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609:(NICE) considered evidence of the effectiveness and the potential risks of the laser surgery, stating "current evidence suggests that photorefractive (laser) surgery for the correction of refractive errors is safe and effective for use in appropriately selected patients. Clinicians undertaking photorefractive (laser) surgery for the correction of refractive errors should ensure that patients understand the benefits and potential risks of the procedure. Risks include failure to achieve the expected improvement in unaided vision, development of new visual disturbances, corneal infection and flap complications. These risks should be weighed against those of wearing spectacles or contact lenses." The FDA reports "The safety and effectiveness of refractive procedures has not been determined in patients with some diseases."
544:"A method and apparatus for modifying the curvature of a live cornea via use of an excimer laser. The live cornea has a thin layer removed therefrom, leaving an exposed internal surface thereon. Then, either the surface or thin layer is exposed to the laser beam along a predetermined pattern to ablate desired portions. The thin layer is then replaced onto the surface. Ablating a central area of the surface or thin layer makes the cornea less curved, while ablating an annular area spaced from the center of the surface or layer makes the cornea more curved. The desired predetermined pattern is formed by use of a variable diaphragm, a rotating orifice of variable size, a movable mirror or a movable fiber optic cable through which the laser beam is directed towards the exposed internal surface or removed thin layer."
747: – an inflammatory process that involves an accumulation of white blood cells at the interface between the LASIK corneal flap and the underlying stroma. It is known colloquially as "sands of Sahara syndrome" because on slit lamp exam, the inflammatory infiltrate appears similar to waves of sand. The USAeyes organisation reports an incidence of 2.3% after LASIK. It is most commonly treated with steroid eye drops. Sometimes it is necessary for the eye surgeon to lift the flap and manually remove the accumulated cells. DLK has not been reported with photorefractive keratectomy due to the absence of flap creation.
513:"The central corneal flattening obtained by radial diamond knife incisions has been duplicated by radial laser incisions in 18 enucleated human eyes. The incisions, made by 193 nm far-ultraviolet light radiation emitted by the excimer laser, produced corneal flattening ranging from 0.12 to 5.35 diopters. Both the depth of the corneal incisions and the degree of central corneal flattening correlated with the laser energy applied. Histopathology revealed the remarkably smooth edges of the laser incisions."
403:. In patients who have an element of internally induced astigmatism, therefore, the wavefront-guided astigmatism correction may leave regular astigmatism behind (a cross-cylinder effect). If the patient has preexisting irregular astigmatism, wavefront-guided approaches may leave both regular and irregular astigmatism behind. This can result in less-than-optimal visual acuity compared with a wavefront-guided approach combined with vector planning, as shown in a 2008 study.
832:(DoD) launched the LASIK Quality of Life Collaboration Project (LQOLCP) to help better understand the potential risk of severe problems that can result from LASIK in response to widespread reports of problems experienced by patients after LASIK laser eye surgery. This project examined patient-reported outcomes with LASIK (PROWL). The project consisted of three phases: pilot phase, phase I, phase II (PROWL-1) and phase III (PROWL-2).
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when asleep and to reduce dry eyes. They also are required to moisturize the eyes with preservative-free tears and follow directions for prescription drops. Occasionally after the procedure a bandage contact lens is placed to aid the healing, and typically removed after 3–4 days. Patients should be adequately informed by their surgeons of the importance of proper post-operative care to minimize the risk of complications.
646:. Independent research indicates 95% of patients experience dry eye in the initial post-operative period. This number has been reported to up to 60% after one month. Symptoms begin to improve in the vast majority of patients in the 6 to 12 months following the surgery. However, 30% of post-LASIK referrals to tertiary ophthalmology care centers have been shown to be due to chronic dry eye.
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Another important factor is whether the excimer laser can correctly register eye position in 3 dimensions, and to track the eye in all the possible directions of eye movement. If a wavefront guided treatment is performed with less than perfect registration and tracking, pre-existing aberrations can be worsened. In older patients,
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2007 to 2011. Within this time frame, LASIK searches declined by 40% in the United States. Countries such as the U.K. and India also showed a decline, 22% and 24% respectively. Canada, however, showed an increase in LASIK searches by 8%. This decrease in interest can be attributed to several factors: the emergence of
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induced in the eye by earlier methods. A meta-analysis of eight trials showed a lower incidence of these higher order aberrations in patients who had wavefront-guided LASIK compared to non-wavefront-guided LASIK. Based on their experience, the United States Air Force has described WFG-Lasik as giving
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People with large pupils (e.g. due to taking medications or in the younger age group) may be particularly prone to symptoms such as glare, halos, starbursts, and ghost images (double vision) in dim light after surgery. Because the laser can only work on the inner section of the cornea, the outer rim
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The FDA's director of the
Division of Ophthalmic Devices said about the LASIK study: "Given the large number of patients undergoing LASIK annually, dissatisfaction and disabling symptoms may occur in a significant number of patients". Also in 2014, FDA published an article highlighting the risks and
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For climbers – Although the cornea usually is thinner after LASIK, because of the removal of part of the stroma, refractive surgeons strive to maintain the maximum thickness to avoid structurally weakening the cornea. Decreased atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes has not been demonstrated
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Flap complications – The incidence of flap complications is about 0.244%. Flap complications (such as displaced flaps or folds in the flaps that necessitate repositioning, diffuse lamellar keratitis, and epithelial ingrowth) are common in lamellar corneal surgeries but rarely lead to permanent
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introduced LASIK to ten VISX centers. In 1998, the "Kremer
Excimer Laser", serial number KEA 940202, received FDA approval for its singular use for performing LASIK. Subsequently, Summit Technology was the first company to receive FDA approval to mass manufacture and distribute excimer lasers. VISX
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The "leftover" astigmatism after a purely surface-guided laser correction can be calculated beforehand, and is called ocular residual astigmatism (ORA). ORA is a calculation of astigmatism due to the noncorneal surface (internal) optics. The purely refraction-based approach represented by wavefront
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No good data can be found that compare the percentage of LASIK procedures that employ wavefront guidance versus the percentage that do not, nor the percentage of refractive surgeons who have a preference one way or the other. Wavefront technology continues to be positioned as an "advance" in LASIK
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Patients are usually given a course of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops. These are continued in the weeks following surgery. Patients are told to rest and are given dark eyeglasses to protect their eyes from bright lights and occasionally protective goggles to prevent rubbing of the eyes
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Morris Waxler, a former FDA official who was involved in the approval of LASIK, subsequently criticized its widespread use. In 2010, Waxler made media appearances and claimed that the procedure had a failure rate greater than 50%. The FDA responded that Waxler's information was "filled with false
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The procedure seems to be a declining option for many in the United States, dropping more than 50 percent, from about 1.5 million surgeries in 2007 to 604,000 in 2015, according to the eye-care data source Market Scope. A study determined the frequency with which LASIK was searched on Google from
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The pathway to "super vision" thus may require a more customized approach to corneal astigmatism than is usually attempted, and any remaining astigmatism ought to be regular (as opposed to irregular), which are both fundamental principles of vector planning overlooked by a purely wavefront-guided
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laboratory, discovered that an ultraviolet excimer laser could etch living tissue, with precision and with no thermal damage to the surrounding area. The phenomenon was termed "ablative photo-decomposition" (APD). Five years later, in 1985, Steven Trokel at the Edward S. Harkness Eye
Institute,
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recommends people wait until age 21 because vision needs to stabilize. More importantly the patient's eye prescription should be stable for at least one year prior to surgery. The patient may be examined with pupillary dilation and education given prior to the procedure. Before the surgery, the
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published a patient satisfaction meta-analysis of over 3,000 peer-reviewed articles from international clinical journals. Data from a systematic literature review conducted from 1988 to 2008, consisting of 309 peer-reviewed articles about "properly conducted, well-designed, randomized clinical
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sensor. The goal is to achieve a more optically perfect eye, though the result still depends on the physician's success at predicting changes that occur during healing and other factors that may have to do with the regularity/irregularity of the cornea and the axis of any residual astigmatism.
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and other irregularities in the shape of the cornea. Using this information, the surgeon calculates the amount and the location of corneal tissue to be removed. The patient is prescribed and self-administers an antibiotic beforehand to minimize the risk of infection after the procedure and is
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LASIK with the IntraLase femtosecond laser: early trials comparing to the LASIK with microkeratomes for the correction of myopia suggest no significant differences in safety or efficacy. However, the femtosecond laser has a potential advantage in predictability, although this finding was not
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techniques which were introduced by the
University of Michigan's Center for Ultrafast Optical Science. The goal of replacing standard LASIK in refractive surgery is to avoid permanently weakening the cornea with incisions and to deliver less energy to the surrounding tissues. More recently,
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The patents related to so-called broad-beam LASIK and PRK technologies were granted to US companies including Visx and Summit during 1990–1995 based on the fundamental US patent issued to IBM (1988) which claimed the use of UV laser for the ablation of organic tissues.
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sometimes offered a short acting oral sedative medication as a pre-medication. Prior to the procedure, anaesthetic eye drops are instilled. Factors that may rule out LASIK for some patients include large pupils, thin corneas and extremely dry eyes.
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because of vision problems or pain associated with the surgery. A small percentage of patients may need further surgery because their condition is over- or under-corrected. Some patients need to wear contact lenses or glasses even after treatment.
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561:(FDA) commenced a trial of the excimer laser in 1989. The first enterprise to receive FDA approval to use an excimer laser for photo-refractive keratectomy was Summit Technology. In 1992, under the direction of the FDA, Greek ophthalmologist
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A 2017 study claims that overall, preoperative symptoms decreased significantly, and visual acuity excelled. A meta-analysis discovered that 97% of patients achieved uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/40, while 62% achieved 20/20.
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A 2017 systematic review found uncertainty in visual acuity, but found that in one study, those receiving PRK were less likely to achieve a refractive error, and were less likely to have an over-correction than compared to LASIK.
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Levinson BA, Rapuano CJ, Cohen EJ, Hammersmith KM, Ayres BD, Laibson PR (January 2008). "Referrals to the Wills Eye
Institute Cornea Service after laser in situ keratomileusis: reasons for patient dissatisfaction".
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There was evidence that LASIK gives a faster visual recovery than PRK and is a less painful technique. Results at one year after surgery were comparable: most analyses favoured LASIK but they were not statistically
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Alpins N, Stamatelatos G (April 2007). "Customized photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy using combined topographic and refractive data for myopia and astigmatism in eyes with forme fruste and mild keratoconus".
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Wavefront-guided LASIK is a variation of LASIK surgery in which, rather than applying a simple correction of only long/short-sightedness and astigmatism (only lower order aberrations as in traditional LASIK), an
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Less than 1 percent of study participants experienced "a lot of" difficulty with or inability to do usual activities without corrective lenses because of their visual symptoms (halos, glare, et al.) after LASIK
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As of 2018, roughly 9.5 million
Americans have had LASIK and, globally, between 1991 and 2016, more than 40 million procedures were performed. However, the procedure seemed to be a declining option as of 2015.
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Late postoperative complications – A large body of evidence on the chances of long-term complications is not yet established and may be changing due to advances in operator experience, instruments and
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Carrillo C, Chayet AS, Dougherty PJ, Montes M, Magallanes R, Najman J, et al. (2005). "Incidence of complications during flap creation in LASIK using the NIDEK MK-2000 microkeratome in 26,600 cases".
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Flap interface particles – are a finding whose clinical significance is undetermined. Particles of various sizes and reflectivity are clinically visible in about 38.7% of eyes examined via
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is left unaffected. In dim lighting, a patient's pupils dilate and may be predisposed to optic aberrations due to refractive asynchrony of the two regions with regards to the incoming light.
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Participants who developed new visual symptoms after surgery, most often developed halos. Up to 40 percent of participants with no halos before LASIK had halos three months following surgery.
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Still, surgeons claim patients are generally more satisfied with this technique than with previous methods, particularly regarding lowered incidence of "halos," the visual artifact caused by
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Topography-assisted LASIK is intended to be an advancement in precision and reduce night-vision side effects. The first topography-assisted device received FDA approval 13 September 2013.
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Jabbur NS, Sakatani K, O'Brien TP (September 2004). "Survey of complications and recommendations for management in dissatisfied patients seeking a consultation after refractive surgery".
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Participants who were not satisfied with the LASIK surgery reported all types of visual symptoms the questionnaire measured (double vision/ghosting, starbursts, glare, and halos).
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Solomon KD, Fernández de Castro LE, Sandoval HP, Biber JM, Groat B, Neff KD, et al. (April 2009). "LASIK world literature review: quality of life and patient satisfaction".
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Alpins N, Stamatelatos G (August 2008). "Clinical outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis using combined topography and refractive wavefront treatments for myopic astigmatism".
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A systematic review that compared PRK and LASIK concluded that LASIK has shorter recovery time and less pain. The two techniques after a period of one year have similar results.
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Complications due to LASIK have been classified as those that occur due to preoperative, intraoperative, early postoperative, or late postoperative sources: According to the UK
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Fares U, Suleman H, Al-Aqaba MA, Otri AM, Said DG, Dua HS (August 2011). "Efficacy, predictability, and safety of wavefront-guided refractive laser treatment: metaanalysis".
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suggested a flap of cornea could be raised by microkeratome prior to the performing of PRK with the excimer laser. The addition of a flap to PRK became known as LASIK.
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1051:"Lasik's Risks Are Coming Into Sharper Focus – Some patients who undergo the eye surgery report a variety of side effects. They may persist for years, studies show"
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When treating a patient with preexisting astigmatism, most wavefront-guided LASIK lasers are designed to treat regular astigmatism as determined externally by
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treatment plan. This was confirmed by the 2008 study mentioned above, which found a greater reduction in corneal astigmatism and better visual outcomes under
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Bailey MD, Mitchell GL, Dhaliwal DK, Boxer
Wachler BS, Zadnik K (July 2003). "Patient satisfaction and visual symptoms after laser in situ keratomileusis".
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705:, which normally drains fluid from the eye. Some patients complain of ongoing dry-eye symptoms despite such treatments and the symptoms may be permanent.
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756: – a condition where the cornea starts to bulge forwards at a variable time after LASIK, causing irregular astigmatism. the condition is similar to
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using wavefront technology combined with vector analysis than using wavefront technology alone, and also found equivalent higher-order aberrations (see
354:, the middle section of the cornea. Pulses from a computer-controlled laser (excimer laser) vaporize a portion of the stroma and the flap is replaced.
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The procedure involves creating a thin flap on the eye, folding it to enable remodeling of the tissue beneath with a laser and repositioning the flap.
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A number of patents have been issued for several techniques related to LASIK. Rangaswamy
Srinivasan and James Wynne filed a patent application on the
2405:, Sachdev N, Weed KH, Brown AD (April 2000). "Functional, psychological, and satisfaction outcomes of laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia".
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Shortt AJ, Allan BD, Evans JR (January 2013). "Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia".
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Shortt AJ, Allan BD, Evans JR (January 2013). "Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia".
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Sanders DR, Vukich JA (May 2003). "Comparison of implantable contact lens and laser assisted in situ keratomileusis for moderate to high myopia".
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Up to 46 percent of participants, who had no visual symptoms before surgery, reported at least one visual symptom at three months after surgery.
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and Terry
Clapham, Trokel founded VISX USA inc. Marguerite B. MacDonald MD performed the first human VISX refractive laser eye surgery in 1989.
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2025:"VISX - World Leader in Laser Vision Correction Technology used for Conventional LASIK, Wavefront Guided LASIK, PRK, LASEK, and PTK Procedures"
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to alter its shape. Barraquer also investigated how much of the cornea had to be left unaltered in order to provide stable long-term results.
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Alpins NA (2002). "Wavefront technology: a new advance that fails to answer old questions on corneal vs. refractive astigmatism correction".
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Performing the laser ablation in the deeper corneal stroma provides for more rapid visual recovery and less pain than the earlier technique,
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Sun L, Liu G, Ren Y, Li J, Hao J, Liu X, et al. (2005). "Efficacy and safety of LASIK in 10,052 eyes of 5081 myopic
Chinese patients".
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Up to 28 percent of participants with no symptoms of dry eyes before LASIK, reported dry eye symptoms at three months after their surgery.
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2093:, Samuel E. Blum, Rangaswamy Srinivasan, James J. Wynne, "Far ultraviolet surgical and dental procedures", issued 1988-11-15
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to determine their thickness, and with a topographer, or corneal topography machine, to measure their surface contour. Using low-power
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McDonald MB, Kaufman HE, Frantz JM, Shofner S, Salmeron B, Klyce SD (May 1989). "Excimer laser ablation in a human eye. Case report".
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Walsh MJ. Is the future of refractive surgery based on corneal topography or wavefront? "Ocular Surgery News". 1 August 2000, page 26.
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Since 1991, there have been further developments such as faster lasers; larger spot areas; bladeless flap incisions; intraoperative
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Rodemich K (2010). "Former FDA official warns of LASIK risks: the man who OK'd LASIK now warns of an "epidemic" of eye problems".
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should be treated before consideration for LASIK. Women who are pregnant or nursing are generally not eligible to undergo LASIK.
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Traumatic flap dislocations – Cases of late traumatic flap dislocations have been reported up to thirteen years after LASIK.
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loss of visual acuity. The incidence of these microkeratome-related complications decreases with increased physician experience.
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1696:"Refractive Laser Surgery: An In-Depth Look at LASIK and Brief Overview of PRK, Epi-LASIK, and LASEK: A Science Writer's Guide"
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Technolas FEMTEC laser: for incisionless IntraCOR ablation for presbyopia, with trials ongoing for myopia and other conditions.
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95% of patients report dry-eye symptoms after LASIK. Although it is usually temporary, it can develop into chronic and severe
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3890:"Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK) versus laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for correcting myopia"
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Alió JL, Montés-Mico R (February 2006). "Wavefront-guided versus standard LASIK enhancement for residual refractive errors".
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Sugar A, Hood CT, Mian SI (January 2017). "Patient-Reported Outcomes Following LASIK: Quality of Life in the PROWL Studies".
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Suarez E, Torres F, Vieira JC, Ramirez E, Arevalo JF (October 2002). "Anterior uveitis after laser in situ keratomileusis".
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Boes DA, Omura AK, Hennessy MJ (December 2001). "Effect of high-altitude exposure on myopic laser in situ keratomileusis".
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350:) is used to cut a flap in the cornea. A hinge is left at one end of this flap. The flap is folded back revealing the
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3795:"IntraLase femtosecond laser vs mechanical microkeratomes in LASIK for myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
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Caster AI, Hoff JL, Ruiz R (2005). "Conventional vs wavefront-guided LASIK using the LADARVision4000 excimer laser".
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with putative advantages; however, it is clear that not all LASIK procedures are performed with wavefront guidance.
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a list of factors and conditions individuals should consider when choosing a doctor for their refractive surgery.
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3692:"CRSTodayEurope.com > May 2010 > Industry interview: Aiming to change the face of refractive surgery—again"
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applies a spatially varying correction, guiding the computer-controlled excimer laser with measurements from a
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or thin corneas may disqualify patients from LASIK, though other procedures may be viable options. Those with
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Corneal scarring – or permanent problems with cornea's shape making it impossible to wear contact lenses.
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593:, the economic recession in 2008, and unfavorable media coverage from the FDA's 2008 press release on LASIK.
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EW Dialogue: the future of wavefront refraction as a diagnostic tool. "EyeWorld". May 2000, pages 64 and 65.
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Ruiz-Moreno JM, Alió JL (2003). "Incidence of retinal disease following refractive surgery in 9,239 eyes".
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for refractive correction. and is in European clinical trials for the correction of myopia and keratoconus.
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Surveys of LASIK surgery find rates of patient satisfaction between 92 and 98 percent. In March 2008, the
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LASIK permanently changes the shape of the cornea, the clear covering of the front of the eye, using an
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2819:"Laser in situ keratomileusis in patients with collagen vascular disease: a review of the literature"
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Pallikaris IG, Panagopoulou SI (July 2015). "PresbyLASIK approach for the correction of presbyopia".
2317:"[Lasik, PRK and quality of vision: a study of prognostic factors and a satisfaction survey]"
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1989:
Cotliar AM, Schubert HD, Mandel ER, Trokel SL (February 1985). "Excimer laser radial keratotomy".
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Dimmig JW, Tabin G (2003). "The ascent of Mount Everest following laser in situ keratomileusis".
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Infection – the incidence of infection responsive to treatment has been estimated at 0.04%.
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Tham VM, Maloney RK (May 2000). "Microkeratome complications of laser in situ keratomileusis".
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Corcoran KJ (July 2015). "Macroeconomic landscape of refractive surgery in the United States".
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Potential best vision loss may occur a year after the surgery regardless of the use of eyewear.
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The LASIK technique was implemented in the US after its successful application elsewhere. The
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of the cornea. The procedure is contraindicated if the topographer finds difficulties such as
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3461:"Families deal with repercussions after rare but severe complications from laser eye surgery"
2239:"Gauging interest of the general public in laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis eye surgery"
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Some people with poor outcomes from LASIK surgical procedures report a significantly reduced
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in New York City, published his work using the excimer laser in radial keratotomy. He wrote,
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or incipient cataract) may play a role that outweighs any benefit from wavefront correction.
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have been developed that avoid touching the epithelial basement membrane or Bowman's layer.
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2112:, Gholam A. Peyman, "Method for modifying corneal curvature", issued 1988-06-20
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1930:"Prize for the Industrial Application of Physics Winner – American Institute of Physics"
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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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was granted a US patent for using an excimer laser to modify corneal curvature. It was,
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analysis actually conflicts with corneal surgical experience developed over many years.
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4016:
2995:
Vesaluoma M, Pérez-Santonja J, Petroll WM, Linna T, Alió J, Tervo T (February 2000).
1205:
663:
533:
457:
343:
230:
226:
218:
210:
75:
58:
3345:
3267:
3224:
2737:
2675:
2632:
2434:
1787:
1681:
1637:
1356:
1221:
4300:
4100:
4077:
3905:
3866:
1483:
1271:
1126:"Medical Mystery: Preparation for surgery revealed cause of deteriorating eyesight"
501:
3407:
3294:
3173:
3058:
2905:
1967:
1583:
1410:
118:
3813:
3372:
3106:
Galvis V, Tello A, Ortiz AI, Quintero MP, Parra MM, Blanco NA (April–June 2019).
2927:
2721:
2461:
2254:
1340:
1157:
Lovisolo CF, Reinstein DZ (November–December 2005). "Phakic intraocular lenses".
713:
Some post-LASIK patients see halos and starbursts around bright lights at night.
104:
4654:
4614:
4245:
4011:
3124:
2996:
887:
871:
757:
530:
420:
326:
112:
3950:
3656:"Avedro Receives the European Union's CE Mark for its Vedera Ophthalmic Device"
2659:
2616:
1771:
1665:
1621:
835:
The results of the LASIK Quality of Life Study were published in October 2014.
642:
The most common reason for dissatisfaction in LASIK patients is chronic severe
4639:
4634:
4476:
4471:
4446:
1000:
922:
659:
573:
The excimer laser that was used for the first LASIK surgeries by I. Pallikaris
476:. In his clinic, he would cut thin (one hundredth of a mm thick) flaps in the
389:
3080:
1440:
622:
trials" found a 95.4 percent patient satisfaction rate among LASIK patients.
4424:
4158:
2496:
969:
734:
702:
384:
202:
79:
3923:
3874:
3821:
3415:
3380:
3337:
3302:
3259:
3216:
3181:
3143:
3066:
3012:
2978:
2913:
2854:
2729:
2667:
2624:
2588:
2504:
2469:
2426:
2387:
2340:
2272:
1779:
1673:
1629:
1591:
1491:
1348:
1213:
1178:
907:
465:
3329:
2071:
2010:
4451:
2287:"Photorefractive (laser) surgery for the correction of refractive errors"
1915:
1864:"Topography-guided LASIK: A paradigm shift in refractive laser treatment"
1542:
Walsh MJ. Wavefront is showing signs of success, but can it do it alone?
662:. Results are, however, more variable and some people have a decrease in
393:
2835:
2817:
Simpson RG, Moshirfar M, Edmonds JN, Christiansen SM, Behunin N (2012).
2788:"LASIK – What are the risks and how can I find the right doctor for me?"
1937:
4280:
791:
650:
statements, incorrect citations" and "mischaracterization of results".
304:(FDA) has approved LASIK for people 18 years of age and older, but the
277:
179:
2570:
569:
128:
4042:
477:
310:
257:
253:
198:
798:
as extremely dangerous to the eyes of LASIK patients. However, some
346:. A mechanical microkeratome (a blade device) or a laser keratome (
2028:
993:
965:
763:
Subconjunctival hemorrhage – A report shows the incidence of
694:
568:
469:
318:
284:, an approach based on the Alpins method of astigmatism analysis.
175:
20:
3595:"LASIK for Myopia and Astigmatism: Safety and Efficacy – EyeWiki"
280:
reshaping techniques such as LASIK have been standardized by the
3793:
Chen S, Feng Y, Stojanovic A, Jankov MR, Wang Q (January 2012).
683:. Quality of life can be severely affected by dry-eye syndrome.
236:
LASIK is very similar to another surgical corrective procedure,
3963:
3316:
Hammer T, Heynemann M, Naumann I, Duncker GI (March 2006). "".
3108:"Traumatic corneal flap avulsion and loss 13 years after LASIK"
3995:
999:
Keraflex: a thermobiochemical solution which has received the
901:
701:
is accomplished by placing a collagen or silicone plug in the
419:). Vector planning also proved advantageous in patients with
2129:"FDA-Approved Lasers for PRK and Other Refractive Surgeries"
1729:"Cost of LASIK eye surgery and other corrective procedures"
1441:"Am I a Candidate For LASIK Surgery? TLC Laser Eye Centers"
157:
1890:"Refractive keratoplasty: keratophakia and keratomileusis"
163:
1239:. Cataract and Refractive Surgery Today. Archived from
658:
A type of LASIK, known as presbyLasik, may be used in
4716:
1894:
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
802:
have experienced a myopic shift at extreme altitudes.
607:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
166:
160:
3559:
LASIK Quality of Life Collaboration Project (LQOLCP)
2872:
Focal Points: Clinical Modules for Ophthalmologists.
154:
4693:
4673:
4598:
4526:
4489:
4397:
4359:
4319:
4291:
4229:
4122:
4113:
4086:
4041:
4032:
2874:American Academy of Ophthalmology. September 2004.
2237:Stein JD, Childers DM, Nan B, Mian SI (July 2013).
1833:"Nidek EC-5000 Excimer Laser System – P970053/S011"
619:
American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
151:
111:
97:
85:
69:
45:
2201:"Lasik surgery falling out of favor with patients"
878:, corneal epithelial basement membrane dystrophy,
870:Not everyone is eligible to receive LASIK. Severe
229:to reshape the corneal stroma in order to improve
2997:"Corneal stromal changes induced by myopic LASIK"
1565:
1563:
1561:
988:: using all-femtosecond correction, for example,
720:, complications occur in fewer than 5% of cases.
3001:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
986:Femtosecond laser intrastromal vision correction
837:
260:which cannot be treated with LASIK or PRK, the
3888:Kuryan J, Cheema A, Chuck RS (February 2017).
3665:(Press release). 20 April 2010. Archived from
3155:
3153:
2315:Saragoussi D, Saragoussi JJ (September 2004).
2160:
2158:
1513:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier.
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
839:Based on our initial analyses of our studies:
773:Epithelial ingrowth – estimated at 0.01%.
737:biomicroscopy and in 100% of eyes examined by
3975:
3494:"LASIK Quality of Life Collaboration Project"
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
1603:
1601:
697:, prescription tears, and punctal occlusion.
416:
8:
2990:
2988:
948:"wavefront-optimized" and "wavefront-guided"
252:of vision. For people with moderate to high
3894:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3855:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3848:
3846:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
1803:"Air Force aims for 'weapons-grade' vision"
1472:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1080:
1078:
690:are considered contraindications to Lasik.
686:Underlying conditions with dry eye such as
4382:Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty
4119:
4038:
3982:
3968:
3960:
3955:United States National Library of Medicine
3318:Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde
3240:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
3197:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
2648:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
2605:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
2407:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
1760:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
1654:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
1610:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
1295:"A Look at LASIK Past, Present and Future"
51:
3913:
3133:
3123:
2844:
2834:
2578:
2262:
1905:
1237:"Nd:YAG Treatment of Epithelial Ingrowth"
1015:Comparison to photorefractive keratectomy
63:US National Naval Medical Center Bethesda
4588:Optical coherence tomography angiography
1370:
1368:
1366:
19:For the drug used for hypertension, see
4723:
4387:Pre-Descemet's endothelial keratoplasty
3551:
3549:
3488:
3486:
2516:
2514:
2292:. National Health Service. March 2006.
2166:"List of FDA-Approved Lasers for LASIK"
2085:
2083:
2081:
1032:
296:Pre-operative examination and education
221:to create a corneal flap to expose the
4271:Manual small incision cataract surgery
3605:from the original on 14 September 2024
3471:from the original on 14 September 2024
3459:St Philip E, Favaro A (7 April 2019).
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
2938:from the original on 28 September 2011
2761:from the original on 14 September 2024
2749:
2747:
2534:from the original on 14 September 2024
2180:from the original on 14 September 2024
2143:from the original on 14 September 2024
1839:(FDA). 13 October 2013. Archived from
1451:from the original on 15 September 2024
1390:from the original on 19 September 2019
1119:
1117:
1115:
42:
4518:Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus
4511:Minimally invasive strabismus surgery
3504:from the original on 16 November 2019
3083:. American Academy of Ophthalmology.
3019:from the original on 5 September 2010
2798:from the original on 7 September 2019
2296:from the original on 22 November 2014
1701:. American Academy of Ophthalmology.
329:The preparatory process also detects
282:American National Standards Institute
7:
4206:Phakic intraocular lens implantation
3636:from the original on 18 October 2021
2755:"Laser eye surgery and lens surgery"
2064:10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010659013
1421:from the original on 18 January 2024
1322:
1320:
876:Fuchs' corneal endothelial dystrophy
824:In October 2009, the US FDA, the US
536:, in 1986, issued in 1988. In 1989,
23:. For the Slovakian footballer, see
4341:Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery
3702:from the original on 18 August 2011
3626:"Time to Revisit Surface Ablation?"
3087:from the original on 4 October 2022
2347:from the original on 17 August 2011
553:Implementation in the United States
209:. LASIK surgery is performed by an
124:
16:Corrective ophthalmological surgery
14:
4164:Intrastromal corneal ring segment
2211:from the original on 15 June 2018
1813:from the original on 28 July 2012
1739:from the original on 19 June 2012
1708:from the original on 16 June 2012
1415:American Academy of Ophthalmology
1305:from the original on 31 July 2013
1171:10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.08.011
1138:from the original on 15 June 2018
306:American Academy of Ophthalmology
4726:
3534:from the original on 1 July 2024
2710:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
2321:Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie
1329:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
1206:10.1097/00003226-200305000-00009
1100:from the original on 20 May 2024
1063:from the original on 26 May 2023
990:Femtosecond Lenticule EXtraction
906:
147:
4139:Automated lamellar keratoplasty
2928:"Eye Surgery Education Council"
1888:Troutman RC, Swinger C (1978).
1801:Campbell S (12 November 2004).
4620:Bagolini Striated Glasses Test
4415:Corneal collagen cross-linking
3906:10.1002/14651858.CD011080.pub2
3867:10.1002/14651858.CD005135.pub3
3112:Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology
2559:Expert Review of Ophthalmology
1484:10.1002/14651858.CD005135.pub3
693:Treatments include artificial
566:and other companies followed.
517:Together with his colleagues,
244:. All represent advances over
1:
4578:Indocyanine green angiography
4573:Heidelberg Retinal Tomography
4405:Anterior chamber paracentesis
3802:Journal of Refractive Surgery
3630:www.reviewofophthalmology.com
3408:10.3928/1081-597X-20051101-28
3396:Journal of Refractive Surgery
3295:10.3928/1081-597X-20030101-10
3283:Journal of Refractive Surgery
3252:10.1016/S0886-3350(01)01074-4
3209:10.1016/S0886-3350(02)01364-0
3174:10.3928/1081-597X-20030901-08
3162:Journal of Refractive Surgery
3059:10.3928/1081-597X-20050902-15
3047:Journal of Refractive Surgery
2971:10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00004-X
2906:10.3928/1081-597X-20050902-20
2894:Journal of Refractive Surgery
2757:. NHS Choices. 5 March 2012.
2419:10.1016/S0886-3350(00)00312-6
2380:10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00455-X
2333:10.1016/S0181-5512(04)96210-9
2003:10.1016/s0161-6420(85)34052-6
1584:10.3928/1081-597X-20021101-12
1572:Journal of Refractive Surgery
300:In the United States, the US
276:The planning and analysis of
248:in the surgical treatment of
4583:Optical coherence tomography
4462:Phototherapeutic keratectomy
4336:Excimer laser trabeculostomy
3945:Food and Drug Administration
3814:10.3928/1081597x-20111228-02
3567:Food and Drug Administration
3528:Food and Drug Administration
3498:Food and Drug Administration
3373:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.10.004
2792:Food and Drug Administration
2722:10.1097/icu.0000000000000162
2462:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.037
2255:10.1097/ICO.0b013e318283c85a
2199:Schoenberg N (23 May 2016).
2172:Food and Drug Administration
2135:Food and Drug Administration
1862:Stulting D (28 April 2014).
1837:Food and Drug Administration
1546:. 1 September 2000, page 41.
1382:Food and Drug Administration
1341:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000159
1092:Food and Drug Administration
794:: estimated at 0.18 percent.
788:: estimated at 0.33 percent.
786:Choroidal neovascularization
782:: estimated at 0.36 percent.
767:has been estimated at 10.5%.
559:Food and Drug Administration
464:technique were developed in
392:from microscopic particles (
302:Food and Drug Administration
185:"), commonly referred to as
4211:Photorefractive keratectomy
3125:10.1016/j.sjopt.2018.08.001
1509:Azar DT, Gatinel D (2007).
1411:"LASIK — Laser Eye Surgery"
1376:"When is LASIK not for me?"
1124:Finn P (20 December 2012).
591:refractive cataract surgery
435:"superior vision results".
359:photorefractive keratectomy
238:photorefractive keratectomy
4770:
4630:Dilated fundus examination
4610:A-scan ultrasound biometry
4184:Laser thermal keratoplasty
4007:Anesthesia for eye surgery
2660:10.1016/j.jcrs.2004.01.020
2617:10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.08.028
2553:Shtein RM (October 2011).
1772:10.1016/j.jcrs.2011.02.029
1666:10.1016/j.jcrs.2006.12.014
1622:10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.03.028
1262:Stodola E (1 April 2016).
765:subconjunctival hemorrhage
754:Post-LASIK corneal ectasia
745:Diffuse lamellar keratitis
451:
321:, a topographer creates a
29:
18:
4367:Whole eye transplantation
4266:Intraocular lens scaffold
4201:Limbal relaxing incisions
4056:East Asian blepharoplasty
4002:
3722:"IntraCOR for presbyopia"
3524:"The FDA's LASIK Program"
3430:"LASIK laser eye surgery"
2052:Archives of Ophthalmology
1049:Rabin RC (11 June 2018).
815:(corneal neuralgia); rare
125:
50:
1409:Boyd K (9 August 2024).
819:
484:Laser refractive surgery
30:Not to be confused with
4563:Fluorescein angiography
4410:Boston keratoprosthesis
4372:Corneal transplantation
4144:Conductive keratoplasty
2497:10.1001/jama.2016.19323
1807:United States Air Force
1159:Survey of Ophthalmology
959:Experimental techniques
882:, autoimmune diseases,
813:Ocular neuropathic pain
718:National Health Service
603:National Health Service
291:Preoperative procedures
262:phakic intraocular lens
191:laser vision correction
57:LASIK surgery using an
4442:Intravitreal injection
4306:Laser photocoagulation
4251:Glued intraocular lens
3530:(FDA). 26 April 2019.
2869:"LASIK Complications."
2823:Clinical Ophthalmology
2794:(FDA). 8 August 2018.
1235:Lindfield D, Poole T.
953:Epi-Bowman Keratectomy
917:is missing information
859:
826:National Eye Institute
574:
452:Barraquer's early work
197:for the correction of
4660:Slit-lamp examination
4625:Color perception test
4548:Electronystagmography
4096:Dacryocystorhinostomy
3758:"IntraCOR for myopia"
3569:(FDA), archived from
3330:10.1055/s-2005-858864
3081:"Ectasia After LASIK"
2878:11 March 2006 at the
1869:. EyeWorld Daily News
975:Wavefront-guided PRK,
830:Department of Defense
601:In 2006, the British
572:
490:Rangaswamy Srinivasan
4501:Harada–Ito procedure
4174:Laser blended vision
2555:"Post-LASIK dry eye"
1940:on 28 September 2011
432:spherical aberration
313:are examined with a
4685:Plaque radiotherapy
4558:Electroretinography
4276:Phacoemulsification
3774:on 2 September 2011
3738:on 2 September 2011
3053:(5 Suppl): S633-5.
2900:(5 Suppl): S655-7.
2836:10.2147/OPTH.S36690
2691:Review of Optometry
2522:"LASIK Eye Surgery"
1544:Ocular Surgery News
1386:. 7 November 2018.
1131:The Washington Post
739:confocal microscopy
724:Other complications
507:Columbia University
468:, Colombia, by the
439:Topography-assisted
338:Operative procedure
264:is an alternative.
4749:1989 introductions
4568:Fundus photography
4553:Electrooculography
4538:Corneal topography
4506:Strabismus surgery
3672:on 4 November 2013
3576:on 24 October 2016
2932:Lasikinstitute.org
2527:The New York Times
2031:on 19 October 2015
1970:on 5 February 2023
1733:Allaboutvision.com
1511:Refractive surgery
1243:on 5 November 2013
1056:The New York Times
980:intraocular lenses
944:corneal pachymetry
919:about PresbyLASIK.
886:, and significant
828:(NEI), and the US
780:Retinal detachment
688:Sjögren's syndrome
575:
563:Ioannis Pallikaris
456:In the 1950s, the
413:mesopic conditions
401:corneal topography
365:Postoperative care
195:refractive surgery
4714:
4713:
4665:Visual field test
4485:
4484:
4216:Radial keratotomy
4179:Laser eye surgery
4109:
4108:
3951:Laser Eye Surgery
3831:on 7 January 2022
3698:. 16 April 2010.
2571:10.1586/eop.11.56
1520:978-0-323-03599-6
1264:"LASIK worldwide"
940:
939:
866:Contraindications
800:mountain climbers
699:Punctal occlusion
519:Charles Munnerlyn
348:femtosecond laser
250:refractive errors
246:radial keratotomy
215:femtosecond laser
187:laser eye surgery
136:
135:
4761:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4645:Ocular tonometry
4543:Electrodiagnosis
4331:Cyclodestruction
4256:Hydrodelineation
4120:
4073:Hughes procedure
4039:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3961:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3824:. Archived from
3799:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3773:
3767:. Archived from
3762:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3731:. Archived from
3726:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3660:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3564:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3436:. Archived from
3426:
3420:
3419:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3127:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3042:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2888:
2882:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2784:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2076:
2075:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2027:. Archived from
2021:
2015:
2014:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1966:. Archived from
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1936:. Archived from
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1567:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1270:. Archived from
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1121:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1096:. 13 June 2023.
1082:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1046:
951:techniques like
935:
932:
926:
910:
902:
898:Further research
681:dry eye syndrome
538:Gholam A. Peyman
472:ophthalmologist
374:Wavefront-guided
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
129:edit on Wikidata
121:
107:
55:
43:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4689:
4676:
4669:
4601:
4594:
4529:
4522:
4492:
4481:
4457:Photodisruption
4393:
4360:Transplantation
4355:
4351:Trabeculoplasty
4322:
4315:
4293:
4287:
4261:Hydrodissection
4232:
4225:
4194:Contoura Vision
4154:Epikeratophakia
4125:
4105:
4088:Lacrimal system
4082:
4068:Eyelid revision
4063:Epicanthoplasty
4028:
4024:Eye examination
3998:
3988:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3900:(2): CD011080.
3887:
3886:
3882:
3861:(1): CD005135.
3852:
3851:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3637:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3599:eyewiki.aao.org
3593:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3562:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3492:
3491:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3434:Webmd.boots.com
3428:
3427:
3423:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3246:(12): 1937–41.
3237:
3236:
3232:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3022:
3020:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2880:Wayback Machine
2866:
2862:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2786:
2785:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2236:
2235:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2205:Chicago Tribune
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2018:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1478:(1): CD005135.
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1299:EyeNet Magazine
1292:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1274:on 12 June 2018
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1029:
1017:
996:, or IntraCOR),
964:"plain" LASIK:
961:
936:
930:
927:
920:
911:
900:
884:severe dry eyes
868:
858:
822:
726:
711:
677:
672:
656:
636:quality of life
632:
630:Dissatisfaction
615:
599:
586:
555:
527:
486:
454:
449:
441:
381:ophthalmologist
376:
367:
340:
323:topographic map
298:
293:
274:
211:ophthalmologist
193:, is a type of
150:
146:
132:
117:
103:
65:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4767:
4765:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4706:Cryoextraction
4703:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Ophthalmoscopy
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Gundersen flap
4434:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:Corneal button
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4346:Trabeculectomy
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4311:Scleral buckle
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4169:Keratomileusis
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4051:Blepharoplasty
4047:
4045:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3994:involving the
3989:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3948:
3941:What is LASIK?
3936:
3935:External links
3933:
3930:
3929:
3880:
3842:
3785:
3749:
3713:
3683:
3647:
3616:
3586:
3545:
3515:
3482:
3451:
3440:on 15 May 2016
3421:
3402:(6): S786-91.
3386:
3351:
3308:
3273:
3230:
3203:(10): 1793–8.
3187:
3149:
3118:(2): 172–176.
3098:
3072:
3030:
2984:
2949:
2919:
2883:
2867:Majmudar, PA.
2860:
2809:
2772:
2743:
2700:
2681:
2654:(9): 1867–74.
2638:
2594:
2565:(5): 575–582.
2545:
2510:
2491:(2): 204–205.
2475:
2456:(4): 691–701.
2440:
2413:(4): 497–509.
2393:
2358:
2307:
2278:
2222:
2191:
2154:
2120:
2101:
2077:
2042:
2016:
1981:
1951:
1921:
1880:
1854:
1843:on 3 June 2016
1824:
1793:
1766:(8): 1465–75.
1750:
1719:
1687:
1660:(4): 591–602.
1643:
1597:
1557:
1548:
1535:
1526:
1519:
1501:
1462:
1432:
1401:
1362:
1316:
1285:
1254:
1227:
1184:
1149:
1111:
1074:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
997:
983:
976:
973:
960:
957:
938:
937:
914:
912:
905:
899:
896:
867:
864:
857:
856:
853:
849:
846:
843:
838:
821:
820:FDA's position
818:
817:
816:
810:
807:
803:
795:
789:
783:
777:
774:
771:
768:
761:
751:
748:
742:
731:
725:
722:
710:
707:
676:
673:
671:
668:
655:
652:
631:
628:
614:
611:
598:
595:
585:
582:
554:
551:
546:
545:
526:
523:
515:
514:
498:James J. Wynne
494:Samuel E. Blum
485:
482:
474:José Barraquer
462:keratomileusis
453:
450:
448:
445:
440:
437:
375:
372:
366:
363:
352:corneal stroma
339:
336:
297:
294:
292:
289:
273:
270:
223:corneal stroma
183:keratomileusis
134:
133:
126:
123:
122:
115:
109:
108:
101:
95:
94:
89:
83:
82:
73:
67:
66:
56:
48:
47:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4766:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4734:
4724:
4720:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4241:Capsulorhexis
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:Corneal inlay
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Alpins method
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4017:Oculoplastics
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3684:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3560:
3556:Eydelman MB,
3552:
3550:
3546:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:Ophthalmology
3355:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:(3): 217–24.
3323:
3320:(in German).
3319:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:(5): 534–47.
3167:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:(2): 369–76.
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2959:Ophthalmology
2953:
2950:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:(4): 265–72.
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:Ophthalmology
2444:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2374:(7): 1371–8.
2373:
2369:
2368:Ophthalmology
2362:
2359:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:(7): 755–64.
2326:
2323:(in French).
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:(7): 1015–8.
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
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2175:
2173:
2167:
2161:
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2155:
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2130:
2124:
2121:
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2102:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:Ophthalmology
1985:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1964:laserfest.org
1961:
1960:"James Wynne"
1955:
1952:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1812:
1808:
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1566:
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1445:Tlcvision.com
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1383:
1377:
1371:
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1363:
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1338:
1335:(4): 249–54.
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1330:
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1200:(4): 324–31.
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880:retinal tears
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664:visual acuity
661:
653:
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612:
610:
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597:Effectiveness
596:
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344:excimer laser
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232:
231:visual acuity
228:
227:excimer laser
224:
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219:microkeratome
216:
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76:Ophthalmology
74:
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60:
59:excimer laser
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
26:
25:Richard Lásik
22:
4432:Evisceration
4301:Ignipuncture
4188:
4101:Punctoplasty
4078:Tarsorrhaphy
3897:
3893:
3883:
3858:
3854:
3833:. Retrieved
3826:the original
3808:(1): 15–24.
3805:
3801:
3788:
3776:. Retrieved
3769:the original
3764:
3752:
3740:. Retrieved
3733:the original
3728:
3716:
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3696:Bmctoday.net
3695:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3667:the original
3662:
3650:
3638:. Retrieved
3629:
3624:McKinney S.
3619:
3607:. Retrieved
3598:
3589:
3578:, retrieved
3571:the original
3558:
3538:14 September
3536:. Retrieved
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3473:. Retrieved
3464:
3454:
3442:. Retrieved
3438:the original
3433:
3424:
3399:
3395:
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3367:(2): 191–7.
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2940:. Retrieved
2931:
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2525:
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2324:
2320:
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2300:21 September
2298:. Retrieved
2281:
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2242:
2213:. Retrieved
2204:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2169:
2145:. Retrieved
2132:
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2058:(5): 641–2.
2055:
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2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:the original
2019:
1997:(2): 206–8.
1994:
1990:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1963:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:the original
1933:
1924:
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1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1857:
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1841:the original
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1806:
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1759:
1753:
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1732:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1690:
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1609:
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1575:
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1529:
1510:
1504:
1497:significant.
1495:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1444:
1435:
1425:14 September
1423:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1379:
1332:
1328:
1309:12 September
1307:. Retrieved
1298:
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:the original
1268:EyeWorld.org
1267:
1257:
1247:12 September
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1230:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1129:
1102:. Retrieved
1089:
1065:. Retrieved
1054:
1021:
1018:
1010:significant.
941:
931:October 2021
928:
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892:
869:
860:
834:
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692:
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648:
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633:
624:
616:
613:Satisfaction
600:
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584:Recent years
576:
556:
547:
528:
516:
502:IBM Research
487:
455:
442:
429:
425:
409:
405:
398:
377:
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341:
299:
286:
275:
266:
235:
225:and then an
190:
186:
142:
138:
137:
40:
4655:Retinoscopy
4615:Amsler grid
4602:examination
4491:Extraocular
4420:Enucleation
4246:Capsulotomy
4012:Eye surgery
3778:20 December
3742:20 December
3706:10 December
3676:20 December
3580:16 December
3508:28 November
3475:26 November
2942:10 December
2829:: 1827–37.
2611:(1): 32–9.
2401:McGhee CN,
2184:10 December
2147:10 December
1974:30 December
1944:10 December
1817:10 December
1455:20 December
1394:16 December
1142:2 September
888:blepharitis
872:keratoconus
806:techniques.
758:keratoconus
531:ultraviolet
421:keratoconus
331:astigmatism
327:keratoconus
240:(PRK), and
213:who uses a
207:astigmatism
113:MedlinePlus
4743:Categories
4640:Gonioscopy
4635:Funduscopy
4477:Vitrectomy
4472:Sclerotomy
4447:Iridectomy
4124:Refractive
3992:procedures
3990:Tests and
3835:1 November
3765:2010pv.com
3729:2010pv.com
3663:Avedro.com
2765:26 October
2035:25 January
1900:: 329–39.
1712:29 January
1293:Stuart A.
1027:References
660:presbyopia
654:Presbyopia
578:Pallikaris
390:scattering
315:pachymeter
309:patient's
178:-assisted
4675:Radiation
4467:Pterygium
4425:Conformer
4159:Epi-LASIK
3640:14 August
2110:US4840175
2091:US4784135
1743:15 August
1727:Segre L.
1104:15 August
978:advanced
970:Epi-LASIK
923:talk page
735:slit lamp
703:tear duct
488:In 1980,
385:wavefront
203:hyperopia
80:optometry
71:Specialty
4733:Medicine
4701:Couching
4452:Peritomy
4321:Glaucoma
4231:Cataract
3924:28197998
3875:23440799
3822:22233436
3700:Archived
3634:Archived
3609:6 August
3603:Archived
3532:Archived
3502:Archived
3469:Archived
3416:16329381
3381:16378639
3346:71611964
3338:16552654
3303:12553606
3268:45468164
3260:11738908
3225:11880947
3217:12388030
3182:14518742
3144:31384163
3085:Archived
3067:16212294
3023:25 March
3017:Archived
3013:10670464
2979:10811084
2936:Archived
2914:16212299
2876:Archived
2855:23152662
2796:Archived
2759:Archived
2738:35434343
2730:26058023
2697:(10): 4.
2676:25054973
2668:15342048
2633:11133295
2625:18165078
2589:22174730
2532:Archived
2505:28097345
2470:19344821
2435:13304987
2427:10771222
2403:Craig JP
2388:12867394
2345:Archived
2341:15499272
2294:Archived
2273:23538615
2209:Archived
2178:Archived
2141:Archived
1811:Archived
1788:26968756
1780:21782089
1737:Archived
1703:Archived
1682:14881153
1674:17397730
1638:29819060
1630:18655973
1592:12458868
1492:23440799
1449:Archived
1419:Archived
1388:Archived
1357:11842503
1349:26058020
1303:Archived
1222:21142105
1214:12792475
1179:16263370
1136:Archived
1098:Archived
1061:Archived
852:surgery.
675:Dry eyes
394:cataract
256:or thin
87:ICD-9-CM
4694:History
4677:therapy
4530:imaging
4528:Medical
4493:muscles
4323:surgery
4294:surgery
4292:Retinal
4281:Prechop
4233:surgery
4126:surgery
4043:Eyelids
3915:5408355
3565:, U.S.
3526:. U.S.
3500:(FDA).
3496:. U.S.
3135:6664271
3091:12 June
2846:3497460
2790:. U.S.
2580:3235707
2351:10 July
2264:3679260
2215:15 June
2072:2719572
2011:3982798
1934:Aip.org
1907:1311630
1835:. U.S.
1278:12 June
1086:"LASIK"
1067:11 June
1001:CE Mark
792:Uveitis
644:dry eye
500:at the
470:Spanish
447:History
361:(PRK).
311:corneas
278:corneal
272:Process
258:corneas
180:in situ
105:D020731
4719:Portal
4034:Adnexa
3922:
3912:
3873:
3820:
3414:
3379:
3344:
3336:
3301:
3266:
3258:
3223:
3215:
3180:
3142:
3132:
3065:
3011:
2977:
2912:
2853:
2843:
2736:
2728:
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2666:
2631:
2623:
2587:
2577:
2503:
2468:
2433:
2425:
2386:
2339:
2271:
2261:
2243:Cornea
2116:
2097:
2070:
2009:
1916:382579
1914:
1904:
1786:
1778:
1680:
1672:
1636:
1628:
1590:
1517:
1490:
1355:
1347:
1220:
1212:
1194:Cornea
1177:
946:; and
525:Patent
478:cornea
466:Bogotá
319:lasers
254:myopia
205:, and
199:myopia
119:007018
36:Lassik
4754:LASIK
4398:Other
4221:SMILE
4189:LASIK
4115:Globe
3947:(FDA)
3943:– US
3829:(PDF)
3798:(PDF)
3772:(PDF)
3761:(PDF)
3736:(PDF)
3725:(PDF)
3670:(PDF)
3659:(PDF)
3574:(PDF)
3563:(PDF)
3444:6 May
3342:S2CID
3264:S2CID
3221:S2CID
2734:S2CID
2672:S2CID
2629:S2CID
2431:S2CID
2290:(pdf)
2174:(FDA)
2170:U.S.
2137:(FDA)
2133:U.S.
1873:1 May
1867:(PDF)
1847:1 May
1784:S2CID
1706:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1678:S2CID
1634:S2CID
1384:(FDA)
1380:U.S.
1353:S2CID
1218:S2CID
1094:(FDA)
1090:U.S.
994:FLIVC
966:LASEK
709:Halos
695:tears
670:Risks
417:below
242:LASEK
217:or a
176:laser
143:Lasik
139:LASIK
127:[
92:11.71
46:LASIK
32:Lasic
21:Lasix
3996:eyes
3920:PMID
3898:2017
3871:PMID
3837:2015
3818:PMID
3780:2018
3744:2018
3708:2011
3678:2018
3642:2020
3611:2019
3582:2019
3540:2024
3510:2014
3477:2019
3446:2016
3412:PMID
3377:PMID
3334:PMID
3299:PMID
3256:PMID
3213:PMID
3178:PMID
3140:PMID
3093:2013
3063:PMID
3025:2006
3009:PMID
2975:PMID
2944:2011
2910:PMID
2851:PMID
2804:2024
2767:2013
2726:PMID
2664:PMID
2621:PMID
2585:PMID
2540:2013
2501:PMID
2485:JAMA
2466:PMID
2423:PMID
2384:PMID
2353:2009
2337:PMID
2302:2014
2269:PMID
2217:2018
2186:2011
2149:2011
2068:PMID
2037:2019
2007:PMID
1976:2021
1946:2011
1912:PMID
1875:2016
1849:2016
1819:2011
1776:PMID
1745:2012
1714:2012
1670:PMID
1626:PMID
1588:PMID
1515:ISBN
1488:PMID
1457:2018
1427:2024
1396:2019
1345:PMID
1311:2013
1280:2018
1249:2013
1210:PMID
1175:PMID
1144:2017
1106:2024
1069:2018
496:and
460:and
99:MeSH
4600:Eye
3910:PMC
3902:doi
3863:doi
3810:doi
3465:CTV
3404:doi
3369:doi
3365:113
3326:doi
3322:223
3291:doi
3248:doi
3205:doi
3170:doi
3130:PMC
3120:doi
3055:doi
2967:doi
2963:107
2902:doi
2841:PMC
2831:doi
2718:doi
2695:147
2656:doi
2613:doi
2575:PMC
2567:doi
2493:doi
2489:317
2458:doi
2454:116
2415:doi
2376:doi
2372:110
2329:doi
2259:PMC
2251:doi
2060:doi
2056:107
1999:doi
1902:PMC
1768:doi
1662:doi
1618:doi
1580:doi
1480:doi
1337:doi
1202:doi
1167:doi
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189:or
174:; "
141:or
61:at
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