791:, and a number of membranous processes or trabeculae extend from its internal surface. The trabeculae pass inward, radiating toward the center of the node, for about one-third or one-fourth of the space between the circumference and the center of the node. In some animals they are sufficiently well-marked to divide the peripheral or cortical portion of the node into a number of compartments (nodules), but in humans this arrangement is not obvious. The larger trabeculae springing from the capsule break up into finer bands, and these interlace to form a mesh-work in the central or medullary portion of the node. These trabecular spaces formed by the interlacing trabeculae contain the proper lymph node substance or lymphoid tissue. The node pulp does not, however, completely fill the spaces, but leaves between its outer margin and the enclosing trabeculae a channel or space of uniform width throughout. This is termed the subcapsular sinus (lymph path or lymph sinus). Running across it are a number of finer trabeculae of reticular fibers, mostly covered by ramifying cells.
559:
42:
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973:. Depending on the cause, swelling may be painful, particularly if the expansion is rapid and due to an infection or inflammation. Lymph node enlargement may be localised to an area, which might suggest a local source of infection or a tumour in that area that has spread to the lymph node. It may also be generalised, which might suggest infection, connective tissue or autoimmune disease, or a malignancy of blood cells such as a
924:
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1124:) of tissue relating to insufficient clearance by the lymphatic system. It can be congenital as a result usually of undeveloped or absent lymph nodes, and is known as primary lymphedema. Lymphedema most commonly arises in the arms or legs, but can also occur in the chest wall, genitals, neck, and abdomen. Secondary lymphedema usually results from the removal of lymph nodes during
868:. These drain into and from lymph nodes – afferent vessels drain into nodes, and efferent vessels from nodes. When lymph fluid enters a node, it drains into the node just beneath the capsule in a space called the subcapsular sinus. The subcapsular sinus drains into trabecular sinuses and finally into medullary sinuses. The sinus space is criss-crossed by the
1168:
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the B and T cell zone interface. If a cognate FTh cell is found it will upregulate CD40L and promote somatic hypermutation and isotype class switching of the B cell, increasing its antigen binding affinity and changing its effector function. Proliferation of cells within a lymph node will make the node expand.
768:
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These are channels within the node lined by endothelial cells along with fibroblastic reticular cells, allowing for the smooth flow of lymph. The endothelium of the subcapsular sinus is continuous with that of the afferent lymph vessel and also with that of the similar sinuses flanking the trabeculae
860:
B cells acquire antigen directly from the afferent lymph. If a B cell binds its cognate antigen it will be activated. Some B cells will immediately develop into antibody secreting plasma cells, and secrete IgM. Other B cells will internalize the antigen and present it to follicular helper T cells on
828:, that it can bind to. These circulate throughout the bloodstream and if they find this target, the antibodies bind to it and stimulate an immune response. Each B cell produces different antibodies, and this process is driven in lymph nodes. B cells enter the bloodstream as "naive" cells produced in
1148:
are the larger secondary lymphoid organs that serve somewhat similar functions to lymph nodes, though the spleen filters blood cells rather than lymph. The tonsils are sometimes erroneously referred to as lymph nodes. Although the tonsils and lymph nodes do share certain characteristics, there are
819:
The primary function of lymph nodes is the filtering of lymph to identify and fight infection. In order to do this, lymph nodes contain lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, which includes B cells and T cells. These circulate through the bloodstream and enter and reside in lymph nodes. B cells
1132:. It can also be caused by some parasitic infections. Affected tissues are at a great risk of infection. Management of lymphedema may include advice to lose weight, exercise, keep the affected limb moist, and compress the affected area. Sometimes surgical management is also considered.
336:
Lymph nodes are present throughout the body, are more concentrated near and within the trunk, and are divided into groups. There are about 450 lymph nodes in the adult. Some lymph nodes can be felt when enlarged (and occasionally when not), such as the
1108:
to determine if there is evidence of cells that appear cancerous (i.e. have metastasized into the node). The staging of the cancer, and therefore the treatment approach and prognosis, is predicated on the presence of node metastases.
832:. After entering a lymph node, they then enter a lymphoid follicle, where they multiply and divide, each producing a different antibody. If a cell is stimulated, it will go on to produce more antibodies (a plasma cell) or act as a
729:
and within the cortex. These vessels are smaller and do not allow the passage of macrophages so that they remain contained to function within a lymph node. In the course of the lymph, lymphocytes may be activated as part of the
857:, such as dendritic cells. These antigen presenting cells enter the lymph system and then lymph nodes. They present the antigen to T cells and, if there is a T cell with the appropriate T cell receptor, it will be activated.
721:) underneath the capsule called the subcapsular sinus. From here, lymph flows into sinuses within the cortex. After passing through the cortex, lymph then collects in medullary sinuses. All of these sinuses drain into the
322:, then into cortical sinuses. After passing through the cortex, lymph then collects in medullary sinuses. All of these sinuses drain into the efferent lymph vessels to exit the node at the hilum on the concave side.
1915:"Spatial and molecular organization of lymph node T cell cortex: a labyrinthine cavity bounded by an epithelium-like monolayer of fibroblastic reticular cells anchored to basement membrane-like extracellular matrix"
673:
in the T cell cortex. The reticular network provides structural support and a surface for adhesion of the dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes. It also allows exchange of material with blood through the
574:(or lobules), each consisting of a region of cortex with combined follicle B cells, a paracortex of T cells, and a part of the nodule in the medulla. The substance of a lymph node is divided into the outer
1069:. Cancer of lymph nodes can cause a wide range of symptoms from painless long-term slowly growing swelling to sudden, rapid enlargement over days or weeks, with symptoms depending on the
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2405:
1704:
Sharma, Amita; Fidias, Panos; Hayman, L. Anne; Loomis, Susanne L.; Taber, Katherine H.; Aquino, Suzanne L. (2004). "Patterns of
Lymphadenopathy in Thoracic Malignancies".
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also many important differences between them, such as their location, structure and size. Furthermore, the tonsils filter tissue fluid whereas lymph nodes filter lymph.
318:
and from there flows into a series of sinuses. After entering the lymph node from afferent lymphatic vessels, lymph flows into a space underneath the capsule called the
1452:
Dupont G, Schmidt C, Yilmaz E, Oskouian RJ, Macchi V, de Caro R, Tubbs RS (January 2019). "Our current understanding of the lymphatics of the brain and spinal cord".
582:. The cortex of a lymph node is the outer portion of the node, underneath the capsule and the subcapsular sinus. It has an outer part and a deeper part known as the
872:
of macrophages, which act to trap foreign particles and filter the lymph. The medullary sinuses converge at the hilum and lymph then leaves the lymph node via the
1371:
853:, chemical substances secreted from bacteria, or sometimes even molecules present in body tissue itself. These are taken up by cells throughout the body called
155:
601:
The medulla contains large blood vessels, sinuses and medullary cords that contain antibody-secreting plasma cells. There are fewer cells in the medulla.
981:. Rarely, depending on location, lymph node enlargement may cause problems such as difficulty breathing, or compression of a blood vessel (for example,
3320:
1412:
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1104:
for cancer, lymph nodes may be imaged or even surgically removed. If removed, the lymph node will be stained and examined under a microscope by a
1004:
such as fevers or weight loss. For example, a tumour of the breast may result in swelling of the lymph nodes under the arms and weight loss and
2398:
586:. The outer cortex consists of groups of mainly inactivated B cells called follicles. When activated, these may develop into what is called a
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of lymph tissue, and secondary cancers affecting other parts of the body. Primary cancers of lymph tissue are called lymphomas and include
1859:"A novel reticular stromal structure in lymph node cortex: an immuno-platform for interactions among dendritic cells, T cells and B cells"
3216:
1768:
Dorfman, R E; Alpern, M B; Gross, B H; Sandler, M A (1991). "Upper abdominal lymph nodes: criteria for normal size determined with CT".
1552:
Schmidt Júnior, Aurelino
Fernandes; Rodrigues, Olavo Ribeiro; Matheus, Roberto Storte; Kim, Jorge Du Ub; Jatene, Fábio Biscegli (2007).
289:
Lymph nodes are kidney or oval shaped and range in size from 2 mm to 25 mm on their long axis, with an average of 15 mm.
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Lymph enters the convex side of a lymph node through multiple afferent lymphatic vessels, which form a network of lymphatic vessels (
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905:, increasing the chance of T cell activation. Both B and T lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from circulating blood through specialized
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contains lymphoid tissue and is therefore believed to play a role not only in the digestive system, but also in the immune system.
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357:. The lymphatic drainage patterns are different from person to person and even asymmetrical on each side of the same body.
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near the groin crease. Most lymph nodes lie within the trunk adjacent to other major structures in the body - such as the
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is an indent on the concave surface of the lymph node where lymphatic vessels leave and blood vessels enter and leave.
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into the node. Lymph node involvement is often a key part in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, acting as "
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with white blood cells enmeshed in it. The regions where there are few cells within the meshwork are known as
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Local cancer in many parts of the body can cause lymph nodes to enlarge because of tumorous cells that have
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and provides the growth and regulatory factors necessary for activation and maturation of immune cells.
238:. A lymph node is enclosed in a fibrous capsule and is made up of an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
53:
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There is usually only one efferent vessel though sometimes there may be two. Medullary sinuses contain
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1554:"Distribuição, tamanho e número dos linfonodos mediastinais: definições por meio de estudo anatômico"
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There are fewer cells in the medulla than the cortex. The medulla contains plasma cells, as well as
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1985:. illustrated by Richard E. M. Moo re (Thirty-fifth ed.). London: Longman. pp. 588–785.
1737:
1612:
Torabi M, Aquino SL, Harisinghani MG (September 2004). "Current concepts in lymph node imaging".
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Each lymph node is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, which extends inside a lymph node to form
281:
Cross-section of a lymph node with sections labelled.1) Capsule; 2) Subcapsular sinus; 3)
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that are enlarged or swollen. When inflamed or enlarged, lymph nodes can be firm or tender.
235:
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to help the body fight future infection. If a cell is not stimulated, it will undergo
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62:, and are present in most parts of the body, and connected by small lymphatic vessels.
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The T cells migrate to the deep cortex. This is a region of a lymph node called the
640:. B cells are mainly found in the outer cortex where they are clustered together as
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towards either a more central lymph node or ultimately for drainage into a central
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form a supporting meshwork inside the node. The lymph node capsule is composed of
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may point to the cause, such as the speed of onset of swelling, pain, and other
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An overview of Normal Lymph Nodes and
Swollen lymph nodes and their evaluation
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of the tumour. Most lymphomas are tumours of B-cells. Lymphoma is managed by
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A lymph node contains lymphoid tissue, i.e., a meshwork or fibers called
242:
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Kooij IA, Sahami S, Meijer SL, Buskens CJ, Te Velde AA (October 2016).
893:
that immediately surrounds the medulla. Because both naive T cells and
825:
637:
2282:
2267:"The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature"
1857:
Katakai T, Hara T, Lee JH, Gonda H, Sugai M, Shimizu A (August 2004).
927:
A still image from a 3D medical animation showing enlarged lymph nodes
203:. A large number of lymph nodes are linked throughout the body by the
168:
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In the lymphatic system, a lymph node is a secondary lymphoid organ.
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2092:"Unexplained Lymphadenopathy: Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis"
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Kaldjian EP, Gretz JE, Anderson AO, Shi Y, Shaw S (October 2001).
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2008:
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2004:
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Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
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or enlarged in various diseases, which may range from trivial
219:. Lymph nodes are important for the proper functioning of the
1413:"Historical review of lymphatic studies in the head and neck"
864:
Lymph is present throughout the body, and circulates through
257:, which decides the treatment to be used and determines the
1818:"Normal structure, function, and histology of lymph nodes"
1290:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 209–210.
296:. The substance of a lymph node is divided into the outer
1981:
Warwick R, Williams PL (1973) . "Angiology (Chapter 6)".
2241:"What is the Difference Between Tonsils and Lymph Nodes"
1237:(Second ed.). J. B. Lippincott Company. p. 3.
1027:
and scans may be needed to further examine the cause. A
690:
Labeled diagram of human lymph node showing the flow of
414:
10 mm for ovoid lymph nodes, 8 mm for rounded
314:
enters the convex side of a lymph node through multiple
2090:
Gaddey, Heidi L.; Riegel, Angela M. (1 December 2016).
1288:
Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas
2365: – Histology Learning System at Boston University
2318:
Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MW, Hobson RP (2018).
886:
The B cells migrate to the nodular cortex and medulla.
824:. Each antibody has a single predetermined target, an
2175:
Maclellan RA, Greene AK (August 2014). "Lymphedema".
1763:
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1759:
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253:. The condition of lymph nodes is very important in
223:, acting as filters for foreign particles including
3567:
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725:to exit the node at the hilum on the concave side.
149:
137:
125:
113:
93:
88:
72:
67:
34:
1338:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). "Lymphoid tissues".
901:, they are drawn into the paracortex by the same
570:A lymph node is divided into compartments called
2170:
2168:
2166:
1954:Henrikson RC, Mazurkiewicz JE (1 January 1997).
988:Enlarged lymph nodes might be felt as part of a
941:. Swelling may be due to many causes, including
659:which are present within the medullary sinuses.
566:, showing dark, light, mantle and marginal zones
2065:
2024:
2012:
1995:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1281:
937:Lymph node enlargement or swelling is known as
590:. The deeper paracortex mainly consists of the
2341:(7th ed.). West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell.
2320:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
2157:
2145:
2128:
2077:
2053:
1900:
1495:Ganeshalingam, Skandadas; Koh, Dow-Mu (2009).
1342:(41st ed.). Philadelphia. pp. 73–4.
1279:
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1387:"Lymphatic Anatomy and Clinical Implications"
8:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1057:Lymph nodes can be affected by both primary
740:(immobile macrophages) and reticular cells.
662:As part of the reticular network, there are
1667:
1665:
1663:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1008:may suggest a malignancy such as lymphoma.
608:are cords of lymphatic tissue, and include
234:In the lymphatic system, a lymph node is a
46:Diagram showing major parts of a lymph node
3392:
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3321:
3307:
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3231:
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1370:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1128:or from other damaging treatments such as
1100:systems. As part of the investigations or
620:In the lymphatic system a lymph node is a
475:Superior mediastinum and high paratracheal
364:, which is separated from the body by the
52:
40:
2290:
1930:
1874:
1833:
1569:
1528:
1657:Last updated: Last updated: Feb 16, 2017
922:
696:
594:. Here the T-cells mainly interact with
557:
383:
276:
1198:
644:in lymphoid follicles, and T cells and
1363:
1286:Young B, O'Dowd G, Woodford P (2013).
1092:" of local disease, incorporated into
598:, and the reticular network is dense.
166:
31:
2234:
2232:
1960:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1678:Image Principles, Neck, and the Brain
1411:Pan, Wei-Ren; Wang, De-Guang (2013).
332:List of lymph nodes of the human body
285:; 4) Lymphoid nodule; 5) Trabeculae
7:
2271:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
1031:of a lymph node may also be needed.
771:Lymph node tissue showing trabeculae
1385:Themes, U. F. O. (6 January 2018).
755:. It is lined by reticular cells,
450:Lateral retropharyngeal: 5 mm
25:
2339:Hoffbrand's essential haematology
785:dense irregular connective tissue
304:. These are rich with cells. The
2189:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.07.004
1816:Willard-Mack CL (25 June 2016).
1558:Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
1166:
812:Diagram of a lymph node showing
360:There are no lymph nodes in the
3442:Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths
1782:10.1148/radiology.180.2.2068292
1640:"Assessment of lymphadenopathy"
1571:10.1590/S1806-37132007000200006
632:, and are primarily made up of
483:Low paratracheal and subcarinal
426:Generally (non-retropharyngeal)
1120:is the condition of swelling (
983:superior vena cava obstruction
880:venous subclavian blood vessel
388:of lymph node sizes in adults
1:
2337:Hoffbrand V, Moss PA (2016).
2177:Seminars in Pediatric Surgery
1426:. WoundsGroup. Archived from
701:Afferent and efferent vessels
345:of the head and neck and the
58:Lymph nodes form part of the
27:Organ of the lymphatic system
612:, macrophages, and B cells.
355:tracheobronchial lymph nodes
2322:(23rd ed.). Elsevier.
1614:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1513:10.1102/1470-7330.2009.0017
1207:"Swollen glands NHS inform"
781:reticular connective tissue
666:in the B cell follicle and
435:Jugulodigastric lymph nodes
370:meningeal lymphatic vessels
3638:
1231:Ioachim, Harry L. (1994).
930:
798:
723:efferent lymphatic vessels
713:) and flows into a space (
664:follicular dendritic cells
329:
316:afferent lymphatic vessels
207:. They are major sites of
3507:Waldeyer's tonsillar ring
2363:Histology image: 07101loa
2239:Lakna (31 January 2019).
2096:American Family Physician
1932:10.1093/intimm/13.10.1243
1835:10.1080/01926230600867727
875:efferent lymphatic vessel
490:
456:
418:
374:deep cervical lymph nodes
372:in the CNS drains to the
161:
51:
39:
3535:High endothelial venules
1919:International Immunology
1863:International Immunology
909:found in the paracortex.
907:high endothelial venules
855:antigen-presenting cells
731:adaptive immune response
676:high endothelial venules
648:are mainly found in the
622:secondary lymphoid organ
236:secondary lymphoid organ
3356:Hematopoietic stem cell
1136:Similar lymphoid organs
1002:constitutional symptoms
846:are molecules found on
759:and fixed macrophages.
544:Lower paraaortic region
520:Upper paraaortic region
2858:Lymphoid immune system
2427:Musculoskeletal system
1420:Journal of Lymphoedema
1054:
928:
816:
772:
718:
710:
702:
694:
624:. Lymph nodes contain
567:
562:Histology of a normal
512:Gastrohepatic ligament
362:central nervous system
351:paraaortic lymph nodes
286:
201:adaptive immune system
163:Anatomical terminology
2846:Myeloid immune system
2632:Cardiovascular system
1876:10.1093/intimm/dxh113
1822:Toxicologic Pathology
1126:breast cancer surgery
1048:mesenteric lymph node
1042:
926:
914:Clinical significance
811:
770:
700:
689:
561:
280:
3374:Hassall's corpuscles
3198:Islets of Langerhans
3058:Genitourinary system
2794:Integumentary system
2374:Lymph Nodes Drainage
1718:10.1148/rg.242035075
1234:Lymph Node Pathology
1067:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
1017:medical practitioner
347:inguinal lymph nodes
343:cervical lymph nodes
339:axillary lymph nodes
249:to life-threatening
104:); nodi lymphatici (
3457:Trabecular arteries
3088:Reproductive system
2807:Subcutaneous tissue
2576:Cartilaginous joint
2217:. 18 September 2019
990:medical examination
957:, diseases such as
903:chemotactic factors
439:11mm or 15 mm
389:
366:blood–brain barrier
341:under the arm, the
241:Lymph nodes become
100:nodus lymphaticus (
2870:Respiratory system
2623:Circulatory system
1998:, p. 103,110.
1676:Luca Saba (2016).
1211:www.nhsinform.scot
1055:
996:. Features of the
951:autoimmune disease
929:
817:
789:collagenous fibers
773:
703:
695:
642:follicular B cells
568:
384:
287:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3425:Cords of Billroth
3382:
3381:
3296:
3295:
3206:
3205:
2729:
2728:
2719:Glymphatic system
2617:
2616:
2348:978-1-1184-0867-4
2329:978-0-7020-7028-0
2283:10.1111/cei.12821
1645:BMJ Best Practice
1011:In addition to a
866:lymphatic vessels
564:lymphoid follicle
551:
550:
496:Retrocrural space
368:. Lymph from the
320:subcapsular sinus
247:throat infections
205:lymphatic vessels
177:
176:
172:
16:(Redirected from
3629:
3612:Lymphatic system
3525:Lymphatic vessel
3502:Tonsillar crypts
3462:Trabecular veins
3393:
3388:Secondary organs
3344:
3331:lymphatic system
3323:
3316:
3309:
3300:
3262:Lymphatic vessel
3233:
3226:
3219:
3210:
3165:Endocrine system
2927:Digestive system
2672:Lymphatic system
2655:Lymphatic vessel
2628:
2432:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2352:
2333:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2172:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2066:Hoffbrand's 2016
2063:
2057:
2051:
2028:
2025:Hoffbrand's 2016
2022:
2016:
2013:Hoffbrand's 2016
2010:
1999:
1996:Hoffbrand's 2016
1993:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1813:
1802:
1801:
1765:
1746:
1745:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1669:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1609:
1592:
1591:
1573:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1466:10.1002/ca.23308
1454:Clinical Anatomy
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1335:
1302:
1301:
1283:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1203:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1063:Hodgkin lymphoma
965:, or because of
801:Lymphatic system
787:with some plain
777:reticular fibers
630:white blood cell
528:Portacaval space
491:Upper abdominal
404:10 – 20 mm
390:
197:lymphatic system
169:edit on Wikidata
79:Lymphatic system
60:lymphatic system
56:
44:
32:
21:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3591:
3587:Germinal center
3563:
3547:Germinal center
3511:
3468:
3447:Germinal center
3378:
3360:
3333:
3327:
3297:
3292:
3266:
3257:Lymph capillary
3243:
3237:
3207:
3202:
3159:
3121:Seminal vesicle
3082:
3044:
2994:Small intestine
2921:
2864:
2823:
2788:
2725:
2666:
2613:
2591:Muscular system
2585:
2557:
2436:Skeletal system
2421:
2412:
2359:
2349:
2336:
2330:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2160:, p. 1324.
2158:Davidson's 2018
2156:
2152:
2146:Davidson's 2018
2144:
2135:
2129:Davidson's 2018
2127:
2123:
2102:(11): 896–903.
2089:
2088:
2084:
2080:, p. 1326.
2078:Davidson's 2018
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2054:Davidson's 2018
2052:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1925:(10): 1243–53.
1912:
1911:
1907:
1901:Davidson's 2018
1899:
1892:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1767:
1766:
1749:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1675:
1670:
1661:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1611:
1610:
1595:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1497:"Nodal staging"
1494:
1493:
1489:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1433:on 30 July 2021
1430:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1362:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1305:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1174:Medicine portal
1172:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1138:
1115:
1037:
998:medical history
994:medical imaging
939:lymphadenopathy
935:
933:Lymphadenopathy
921:
916:
895:dendritic cells
803:
797:
779:(reticulin) of
765:
753:
747:
684:
671:reticular cells
646:dendritic cells
618:
606:medullary cords
596:dendritic cells
588:germinal centre
556:
444:Retropharyngeal
382:
334:
328:
283:Germinal centre
275:
263:Lymphadenopathy
173:
63:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3622:Lymphoid organ
3619:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3453:Blood vessels
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3339:Primary organs
3335:
3334:
3329:Organs of the
3328:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3050:Urinary system
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2972:Laryngopharynx
2969:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Salivary gland
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2837:
2835:
2833:immune systems
2829:Haematopoietic
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2779:Somatic system
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2762:Sensory system
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2737:
2735:Nervous system
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2714:CNS equivalent
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2581:Synovial joint
2578:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2358:
2357:External links
2355:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2334:
2328:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2257:
2228:
2215:MayoClinic.org
2202:
2162:
2150:
2148:, p. 961.
2133:
2131:, p. 913.
2121:
2082:
2070:
2068:, p. 114.
2058:
2056:, p. 927.
2029:
2027:, p. 109.
2017:
2015:, p. 111.
2000:
1988:
1983:Gray's anatomy
1973:
1966:
1946:
1905:
1890:
1869:(8): 1133–42.
1849:
1803:
1776:(2): 319–322.
1747:
1712:(2): 419–434.
1693:
1686:
1659:
1631:
1620:(9): 1509–18.
1593:
1564:(2): 134–140.
1544:
1507:(1): 104–111.
1501:Cancer Imaging
1487:
1460:(1): 117–121.
1444:
1403:
1377:
1348:
1303:
1296:
1257:
1243:
1223:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1161:
1158:
1137:
1134:
1114:
1111:
1098:cancer staging
1075:haematologists
1052:adenocarcinoma
1036:
1033:
992:, or found on
955:drug reactions
931:Main article:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
887:
799:Main article:
796:
793:
764:
761:
751:
745:
683:
680:
617:
614:
578:and the inner
555:
552:
549:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
533:
532:
529:
525:
524:
521:
517:
516:
513:
509:
508:
505:
501:
500:
497:
493:
492:
488:
487:
484:
480:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
461:
460:
454:
453:
452:
451:
445:
441:
440:
437:
431:
430:
427:
423:
422:
416:
415:
412:
406:
405:
402:
398:
397:
394:
381:
378:
327:
324:
300:and the inner
274:
271:
255:cancer staging
229:detoxification
227:, but have no
175:
174:
165:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
97:
91:
90:
86:
85:
81:, part of the
76:
70:
69:
65:
64:
57:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Lymph follicle
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3634:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Immune system
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Peyer's patch
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3557:Marginal zone
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3430:Marginal zone
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Biliary tract
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2817:Mammary gland
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Fibrous joint
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:Human systems
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2216:
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2312:Bibliography
2274:
2270:
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2244:
2219:. Retrieved
2214:
2211:"Lymphedema"
2205:
2183:(4): 191–7.
2180:
2176:
2153:
2124:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2020:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1956:
1949:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1825:
1821:
1773:
1769:
1709:
1705:
1677:
1649:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1617:
1613:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1437:21 September
1435:. Retrieved
1428:the original
1423:
1419:
1406:
1396:21 September
1394:. Retrieved
1390:
1380:
1339:
1287:
1248:. Retrieved
1233:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1201:
1151:
1139:
1116:
1086:metastasised
1083:
1056:
1023:may include
1013:medical exam
1010:
1006:night sweats
987:
936:
890:
873:
863:
859:
842:
818:
804:
774:
750:
744:
742:
735:
727:
704:
668:fibroblastic
661:
654:
649:
628:, a type of
619:
610:plasma cells
605:
603:
600:
583:
579:
575:
571:
569:
554:Subdivisions
359:
335:
319:
310:
301:
297:
291:
288:
240:
233:
225:cancer cells
184:
180:
178:
132:A13.2.03.001
99:
29:
3552:Mantle zone
3517:Lymph nodes
3348:Bone marrow
3288:Lymphangion
3278:Lymph trunk
3188:Parathyroid
2888:Nasopharynx
2750:Spinal cord
2685:Bone marrow
2454:Collar bone
2369:Lymph Nodes
2250:14 December
2221:17 November
1106:pathologist
1094:TNM staging
1079:oncologists
1025:blood tests
963:sarcoidosis
959:amyloidosis
834:memory cell
830:bone marrow
814:lymphocytes
757:fibroblasts
752:lymph sinus
738:histiocytes
657:macrophages
626:lymphocytes
547:11 mm
531:10 mm
504:Paracardiac
486:11 mm
470:10 mm
467:, generally
465:Mediastinum
458:Mediastinum
429:10 mm
396:10 mm
386:Upper limit
209:lymphocytes
185:lymph gland
89:Identifiers
3606:Categories
3492:Pharyngeal
3437:White pulp
3413:Trabeculae
2967:Oropharynx
2707:Lymph node
2640:peripheral
2486:Metatarsus
2481:Metacarpus
2460:Thigh bone
2456:(clavicle)
2277:(1): 1–9.
2245:Pediaa.Com
1250:17 October
1193:References
1187:Lymph sacs
1118:Lymphedema
1113:Lymphedema
1096:and other
1044:Micrograph
943:infections
891:paracortex
870:pseudopods
851:cell walls
822:antibodies
682:Lymph flow
650:paracortex
584:paracortex
539:7 mm
523:9 mm
515:8 mm
507:8 mm
499:6 mm
447:8 mm
330:See also:
294:trabeculae
265:refers to
231:function.
181:lymph node
35:Lymph node
3240:Lymphatic
3173:Pituitary
3022:accessory
2977:Esophagus
2697:secondary
2609:Diaphragm
2553:Cartilage
2501:Phalanges
2108:1532-0650
1957:Histology
1790:0033-8419
1770:Radiology
1726:0271-5333
1580:1806-3713
1521:1470-7330
1366:cite book
1358:920806541
1130:radiation
1090:sentinels
979:leukaemia
848:bacterial
840:and die.
838:apoptosis
746:reticulum
393:Generally
273:Structure
259:prognosis
3482:Palatine
3420:Red pulp
3153:Placenta
3116:Testicle
3111:Prostate
3038:Pancreas
2999:Appendix
2989:lower GI
2962:upper GI
2910:Bronchus
2853:Lymphoid
2536:Vertebra
2491:Ossicles
2476:Mandible
2301:27271818
2197:25241097
2116:27929264
1941:11581169
1885:15237106
1844:17067937
1734:15026591
1672:Page 432
1626:15347718
1588:17724531
1539:20080453
1482:53102520
1474:30362622
1391:Ento Key
1160:See also
1154:appendix
1144:and the
975:lymphoma
971:leukemia
967:lymphoma
919:Swelling
897:express
844:Antigens
820:produce
795:Function
401:Inguinal
353:and the
326:Location
243:inflamed
199:and the
191:-shaped
102:singular
3542:B cells
3530:T cells
3487:Lingual
3474:Tonsils
3242:vessels
3193:Adrenal
3183:Thyroid
3101:Scrotum
3078:Urethra
3073:Bladder
2982:Stomach
2905:Trachea
2841:Myeloid
2680:primary
2546:Sternum
2496:Patella
2471:Humerus
2462:(femur)
2292:5011360
1798:2068292
1742:7434544
1651:4 March
1530:2821588
1216:4 April
1146:tonsils
1059:cancers
826:antigen
763:Capsule
638:T cells
634:B cells
592:T cells
580:medulla
572:nodules
302:medulla
251:cancers
217:T cells
195:of the
187:, is a
120:D008198
68:Details
3404:Parts
3397:Spleen
3366:Thymus
3178:Pineal
3138:Vagina
3133:Uterus
3128:Female
3068:Ureter
3063:Kidney
3009:Rectum
2945:Tongue
2893:Larynx
2812:Breast
2784:Tissue
2702:Spleen
2690:Thymus
2645:Artery
2604:Tendon
2599:Muscle
2563:Joints
2541:Pelvis
2516:Tarsus
2506:Radius
2466:Fibula
2449:Carpus
2419:organs
2345:
2326:
2299:
2289:
2195:
2114:
2106:
1964:
1939:
1883:
1842:
1796:
1788:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1684:
1624:
1586:
1578:
1537:
1527:
1519:
1480:
1472:
1356:
1346:
1294:
1241:
1142:spleen
1102:workup
1035:Cancer
1029:biopsy
947:tumors
711:plexus
576:cortex
410:Pelvis
298:cortex
267:glands
189:kidney
106:plural
74:System
3497:Tubal
3408:Hilum
3283:Lymph
3271:Other
3249:Nodal
3148:Ovary
3143:Vulva
3106:Penis
3028:Liver
3004:Colon
2955:Tooth
2935:Mouth
2900:Lower
2878:Upper
2755:Nerve
2745:Brain
2662:Heart
2521:Tibia
2511:Skull
1738:S2CID
1478:S2CID
1431:(PDF)
1416:(PDF)
1122:edema
1071:grade
1050:with
1046:of a
1015:by a
775:Thin
719:sinus
715:Latin
707:Latin
692:lymph
616:Cells
312:Lymph
306:hilum
193:organ
183:, or
167:[
95:Latin
3577:GALT
3569:MALT
3096:Male
3014:Anus
2915:Lung
2883:Nose
2831:and
2802:Skin
2650:Vein
2526:Ulna
2444:Bone
2417:and
2343:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2297:PMID
2252:2019
2223:2022
2193:PMID
2112:PMID
2104:ISSN
1962:ISBN
1937:PMID
1881:PMID
1840:PMID
1794:PMID
1786:ISSN
1730:PMID
1722:ISSN
1682:ISBN
1674:in:
1653:2017
1622:PMID
1584:PMID
1576:ISSN
1535:PMID
1517:ISSN
1470:PMID
1439:2020
1398:2020
1372:link
1354:OCLC
1344:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1252:2022
1239:ISBN
1218:2020
1152:The
1140:The
1077:and
1065:and
961:and
899:CCR7
636:and
604:The
478:7mm
420:Neck
380:Size
215:and
156:5034
144:5192
127:TA98
115:MeSH
2950:Lip
2772:Eye
2767:Ear
2531:Rib
2287:PMC
2279:doi
2275:186
2185:doi
1927:doi
1871:doi
1830:doi
1778:doi
1774:180
1714:doi
1566:doi
1525:PMC
1509:doi
1462:doi
985:).
977:or
969:or
151:FMA
139:TA2
3608::
2295:.
2285:.
2273:.
2269:.
2243:.
2231:^
2213:.
2191:.
2181:23
2179:.
2165:^
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2110:.
2100:94
2098:.
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2032:^
2003:^
1935:.
1923:13
1921:.
1917:.
1893:^
1879:.
1867:16
1865:.
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1838:.
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1824:.
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1792:.
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1772:.
1750:^
1736:.
1728:.
1720:.
1710:24
1708:.
1696:^
1662:^
1642:.
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1616:.
1596:^
1582:.
1574:.
1562:33
1560:.
1556:.
1533:.
1523:.
1515:.
1503:.
1499:.
1476:.
1468:.
1458:32
1456:.
1422:.
1418:.
1389:.
1368:}}
1364:{{
1352:.
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1260:^
1209:.
1081:.
1019:,
953:,
949:,
945:,
882:.
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717::
709::
652:.
376:.
261:.
179:A
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2332:.
2303:.
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1254:.
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213:B
171:]
108:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
