967:
910:. LED lamps often have directional light characteristics. The best of these lamps, as of 2022, are more power-efficient than compact fluorescent lamps and offer lifespans of 30,000 or more hours, reduced if operated at a higher temperature than specified. Incandescent lamps have a typical life of 1,000 hours, and compact fluorescents about 8,000 hours. LED and fluorescent lamps both use phosphors, whose light output declines over their lifetimes. Energy Star specifications requires LED lamps to typically drop less than 10% after 6,000 or more hours of operation, and in the worst case not more than 15%. LED lamps are available with a variety of color properties. The purchase price is higher than most other lamps – although dropping – but the higher efficiency usually makes total cost of ownership (purchase price plus cost of electricity and changing bulbs) lower.
753:
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troffer) is replaced with something like an LED panel, the panel must be replaced in its entirety if the LEDs or the driver it contains fail since it is impossible to replace them individually in a practical fashion (although the driver is often separate and so it may be replaced), where as, if only the bulb is replaced with an LED replacement lamp, the lamp can be replaced independently of the fixture should the lamp fail. Some LED replacement lamps require the fixture to be modified such as by electrically removing the fixture's ballast, thus connecting the LED lamp directly to the mains supply; others can work without any modifications to the fixture.
809:
290:, which produce light by an arc between two electrodes in an atmosphere of argon, mercury and other metals, and iodine or bromine. These were among the most efficient white electric lights before LEDs, having a luminous efficacy of 75–100 lm/W and a relatively long bulb lifetime of 6,000–15,000 hours; because they require a 5–7-minute warmup period before they reach full output, metal-halides are not used for residential lighting, but for commercial and industrial wide area lighting and, outdoors, for security lights and streetlights. Like fluorescents, they also contain hazardous mercury.
637:. The most common method is to combine a blue LED emitter with a yellow phosphor, producing a narrow range of blue wavelengths and a broad band of "yellow" wavelengths actually covering the spectrum from green to red. The CRI value can range from less than 70 to over 90, although a wide range of commercial LEDs of this type have a color rendering index around 82. Following successive increases in efficacy, which had reached 210 lm/W on a production basis as of 2021, this type has surpassed the performance of trichromatic LEDs. The phosphors used in white light LEDs can give
798:
724:. Some manufacturers place the LEDs and all circuitry in a glass bulb just like conventional incandescent bulbs, but with a helium gas filling to conduct heat and thus cool the LEDs. Others place the LEDs on a circuit board with an aluminum backing; the aluminum back is connected thermally to the aluminum base of the lamp using thermal paste, and the base is embedded in a melamine plastic shell. Because of the need for convection cooling around an LED lamp, careful consideration is necessary when placing the lamp in an enclosed or poorly vented
438:
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487:, Wisconsin, US, was able to light its new factory interior and exterior almost solely with LEDs. Initial cost was three times that of a traditional mix of incandescent and fluorescent lamps, but the extra cost was recovered within two years via electricity savings, and the lamps should not need replacing for 20 years. In 2009 the Manapakkam,
994:
grown in field conditions. Plant performance of mint, basil, lentil, lettuce, cabbage, parsley and carrot was measured by assessing both the health and vigor of the plants and the success of the LEDs in promoting growth. Also noticed was profuse flowering of select ornamentals including primula, marigold and stock.
712:. LEDs use much less power for a given light output, but they do produce some heat, and it is concentrated in a very small semiconductor die. Because of their low operating temperature, LED lamps cannot lose much heat via radiation; instead, heat is conducted through the back of the die to a suitably designed
397:) was launched to identify lighting products that meet energy conservation and performance guidelines. Ushio released the first LED filament lamp in 2008. Philips released its first LED lamp in 2009, followed by the world's first 60 W equivalent LED lamp in 2010, and a 75 watt equivalent version in 2011.
2575:
For more than five years, Americans have been doing something decidedly un-American: We've been using less electricity. . . . oday's electronics and appliances are more efficient. New homes are tighter and better insulated. And most important, light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, have replaced traditional
1075:
For
Vitamin D production, LED lamps are better because traditional lamps can’t produce the exact 293 nanometer wavelength needed to boost Vitamin D levels. UVB lamps at 293 nanometers are more effective than other UVB lamps (like 312 nanometer or broadband types) because they provide enough UVB light
793:
or LED spotlight fixtures replacing similar halogen fixtures) or bulbs (such as LED tubes replacing fluorescent tubes inside troffers or LED HID replacement lamps replacing HID bulbs inside HID fixtures) The differences between replacing a fixture and replacing a bulb are that, when a fixture (like a
172:
to operate from mains power lines, and losses from this circuit means that the efficiency of the lamp is lower than the efficiency of the LED chips it uses. The driver circuit may require special features to be compatible with lamp dimmers intended for use on incandescent lamps. Generally the current
389:
program began to label lamps that meet a set of standards for starting time, life expectancy, color, and consistency of performance. The intent of the program is to reduce consumer concerns due to variable quality of products, by providing transparency and standards for the labeling and usability of
1038:
By about 2010 LED technology came to dominate the outdoor lighting industry, as earlier LEDs were not bright enough for outdoor lighting. A study completed in 2014 concluded that color temperature and accuracy of LED lights was easily recognized by consumers, with preference towards LEDs at natural
824:
White-light LED lamps have longer life expectancy and higher efficiency (more light for the same electricity) than most other lighting when used at the proper temperature. LED sources are compact, which gives flexibility in designing lighting fixtures and good control over the distribution of light
768:
increases. Instead of increasing current levels, light output is usually increased by connecting multiple LED emitters in parallel and/or series in one lamp. Solving the problem of efficiency droop would mean that household LED lamps would require fewer LEDs, which would significantly reduce costs.
649:
Tunable lighting systems employ banks of colored LEDs that can be individually controlled, either using separate banks of each color, or multi-chip LEDs with the colors combined and controlled at the chip level. For example, white LEDs of different color temperatures can be combined to construct an
294:
Considered as energy converters, all these existing lamps are inefficient, emitting more of their input energy as waste heat than as visible light. Global electric lighting in 1997 consumed 2016 terawatthours of energy. Lighting consumes roughly 12% of electrical energy produced by industrialized
1657:
Badly designed LED lamps may flicker. The effect can be seen on a slow motion video of such a lamp. The extent of flicker is based on the quality of the DC power supply built into the lamp structure, usually located in the lamp base. Longer exposures to flickering light contribute to headaches and
1634:
LED emitters are inherently suitable for dimming, because they can operate over a wide range of currents without significant change of color. However, the circuits in LED lamps must be explicitly designed to be dimmable and compatible with particular types of dimmer switch. Otherwise damage to the
894:
of about 14 to 17 lm/W depending on its size and voltage. (Efficacy of incandescent lamps designed for 230 V supplies is less, because the lower supply voltage in north
America is more favorable to efficacy.) According to the European Union standard, an energy-efficient lamp that claims to be
691:
LED drivers are essential components of LED lamps to ensure acceptable lifetime and performance of the lamp. A driver can provide features such as dimming and remote control. LED drivers may be in the same lamp enclosure as the diode array, or remotely mounted from the light-emitting diodes. LED
997:
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) offer efficient electric lighting in desired wavelengths (red + blue) which support greenhouse production in minimum time and with high quality and quantity. As LEDs are cool, plants can be placed very close to light sources without overheating or scorching, requiring
788:
LED lamps are used for both general and special-purpose lighting. Where colored light is needed, LEDs that inherently emit light of a single color require no energy-absorbing filters. LED lamps are commonly available as drop-in replacements for either bulbs or fixtures, replacing either an entire
617:
white LEDs use multiple LED chips emitting red, green, and blue wavelengths. These three colors combine to produce white light. The CRI is poor, typically 25 – 65, due to the narrow range of wavelengths emitted. Higher CRI values can be obtained using more than three LED colors to cover a greater
993:
Experiments revealed surprising performance and production of vegetables and ornamental plants under LED light sources. Many plant species have been assessed in greenhouse trials to make sure that the quality of biomass and biochemical ingredients of such plants is at least comparable with those
1531:
In keeping with the long life claimed for LED lamps, long warranties are offered. However, currently there are no standardized testing procedures set by the
Department of Energy in the United States to prove these assertions by each manufacturer. A typical domestic LED lamp is stated to have an
913:
Several companies offer LED lamps for general lighting purposes. The technology is improving rapidly and new energy-efficient consumer LED lamps are available. As of 2016, in the United States, LED lamps are close to being adopted as the mainstream light source because of the falling prices and
828:
LEDs using the color-mixing principle can emit a wide range of colors by changing the proportions of light generated in each primary color. This allows full color mixing in lamps with LEDs of different colors. Unlike other lighting technologies, LED emission tends to be directional (or at least
196:
or a color description such as "warm white", "cool white" or "daylight", the operating temperature range, whether the lamp is dimmer compatible, whether the lamp is suitable for humid/damp/wet conditions, and sometimes the equivalent wattage of an incandescent lamp delivering the same output in
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West, Kathleen E.; Jablonski, Michael R.; Warfield, Benjamin; Cecil, Kate S.; James, Mary; Ayers, Melissa A.; Maida, James; Bowen, Charles; Sliney, David H.; Rollag, Mark D.; Hanifin, John P.; Brainard, George C. (1 March 2011). "Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent
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effectively bans the manufacturing and importing of most current incandescent lamps. LED lamps have decreased substantially in price, and many varieties are sold with subsidized prices from local utilities. However, in
September 2019 the Trump administration rolled back requirements for new,
3701:
Sabzalian
Mohammad R., P. Heydarizadeh, A. Boroomand, M. Agharokh, Mohammad R. Sahba, M. Zahedi and B. Schoefs. 2014. High performance of vegetables, flowers, and medicinal plants in a red-blue LED incubator for indoor plant production. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 34: 879–886
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for the invention of the blue LED. The existence of blue LEDs and high-efficiency LEDs led to the development of the first 'white LED', which employed a phosphor coating to partially convert the emitted blue light to red and green frequencies, creating a light that appears white.
546:(US$ 2.4 billion) of middle class and poor household power bill. The scheme is intended to replace all the incandescent and CFL light bulbs to more efficient LED lights in the nation. To lower the price of LED bulbs government encouraged light bulb production in the nation.
1680:
The long life of LEDs, expected to be about 50 times that of the most common incandescent lamps and significantly longer than fluorescent types, is advantageous for users but will affect manufacturers as it reduces the market for replacements in the distant future.
183:
Some LED lamps are drop-in replacements for incandescent or fluorescent lamps. LED lamps may use multiple LED packages for improved light dispersal, heat dissipation, and overall cost. The text on retail LED lamp packaging may show the light output in lumens, the
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376:
from the incandescent lamps they were replacing. A standard was developed, ANSI C78.377-2008, that specified the recommended color ranges for solid-state lighting products using cool to warm white LEDs with various correlated color temperatures. In June 2008,
3108:
Efremov, A. A.; Bochkareva, N. I.; Gorbunov, R. I.; Lavrinovich, D. A.; Rebane, Y. T.; Tarkhin, D. V.; Shreter, Y. G. (2006). "Effect of the joule heating on the quantum efficiency and choice of thermal conditions for high-power blue InGaN/GaN LEDs".
974:
Newer light fittings with long-lived LEDs built-in, or designed for LED lamps, have been coming into use as the need for compatibility with existing fittings diminishes. Such lighting does not require each bulb to contain circuitry to operate from
825:
with small reflectors or lenses. Because of the small size of LEDs, control of the spatial distribution of illumination is extremely flexible, and the light output and spatial distribution of an LED array can be controlled with no efficiency loss.
833:), which can be either advantageous or disadvantageous, depending on requirements. For applications where non-directional light is required, either a diffuser is used, or multiple individual LED emitters are used to emit in different directions.
1071:
UV LEDs have grown rapidly in recent years because they can be set to emit specific wavelengths of light. Unlike gas discharge or fluorescent lamps, which are limited by their materials, LED wavelengths are determined by the band gap width.
1018:, solar-powered garden or walkway lights, and bicycle lights. Colored LED lamps are now commercially used for traffic signal lamps, where the ability to emit bright light of the required color is essential, and in strings of holiday lights.
953:
which are directional and require proper orientation during installation as opposed to
Fluorescent tube lamps which emit light in all directions around the tube. Most LED tube lights available can be used in place of T5, T8, T10, or T12
2823:
966:
3910:
3711:
Darko E., P. Heydarizadeh, B. Schoefs and
Mohammad R. Sabzalian. 2014. Photosynthesis under artificial light: the shift in primary and secondary metabolites. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369: 20130243 (IF:
341:
New LED lights entered the market near the start of the 21st century in the US (Cree) and Japan (Nichia, Panasonic, and
Toshiba), and then starting in 2004 in Korea and China (Samsung, Kingsun, Solstice, Hoyol, and others.)
585:
at a specified temperature, from "warm white" (like an incandescent bulb) at 2700K, to "daylight" at around 6500K. The first LEDs emitted light in a very narrow band of wavelengths, of a color characteristic of the energy
772:
Early suspicions were that the LED droop was caused by elevated temperatures. Scientists showed that temperature was not the root cause of efficiency droop. The mechanism causing efficiency droop was identified in 2007 as
889:
As of 2010 some LED lamps replaced higher wattage bulbs; for example, one manufacturer claimed a 16-watt LED lamp was as bright as a 150 W halogen lamp. A standard general-purpose incandescent bulb emits light at an
310:'s LED indicator lamp. However, early LED lamps were inefficient and could only display deep red colors, making them unsuitable for general lighting and restricting their usage to numeric displays and indicator lights.
179:
LEDs come to full brightness immediately with no warm-up delay. Frequent switching on and off does not reduce life expectancy as with fluorescent lighting. Light output decreases gradually over the lifetime of the LED.
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381:
announced the first two standards for solid-state lighting in the United States. These standards detail performance specifications for LED light sources and prescribe test methods for solid-state lighting products.
3992:
1543:
and this causes lower power factors. Low power factors can result in surcharges for commercial energy users; CFL and LED lamps are available with driver circuits to provide any desired power factor, or site-wide
368:
fixture" light bulb, with a design based on their earlier "AmbientLED" consumer product. DOE awarded
Philips the prize after 18 months of extensive testing. Many other similarly efficient products followed.
295:
countries. New technological developments in light-emitting semiconductors, combined with the huge markets for displays and area lighting, encouraged the development of more energy-efficient electric lights.
1058:
with predominantly blue light can cause eye damage, and that some LEDs switch on and off at twice mains frequency, causing malaise in some people, and possibly being misleading with rotating machinery due to
1581:
Reduces maintenance costs – lasts 35 to 50 times longer than incandescent lighting and about 2 to 5 times longer than fluorescent lighting. No lamp-replacements, no ladders, no ongoing disposal program.
3871:
4313:"A Review of the Literature on Light Flicker: Ergonomics, Biological Attributes, Potential Health Effects, and Methods in Which Some LED Lighting May Introduce Flicker", IEEE Standard P1789, February 2010.
598:
to convert some of the light to other colors. The light is not the same as a true black body, giving a different appearance to colors than an incandescent bulb. Color rendering quality is specified by the
509:
in
Finland was hung with 710 LED lamps, each using 2 watts. It has been calculated that these LED lamps paid for themselves in three and a half years, even though the lights run for only 48 days per year.
1548:
can be performed. EU standards requires a power factor better than 0.4 for lamp powers between 2 and 5 watts, better than 0.5 for lamp powers between 5 and 25 watts and above 0.9 for higher power lamps.
117:
An assortment of LED lamps commercially available in 2010: floodlight fixtures (left), reading light (center), household lamps (center right and bottom), and low-power accent light (right) applications
2636:
470:. LEDs were in use at the Casino Breda in The Netherlands, the Vienna State Opera, and the venue for the Shanghai Grand Prix, for example. LED flashlights and headlamps for people were available.
3189:
418:
By 2019 electricity usage in the United States had decreased for at least five straight years, due in part to U.S. electricity consumers replacing incandescent light bulbs with LEDs due to their
3823:
2905:
919:
energy-efficient light bulbs. The Biden administration finalized efficiency regulations in 2023 that require 45 lm/W lighting and will save consumers $ 3 billion per year in electricity costs.
3867:
3841:
3271:
2406:
1719:
Some organizations recommend that people should not use bluish-white lamps at night. The American Medical Association argues against using bluish-white LEDs for municipal street lighting.
528:
made several reports available on the results of many pilot projects for municipal outdoor lighting, and many additional streetlight and municipal outdoor lighting projects soon followed.
298:
The first low-powered LEDs were developed in the early 1960s, and only produced light in the low, red frequencies of the spectrum. In 1968, the first commercial LED lamps were introduced:
3722:
272:) on the inside of the tube. These are more efficient than incandescent lights, having a luminous efficacy from 50 to 100 lm/W (depending on the structure, type of phosphor and type of
4010:
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3316:
The National Museum in Warsaw is also one of the most modern in Europe. (...) The LED system allows to adjust the light to every painting so that its unique qualities are enhanced.
520:
By 2010 mass installations of LED lighting for commercial and public uses were becoming common. LED lamps were used for a number of demonstration projects for outdoor lighting and
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360:
Philips Lighting ceased research on compact fluorescents in 2008 and began devoting the bulk of its research and development budget to solid-state lighting. On 24 September 2009,
3476:
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1619:
No off-state power draw. The fixture does not use power when it is turned off, with the exception of external controls, whose power should not exceed 0.5 watts in the off state.
2928:
Narendran, Nadarajah; Deng, Lei (2002). "Color rendering properties of LED light sources". In Ferguson, Ian T; Narendran, Nadarajah; Denbaars, Steven P; Park, Yoon-Soo (eds.).
565:" emitter, producing a cone of light with half-power points about 60° from the axis. A laser diode is another form of LED emitter, but produces light by a different mechanism.
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165:
per watt (lm/W) and convert more than half the input power into light. Commercial LED lamps have a lifespan several times longer than both incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
4948:
2742:
Fontoynont, Marc; Miras, Jean Pierre; Angelini, Marco; Chanussot, Jean; Marty, Christophe; Duchêne, Grégory; Novakovski, Leonid; Makita, Kazuaki; Moriyama, Tokayoshi (2013).
752:
539:
LED bulb scheme' to lower India's carbon footprint and save electricity, it distributed 370 million LED bulbs free, by doing so as of March 2022, which resulted in saving of
4779:
3996:
3936:
2107:
1654:
is used to record how a light source renders eight color sample chips, on a scale from 0 to 100. LEDs with CRI below 75 are not recommended for use in indoor lighting.
3289:
3057:
594:
material used to make the LED. LEDs that emit white light are made using two principal methods: either mixing light from multiple LEDs of various colors, or using a
5376:
2567:"Americans Are No Longer Gluttons for Electricity – Thank the LED Bulb: After increasing 10-fold between 1950 and 2010, average residential consumption dipped"
1604:
Light output remains constant over time, only decreasing towards the end of the rated lifetime (at least 35,000 hours or 12 annums based on use of 8 hours per day).
1597:
To qualify for Energy Star certification, LED lighting products must pass a variety of tests to prove that the products will display the following characteristics:
1601:
Brightness is equal to or greater than existing lighting technologies (incandescent or fluorescent) and light is well distributed over the area lit by the fixture.
378:
1022:
are widely used for their long life and small size. Multiple LEDs are used in applications where more light output than available from a single LED is required.
1994:
4388:
Cajochen, Christian; Frey, Sylvia; Anders, Doreen; Späti, Jakub; Bues, Matthias; Pross, Achim; Mager, Ralph; Wirz-Justice, Anna; Stefani, Oliver (1 May 2011).
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915:
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White LED lamps have achieved market dominance in applications where high efficiency is important at low power levels. Some of these applications include
2283:
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Offers convenient features – available with dimming on some indoor models and automatic daylight shut-off and motion sensors on some outdoor models.
3186:
3827:
499:
80,000) to light 57,000 sq ft (5,300 m) of office space with LEDs. The firm expected the new lighting to pay for itself within 5 years.
1889:
404:, which describes the methods for testing solid-state lighting products for their light output (lumens), efficacy (lumens per watt) and chromaticity.
3435:
1039:
color temperatures. LEDs are now able to match the brightness and warmer color temperature that consumers desire from their outdoor lighting system.
4690:
Krigel, A; Berdugo, M; Picard, E; Levy-Boukris, R; Jaadane, I; Jonet, L; Dernigoghossian, M; Andrieu-Soler, C; Torriglia, A; Behar-Cohen, F (2016).
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3662:
2512:
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3768:"Ultraviolet B Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Are More Efficient and Effective in Producing Vitamin D3 in Human Skin Compared to Natural Sunlight"
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4104:
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and other lamps. Products meeting the competition requirements would use just 17% of the energy used by most incandescent lamps of that time.
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4680:
4017:
2616:
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801:
701:
235:
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1939:
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2242:
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Nakamura, S.; Mukai, T.; Senoh, M. (1994). "Candela-Class High-Brightness InGaN/AlGaN Double-Heterostructure Blue-Light-Emitting-Diodes".
390:
products available in the market. Energy Star Certified Light Bulbs is a resource for finding and comparing Energy Star qualified lamps.
5486:
3467:
2877:
2393:
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is used. Others require rewiring of the fixtures to remove the ballast. An LED tube lamp generally uses many individual Surface-Mounted
5241:
525:
412:
346:
4175:
3625:
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2153:
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408:
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3168:
The LED's Dark Secret: Solid-state lighting won't supplant the lightbulb until it can overcome the mysterious malady known as droop
3082:
4390:"Evening exposure to a light-emitting diodes (LED)-backlit computer screen affects circadian physiology and cognitive performance"
700:
LED lamps run cooler than their predecessors since there is no electric arc or tungsten filament, but they can still cause burns.
4926:
2530:
2494:
1564:
consumer products. Devices carrying the Energy Star service mark generally use 20–30% less energy than required by US standards.
958:, T8 is D26mm, T10 is D30mm, in lengths of 590 mm (23 in), 1,200 mm (47 in) and 1,500 mm (59 in).
5807:
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808:
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2743:
2111:
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5296:
4743: – a website from the European Commission about the second generation of energy-saving lamps (archived 12 December 2009)
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used), have a longer lifetime of 6,000–15,000 hours, and are widely used for residential and office lighting. However, their
3300:
5506:
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5213:
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is a significant factor in design of solid state lighting equipment. LED lamps are sensitive to excessive heat, like most
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introduced the highly efficient LED lamps with EU efficiency class A, which requires an efficiency of at least 215 lm/W.
5817:
5812:
5676:
4837:
4581:
4121:
638:
4582:"AMA Adopts Community Guidance to Reduce the Harmful Human and Environmental Effects of High Intensity Street Lighting"
797:
5568:
5336:
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185:
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720:, from where it is dissipated via convection. Very high power lamps for industrial uses are frequently equipped with
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4692:"Light-induced retinal damage using different light sources, protocols and rat strains reveals LED phototoxicity"
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from a single LED. Some of the light from the LED is absorbed by the molecules of the phosphor, causing them to
5749:
4964:
4938:
4497:
Fahey, Christopher D.; Zee, Phyllis C. (1 December 2006). "Circadian rhythm sleep disorders and phototherapy".
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2040:
Ciugudeanu, Calin; Buzdugan, Mircea; Beu, Dorin; Campianu, Angel; Galatanu, Catalin Daniel (12 December 2019).
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of the LED device close to ambient temperature, since increased temperature reduces light output and can cause
437:
223:
Before the introduction of LED lamps, three types of lamps were used for the bulk of general (white) lighting:
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777:, which was taken with mixed reaction. A 2013 study conclusively identified Auger recombination as the cause.
502:
In 2009, Audi was the first manufacturer to offer a car that exclusively used LED lighting, the 2009 Audi R8.
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2022:
176:
The LED lamp market is projected to grow from US$ 75.8 billion in 2020 to US$ 160 billion in 2026.
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3436:"ledlightingsupplier.co.uk – Diese Website steht zum Verkauf! – Informationen zum Thema ledlightingsupplier"
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Lighting North America became the first to submit lamps in the category to replace the standard 60 W A-19 "
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American National Standard for Specifications for the Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting (SSL) Products
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due to their lower running and lamp replacement costs. However, there have been concerns that the use of
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4080:
3886:"Philips LED Ultra Efficient Light Bulb 2 Pack [White 3000K - E27 Edison Screw] 60W A60 Frosted"
2225:
1813:
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1302:
1063:. These concerns can be addressed by use of appropriate lighting, rather than simple concern with cost.
945:. Some LED tubular lamps are intended to be a drop-in replacement into existing fixtures if appropriate
604:
600:
484:
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produce light with a glowing filament heated by electric current. These are very inefficient, having a
150:
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lamps, which could cause direct ecological impacts as well as indirect impacts such as attracting more
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drivers may require additional components to meet regulations for acceptable AC line harmonic current.
621:
The second method, the basis of most commercially available LED lamps, uses LEDs in conjunction with a
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2352:
1914:
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Is guaranteed – comes with a minimum three-year warranty – far beyond the industry standard.
561:
A significant difference from other light sources is that the light is more directional. An LED is a "
219:, showing improvement in light output per LED over time, with a logarithmic scale on the vertical axis
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Cost comparison for 60 watt incandescent equivalent light bulb (U.S. residential electricity prices)
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In 2007, Audi was the first car manufacturer to offer headlights that solely used LEDs, used in the
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5540:
5523:
5518:
5478:
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4921:
4751:
4609:"LED lighting increases the ecological impact of light pollution irrespective of color temperature"
4534:"Controlling light–dark exposure patterns, rather than sleep schedules, determines circadian phase"
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Kalajian, T. A.; Aldoukhi, A.; Veronikis, A. J.; Persons, K.; Holick, M. F. (13 September 2017).
3590:
3504:
3417:
3207:
3151:
3134:
2953:
2652:
1775:
1761:
1047:
946:
878:(bayonet fitting) and are made compatible with the voltage supplied to the sockets. They include
729:
4691:
1947:
780:
Some lasers have been adapted as an alternative to LEDs to provide highly focused illumination.
4436:
2845:
New highway connecting Lisbon to Oporto includes first European LED based lighting in a highway
2637:"LEDs for solid state lighting and other emerging applications: status, trends, and challenges"
1532:"average life" of 15,000 hours (15 years at 3 hours/day), and to support 50,000 switch cycles.
121:
5311:
5259:
5231:
5151:
4989:
4977:
4933:
4861:
4807:
4714:
4676:
4638:
4563:
4514:
4461:
4409:
4362:
3805:
3787:
3409:
3360:
2985:
2612:
2544:
Wolverton, Troy (12 March 2016). "Be prepared to say goodbye to the lightbulbs you've loved".
2149:
2063:
1789:
1723:
1722:
Research suggests that the shift to LED street lighting attracts 48% more flying insects than
1693:
1662:
1270:
1239:
1086:
1051:
976:
891:
761:
400:
The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) in 2008 published a documentary
287:
277:
261:
231:
189:
5594:
5528:
5458:
5409:
4960:
4849:
4844:
4706:
4628:
4553:
4545:
4506:
4401:
4354:
3911:"60-Watt Equivalent A15 Dimmable Filament Classic Glass LED Light Bulb, Soft White (3-Pack)"
3795:
3779:
3399:
3352:
3126:
2945:
2644:
2551:
2327:
2186:
2139:
2053:
1769:
1685:
1646:
Color rendering is not identical to that of incandescent lamps, which emit close to perfect
1055:
942:
895:
the equivalent of a 60 W tungsten lamp must have a minimum light output of 806 lumens.
871:
765:
521:
514:
307:
249:
158:
2305:
353:
competition, known as the "L Prize", challenging industry to develop replacements for 60 W
5754:
5713:
5671:
5666:
5501:
5321:
5098:
4827:
4802:
4302:"Characterizing and Minimizing LED Flicker in Lighting Applications" Steven Keeping (2012)
4179:
4108:
3329:
3193:
3174:
2888:
2864:
2380:
2287:
1828:
1803:
610:
506:
442:
299:
281:
1607:
Excellent color quality. The shade of white light appears clear and consistent over time.
4624:
4322:
Open letter from Alex Baker, Lighting Program Manager, Energy Star, dated 22 March 2010.
3395:
3348:
3240:"Laser Lighting: White-light lasers challenge LEDs in directional lighting applications"
3122:
2941:
2182:
664:
97:
5642:
5533:
5424:
5388:
5361:
5331:
5198:
4970:
4817:
4812:
4710:
4669:
4558:
4533:
3800:
3767:
2910:
950:
859:
677:
318:
257:
216:
142:
2706:
2513:"Philips rolls out 12-watt EnduraLED: World's first 60-watt equivalent LED light bulb"
2256:
2042:"Sustainable Lighting-Retrofit Versus Dedicated Luminaires-Light Versus Power Quality"
1755:
173:
waveform contains some amount of distortion, depending on the luminaires' technology.
161:. The most efficient commercially available LED lamps have efficiencies exceeding 200
129:(COB) LED module from an industrial light luminaire, thermally bonded to the heat sink
5801:
5723:
5453:
5356:
5351:
5273:
5174:
5081:
5059:
4885:
4866:
4822:
4608:
2656:
2639:. In Ferguson, Ian T.; Carrano, John C.; Taguchi, Tsunemasa; Ashdown, Ian E. (eds.).
1747:
1709:
931:
A 17 W tube of LEDs which has the same intensity as a 45 W fluorescent tube
875:
812:
Computer-led LED lighting allows enhancement of unique qualities of paintings in the
603:(CRI), and as of 2019 is about 80 for many LED bulbs, and over 95 for more expensive
591:
449:
330:
326:
4405:
4374:
4358:
3644:
3421:
3138:
3006:
2082:"LED LIGHTING MARKET - GROWTH, TRENDS, COVID-19 IMPACT, AND FORECASTS (2021 - 2026)"
5733:
5629:
5624:
5599:
5589:
5550:
5371:
5326:
5054:
5019:
4955:
4913:
4898:
4854:
4726:
4421:
2957:
2765:"LumeLEX™, the first LED product from Lighting Services Inc, launched at LightFair"
1848:
1713:
1622:
1575:
1545:
1536:
1207:
1043:
882:
to rectify the AC power and convert the voltage to an appropriate value, usually a
863:
740:
634:
630:
492:
426:
373:
365:
280:
content makes them a hazard to the environment, and they have to be disposed of as
265:
162:
106:
102:
49:
45:
2373:
459:
released the first car with LED daytime running lights and directionals, the 2004
345:
In the US, the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 authorized the
2606:
448:
In 2003, the first surgical goggles with LEDs were demonstrated. Audi showed the
5774:
5728:
5604:
5463:
5383:
5191:
5186:
5146:
5118:
5113:
5044:
5039:
5024:
4903:
4549:
3842:"EcoSmart 60-Watt Equivalent Eco-Incandescent A19 Household Light Bulb (4-Pack)"
1874:
1808:
1567:
1557:
879:
721:
688:
from the power supply to the regulated voltage direct current used by the LEDs.
681:
669:
659:
614:
573:
386:
303:
253:
169:
3783:
1638:
927:
5718:
5584:
5579:
5468:
5431:
5414:
5346:
5341:
5316:
5011:
4510:
3741:"Highways Magazine – Public Health England issues LED street lighting warning"
3130:
3044:
2881:
1838:
1783:
1737:
1030:
1015:
988:
582:
517:, Portugal; it included the first European public LED-based lighting highway.
69:
3993:"Cree 60W Equivalent Soft White (2700K) A19 Dimmable LED Light Bulb (4-Pack)"
3791:
2906:"LED bulb scheme has saved Rs 20,000 crore in household power bills: PM Modi"
2067:
5764:
5661:
5614:
5203:
5179:
5108:
5088:
3824:"EcoSmart 60W Equivalent Soft White (2700K) Twister CFL Light Bulb (4-pack)"
1741:
1540:
1006:
846:
725:
713:
467:
4718:
4642:
4567:
4518:
4413:
4366:
4333:
https://www.cree.com/led-components/media/documents/XLamp_Chemical_Comp.pdf
4227:
3809:
3413:
3364:
1969:
473:
In 2006, some of the first LED spotlights for use in stores were released.
238:
of general lighting applications. Incandescent lamps produce a continuous
3058:"Cooling high-power LEDs: The four myths about active vs. passive methods"
2589:"Back to the future: Signify increases the energy efficiency of LED lamps"
2531:"Philips Announces the World's First LED Replacement for the 75-Watt Bulb"
898:
5496:
5436:
5141:
5133:
5103:
5064:
5029:
4982:
4788:
3663:"Trump Administration Reverses Standards For Energy-Efficient Lightbulbs"
3546:"Q&A: How much can I save by replacing incandescent bulbs with CFLs?"
3404:
3379:
3356:
3330:"Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance"
1890:"How Energy-Efficient Light Bulbs Compare with Traditional Incandescents"
1798:
1697:
936:
622:
595:
587:
314:
306:, which was developed under Howard C. Borden and Gerald P. Pighini, and
269:
17:
1010:
LED Flashlight replacement bulb (left), with tungsten equivalent (right)
998:
much less space for intense cultivation than with hot-running lighting.
941:
LED tube lights are designed to physically fit in fixtures intended for
505:
In 2009 the exceptionally large Christmas tree standing in front of the
5448:
5393:
5093:
5071:
2058:
2041:
1833:
790:
555:
488:
477:
460:
361:
350:
53:
4633:
4151:"The Clinton Presidency: Protecting Our Environment and Public Health"
4043:"Average Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector"
2949:
2648:
211:
113:
39:
5076:
5034:
4747:
Some cities are taking another look at LED lighting after AMA warning
2190:
907:
817:
641:
in the range of 2,200 K (dimmed incandescent) up to 7,000 K or more.
322:
234:
of 10–17 lm/W, and also have a short lifetime, typically 1000 hours.
193:
4532:
Appleman, Kenneth; Figueiro, Mariana G.; Rea, Mark S. (1 May 2013).
4389:
4290:
Energy Star Program Requirements for Solid State Lighting Luminaires
415:
would likely mean most light bulbs used in the future would be LED.
3682:"It's Official: Stores Can No Longer Sell Most Incandescent Lights"
3328:
Moreno, Ivan; Avendaño-Alejo, Maximino; Tzonchev, Rumen I. (2006).
1525:
Comparison based on 6 hours use per day (43,800 hours over 20 yrs)
109:
base. The filaments are visible as the eight yellow vertical lines.
5759:
5123:
5049:
3868:"HomeDepot.com: Philips 60-Watt Household Incandescent Light Bulb"
2516:
1995:"Lighting world first: Philips breaks 200 lumens per watt barrier"
1637:
1029:
1005:
965:
926:
897:
845:
807:
796:
751:
739:
663:
572:
436:
210:
120:
112:
96:
2226:
2006 Millennium technology prize awarded to UCSB's Shuji Nakamura
1076:
for Vitamin D without causing skin redness, even at lower doses.
914:
because incandescent lamps are being phased out. In the U.S. the
756:
A graph of the efficiency of an LED compared to the input current
4440:
1716:(wearing amber-tinted goggles at night to reduce bluish light).
456:
4761:
3154:. Sciencedaily.com (13 January 2009). Retrieved 4 February 2018
1574:
Reduces energy costs – uses at least 75% less energy than
1818:
3697:
3695:
2932:. International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology.
2878:"Seattle Picked to Lead National Effort on LED Street Lights"
2394:
Energy Star Program Requirements for CFLS Partner Commitments
2141:
Photonics, Volume 3: Photonics Technology and Instrumentation
1610:
Efficiency is as good as or better than fluorescent lighting.
581:
General-purpose lighting requires a white light, emulating a
4203:"If Your Appliances Are Avocado, They're Probably not Green"
1712:(exposure to intense bluish white light during the day) and
4757:
4011:"Lightbulbs – LEDs and CFLs offer more choices and savings"
3937:"LED Bulbs: LED Bulb – 9W E27 A60 Thermoplastic Warm White"
2671:"2003 Audi Nuvolari Concept | Car News | Auto123"
2108:"Longevity of light bulbs and how to make them last longer"
1584:
Reduces cooling costs – LEDs produce very little heat.
650:
LED bulb that decreases its color temperature when dimmed.
3723:"LED advancements drive quality of light gains (MAGAZINE)"
2643:. SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 5941. SPIE. p. 594101.
2023:"Philips and Dubai unveil world's most efficient LED bulb"
1673:
electronic components. Also, the presence of incompatible
3498:
Rosenthal, Elisabeth; Barringer, Felicity (29 May 2009).
4462:"Microscopy Resource Center | Olympus Life Science"
2824:"Of the top six in Turku, led a move – HS.fi – Domestic"
789:
fixture (such as LED light panels replacing fluorescent
3967:"60W Equivalent Soft White A19 LED Light Bulb (2-Pack)"
2972:"Philips 4 W, 840 lm lamp, EAN 8719514343801"
1089:
for an efficiency chart comparing various technologies.
850:
A selection of consumer LED lamps available in 2012 as
680:(DC) electrical power and an appropriate circuit as an
4045:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. October 2022
2641:
Fifth International Conference on Solid State Lighting
2409:. Energysavingtrust.org.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
2397:, 4th edition, dated 03/07/08. Retrieved 25 June 2008.
1539:
of 1, but Compact fluorescent and LED lamps use input
760:
The term "efficiency droop" refers to the decrease in
668:
Household LED lamp with its internal LED elements and
2463:"Philips LED 60W 806lm Retrofit with Remote Phosphor"
2326:
Taub, Eric; leora Broydo Vestel (24 September 2009).
2228:. Ia.ucsb.edu (15 June 2006). Retrieved 22 June 2016.
466:
In 2005, an LED lamp was installed to illuminate the
3226:"Laser diodes add intensity to narrow-beam lighting"
2748:
with LEDs: details concerning innovating techniques"
393:
A similar program in the United Kingdom (run by the
5742:
5697:
5638:
5561:
5477:
5402:
5272:
5212:
5160:
5132:
5010:
4912:
4884:
4875:
4795:
4077:"Specification of a typical domestic 9.5W LED lamp"
3196:, By Steven Keeping, Digi-Key Corporation Tech Zone
1642:
Variable color temperature LED array in a floodlamp
1593:
Is durable – will not break like a glass bulb.
407:As of 2016, in the opinion of Noah Horowitz of the
75:
61:
4668:
3466:
2858:Solid-State Lighting GATEWAY Demonstration Results
385:Also in 2008 in the United States and Canada, the
242:of light similar to sunlight, and so produce high
2205:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 – Press release"
260:between two electrodes in a low pressure tube of
3208:"Cause of LED Efficiency Droop Finally Revealed"
2306:"Fans of L.E.D.'s Say This Bulb's Time Has Come"
2239:"List of Top 10 LED light manufacturer in China"
1677:can impair the performance and reduce lifetime.
1535:Incandescent and halogen lamps naturally have a
264:vapor, which is converted to visible light by a
4278:Appendix B: Calculating color rendering metrics
3380:"Color distribution from multicolor LED arrays"
1625:of at least 0.7 for all lamps of 5W or greater.
513:In 2009 a new highway (A29) was inaugurated in
4331:"Cree XLamp LEDs Chemical compatibility" URL:
4064:Standards Development for Solid-State Lighting
3500:"Green Promise Seen in Switch to LED Lighting"
3206:Iveland, Justin; et al. (23 April 2013).
3187:Identifying the Causes of LED Efficiency Droop
2707:"Lumileds LEDs used in Audi headlights - News"
2328:"Build a Better Bulb for a $ 10 Million Prize"
989:Grow light § Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
491:office of the Indian IT company, iGate, spent
4773:
3586:"LED Bulbs for the Home Near the Marketplace"
2780:"Audi's first all-LED headlight in the world"
1650:, as does the sun. A measurement unit called
906:Some models of LED lamps are compatible with
27:Electric light that produces light using LEDs
8:
3162:
3160:
2300:
2298:
2296:
916:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
854:for incandescent bulbs in screw-type sockets
32:
3521:"How Long Did You Say That Bulb Would Last"
2421:"The Next Generation of LED Filament Bulbs"
1080:Comparison with other lighting technologies
804:illumination with color mixing LED fixtures
4881:
4780:
4766:
4758:
3254:"LED lighting: Replaceable or disposable?"
2133:
2131:
2129:
633:, emitting light of another color via the
38:
4632:
4557:
4122:"Commission Regulation (EU) No 1194/2012"
3799:
3568:"Integral LED Lamps Criteria Development"
3403:
3152:Smart Lighting: New LED Drops The 'Droop'
2923:
2921:
2608:Light-Emitting Diodes (2nd Edition, 2006)
2057:
333:and Nakamura were later awarded the 2014
149:(LEDs). LED lamps are significantly more
3468:"Green property: energy-efficient bulbs"
3378:Moreno, Ivan; Contreras, Ulises (2007).
2630:
2628:
2600:
2598:
1613:Light comes on instantly when turned on.
1097:
554:LED lamps are often made with arrays of
483:In 2008 Sentry Equipment Corporation in
4249:"Dimming LED lamps: the dos and don'ts"
4016:. ConsumerReports. 2011. Archived from
3098:. EnergyDaily. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
2810:"Audi R8 V10 becomes first all-LED car"
2659:– via www.spiedigitallibrary.org.
2635:Craford, M. George (2 September 2005).
2443:
2441:
1940:"Lightbulb Efficiency Comparison Chart"
1861:
1578:lighting, saving on operating expenses.
4607:Pawson, S.; Bader, M. (October 2014).
2880:(Retrieved 16 July 2010); Scottsdale:
2565:Craven McGinty, Jo (11 October 2019).
2321:
2319:
1704:are ~2,700K (yellow). People who have
31:
4345:suppression of melatonin in humans".
3083:"Philips LED Classic Gasfilled 470lm"
2891:(Retrieved 16 July 2010); Ann Arbor:
2353:"L Prize 60W Replacement Competition"
2241:. TEKLED. 7 June 2013. Archived from
1667:Thermal management of high-power LEDs
802:BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta
702:Thermal management of high-power LEDs
7:
4499:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
3479:from the original on 12 January 2022
2605:Schubert, E. Fred (1 January 2006).
1970:"Dubai Lamp | Philips Lighting"
3607:"An LED That Mimics an Old Standby"
2799:, Nitya Varadarajan, 5 October 2009
1635:lamp and/or the dimmer may result.
862:connections and shapes, such as an
207:Light-emitting diode § History
4711:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.015
2449:"Philips Master LEDbulb 'Glow' 7W"
2383:. Nema.org. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
526:United States Department of Energy
441:LEDs as Christmas illumination in
413:United States Department of Energy
372:Early LED lamps varied greatly in
25:
3680:Tabuchi, Hiroko (1 August 2023).
3645:"Philips Flattens the Light Bulb"
3643:Pachal, Pete (16 December 2013).
3624:Gross, Daniel (5 February 2016).
3605:Wald, Matthew L. (24 June 2010).
3548:. Consumer Reports. 29 March 2010
3166:Stevenson, Richard (August 2009)
1915:"CFLs vs. LEDs: The Better Bulbs"
1560:is an international standard for
858:LED lamps are made with standard
452:concept car with LED headlights.
409:Natural Resources Defense Council
3056:Ed Rodriguez (17 October 2013).
2495:"The 50 Best Inventions of 2009"
1782:
1768:
1754:
1740:
1706:circadian rhythm sleep disorders
1700:is ~5,700K (bluish white) while
411:, new standards proposed by the
168:LED lamps require an electronic
5297:Parabolic aluminized reflector
4406:10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011
4359:10.1152/japplphysiol.01413.2009
4292:. (PDF). Retrieved 2 June 2012.
3519:Taub, Eric (11 February 2009).
3465:Lonsdale, Sarah (7 July 2010).
2778:Moore, Alina (10 August 2007).
1946:. 24 March 2015. Archived from
1661:LED life span as a function of
1042:LEDs are increasingly used for
870:shape with a bi-pin base, or a
5242:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
4675:. Cambridge University Press.
4131:. 14 December 2012. p. 13
3297:Warsaw tour Edition nr 5, 2012
3258:Building Design + Construction
2936:. Vol. 4776. p. 61.
2882:"LED Streetlight Installation"
1665:drops at higher temperatures.
1568:Energy Star LED qualifications
902:High-power LED "corn cob" lamp
748:circuit board and Edison screw
351:Bright Tomorrow Lighting Prize
1:
4394:Journal of Applied Physiology
4347:Journal of Applied Physiology
3584:Taub, Eric A. (16 May 2010).
3212:Physical Review Letters, 2013
2419:Lin, Judy (5 February 2015).
676:LED chips require controlled
639:correlated color temperatures
4505:(4): 989–1007, abstract ix.
4304:. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
4228:"Energy star products specs"
4201:Alena Tugend (10 May 2008).
3995:. Home Depot. Archived from
3969:. Home Depot. Archived from
3913:. Home Depot. Archived from
3844:. Home Depot. Archived from
3299:. p. 20. Archived from
3007:"Tunable White Led Lighting"
2856:U. S. Department of Energy,
577:LED lamp used in photography
44:A 230-volt LED lamp with an
5487:Automotive light bulb types
5337:Intelligent street lighting
4550:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.12.011
2281:Progress Alerts – 2010
1708:are sometimes treated with
744:Disassembled LED lamp with
684:is required to convert the
645:Color changing LED lighting
83:; 56 years ago
5849:
5250:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
3784:10.1038/s41598-017-11362-2
2847:, Aveiro 11 September 2009
2725:"Hella Develops Audi LEDs"
2138:Andrews, David L. (2015).
1675:volatile organic compounds
1394:Energy cost over 20 years
986:
962:Lighting designed for LEDs
934:
884:switched-mode power supply
746:switched-mode power supply
657:
607:(100 is the ideal value).
433:Examples of early adoption
313:The first high-brightness
204:
145:that produces light using
5689:Stage lighting instrument
4667:E. Fred Schubert (2006).
4511:10.1016/j.psc.2006.09.009
4079:. Philips. Archived from
3626:"Flicker On, Flicker Off"
3611:New York Times Green Blog
3440:ledlightingsupplier.co.uk
3131:10.1134/S1063782606050162
2621:– via Google Books.
2576:incandescent light bulbs.
2355:. US Department of Energy
2290:, US Department of Energy
1553:Energy Star qualification
1524:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1103:
556:surface mount LED modules
236:They are being phased out
37:
5750:Battlefield illumination
5507:high-intensity discharge
4939:Electrochemiluminescence
4435:Williams, D. R. (2004).
4176:"History of Energy Star"
3192:13 December 2013 at the
2895:(Retrieved 16 July 2010)
2867:(Retrieved 16 July 2010)
2110:. RobAid. Archived from
704:is required to keep the
5610:Electroluminescent wire
4613:Ecological Applications
4466:olympus-lifescience.com
3173:5 February 2018 at the
2930:Solid State Lighting II
2689:"Audi Nuvolari quattro"
2571:The Wall Street Journal
2261:US Department of Energy
2171:Applied Physics Letters
1692:sources. The effective
1616:No flicker when dimmed.
1546:power factor correction
349:(DOE) to establish the
5808:Energy-saving lighting
5292:Multifaceted reflector
4749:(25 September 2016) –
3745:Highways Magazine (UK)
2986:"Warm white LED light"
2876:for example, Seattle:
2711:Compound Semiconductor
2547:The Charlotte Observer
2407:Energy saving lighting
1643:
1362:Bulb lifetime (years)
1035:
1011:
971:
932:
903:
855:
821:
805:
757:
749:
673:
618:range of wavelengths.
578:
445:
422:and high performance.
335:Nobel Prize in Physics
220:
130:
118:
110:
77:First production
5828:Light-emitting diodes
5682:ellipsoidal reflector
5287:Ellipsoidal reflector
4971:Fluorescent induction
4949:field-induced polymer
4671:Light-Emitting Diodes
4107:1 August 2018 at the
3096:The LED's dark secret
2257:"L-Prize Competition"
2146:John Wiley & Sons
1814:List of light sources
1641:
1426:Cost of bulbs over 20
1033:
1009:
969:
930:
901:
849:
811:
800:
755:
743:
667:
605:high-CRI LED lighting
601:color rendering index
576:
440:
244:Color rendering index
214:
147:light-emitting diodes
124:
116:
100:
5519:Rear position lights
5492:Daytime running lamp
5420:Mechanically powered
5307:Aviation obstruction
3947:on 10 September 2017
3405:10.1364/OE.15.003607
3357:10.1364/AO.45.002265
2611:. E. Fred Schubert.
1844:Solid-state lighting
1648:black-body radiation
1061:stroboscopic effects
1020:LED automotive lamps
852:drop-in replacements
710:catastrophic failure
706:junction temperature
627:complementary colors
347:Department of Energy
317:was demonstrated by
66:Light-emitting diode
48:base (10 watts, 806
5818:Japanese inventions
5813:American inventions
4927:Electron-stimulated
4752:The Washington Post
4625:2014EcoAp..24.1561P
4480:"Circadian Rhythms"
4259:on 8 September 2018
4083:on 18 November 2018
3874:on 5 February 2018.
3830:on 7 November 2014.
3669:. 4 September 2019.
3473:The Daily Telegraph
3446:on 6 September 2012
3396:2007OExpr..15.3607M
3349:2006ApOpt..45.2265M
3242:. 22 February 2017.
3123:2006Semic..40..605E
2942:2002SPIE.4776...61N
2887:28 May 2010 at the
2863:9 June 2010 at the
2501:. 12 November 2009.
2379:8 July 2008 at the
2286:1 June 2008 at the
2183:1994ApPhL..64.1687N
2086:Mordor Intelligence
1824:Photometry (optics)
1799:Headlamp § LED
1117:Incandescent
1100:
1056:LED street lighting
837:Household LED lamps
775:Auger recombination
686:alternating current
533:Government of India
395:Energy Saving Trust
240:black body spectrum
228:Incandescent lights
34:
5770:Luminous gemstones
4944:Electroluminescent
4922:Cathodoluminescent
4207:The New York Times
4102:PF vs. Power in EU
3999:on 7 January 2019.
3973:on 20 October 2017
3917:on 5 February 2018
3848:on 5 February 2018
3772:Scientific Reports
3591:The New York Times
3525:The New York Times
3505:The New York Times
3029:"Warm Glow Effect"
3009:. 15 February 2017
2826:. 19 November 2009
2591:. 9 November 2023.
2332:The New York Times
2310:The New York Times
2245:on 9 October 2014.
2207:. Nobel Foundation
2059:10.3390/su11247125
1878:. 2 December 2015.
1776:Environment portal
1762:Engineering portal
1644:
1492:Total cost per 860
1459:Total cost over 20
1098:
1067:Ultra-Violet lamps
1036:
1012:
972:
933:
904:
856:
822:
806:
758:
750:
730:thermal insulation
696:Thermal management
674:
579:
446:
355:incandescent lamps
331:Hiroshi Amano
327:Isamu Akasaki
323:Nichia Corporation
288:Metal-halide lamps
221:
155:incandescent lamps
131:
119:
111:
5795:
5794:
5312:Balanced-arm lamp
5268:
5267:
5152:Yablochkov candle
5020:Acetylene/Carbide
4990:Radioluminescence
4862:Luminous efficacy
4808:Color temperature
4682:978-1-139-45522-0
4634:10.1890/14-0468.1
4023:on 11 August 2013
3343:(10): 2265–2272.
2950:10.1117/12.452574
2893:LED street lights
2812:. 4 January 2009.
2729:www.photonics.com
2677:. 23 August 2003.
2649:10.1117/12.625918
2618:978-0-9863826-1-1
2114:on 19 August 2015
2106:Damir, B (2012).
2029:. 6 October 2016.
1790:Technology portal
1694:color temperature
1690:affected by light
1663:lumen maintenance
1529:
1528:
1333:Lifespan (hours)
1271:Color temperature
1124:efficient (2023)
1087:luminous efficacy
956:tube designations
943:fluorescent tubes
762:luminous efficacy
672:circuitry exposed
522:LED street lights
420:energy efficiency
232:luminous efficacy
190:color temperature
186:power consumption
159:fluorescent lamps
103:LED filament lamp
95:
94:
16:(Redirected from
5840:
5595:Christmas lights
5529:Safety reflector
5524:Reversing lights
5459:Navigation light
5410:Bicycle lighting
5300:
5253:
5245:
5219:
4978:Photoluminescent
4961:Fluorescent lamp
4934:Chemiluminescent
4882:
4850:Bi-pin lamp base
4845:Lightbulb socket
4782:
4775:
4768:
4759:
4730:
4696:
4686:
4674:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4636:
4619:(7): 1561–1568.
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4437:"Sun Fact Sheet"
4432:
4426:
4425:
4400:(5): 1432–1438.
4385:
4379:
4378:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4255:. Archived from
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4182:on 27 March 2012
4178:. Archived from
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4126:
4118:
4112:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4015:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3943:. Archived from
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3870:. Archived from
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3826:. Archived from
3820:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3729:. 22 April 2014.
3719:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3470:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3442:. Archived from
3432:
3426:
3425:
3407:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3334:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3294:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3276:ledsmagazine.com
3268:
3262:
3261:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3197:
3184:
3178:
3164:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3033:Philips Lighting
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2934:SPIE Proceedings
2925:
2916:
2915:
2902:
2896:
2874:
2868:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2552:The Mercury News
2541:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2481:ledsmagazine.com
2473:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2291:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2191:10.1063/1.111832
2166:
2160:
2159:
2135:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1950:on 21 April 2020
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1919:greenamerica.org
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1870:"LED revolution"
1866:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1686:circadian rhythm
1562:energy efficient
1495:
1462:
1429:
1397:
1396:@ 16.1 cents/kWh
1365:
1101:
1094:Comparison table
1026:Outdoor lighting
880:driver circuitry
874:(bi-pin cap) or
766:electric current
736:Efficiency droop
569:White light LEDs
545:
543:
308:Monsanto Company
250:Fluorescent lamp
215:Illustration of
153:than equivalent
151:energy-efficient
91:
89:
84:
78:
42:
35:
21:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5755:Bioluminescence
5738:
5707:
5693:
5650:
5634:
5573:
5557:
5473:
5398:
5322:Emergency light
5298:
5264:
5251:
5243:
5217:
5215:
5208:
5156:
5128:
5099:Magnesium torch
5006:
4908:
4877:
4871:
4828:Light pollution
4803:Accent lighting
4791:
4786:
4737:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4666:
4663:
4661:Further reading
4658:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4155:The White House
4149:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4109:Wayback Machine
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3948:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3693:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3309:
3307:
3306:on 9 March 2013
3303:
3292:
3290:"Warsaw Top 10"
3288:
3287:
3283:
3278:. 22 July 2014.
3270:
3269:
3265:
3260:. 17 June 2015.
3252:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3194:Wayback Machine
3185:
3181:
3177:. IEEE Spectrum
3175:Wayback Machine
3165:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3037:
3035:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2914:. 4 March 2022.
2904:
2903:
2899:
2889:Wayback Machine
2875:
2871:
2865:Wayback Machine
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2797:Led'ing the way
2795:
2791:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2753:. TOSHIBA Lamp.
2750:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2387:
2381:Wayback Machine
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2312:. 28 July 2008.
2304:
2303:
2294:
2288:Wayback Machine
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1829:Radiation angle
1804:LED strip light
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1730:to port areas.
1632:
1555:
1493:
1460:
1427:
1395:
1363:
1149:Purchase price
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1096:
1082:
1069:
1044:street lighting
1028:
1004:
991:
985:
964:
939:
925:
844:
842:Sizes and bases
839:
814:National Museum
786:
764:of LEDs as the
738:
698:
662:
656:
647:
571:
552:
541:
540:
507:Turku Cathedral
443:Viborg, Denmark
435:
300:Hewlett-Packard
282:hazardous waste
209:
203:
87:
85:
82:
76:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5846:
5844:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5800:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5743:Related topics
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5645:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5534:retroreflector
5526:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5389:Track lighting
5386:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5369:
5364:
5362:Recessed light
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5332:Gooseneck lamp
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5294:
5289:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5247:
5239:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5214:High-intensity
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4992:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4983:Laser headlamp
4975:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:Electric light
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4744:
4736:
4735:External links
4733:
4732:
4731:
4687:
4681:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4599:
4588:. 14 June 2016
4573:
4544:(5): 456–461.
4538:Sleep Medicine
4524:
4489:
4471:
4453:
4427:
4380:
4353:(3): 619–626.
4336:
4324:
4315:
4306:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4240:
4219:
4193:
4167:
4142:
4113:
4094:
4068:
4056:
4034:
4002:
3984:
3958:
3928:
3902:
3877:
3859:
3833:
3815:
3758:
3747:. 3 April 2008
3732:
3714:
3704:
3691:
3686:New York Times
3672:
3654:
3635:
3616:
3597:
3576:
3559:
3537:
3511:
3490:
3457:
3427:
3390:(6): 3607–18.
3384:Optics Express
3370:
3337:Applied Optics
3320:
3281:
3263:
3245:
3231:
3228:. 13 May 2019.
3217:
3198:
3179:
3156:
3144:
3111:Semiconductors
3100:
3088:
3074:
3048:
3020:
2998:
2977:
2963:
2917:
2911:Times of India
2897:
2869:
2849:
2837:
2815:
2801:
2789:
2770:
2767:. 6 June 2006.
2756:
2734:
2716:
2698:
2680:
2662:
2624:
2617:
2594:
2580:
2557:
2536:
2533:. 16 May 2011.
2522:
2504:
2486:
2483:. 14 May 2010.
2468:
2454:
2437:
2411:
2399:
2385:
2366:
2344:
2315:
2292:
2273:
2248:
2230:
2218:
2196:
2161:
2154:
2125:
2098:
2073:
2046:Sustainability
2032:
2014:
1986:
1961:
1944:greatercea.org
1931:
1906:
1881:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1779:
1765:
1751:
1735:
1732:
1702:tungsten lamps
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1554:
1551:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
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1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1081:
1078:
1068:
1065:
1034:LED floodlamps
1027:
1024:
1003:
1000:
987:Main article:
984:
981:
963:
960:
935:Main article:
924:
923:LED tube lamps
921:
843:
840:
838:
835:
785:
782:
737:
734:
697:
694:
678:direct current
658:Main article:
655:
652:
646:
643:
570:
567:
551:
548:
434:
431:
402:standard LM-79
319:Shuji Nakamura
292:
291:
285:
258:glow discharge
247:
202:
199:
188:in watts, the
143:electric light
127:Chips on board
93:
92:
79:
73:
72:
63:
59:
58:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5845:
5834:
5833:Types of lamp
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5724:Infrared lamp
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:Laser pointer
5452:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:Pendant light
5355:
5353:
5352:Neon lighting
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5261:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5227:Mercury-vapor
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5170:Deuterium arc
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5162:Gas discharge
5159:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4867:Task lighting
4865:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4823:Light fixture
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4600:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4490:
4485:
4484:nigms.nih.gov
4481:
4475:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4280:. lrc.rpi.edu
4279:
4274:
4271:
4258:
4254:
4253:luxreview.com
4250:
4244:
4241:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4130:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4095:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4057:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4019:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3847:
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3825:
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3816:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3727:LEDs Magazine
3724:
3718:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3620:
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3612:
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3601:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3461:
3458:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3431:
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3423:
3419:
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3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3371:
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3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
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3338:
3331:
3324:
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3317:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3255:
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3218:
3213:
3209:
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3199:
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3169:
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3153:
3148:
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3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3101:
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3092:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2987:
2981:
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2973:
2967:
2964:
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2947:
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2907:
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2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2873:
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2859:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2811:
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2802:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2760:
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2747:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2726:
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2717:
2712:
2708:
2702:
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2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2554:. p. 1C.
2553:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2396:
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2389:
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2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2333:
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2301:
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2293:
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2240:
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2222:
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2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2155:9781118225547
2151:
2148:. p. 2.
2147:
2143:
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2130:
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2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
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2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
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1876:
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1797:
1796:
1791:
1785:
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1777:
1771:
1766:
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1757:
1752:
1749:
1748:Energy portal
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:light therapy
1707:
1703:
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1664:
1659:
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1399:
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1370:
1367:
1364:@ 6 hours/day
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1360:
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1201:
1198:
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1189:
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1177:
1176:
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5625:Plasma globe
5600:Crackle tube
5590:Bubble light
5551:trafficators
5546:Turn signals
5372:Street light
5327:Gas lighting
5260:Sodium vapor
5232:Metal-halide
5134:Electric arc
4999:
4886:Incandescent
4855:Edison screw
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4586:ama-assn.org
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2174:
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2112:the original
2101:
2091:25 September
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2085:
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2052:(24): 7125.
2049:
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2035:
2027:newatlas.com
2026:
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2001:
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1973:
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1948:the original
1943:
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1918:
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1893:
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1849:Spectroscopy
1721:
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1714:dark therapy
1683:
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1658:eye strain.
1656:
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1623:Power factor
1596:
1576:incandescent
1566:
1556:
1537:power factor
1534:
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1052:sodium lamps
1046:in place of
1041:
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864:Edison screw
857:
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787:
784:Applications
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728:or close to
722:cooling fans
699:
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374:chromaticity
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366:Edison screw
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138:
134:
132:
29:
5775:Signal lamp
5729:Stroboscope
5605:DJ lighting
5541:Stop lights
5512:sealed beam
5464:Searchlight
5204:Xenon flash
5147:Klieg light
4995:Solid-state
4956:Fluorescent
4914:Luminescent
4705:: 296–307.
4233:4 September
3272:"StackPath"
3062:EDN Network
3013:15 February
2675:auto123.com
2477:"StackPath"
2430:17 February
2002:Philips.com
1875:India Today
1809:LED display
1728:gypsy moths
1671:solid state
1630:Limitations
1558:Energy Star
1240:lumens/watt
1016:flashlights
718:cooling fin
660:LED circuit
654:LED drivers
625:to produce
544:200 billion
495:3,700,000 (
387:Energy Star
304:LED display
266:fluorescent
256:light by a
254:ultraviolet
217:Haitz's law
170:LED circuit
101:A 230-volt
5802:Categories
5719:Grow light
5714:Germicidal
5704:Scientific
5701:Industrial
5657:Floodlight
5643:Theatrical
5585:Blacklight
5580:Aroma lamp
5569:Decorative
5479:Automotive
5469:Solar lamp
5432:Glow stick
5415:Flashlight
5347:Nightlight
5342:Light tube
5317:Chandelier
5274:Stationary
5216:discharge
5142:Carbon arc
5012:Combustion
4878:generation
4876:Methods of
4741:e-lumen.eu
4592:4 February
4446:4 February
4263:28 January
4160:4 February
4111:. ledon.at
4087:28 January
4066:energy.gov
4027:21 January
3951:4 February
3921:4 February
3751:19 January
3552:4 February
3475:. London.
3117:(5): 605.
3067:19 January
3038:10 October
2991:4 February
2744:"Lighting
2359:10 October
2337:4 February
2266:11 October
1974:Philips.ae
1954:4 February
1899:4 February
1894:energy.gov
1856:References
1839:Solar lamp
1684:The human
1541:rectifiers
831:Lambertian
682:LED driver
670:LED driver
583:black body
563:Lambertian
550:Technology
535:launched '
485:Oconomowoc
205:See also:
105:, with an
70:light bulb
5823:LED lamps
5785:Reflected
5765:Light art
5677:Spotlight
5662:Footlight
5647:Cinematic
5615:Lava lamp
5377:in the US
5282:Reflector
5199:Xenon arc
5180:Neon lamp
5109:Rushlight
5089:Limelight
4838:Hong Kong
4648:6 January
4135:5 October
4049:9 January
3895:7 January
3890:Amazon UK
3852:9 October
3792:2045-2322
3702:(IF:3.99)
3450:26 August
2830:9 January
2746:Mona Lisa
2693:Autopista
2657:119804533
2425:LEDinside
2211:7 October
2118:10 August
2068:2071-1050
1924:31 August
1002:Specialty
866:base, an
726:luminaire
714:heat sink
631:fluoresce
468:Mona Lisa
455:In 2004,
325:in 1994.
268:coating (
139:LED light
18:LED bulbs
5497:Headlamp
5437:Headlamp
5425:Tactical
5403:Portable
5384:Torchère
5065:Petromax
5060:Kerosene
5030:Campfire
5000:LED lamp
4796:Concepts
4789:Lighting
4719:27751961
4643:29210222
4568:23481485
4519:17118278
4414:21415172
4375:23119076
4367:21164152
4186:27 March
4105:Archived
3977:4 August
3941:v-tac.eu
3810:28904394
3649:Mashable
3477:Archived
3422:35468615
3414:19532605
3365:16607994
3190:Archived
3171:Archived
3139:96989485
3045:teardown
2885:Archived
2861:Archived
2784:TopSpeed
2377:Archived
2284:Archived
2007:2 August
1979:2 August
1734:See also
1698:daylight
1127:EcoSmart
1114:Halogen
937:LED tube
892:efficacy
791:troffers
623:phosphor
596:phosphor
588:band gap
531:In 2016
425:In 2023
315:blue LED
270:phosphor
252:produce
197:lumens.
135:LED lamp
33:LED lamp
5780:Sources
5734:Tanning
5620:Marquee
5565:Display
5449:Lantern
5442:outdoor
5394:Troffer
5237:ceramic
5094:Luchina
5072:Lantern
4965:compact
4963: (
4899:Halogen
4894:Regular
4727:1619530
4621:Bibcode
4559:4304650
4422:4140748
4212:29 June
4129:EUR-Lex
3801:5597604
3530:9 March
3392:Bibcode
3345:Bibcode
3310:1 March
3119:Bibcode
2958:8122222
2938:Bibcode
2179:Bibcode
1834:SMD LED
1688:can be
1496:lumens
1351:10,000
1348:25,000
1345:10,000
1342:20,000
1339:15,000
1336:50,000
1273:kelvin
1210:(mean)
1173:$ 0.41
1170:$ 1.17
1167:$ 1.54
1164:$ 3.93
1161:$ 2.54
1158:$ 1.79
1155:$ 3.29
1152:$ 7.19
1144:(2019)
1139:(2017)
1137:Philips
1134:(2018)
1048:mercury
947:ballast
908:dimmers
590:of the
489:Chennai
478:Audi R8
461:Audi A8
362:Philips
278:mercury
274:ballast
262:mercury
201:History
194:kelvins
125:An 80W
86: (
54:Kelvins
52:, 3000
5502:hidden
5367:Sconce
5192:Sulfur
5187:Plasma
5119:Tilley
5114:Safety
5077:Fanous
5040:Carcel
5035:Candle
5025:Argand
4904:Nernst
4833:Hawaii
4725:
4717:
4679:
4641:
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3483:8 June
3420:
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2615:
2152:
2066:
1520:$ 441
1517:$ 407
1514:$ 118
1494:
1487:$ 441
1484:$ 355
1481:$ 106
1463:years
1461:
1430:years
1428:
1421:$ 423
1418:$ 303
1357:1,000
1354:1,000
1247:123.1
1208:lumens
1178:Watts
983:Plants
818:Warsaw
524:. The
515:Aveiro
246:(CRI).
163:lumens
141:is an
50:lumens
5760:Laser
5672:Scoop
5299:(PAR)
5252:(HQI)
5244:(HMI)
5218:(HID)
5124:Torch
5082:Paper
5050:Flare
4818:Glare
4723:S2CID
4695:(PDF)
4418:S2CID
4371:S2CID
4125:(PDF)
4021:(PDF)
4014:(PDF)
3712:6.23)
3630:Slate
3571:(PDF)
3418:S2CID
3333:(PDF)
3304:(PDF)
3293:(PDF)
3135:S2CID
2954:S2CID
2751:(PDF)
2653:S2CID
2517:ZDNet
1998:(PDF)
1511:$ 79
1508:$ 78
1505:$ 73
1502:$ 60
1499:$ 36
1478:$ 75
1475:$ 73
1472:$ 69
1469:$ 56
1466:$ 35
1454:$ 18
1451:$ 51
1442:$ 13
1436:$ 10
1415:$ 99
1412:$ 67
1409:$ 60
1406:$ 63
1403:$ 46
1400:$ 28
1389:0.46
1386:0.46
1380:11.4
1368:22.8
1297:2700
1294:2920
1291:2700
1288:2700
1285:2700
1282:2700
1279:2700
1276:3000
1265:14.3
1262:17.4
1259:55.4
1256:85.8
1253:94.1
1250:89.6
1132:V-TAC
872:GU5.3
537:Ujala
463:W12.
5667:Gobo
5175:Neon
5045:Diya
4715:PMID
4677:ISBN
4650:2017
4639:PMID
4594:2018
4564:PMID
4515:PMID
4448:2018
4441:NASA
4410:PMID
4363:PMID
4265:2017
4235:2016
4214:2008
4188:2012
4162:2018
4137:2019
4089:2021
4051:2023
4029:2014
3979:2017
3953:2018
3923:2018
3897:2023
3854:2017
3806:PMID
3788:ISSN
3753:2019
3554:2018
3532:2016
3485:2011
3452:2011
3410:PMID
3361:PMID
3312:2013
3069:2019
3040:2018
3015:2017
2993:2018
2832:2012
2613:ISBN
2499:Time
2432:2019
2361:2023
2339:2018
2268:2021
2213:2014
2150:ISBN
2120:2015
2093:2021
2064:ISSN
2009:2019
1981:2019
1956:2018
1926:2016
1901:2018
1448:$ 8
1445:$ 8
1439:$ 5
1433:$ 7
1383:4.6
1377:4.6
1374:9.1
1371:6.8
1328:100
1325:100
1313:80+
1244:210
1234:860
1231:750
1228:775
1225:815
1222:800
1219:806
1216:800
1213:840
1193:9.5
1190:8.5
1184:6.5
1142:Cree
1106:LED
1085:See
1050:and
951:LEDs
876:GU10
868:MR16
860:lamp
497:US$
457:Audi
379:NIST
157:and
88:1968
81:1968
62:Type
5104:Oil
5055:Gas
4707:doi
4703:339
4629:doi
4554:PMC
4546:doi
4507:doi
4402:doi
4398:110
4355:doi
4351:110
3796:PMC
3780:doi
3667:NPR
3400:doi
3353:doi
3127:doi
2946:doi
2645:doi
2187:doi
2054:doi
1819:Lux
1724:HPS
1696:of
1652:CRI
1322:82
1319:85
1316:80
1310:80
1307:80
1303:CRI
1202:60
1199:43
1196:14
1110:CFL
816:in
716:or
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611:RGB
321:of
302:'s
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