423:, Justice O’ Connor found that although damage would certainly be done to the Six Rivers/Chimney Rock area, the road construction and timber harvesting would not force individuals to violate their beliefs or be denied of the equal rights shared by other citizens of the United States. In deciding the case, the Supreme Court had to determine whether a government action would cause a "substantial burden" on religion. Since the United States Forest Service's report had recognized that the religion of tribes would effectively be irreparably harmed, the tribes had a strong argument that they met this element of the law. However, the Supreme Court set out new requirements for proving substantial burden. The Court stated that a substantial burden only exist where the government imposes a sanction (fine or imprisonment) or denies a benefit to individuals that they would otherwise be entitled to receive. Since this case involved neither, the decision found that no substantial burden existed.
373:(EIS) that examined the environmental impact of constructing a proposed road through and possibly harvesting timber in the Six Rivers National Forest. Due to the religious importance of the area, the study found that if the U.S. Forest Service’s plans went forward, the damage done to the land would be severe and irreparable. Therefore, the report advised against both the road and timber harvesting. Additionally, the EIS suggested possible alternative was routes that avoided key religious sites. However, this recommendation and the rest of the report was rejected by the U.S. Forest Service. The report commissioned by the United States Forest Service recognized that the construction of the road would destroy the religion of the American Indian tribes.
130:
35:
419:(1986), a previous U.S. Supreme Court case that involved a family who did not wish to give their child a social security number for religious reasons. Also argued with regard to the Free Exercise Clause, this holding of the court in this case was that the government could not change its system and make an exception for an individual because of religiously based reasons. Judging by the parallels in this case with that of
376:
American Indian groups (led by the
Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association) and the State of California sued for an injunction, challenging both the road building and timber harvesting decisions. The court issued a permanent injunction that prohibited the Government from constructing the
396:
was argued on
November 30, 1987. The petitioner, Richard E. Lyng, the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture at the time, claimed that constructing a road and harvesting timber through lands considered sacred by Native American tribes did not violate the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment of the
409:
After much deliberation, the holding of the court was released on April 19, 1988. In a vote of 5-3 (Anthony M. Kennedy did not participate), the court ruled that "construction of the proposed road does not violate the First
Amendment regardless of its effect on the religious practices of the
2147:
1579:
490:
decision galvanized Native
American activists to press for other claims, for example in fishing rights, and how it helped to inspire efforts towards the "repatriation" of Native American cultural materials while contributing to the establishment of the Smithsonian's
592:
1622:
1232:
1045:
4437:
2033:
4759:
388:
The Trial Court found for
Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association and issued an injunction. The USFS appealed. The Appellate Court affirmed and the USFS appealed again bringing the case to the U.S. Supreme Court.
599:
6503:
3073:
2207:
3809:
3579:
400:
With the claim at hand, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to rule on the question of whether the First
Amendment’s Free Exercise Clause prohibited the government from harvesting or developing the Chimney Rock Area.
6365:
6221:
4735:
4703:
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3684:
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1280:
1953:
530:
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2183:
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1472:
593:"Native Americans and Free Exercise Claims: A Pattern of Inconsistent Application of First Amendment Rights and Insufficient Legislation for Natives Seeking Freedom in Religious (Page 2 and 15 - 17)"
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affords an individual protection from certain forms of governmental compulsions, but it does not afford an individual a right to dictate the conduct of the government's internal procedures.
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960:
885:
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1421:
992:
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2155:
559:
1555:
64:
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563:
80:
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2834:
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5722:
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2049:
1445:
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382:
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4028:
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2898:
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936:
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5528:
5022:
4879:
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3425:
2786:
2754:
2110:
1945:
1328:
1160:
3481:
2650:
1630:
1496:
1144:
876:
4871:
1224:
6513:
6312:
5906:
5174:
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3652:
3595:
2850:
6445:
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6337:
5385:
5110:
5078:
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4170:
4118:
4097:
3636:
2858:
2281:
1825:
492:
5941:
5273:
5003:
4317:
4186:
3534:
2818:
1969:
1488:
1029:
509:
479:
327:
204:
4935:
6288:
5150:
5134:
4397:
4226:
4154:
2300:
2073:
1512:
1453:
682:
486:
a "stunning defeat" for the Native
American cause. In a twenty-five-year retrospective of AIRFA, published in 2004, she described how the
3603:
2001:
1112:
6518:
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6237:
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69:
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134:
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2174:
104:
5618:
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2009:
1748:
1184:
755:
Harjo, Suzan Shown (Autumn 2004). "Keynote
Lecture: The American Indian Religious Freedom Act: Looking Back and Looking Forward".
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1993:
207:
of 1978 (AIRFA) does not create a cause of action under which to sue, nor does it contain any judicially enforceable rights.
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728:"Richard e. LYNG, Secretary of Agriculture, et al., Petitioners v. NORTHWEST INDIAN CEMETERY PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION et al"
669:"Richard e. LYNG, Secretary of Agriculture, et al., Petitioners v. NORTHWEST INDIAN CEMETERY PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION et al"
4783:
4767:
1021:
6108:
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4887:
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3900:
3817:
3417:
3314:
3205:
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2447:
2017:
869:
397:
United States
Constitution. The respondent in the case was the Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, et al.
366:
17:
4522:
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5995:
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56:
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3708:
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2544:
1216:
1088:
984:
331:
6272:
60:
6381:
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5738:
5586:
5570:
3377:
2930:
2714:
1801:
4839:
6092:
5677:
4615:
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4218:
3563:
3542:
3160:
2938:
2722:
2682:
2477:
2452:
2408:
2339:
2286:
1849:
1547:
1304:
1061:
469:
157:
5444:
3761:
727:
668:
5799:
5759:
4482:
3716:
3441:
3306:
3290:
3253:
3104:
3007:
2613:
2512:
2428:
2387:
2355:
2324:
1841:
1817:
862:
5463:
837:
436:
stripped Native
Americans of their Constitutional protection against threats to their religious practices.
6065:
5714:
5166:
4139:
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2621:
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262:
230:
5495:
45:
6296:
5554:
5369:
5316:
4445:
2658:
2371:
2347:
2130:
1985:
1176:
812:
652:
170:
6357:
6256:
6032:
5610:
4807:
2236:
1732:
1192:
49:
1208:
5118:
4530:
4474:
4357:
3745:
3571:
3369:
3353:
3128:
3052:
2770:
2738:
1865:
1789:
1413:
1389:
1128:
899:
449:
323:
1168:
1152:
426:
Justice William J. Brennan Jr. disagreed with the majority opinion and, with a citation of the case
6003:
5974:
5914:
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4631:
4325:
4309:
4253:
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3401:
3120:
2674:
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2423:
1657:
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1069:
4719:
73:
6213:
6143:
6024:
5949:
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5634:
5393:
5340:
5214:
5142:
4687:
4210:
4081:
3393:
3144:
3056:
2983:
2794:
2746:
2730:
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2536:
2363:
2252:
1929:
1913:
1905:
1889:
1700:
1673:
1405:
1288:
952:
772:
522:
428:
354:
6421:
5823:
5562:
5198:
4975:
4582:
4409:
4261:
4020:
3985:
3660:
3526:
3473:
3457:
3184:
2906:
2842:
2762:
2605:
2503:
1740:
1365:
1296:
1256:
1120:
928:
920:
475:
254:
242:
222:
84:
377:
Chimney Rock section of the road or putting the timber harvesting plan into effect, holding,
6397:
6100:
5479:
5361:
5308:
5257:
5241:
5126:
5014:
4490:
4301:
3941:
3627:
3497:
3385:
3152:
2576:
2215:
2199:
2057:
1937:
1873:
1833:
1708:
1240:
976:
764:
6373:
6116:
5642:
5578:
5540:
5401:
5332:
4991:
4514:
4421:
4044:
3881:
3865:
3841:
3093:
3065:
3023:
2991:
2435:
2379:
2118:
1857:
1809:
1764:
1716:
1531:
1397:
1373:
1336:
624:
274:
153:
854:
699:
819:
6429:
5503:
5487:
4381:
4269:
4146:
2497:
2094:
1623:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1614:
1429:
1233:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1104:
828:
655:
465:
266:
250:
740:
468:, and the road was not built. The Act protected the High Country, by adding it to the
6482:
3221:
2415:
2244:
776:
6162:
5377:
5158:
4967:
4824:
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
4671:
4056:
4012:
3328:
1977:
1921:
444:
415:
339:
173:
713:
160:, et al., Petitioners v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, et al.
6453:
5281:
2588:
238:
714:"Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association, 485 U.S. 439 (1988)"
5750:
5545:
2311:
378:
335:
189:
478:, a Cheyenne-Muskogee writer and activist who influenced the drafting of the
793:
Canby, William C. Jr. (2004). American Indian Law. Minnesota: Thomson West
185:
439:
The United States Supreme Court reversed and allowed the road to be built.
846:
768:
2316:
4744:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
3677:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
381:, that such actions would violate respondent Indians' rights under the
410:
respondents because it compels no behavior contrary to their belief".
4792:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
2208:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
347:
4704:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
6366:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
6222:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
3685:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
4760:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
586:
584:
531:
Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division
343:
304:
Kennedy took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.
4736:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
4640:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
3580:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
2923:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
683:"Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association (1988)"
4880:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
4547:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
1946:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
6335:
6063:
5972:
5526:
3810:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
3693:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
2279:
1787:
897:
858:
129:
4928:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4438:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
4366:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4350:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
4203:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4195:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
1145:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
413:
In support of the decision, Justice Sandra Day O’Connor cited
28:
4872:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
1898:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
1225:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
448:(476 U.S. 693 (1986)) and, in a 3-5 decision, found that the
338:. This area, also known as the High Country, was used by the
6504:
United States Native American criminal jurisdiction case law
6313:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
4608:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
3596:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
3270:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
464:
intervened and designated the area a "wilderness" under the
6446:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
4944:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
4752:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
1596:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
330:
sacred lands, specifically in the Chimney Rock area of the
5899:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
5183:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
3701:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
2184:
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal
1757:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
1281:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
1265:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
700:"Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association"
322:
case in which the Court ruled on the applicability of the
67:
and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
6524:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
2042:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
1473:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
505:
List of U.S. Supreme Court Cases involving Indian tribes
484:
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association
312:
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association
123:
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association
18:
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association
5784:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
553:"Summary of Law: American Indian Religious Freedom Act"
5816:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
4936:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
4728:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
4555:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
5103:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
5087:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
4984:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
3262:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
1481:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
945:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
291:
O'Connor, joined by Rehnquist, White, Stevens, Scalia
6406:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
5808:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
3604:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
2396:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
2002:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
6248:
6173:
6154:
6135:
6076:
6014:
5985:
5925:
5866:
5749:
5688:
5653:
5539:
5455:
5428:
5351:
5300:
5233:
5002:
4581:
4456:
4408:
4278:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
4237:
4108:
4055:
3984:
3974:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
3934:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
3923:
3892:
3727:
3626:
3553:
3516:
3325:
3280:
3195:
3092:
3051:
3022:
2973:
2632:
2587:
2496:
2446:
2310:
2299:
2226:
2173:
2166:
2129:
2084:
1692:
1649:
1606:
1523:
1464:
1347:
1113:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
1080:
1003:
910:
741:
http://www.invispress.com/law/natural/cemetery.html
295:
287:
282:
211:
197:
165:
148:
141:
122:
4334:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
4127:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
4005:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
3966:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
2867:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
2026:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
1666:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
805:Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass'n
645:Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass'n
6438:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
6305:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
5266:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
5039:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
3490:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
3238:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
961:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
4135:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
3909:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
3074:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
1580:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
993:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
6085:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
5840:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
5191:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
4864:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
4648:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
3802:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
2156:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
1540:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
560:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5418:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
4467:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
3874:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
1273:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
870:
8:
6125:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
6041:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
5723:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
5290:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
4294:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
3645:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
3450:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
3137:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
2010:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
1749:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
1185:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
394:Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective
385:and would violate certain federal statutes.
48:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
5934:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
5325:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
4832:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
4286:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
2050:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
1639:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1313:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1201:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
383:Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment
63:and maintains a consistent citation style.
6332:
6073:
6060:
5982:
5969:
5536:
5523:
4656:Carey v. Population Services International
4342:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
4179:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
4029:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
3889:
3434:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
3322:
2875:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
2835:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
2561:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
2307:
2296:
2276:
2170:
2081:
1784:
1422:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
1014:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
937:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
907:
894:
877:
863:
855:
694:
692:
353:The ruling is considered a key example of
119:
6539:Environmental racism in the United States
6414:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
5627:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
5023:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
4904:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
4696:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
3950:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
3850:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
3778:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
2787:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
2755:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
2111:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
2034:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
1329:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
1161:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
392:As a case before the U.S. Supreme Court,
105:Learn how and when to remove this message
5472:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
2651:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
1631:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
1497:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
6206:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
5907:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
5175:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
5095:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
5047:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
4960:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
4800:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
3834:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
3653:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
2891:United States v. American Library Ass'n
2851:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
2803:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
544:
6529:Indigenous peoples and the environment
6499:United States First Amendment case law
5942:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
5111:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
5079:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
5071:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
5063:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
4816:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
4571:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
4171:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
4119:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
4098:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
4066:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
3770:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
3637:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
2947:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
2827:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
1826:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
1446:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
493:National Museum of the American Indian
6534:Native American history of California
6281:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
6198:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
5031:California Medical Association v. FEC
4680:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
4318:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
3588:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
3482:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
2819:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
1970:Bob Jones University v. United States
1030:Bob Jones University v. United States
750:
748:
598:. University of Idaho. Archived from
510:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
480:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
432:(1963), declared that the holding of
299:Brennan, joined by Marshall, Blackmun
205:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
117:1988 United States Supreme Court case
7:
6289:California Democratic Party v. Jones
5731:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
5151:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
5135:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
4920:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
4227:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
4155:Island Trees School District v. Pico
3826:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
2955:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
1249:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
192:1871; 56 U.S.L.W. 4292; 18 ELR 21043
6238:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
5603:New York Times Co. v. United States
4856:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
4784:State University of New York v. Fox
4768:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
3754:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
3669:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
3612:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
3082:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
2192:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
1382:Abington School District v. Schempp
1022:California v. Grace Brethren Church
55:Please consider converting them to
5856:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
4888:United States v. United Foods Inc.
4539:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
3901:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
3818:United States v. United Foods Inc.
3033:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
2140:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
1682:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
1572:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
1038:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
625:"Judicial restraint - Ballotpedia"
135:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
6494:United States Supreme Court cases
6390:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
5274:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
4776:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
4563:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
4523:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
4430:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
4398:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
3958:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
3786:Keller v. State Bar of California
3426:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
3299:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
3000:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
2811:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
2486:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
2074:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1564:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
1556:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
1513:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1454:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1438:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
1046:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
815:439 (1988) is available from:
6190:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
5875:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
5055:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
4848:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
4187:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
4163:Bethel School District v. Fraser
3535:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
3410:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
2103:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
1489:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
1321:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
128:
33:
5848:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
5437:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
5386:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
4896:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
4600:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
4246:Pickering v. Board of Education
4074:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3794:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
2963:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
2779:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
2691:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
2332:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
326:to the practice of religion on
6514:1988 in United States case law
6462:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
5776:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
5768:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
5699:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
5670:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
5619:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
4624:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
4499:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
4374:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
3738:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
2529:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
2462:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
2167:Statutory religious exemptions
2066:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
1358:McCollum v. Board of Education
1054:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
371:Environmental Impact Statement
369:drew up a report known as the
59:to ensure the article remains
1:
6265:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
6230:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
6182:Hishon v. King & Spalding
5207:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
4712:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
4664:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
4507:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
4390:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
4090:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
3997:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
3214:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
3041:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
1725:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
1217:New York v. Cathedral Academy
1097:Everson v. Board of Education
1089:Cochran v. Board of Education
969:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
886:United States First Amendment
315:, 485 U.S. 439 (1988), was a
6273:Tashjian v. Republican Party
6109:Bates v. City of Little Rock
6015:Protection from prosecution
5595:Lamont v. Postmaster General
5250:Bates v. City of Little Rock
3418:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
3315:Packingham v. North Carolina
3206:Lamont v. Postmaster General
2018:Employment Division v. Smith
460:After the case was decided,
367:United States Forest Service
350:tribes as a religious site.
6350:United States v. Cruikshank
5996:United States v. Cruikshank
5891:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
5832:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
5792:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
4037:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
3466:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
3362:Martin v. City of Struthers
3177:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
2707:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
2521:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
2470:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
1994:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
1505:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
317:United States Supreme Court
6555:
6519:Six Rivers National Forest
6489:Native American cemeteries
5883:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
5223:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
4952:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
4840:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
3709:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
3246:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
2569:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
2545:Gregory v. City of Chicago
985:Town of Greece v. Galloway
847:Oyez (oral argument audio)
332:Six Rivers National Forest
6382:Edwards v. South Carolina
6344:
6331:
6072:
6059:
5981:
5968:
5739:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
5587:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
5571:Lovell v. City of Griffin
5535:
5522:
3378:Edwards v. South Carolina
2931:United States v. Kilbride
2915:United States v. Williams
2715:Ginzburg v. United States
2295:
2275:
1802:Reynolds v. United States
1796:
1783:
906:
893:
303:
216:
202:
127:
6093:Watkins v. United States
5678:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
4616:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
4592:Valentine v. Chrestensen
4219:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3893:Compelled representation
3858:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
3564:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
3543:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3161:United States v. Eichman
3113:United States v. O'Brien
2939:United States v. Stevens
2723:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
2683:Marcus v. Search Warrant
2478:United States v. Alvarez
2409:clear and present danger
2340:Schenck v. United States
1850:United States v. Ballard
1548:United States v. Ballard
1465:Private religious speech
1305:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
1062:City of Boerne v. Flores
482:(AIRFA) of 1978, called
470:Siskiyou Wilderness Area
442:The Supreme Court cited
158:Secretary of Agriculture
142:Argued November 30, 1987
6509:1988 in the environment
6249:Primaries and elections
5800:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
5760:Beauharnais v. Illinois
5445:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
4483:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
3762:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
3717:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
3307:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
3291:Schneider v. New Jersey
3254:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
3105:Stromberg v. California
3008:United States v. Hansen
2614:Elonis v. United States
2513:Cantwell v. Connecticut
2429:imminent lawless action
2388:Dennis v. United States
2356:Abrams v. United States
2325:Alien and Sedition Acts
1842:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
1818:Cantwell v. Connecticut
1524:Internal church affairs
456:Subsequent developments
6174:Membership restriction
6066:Freedom of association
6017:and state restrictions
5715:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
5167:Citizens United v. FEC
4140:substantial disruption
3442:United States v. Grace
3338:Davis v. Massachusetts
3169:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
2643:Rosen v. United States
2622:Counterman v. Colorado
2598:Watts v. United States
2404:Yates v. United States
1954:Thomas v. Review Board
1882:Fowler v. Rhode Island
357:by the Supreme Court.
231:William J. Brennan Jr.
144:Decided April 19, 1988
5926:Copyrighted materials
5555:Patterson v. Colorado
5464:Procunier v. Martinez
5317:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
4459:restriction of speech
4446:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
2659:Roth v. United States
2372:Whitney v. California
2348:Debs v. United States
2148:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
2131:Ministerial exception
2085:Exclusion of religion
1986:Goldman v. Weinberger
769:10.1353/wic.2004.0020
534:, 450 U.S. 707 (1981)
526:, 406 U.S. 205 (1972)
5529:Freedom of the press
5353:Official retaliation
5007:and political speech
4531:Freedman v. Maryland
4475:Cox v. New Hampshire
4358:Garcetti v. Ceballos
3746:Machinists v. Street
3370:Niemotko v. Maryland
3354:Thornhill v. Alabama
3230:Butterworth v. Smith
3129:Spence v. Washington
2771:Miller v. California
2739:Ginsberg v. New York
2087:from public benefits
1962:United States v. Lee
1866:Niemotko v. Maryland
1790:Free Exercise Clause
1414:Edwards v. Aguillard
1390:Epperson v. Arkansas
1137:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
1129:Tilton v. Richardson
900:Establishment Clause
450:Free Exercise Clause
405:Opinion of the Court
324:Free Exercise Clause
184:108 S. Ct. 1319; 99
6338:Freedom to petition
6004:Presser v. Illinois
5975:Freedom of assembly
5915:Bartnicki v. Vopper
5496:Overton v. Bazzetta
5410:Gonzalez v. Trevino
4912:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
4632:Bigelow v. Virginia
4326:Waters v. Churchill
4310:Rankin v. McPherson
4254:Perry v. Sindermann
3506:McCullen v. Coakley
3402:Adderley v. Florida
3121:Cohen v. California
2976:to criminal conduct
2899:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
2675:Smith v. California
2667:One, Inc. v. Olesen
2553:Cohen v. California
2424:Brandenburg v. Ohio
1658:McGowan v. Maryland
1070:Cutter v. Wilkinson
1004:Statutory religious
838:Library of Congress
263:Sandra Day O'Connor
6297:Clingman v. Beaver
6214:Dallas v. Stanglin
6144:Baggett v. Bullitt
6025:De Jonge v. Oregon
5950:Eldred v. Ashcroft
5707:Branzburg v. Hayes
5662:Time, Inc. v. Hill
5394:Nieves v. Bartlett
5370:Reichle v. Howards
5341:Murthy v. Missouri
5215:Thompson v. Hebdon
5143:Randall v. Sorrell
4688:Friedman v. Rogers
4211:Morse v. Frederick
4082:Speiser v. Randall
3394:Brown v. Louisiana
3145:Dallas v. Stanglin
2984:New York v. Ferber
2883:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
2795:Jenkins v. Georgia
2747:Stanley v. Georgia
2731:Redrup v. New York
2699:Jacobellis v. Ohio
2537:Feiner v. New York
2364:Gitlow v. New York
2253:Ramirez v. Collier
1930:Wisconsin v. Yoder
1914:Sherbert v. Verner
1906:Torcaso v. Watkins
1890:Braunfeld v. Brown
1701:Torcaso v. Watkins
1674:Braunfeld v. Brown
1406:Wallace v. Jaffree
1289:Agostini v. Felton
1177:Wheeler v. Barrera
953:Van Orden v. Perry
779:– via JSTOR.
523:Wisconsin v. Yoder
429:Sherbert v. Verner
355:judicial restraint
227:Associate Justices
6476:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6422:McDonald v. Smith
6358:Thomas v. Collins
6327:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6257:Cousins v. Wigoda
6055:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6033:Thomas v. Collins
5964:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5824:McDonald v. Smith
5611:Pell v. Procunier
5563:Near v. Minnesota
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5199:McCutcheon v. FEC
4976:Iancu v. Brunetti
4808:Edenfield v. Fane
4583:Commercial speech
4262:Arnett v. Kennedy
4021:Iancu v. Brunetti
3924:Government grants
3919:
3918:
3730:of others' speech
3728:Compelled subsidy
3661:Wooley v. Maynard
3622:
3621:
3527:Widmar v. Vincent
3474:Burson v. Freeman
3458:Frisby v. Schultz
3185:Virginia v. Black
3018:
3017:
2907:Nitke v. Gonzales
2843:People v. Freeman
2763:Kois v. Wisconsin
2606:Virginia v. Black
2282:Freedom of speech
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2237:Sossamon v. Texas
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1741:Bowen v. Kendrick
1733:Larson v. Valente
1607:Taxpayer standing
1366:Zorach v. Clauson
1297:Mitchell v. Helms
1257:Aguilar v. Felton
1193:Meek v. Pittenger
1121:Lemon v. Kurtzman
929:Lynch v. Donnelly
921:Marsh v. Chambers
591:Wilson, Celeste.
476:Suzan Shown Harjo
308:
307:
243:Thurgood Marshall
223:William Rehnquist
115:
114:
107:
65:Several templates
16:(Redirected from
6546:
6398:Cox v. Louisiana
6333:
6101:NAACP v. Alabama
6074:
6061:
5983:
5970:
5541:Prior restraints
5537:
5524:
5480:Turner v. Safley
5362:Hartman v. Moore
5309:Marsh v. Alabama
5258:Buckley v. Valeo
5242:NAACP v. Alabama
5234:Anonymous speech
5127:McConnell v. FEC
5015:Buckley v. Valeo
5004:Campaign finance
4491:Kunz v. New York
4302:Connick v. Myers
4238:Public employees
3942:Rust v. Sullivan
3890:
3628:Compelled speech
3498:Hill v. Colorado
3386:Cox v. Louisiana
3323:
3153:Texas v. Johnson
2577:Snyder v. Phelps
2308:
2297:
2290:
2277:
2216:Tanzin v. Tanvir
2200:Zubik v. Burwell
2171:
2082:
2058:Tandon v. Newsom
1938:McDaniel v. Paty
1874:Kunz v. New York
1834:Jamison v. Texas
1785:
1709:McDaniel v. Paty
1241:Mueller v. Allen
1209:Wolman v. Walter
977:Salazar v. Buono
908:
895:
879:
872:
865:
856:
851:
845:
842:
836:
833:
827:
824:
818:
781:
780:
757:Wíčazo Ša Review
752:
743:
738:
732:
731:
724:
718:
717:
710:
704:
703:
696:
687:
686:
679:
673:
672:
665:
659:
642:
636:
635:
633:
631:
621:
615:
614:
612:
610:
605:on July 23, 2020
604:
597:
588:
579:
578:
576:
574:
569:on March 4, 2020
568:
562:. Archived from
557:
549:
212:Court membership
132:
131:
120:
110:
103:
99:
96:
90:
88:
77:
37:
36:
29:
21:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6468:
6374:NAACP v. Button
6340:
6319:
6244:
6169:
6150:
6131:
6117:NAACP v. Button
6068:
6047:
6016:
6010:
5977:
5956:
5921:
5867:Broadcast media
5862:
5859:(9th Cir. 2014)
5745:
5690:
5684:
5649:
5643:Tory v. Cochran
5579:Tucker v. Texas
5543:
5531:
5510:
5451:
5424:
5402:Egbert v. Boule
5347:
5333:Lindke v. Freed
5296:
5229:
5119:FEC v. Beaumont
5006:
4998:
4992:Vidal v. Elster
4577:
4515:NAACP v. Button
4458:
4452:
4422:Ex parte Curtis
4413:
4404:
4233:
4104:
4051:
4045:Vidal v. Elster
3987:
3980:
3925:
3915:
3888:
3882:Janus v. AFSCME
3866:Harris v. Quinn
3842:Locke v. Karass
3729:
3723:
3618:
3572:Brown v. Glines
3555:
3549:
3518:
3512:
3327:
3321:
3282:
3281:Content-neutral
3276:
3197:
3191:
3096:
3094:Symbolic speech
3088:
3066:Smith v. Goguen
3055:
3047:
3024:Strict scrutiny
3014:
2992:Osborne v. Ohio
2975:
2974:Speech integral
2969:
2934:(9th Cir. 2009)
2926:(6th Cir. 2009)
2910:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
2838:(7th Cir. 1985)
2654:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
2628:
2583:
2501:
2492:
2451:
2442:
2436:Hess v. Indiana
2380:Fiske v. Kansas
2335:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
2314:
2302:
2291:
2284:
2259:
2222:
2162:
2125:
2119:Carson v. Makin
2086:
2080:
1858:Tucker v. Texas
1810:Davis v. Beason
1792:
1771:
1765:Trump v. Hawaii
1717:Harris v. McRae
1688:
1645:
1602:
1532:Watson v. Jones
1519:
1460:
1398:Stone v. Graham
1374:Engel v. Vitale
1349:
1343:
1337:Carson v. Makin
1076:
1005:
999:
912:
911:Public displays
902:
889:
883:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
822:
816:
800:
790:
788:Further reading
785:
784:
754:
753:
746:
739:
735:
726:
725:
721:
712:
711:
707:
698:
697:
690:
681:
680:
676:
667:
666:
662:
643:
639:
629:
627:
623:
622:
618:
608:
606:
602:
595:
590:
589:
582:
572:
570:
566:
555:
551:
550:
546:
541:
518:
501:
458:
407:
363:
328:Native American
275:Anthony Kennedy
265:
255:John P. Stevens
253:
241:
193:
154:Richard E. Lyng
143:
137:
118:
111:
100:
94:
91:
79:
68:
54:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6552:
6550:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6481:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6458:
6450:
6442:
6434:
6430:Meyer v. Grant
6426:
6418:
6410:
6402:
6394:
6386:
6378:
6370:
6362:
6354:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6309:
6301:
6293:
6285:
6277:
6269:
6261:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6234:
6226:
6218:
6210:
6202:
6194:
6186:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6139:
6137:
6136:Future Conduct
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6121:
6113:
6105:
6097:
6089:
6080:
6078:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6037:
6029:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6000:
5991:
5989:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5966:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5946:
5938:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5911:
5903:
5895:
5887:
5879:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5852:
5844:
5836:
5828:
5820:
5812:
5804:
5796:
5788:
5780:
5772:
5764:
5755:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5735:
5727:
5719:
5711:
5703:
5694:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5674:
5666:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5623:
5615:
5607:
5599:
5591:
5583:
5575:
5567:
5559:
5550:
5548:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5504:Beard v. Banks
5500:
5492:
5488:Shaw v. Murphy
5484:
5476:
5468:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5441:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5414:
5406:
5398:
5390:
5382:
5374:
5366:
5357:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5337:
5329:
5321:
5313:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5286:
5278:
5270:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5115:
5107:
5099:
5091:
5083:
5075:
5067:
5059:
5051:
5043:
5035:
5027:
5019:
5010:
5008:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4892:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4860:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4462:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4442:
4434:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4382:Lane v. Franks
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4270:Elrod v. Burns
4266:
4258:
4250:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4147:Healy v. James
4143:
4131:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4094:
4086:
4078:
4070:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3100:
3098:
3097:versus conduct
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3037:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2504:heckler's veto
2498:Fighting words
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2420:
2412:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2319:
2305:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2095:Locke v. Davey
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1615:Flast v. Cohen
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1430:Lee v. Weisman
1426:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1350:public schools
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1169:Sloan v. Lemon
1165:
1157:
1153:Hunt v. McNair
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1105:Flast v. Cohen
1101:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1081:Public funding
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
989:
981:
973:
965:
957:
949:
941:
933:
925:
916:
914:
913:and ceremonies
904:
903:
898:
891:
890:
884:
882:
881:
874:
867:
859:
853:
852:
799:
798:External links
796:
795:
794:
789:
786:
783:
782:
744:
733:
719:
705:
688:
674:
660:
637:
616:
580:
543:
542:
540:
537:
536:
535:
527:
517:
514:
513:
512:
507:
500:
497:
466:Wilderness Act
457:
454:
406:
403:
362:
359:
306:
305:
301:
300:
297:
293:
292:
289:
285:
284:
280:
279:
278:
277:
267:Antonin Scalia
251:Harry Blackmun
228:
225:
220:
214:
213:
209:
208:
200:
199:
195:
194:
183:
167:
163:
162:
150:
149:Full case name
146:
145:
139:
138:
133:
125:
124:
116:
113:
112:
57:full citations
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6551:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6334:
6330:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6165:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:Organizations
6075:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6013:
6006:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5988:
5987:Incorporation
5984:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:Licensing and
4455:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4110:School speech
4107:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4057:Loyalty oaths
4054:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:and subsidies
3922:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3855:
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3851:
3847:
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3836:
3835:
3831:
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3823:
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3815:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3796:
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3791:
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3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
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3561:
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3558:
3552:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:Boos v. Barry
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:Content-based
3194:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:Bond v. Floyd
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:Holt v. Hobbs
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:Jones v. Wolf
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1002:
995:
994:
990:
987:
986:
982:
979:
978:
974:
971:
970:
966:
963:
962:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
946:
942:
939:
938:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
922:
918:
917:
915:
909:
905:
901:
896:
892:
887:
880:
875:
873:
868:
866:
861:
860:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:
797:
792:
791:
787:
778:
774:
770:
766:
763:(2): 143–51.
762:
758:
751:
749:
745:
742:
737:
734:
729:
723:
720:
715:
709:
706:
701:
695:
693:
689:
684:
678:
675:
670:
664:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
641:
638:
626:
620:
617:
601:
594:
587:
585:
581:
565:
561:
554:
548:
545:
538:
533:
532:
528:
525:
524:
520:
519:
516:Related cases
515:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
496:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
455:
453:
451:
447:
446:
440:
437:
435:
431:
430:
424:
422:
418:
417:
411:
404:
402:
398:
395:
390:
386:
384:
380:
374:
372:
368:
365:In 1982, the
360:
358:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
314:
313:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:Case opinions
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:Chief Justice
218:
217:
215:
210:
206:
201:
196:
191:
187:
181:
180:
175:
172:
168:
164:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
140:
136:
126:
121:
109:
106:
98:
86:
85:documentation
82:
75:
74:documentation
71:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
42:This article
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6460:
6452:
6444:
6436:
6428:
6420:
6412:
6404:
6396:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6364:
6356:
6348:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6287:
6279:
6271:
6263:
6255:
6236:
6228:
6220:
6212:
6204:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6163:In re Primus
6161:
6155:Solicitation
6142:
6123:
6115:
6107:
6099:
6091:
6083:
6039:
6031:
6023:
6002:
5994:
5948:
5940:
5932:
5913:
5905:
5897:
5889:
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5782:
5774:
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5689:Taxation and
5676:
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5392:
5384:
5378:Wood v. Moss
5376:
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5360:
5339:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5307:
5301:State action
5288:
5280:
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5256:
5248:
5240:
5221:
5213:
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5159:Davis v. FEC
5157:
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5069:
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4968:Matal v. Tam
4966:
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4720:In re R.M.J.
4718:
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4694:
4686:
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4672:In re Primus
4670:
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4638:
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4414:similar laws
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4096:
4088:
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4043:
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4027:
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4013:Matal v. Tam
4011:
4003:
3995:
3972:
3964:
3956:
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3907:
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3880:
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3808:
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3432:
3424:
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3408:
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3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3346:Hague v. CIO
3344:
3336:
3329:public forum
3313:
3305:
3297:
3289:
3283:restrictions
3268:
3260:
3252:
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3183:
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3159:
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2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2859:Reno v. ACLU
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
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2665:
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2641:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2589:True threats
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2453:false speech
2434:
2422:
2414:
2402:
2399:(1955; 1961)
2394:
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2093:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
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2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1978:Bowen v. Roy
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1922:Cruz v. Beto
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
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1824:
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804:
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722:
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663:
658: (1988).
644:
640:
628:. Retrieved
619:
607:. Retrieved
600:the original
571:. Retrieved
564:the original
547:
529:
521:
487:
483:
474:
459:
445:Bowen v. Roy
443:
441:
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311:
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177:
152:
101:
92:
81:Citation bot
43:
26:
6454:Doe v. Reed
5635:Lowe v. SEC
5282:Doe v. Reed
3053:Overbreadth
2846:(Cal. 1988)
2301:Unprotected
1348:Religion in
239:Byron White
95:August 2022
6483:Categories
5751:Defamation
5691:privileges
5546:censorship
3988:as speaker
3986:Government
3517:Designated
2448:Defamation
2312:Incitement
1006:exemptions
539:References
379:inter alia
361:Background
336:California
190:U.S. LEXIS
188:534; 1988
61:verifiable
4410:Hatch Act
3554:Nonpublic
3057:Vagueness
2634:Obscenity
1650:Blue laws
777:161592729
186:L. Ed. 2d
166:Citations
46:bare URLs
5429:Boycotts
2317:sedition
888:case law
803:Text of
609:July 22,
573:July 22,
499:See also
462:Congress
320:landmark
288:Majority
50:link rot
5654:Privacy
5456:Prisons
4138:(1969,
2427:(1969,
2407:(1957,
820:Cornell
702:. Oyez.
296:Dissent
198:Holding
6465:(2011)
6457:(2010)
6449:(2002)
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3326:In the
3318:(2017)
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3273:(2022)
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2678:(1959)
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2646:(1896)
2625:(2023)
2617:(2015)
2609:(2003)
2601:(1969)
2580:(2011)
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2564:(1977)
2556:(1971)
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2473:(1988)
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2327:(1798)
2303:speech
2287:portal
2256:(2022)
2248:(2015)
2240:(2011)
2228:RLUIPA
2219:(2020)
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2187:(2006)
2159:(2020)
2151:(2012)
2143:(1979)
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2045:(2018)
2037:(2002)
2029:(1993)
2021:(1990)
2013:(1989)
2005:(1989)
1997:(1987)
1989:(1986)
1981:(1986)
1973:(1983)
1965:(1982)
1957:(1981)
1949:(1981)
1941:(1978)
1933:(1972)
1925:(1972)
1917:(1963)
1909:(1961)
1901:(1961)
1893:(1961)
1885:(1953)
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1869:(1951)
1861:(1946)
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1768:(2018)
1760:(1994)
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1591:(1979)
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1516:(2022)
1508:(2022)
1500:(2001)
1492:(1995)
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1476:(1993)
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1332:(2020)
1324:(2017)
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1116:(1968)
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1100:(1947)
1092:(1930)
1073:(2005)
1065:(1997)
1057:(1989)
1049:(1987)
1041:(1985)
1033:(1983)
1025:(1982)
1017:(1970)
996:(2019)
988:(2014)
980:(2010)
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956:(2005)
948:(1989)
940:(1985)
932:(1984)
924:(1983)
850:
844:
841:
835:
832:
829:Justia
826:
823:
817:
775:
647:,
630:May 1,
348:Tolowa
346:, and
273:
271:·
269:
261:
259:·
257:
249:
247:·
245:
237:
235:·
233:
70:reFill
3556:forum
1693:Other
811:
773:S2CID
651:
603:(PDF)
596:(PDF)
567:(PDF)
556:(PDF)
344:Karuk
340:Yurok
44:uses
5544:and
2502:the
2315:and
2175:RFRA
813:U.S.
653:U.S.
632:2017
611:2020
575:2020
488:Lyng
434:Lyng
421:Lyng
203:The
179:more
171:U.S.
169:485
78:and
4412:and
2500:and
2450:and
809:485
765:doi
656:439
649:485
334:in
174:439
6485::
807:,
771:.
761:19
759:.
747:^
691:^
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495:.
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20:)
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