14.
876:13.
870:12.
864:11.
858:10.
809:and
727:ISBN
703:ISBN
635:ISBN
610:ISBN
257:Arab
223:and
965:9.
959:8.
953:7.
947:6.
941:5.
935:4.
929:3.
923:2.
917:1.
852:9.
846:8.
840:7.
834:6.
828:5.
822:4.
816:3.
801:2.
795:1.
666:hdl
658:doi
219:of
154:in
138:or
94:903
1016::
701:.
664:.
512:^
459:^
444:^
415:^
407:10
371:r.
328:c.
296:.
231:.
202:r.
146::
993:)
813:)
763:e
756:t
749:v
735:.
711:.
674:.
668::
660::
643:.
618:.
368:(
199:(
142:(
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