286:
494:, or PECAM-1. A valve system in place here prevents the absorbed lymph from leaking back into the interstital fluid. This valve system involves collagen fibers attached to lymphatic endothelial cells that respond to increased interstitial fluid pressure by separating the endothelial cells and allowing the flow of lymph into the capillary for circulation. There is another system of semilunar valves that prevents back-flow of lymph along the lumen of the vessel. Lymph capillaries have many interconnections (
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is the swelling of tissues due to insufficient fluid drainage by the lymphatic vessels. It can be the result from absent, underdeveloped or dysfunctional lymphatic vessels. In hereditary (or primary) lymphedema, the lymphatic vessels are absent, underdeveloped or dysfunctional due to genetic causes.
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which transport lymph using a combination of smooth muscle walls, which contract to assist in transporting lymph, as well as valves to prevent the lymph from flowing backwards. As the collecting lymph vessel accumulates lymph from more and more lymph capillaries along its length, it becomes larger
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The lymphatic circulation begins with blind ending (closed at one end) highly permeable superficial lymph capillaries, formed by endothelial cells with button-like junctions between them that allow fluid to pass through them when the interstitial pressure is sufficiently high. These button-like
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Lymph vessels act as reservoirs for plasma and other substances including cells that have leaked from the vascular system and transport lymph fluid back from the tissues to the circulatory system. Without functioning lymph vessels, lymph cannot be effectively drained and
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382:, respectively. There are far more afferent vessels bringing in lymph than efferent vessels taking it out to allow for lymphocytes and macrophages to fulfill their immune support functions. The lymphatic vessels contain valves.
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are called afferent lymph vessels, and those that carry it from a lymph node are called efferent lymph vessels, from where the lymph may travel to another lymph node, may be returned to a vein, or may travel to a larger
432:) lack both the muscular layer and the outer adventitia. As they proceed forward and in their course are joined by other capillaries, they grow larger and first take on an adventitia, and then smooth muscles.
377:
that bring lymph from the lymphatic organs to the nodes bringing the lymph to the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct, the largest lymph vessel in the body. These vessels drain into the right and left
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which are segments separated by semilunar valves. These segments propel or resist the flow of lymph by the contraction of the encircling smooth muscle depending upon the ratio of its length to its radius.
525:. The system collaborates with white blood cells in lymph nodes to protect the body from being infected by cancer cells, fungi, viruses or bacteria. This is known as a secondary circulatory system.
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which consists of fibrous tissue. The general structure described here is seen only in larger lymphatics; smaller lymphatics have fewer layers. The smallest vessels (
558:) lymph ducts, or may empty into another lymph node as its afferent lymph vessel. Both the lymph ducts return the lymph to the blood stream by emptying into the
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509:. As the circular path through the body's system continues, the fluid is then transported to progressively larger lymphatic vessels culminating in the
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Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not closed and has no central pump. Lymph movement occurs despite low pressure due to
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that are arranged in a circular fashion around the endothelium, which by shortening (contracting) or relaxing alter the diameter (caliber) of the
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portion of the lymph nodes and leave the lymph nodes at the hilum, either to veins or greater nodes. It carries filtered lymph out of the node.
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Afferent lymphatic vessels are only found in lymph nodes. This is in contrast to efferent lymphatic vessel which are also found in the
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990:. 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE. Vol. 2. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. pp. 3700–3703.
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1064:"The lymphangiogenic growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Part 2: The role of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in lymphatic system diseases"
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Rhythmic contraction of the vessel walls through movements may also help draw fluid into the smallest lymphatic vessels,
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394:. There is an inner lining of single flattened epithelial cells (simple squamous epithelium) composed of a type of
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part. It carries unfiltered lymph into the node. In doing this they lose all their coats except their
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The vessels that bring lymph away from the tissues and towards the lymph nodes can be classified as
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In acquired (or secondary) lymphedema, the lymphatic vessels are damaged by injury or infection.
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The 26th Annual
International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society
604:, and after branching and forming a dense plexus in the substance of the capsule, open into the
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as it enters a lymphs node. The lymph percolates through the lymph node tissue and exits via an
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that binds the lymph vessels to the surrounding tissue. Lymph vessels are devoted to the
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Baluk P, Fuxe J, Hashizume H, Romano T, Lashnits E, Butz S, et al. (October 2007).
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that specialize in collection of the lymph from the interstital fluid, and the larger
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858:"Functionally specialized junctions between endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels"
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lining, which is continuous with a layer of similar cells lining the lymph paths.
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is a disease involving multiple cysts or lesions formed from lymphatic vessels.
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on which it rests is discontinuous; it leaks easily. The next layer is that of
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from the tissues. Lymph capillaries are slightly bigger than their counterpart
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The lymphatic conducting system broadly consists of two types of channels—the
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Efferent lymphatic vessels are also found in association with the thymus and
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762:"Lymphatic endothelium: morphological, molecular and functional properties"
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Tubular vessels that are involved in the transport of lymph and lymphocytes
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Rosse C, Gaddum-Rosse P (1997). "The
Cardiovascular System (Chapter 8)".
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458:(propulsion of the lymph due to alternate contraction and relaxation of
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373:. These afferent vessels then drain into the subcapsular sinus. The
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406:. This layer functions to mechanically transport fluid and since the
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Venugopal AM, Stewart RH, Rajagopalan S, Laine GA, Quick CM (2004).
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Alitalo K (November 2011). "The lymphatic vasculature in disease".
505:. If tissue fluid builds up the tissue will swell; this is called
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961:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. pp. 72–73.
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A still image from a 3D medical animation showing afferent vessels
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550:. An efferent lymph vessel may directly drain into one of the (
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907:"Tissue engineering and regeneration of lymphatic structures"
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of the vascular system. Lymph vessels that carry lymph to a
814:"Lymphatic vessels in cancer metastasis: bridging the gaps"
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The general structure of lymphatics is based on that of
341:, which are mainly concerned with the absorption of
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905:Weitman E, Cuzzone D, Mehrara BJ (September 2013).
564:Lymph vessels consist of functional units known as
305:) are thin-walled vessels (tubes), structured like
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
521:into the circulatory system at the right and left
812:Shayan R, Achen MG, Stacker SA (September 2006).
513:(for lymph from the right upper body) and the
358:. Lymph ducts drain the lymph into one of the
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498:) between them and form a very fine network.
492:platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1
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1126:- BioWeb at University of Wisconsin System
735:"19.2B: Distribution of Lymphatic Vessels"
699:Section across portal canal of pig. X 250.
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1116:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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317:, lymph vessels are complementary to the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
533:The lymph capillaries drain into larger
476:Propulsion of lymph through lymph vessel
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517:(for the rest of the body); both ducts
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7:
984:"Optimal Lymphatic Vessel Structure"
862:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1068:Lymphologie in Forschung und Praxis
760:Pepper MS, Skobe M (October 2003).
25:
959:Hollinshead's Textbook of Anatomy
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680:
34:
451:that propel the lymph forward.
45:needs additional citations for
1095:Essentials of Human Physiology
362:and thus return it to general
1:
418:. The outermost layer is the
321:. Lymph vessels are lined by
1091:"Role of Lymphatic Vessels"
1062:Krebs R, Jeltsch M (2013).
766:The Journal of Cell Biology
716:Meningeal lymphatic vessels
402:, and the cells are called
325:, and have a thin layer of
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996:10.1109/IEMBS.2004.1404039
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542:and eventually becomes an
637:efferent lymphatic vessel
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1118:Medical Subject Headings
2319:Circulatory anastomosis
2282:Internal elastic lamina
2073:Precapillary resistance
2068:Precapillary sphincter
1604:Lymphoid immune system
1173:Musculoskeletal system
598:afferent lymph vessels
539:contractile lymphatics
477:
337:of the lymph from the
290:
269:Anatomical terminology
1592:Myeloid immune system
1378:Cardiovascular system
1124:Efferent lymph vessel
831:10.1093/carcin/bgl031
778:10.1083/jcb.200308082
658:Clinical significance
548:efferent lymph vessel
544:afferent lymph vessel
535:collecting lymphatics
486:junctions consist of
475:
319:cardiovascular system
288:
1944:Islets of Langerhans
1804:Genitourinary system
1540:Integumentary system
874:10.1084/jem.20062596
511:right lymphatic duct
167:right lymphatic duct
149:in the tissue spaces
54:improve this article
1834:Reproductive system
1553:Subcutaneous tissue
1322:Cartilaginous joint
739:Medicine LibreTexts
639:commences from the
588:typically results.
398:that is called the
2229:Pulmonary arteries
2163:Circulatory system
1616:Respiratory system
1369:Circulatory system
923:10.2217/fon.13.110
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437:initial lymphatics
343:interstitial fluid
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250:H3.09.02.0.05001
69:"Lymphatic vessel"
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1465:Glymphatic system
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1114:Lymphatic+Vessels
674:Additional images
668:Lymphangiomatosis
488:protein filaments
481:Lymph capillaries
445:lymph capillaries
429:lymph capillaries
408:basement membrane
404:endothelial cells
339:lymph capillaries
323:endothelial cells
313:. As part of the
295:lymphatic vessels
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147:Lymph capillaries
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16:(Redirected from
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560:subclavian veins
523:subclavian veins
380:subclavian veins
375:efferent vessels
371:afferent vessels
360:subclavian veins
315:lymphatic system
275:edit on Wikidata
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818:Carcinogenesis
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2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Rete mirabile
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Vasa nervorum
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:Tunica intima
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:Venous plexus
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Vena comitans
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:Biliary tract
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1563:Mammary gland
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:Fibrous joint
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:Human systems
1155:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1005:0-7803-8439-3
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
975:
970:
968:0-397-51256-2
964:
960:
953:
951:
947:
942:
938:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:
898:
893:
889:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
808:
806:
802:
797:
793:
788:
783:
779:
775:
772:(2): 209–13.
771:
767:
763:
756:
753:
740:
736:
730:
727:
721:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
695:
690:
683:
678:
673:
671:
669:
664:
657:
655:
653:
648:
646:
642:
641:lymph sinuses
638:
630:
628:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
606:lymph sinuses
603:
599:
591:
589:
587:
580:
572:
570:
567:
562:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
536:
529:Lymph vessels
528:
526:
524:
520:
516:
515:thoracic duct
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
480:
474:
470:
468:
465:
461:
460:smooth muscle
457:
452:
450:
449:lymph vessels
446:
442:
441:prelymphatics
438:
433:
431:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:blood vessels
385:
383:
381:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:smooth muscle
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:, that carry
308:
307:blood vessels
304:
300:
299:lymph vessels
296:
287:
276:
270:
266:
263:
260:
258:
254:
251:
248:
246:
242:
239:
236:
234:
230:
227:
224:
222:
218:
215:
212:
210:
206:
203:
200:
198:
194:
189:
186:
183:
181:
177:
172:
168:
164:
163:thoracic duct
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2382:
2299:Vasa vasorum
2289:Tunica media
2254:Microanatomy
2138:
2023:Metarteriole
1766:
1734:
1707:
1459:
1442:
1425:
1400:
1385:
1099:the original
1094:
1074:(2): 96–104.
1071:
1067:
1057:
1024:
1020:
1014:
987:
977:
958:
914:
910:
900:
865:
861:
821:
817:
769:
765:
755:
743:. Retrieved
738:
729:
661:
649:
636:
634:
618:
605:
597:
595:
582:
566:lymphangions
563:
538:
537:. These are
534:
532:
518:
500:
484:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
434:
427:
423:
403:
389:
368:
302:
298:
294:
292:
226:A12.0.00.038
201:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2409:Lymphangion
2399:Lymph trunk
2277:Endothelium
2262:Microvessel
2225:Right heart
2210:Right heart
2194:Capillaries
2056:Fenestrated
2040:Capillaries
1934:Parathyroid
1634:Nasopharynx
1496:Spinal cord
1431:Bone marrow
1200:Collar bone
745:28 November
614:endothelial
503:capillaries
496:anastomoses
456:peristalsis
400:endothelium
364:circulation
347:capillaries
191:Identifiers
2241:Left heart
2190:Arterioles
2178:Left heart
2061:Sinusoidal
2051:Continuous
1713:Oropharynx
1453:Lymph node
1386:peripheral
1232:Metatarsus
1227:Metacarpus
1206:Thigh bone
1202:(clavicle)
1089:Nosek TM.
722:References
663:Lymphedema
602:lymph node
586:lymphedema
577:See also:
420:adventitia
396:epithelium
356:lymph duct
351:lymph node
335:propulsion
331:adventitia
303:lymphatics
110:April 2010
80:newspapers
18:Lymphatics
2361:Lymphatic
2219:Pulmonary
2206:Vena cava
2101:Deep vein
2018:Arteriole
1919:Pituitary
1768:accessory
1723:Esophagus
1443:secondary
1355:Diaphragm
1299:Cartilage
1247:Phalanges
645:medullary
467:pulsation
424:lymphatic
386:Structure
2424:Category
2186:Arteries
2172:Systemic
2005:Arteries
1986:Arteries
1899:Placenta
1862:Testicle
1857:Prostate
1784:Pancreas
1745:Appendix
1735:lower GI
1708:upper GI
1656:Bronchus
1599:Lymphoid
1282:Vertebra
1237:Ossicles
1222:Mandible
1041:22064427
941:23980683
892:17846148
840:16597644
796:14581448
705:See also
610:cortical
573:Function
556:thoracic
464:arterial
2363:vessels
2198:Venules
1997:Vessels
1939:Adrenal
1929:Thyroid
1847:Scrotum
1824:Urethra
1819:Bladder
1728:Stomach
1651:Trachea
1587:Myeloid
1426:primary
1292:Sternum
1242:Patella
1217:Humerus
1208:(femur)
1049:5899689
932:4095806
883:2118470
787:2173536
711:Lacteal
643:of the
608:of the
214:D042601
174:Details
94:scholar
2121:Venule
2047:Types
1924:Pineal
1884:Vagina
1879:Uterus
1874:Female
1814:Ureter
1809:Kidney
1755:Rectum
1691:Tongue
1639:Larynx
1558:Breast
1530:Tissue
1448:Spleen
1436:Thymus
1391:Artery
1350:Tendon
1345:Muscle
1309:Joints
1287:Pelvis
1262:Tarsus
1252:Radius
1212:Fibula
1195:Carpus
1165:organs
1120:(MeSH)
1047:
1039:
1002:
965:
939:
929:
890:
880:
838:
794:
784:
652:spleen
625:spleen
621:thymus
439:, the
329:, and
180:System
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2404:Lymph
2392:Other
2370:Nodal
2233:Lungs
2202:Veins
2182:Aorta
2144:Lymph
2131:Lymph
2083:Veins
1990:veins
1894:Ovary
1889:Vulva
1852:Penis
1774:Liver
1750:Colon
1701:Tooth
1681:Mouth
1646:Lower
1624:Upper
1501:Nerve
1491:Brain
1408:Heart
1267:Tibia
1257:Skull
1045:S2CID
552:right
519:drain
507:edema
490:like
416:lumen
311:lymph
273:[
262:30315
197:Latin
101:JSTOR
87:books
1988:and
1842:Male
1760:Anus
1661:Lung
1629:Nose
1577:and
1548:Skin
1396:Vein
1272:Ulna
1190:Bone
1163:and
1037:PMID
1000:ISBN
963:ISBN
937:PMID
888:PMID
836:PMID
792:PMID
747:2021
635:The
623:and
596:The
297:(or
293:The
238:3915
221:TA98
209:MeSH
165:and
161:The
73:news
2239:→ (
2208:→ (
1696:Lip
1518:Eye
1513:Ear
1277:Rib
1029:doi
992:doi
927:PMC
919:doi
878:PMC
870:doi
866:204
826:doi
782:PMC
774:doi
770:163
554:or
443:or
426:or
301:or
257:FMA
233:TA2
56:by
2426::
2235:→
2231:→
2227:→
2204:→
2200:→
2196:→
2192:→
2188:→
2184:→
2180:→
1093:.
1072:17
1070:.
1066:.
1043:.
1035:.
1025:17
1023:.
998:.
986:.
949:^
935:.
925:.
913:.
909:.
886:.
876:.
864:.
860:.
848:^
834:.
822:27
820:.
816:.
804:^
790:.
780:.
768:.
764:.
737:.
627:.
469:.
366:.
245:TH
2353:e
2346:t
2339:v
2243:)
2212:)
1978:e
1971:t
1964:v
1153:e
1146:t
1139:v
1051:.
1031::
1008:.
994::
971:.
943:.
921::
915:9
894:.
872::
842:.
828::
798:.
776::
749:.
277:]
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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