1797:
2153:
53:
814:
2613:. The word "kelvin" is not capitalized when used as a unit. It may be in plural form as appropriate (for example, "it is 283 kelvins outside", as for "it is 50 degrees Fahrenheit" and "10 degrees Celsius"). The unit's symbol K is a capital letter, per the SI convention to capitalize symbols of units derived from the name of a person. It is common convention to capitalize Kelvin when referring to Lord Kelvin or the Kelvin scale.
372:
4876:
3137:, p. 104: "If we push the strict principle of graduation, stated above, sufficiently far, we should arrive at a point corresponding to the volume of air being reduced to nothing, which would be marked as â273° of the scale (â100/·366, if ·366 be the coefficient of expansion); and therefore â273° of the air-thermometer is a point which cannot be reached at any finite temperature, however low."
2705:
496:
1674:
942:'s hypothesis", on account of it having been first assumed by Mayer. Thomson arranged numerous experiments in coordination with Joule, eventually concluding by 1854 that Joule's formula was correct and the effect of temperature on the density of saturated steam accounted for all discrepancies with Regnault's data. Therefore, in terms of the modern Kelvin scale
1899:. A challenge was to avoid degrading the accuracy of measurements close to the triple point. The redefinition was further postponed in 2014, pending more accurate measurements of the Boltzmann constant in terms of the current definition, but was finally adopted at the 26th CGPM in late 2018, with a value of
1115:. In 1854, Thomson and Joule thus formulated a second absolute scale that was more practical and convenient, agreeing with air thermometers for most purposes. Specifically, "the numerical measure of temperature shall be simply the mechanical equivalent of the thermal unit divided by Carnotâs function."
3703:, festgesetzt worden. Die Bezeichnung Skot wurde von der IBK nicht ĂŒbernommen, dafĂŒr soll "skotopisches Stilb" gesagt werden. Als höchstzulĂ€ssiger Grenzwert fĂŒr die Dunkelleuchtdichte ist in Deutschland 10 Skot festgesetzt worden, um eine Verwendung der Dunkelleuchtdichte im Gebiet des gemischten
1922:
For scientific purposes, the redefinition's main advantage is in allowing more accurate measurements at very low and very high temperatures, as the techniques used depend on the
Boltzmann constant. Independence from any particular substance or measurement is also a philosophical advantage. The kelvin
4027:
Newell, D B; Cabiati, F; Fischer, J; Fujii, K; Karshenboim, S G; Margolis, H S; de Mirandés, E; Mohr, P J; Nez, F; Pachucki, K; Quinn, T J; Taylor, B N; Wang, M; Wood, B M; Zhang, Z; et al. (Committee on Data for
Science and Technology (CODATA) Task Group on Fundamental Constants) (2018-01-29).
3711:
zu vermeiden, da in diesem
Bereich die photometrischen MaĂgröĂen wegen der allmĂ€hlich gleitenden Augenempfindlichkeitskurve ihren Sinn verlieren. Skot, abgek sk, Einheit fĂŒr die Dunkelleuchtdichte, welche fĂŒr zahlenmĂ€Ăige Angaben und zum AnschluĂ der Dunkelleuchtdichte an die normale Leuchtdichte
4192:
A derived unit is usually singular in
English, for example, the value 3 m·K/W is usually spelled out as 'three square meter kelvin per watt', and the value 3 C·m/V is usually spelled out as 'three coulomb meter squared per volt'. However, a 'single' unit may be plural; for example, the
4125:
Fischer, J; Fellmuth, B; Gaiser, C; Zandt, T; Pitre, L; Sparasci, F; Plimmer, M D; de
Podesta, M; Underwood, R; Sutton, G; Machin, G; Gavioso, R M; Madonna Ripa, D; Steur, P P M; Qu, J; Feng, X J; Zhang, J; Moldover, M R; Benz, S P; White, D R; Gianfrani, L; Castrillo, A; Moretti, L; Darquié, B;
1058:
The parameters of the scale were arbitrarily chosen to coincide with the
Celsius scale at 0° and 100 °C or 273 and 373 K (the melting and boiling points of water). On this scale, an increase of approximately 222 degrees corresponds to a doubling of Kelvin temperature, regardless of the
937:
of water, approximately 771.8 foot-pounds force per degree
Fahrenheit per pound (4,153 J/K/kg). Thomson was initially skeptical of the deviations of Joule's formula from experiment, stating "I think it will be generally admitted that there can be no such inaccuracy in Regnault's part of the
1719:
of water can be affected quite dramatically by raising or lowering the pressure), the triple point condition for a given substance can occur only at a single pressure and only at a single temperature. By the 1940s, the triple point of water had been experimentally measured to be about 0.6% of
1655:
The difference of temperatures between the freezing- and boiling-points of water under standard atmospheric pressure shall be called 100 degrees. (The same increment as the
Celsius scale) Thomson's best estimates at the time were that the temperature of freezing water was 273.7 K and the
407:
which underpin the concept of absolute zero. Instead, they chose defining points within the range of human experience that could be reproduced easily and with reasonable accuracy, but lacked any deep significance in thermal physics. In the case of the
Celsius scale (and the long since defunct
1735:
value) close to 0 °C. This was justified on the grounds that the triple point was judged to give a more accurately reproducible reference temperature than the melting point. The triple point could be measured with ±0.0001 °C accuracy, while the melting point just to ±0.001 °C.
2232:
Digital cameras and photographic software often use colour temperature in K in edit and setup menus. The simple guide is that higher colour temperature produces an image with enhanced white and blue hues. The reduction in colour temperature produces an image more dominated by reddish,
1746:
In 1967/1968, Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM renamed the unit increment of thermodynamic temperature "kelvin", symbol K, replacing "degree Kelvin", symbol °K. The 13th CGPM also held in
Resolution 4 that "The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is equal to the fraction
523:. The scale proposed in the paper turned out to be unsatisfactory, but the principles and formulas upon which the scale was based were correct. For example, in a footnote, Thomson derived the value of â273 °C for absolute zero by calculating the negative reciprocal of 0.00366âthe
4193:
value 5 kPa is spelled out as 'five kilopascals', although 'five kilopascal' is acceptable. If in such a single-unit case the number is less than one, the unit is always singular when spelled out; for example, 0.5 kPa is spelled out as 'five-tenths kilopascal'.
1773:
In 2005, noting that the triple point could be influenced by the isotopic ratio of the hydrogen and oxygen making up a water sample and that this was "now one of the major sources of the observed variability between different realizations of the water triple point", the
1056:
3958:
Milton responded to a question about what would happen if ... the CIPM or the CGPM voted not to move forward with the redefinition of the SI. He responded that he felt that by that time the decision to move forward should be seen as a foregone
2109:
to contain the uncertainty of water's triple point and water still normally freezes at 0 °C to a high degree of precision. But before the redefinition, the triple point of water was exact and the Boltzmann constant had a measured value of
1651:
The absolute values of two temperatures are to one another in the proportion of the heat taken in to the heat rejected in a perfect thermodynamic engine working with a source and refrigerator at the higher and lower of the temperatures
286:
scale (symbol °C) and the Kelvin scale have the exact same magnitude; that is, a rise of 1 K is equal to a rise of 1 °C and vice versa, and any temperature in degrees Celsius can be converted to kelvin by adding 273.15.
294:
first developed and proposed the scale. It was often called the "absolute Celsius" scale in the early 20th century. The kelvin was formally added to the International System of Units in 1954, defining 273.16 K to be the
1778:(CIPM), a committee of the CGPM, affirmed that for the purposes of delineating the temperature of the triple point of water, the definition of the kelvin would refer to water having the isotopic composition specified for
1895:. The committee hoped the program would be completed in time for its adoption by the CGPM at its 2011 meeting, but at the 2011 meeting the decision was postponed to the 2014 meeting when it would be considered part of a
1660:
These two properties would be featured in all future versions of the Kelvin scale, although it was not yet known by that name. In the early decades of the 20th century, the Kelvin scale was often called the "absolute
487:) by about 1/273 parts per degree Celsius of temperature's change up or down, between 0 °C and 100 °C. Extrapolation of this law suggested that a gas cooled to about â273 °C would occupy zero volume.
527:
of an ideal gas per degree Celsius relative to the ice point. This derived value agrees with the currently accepted value of â273.15 °C, allowing for the precision and uncertainty involved in the calculation.
1490:
1568:
965:
2802:
911:
1363:
1638:
1681:. The solid green line applies to most substances; the dashed green line gives the anomalous behavior of water. The boiling line (solid blue) runs from the triple point to the
612:
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1234:
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1665:" scale, indicating Celsius degrees counted from absolute zero rather than the freezing point of water, and using the same symbol for regular Celsius degrees, °C.
1093:
808:
3979:
1739:
In 1954, with absolute zero having been experimentally determined to be about â273.15 °C per the definition of °C then in use, Resolution 3 of the 10th
3738: = 2360 °K vereinbart. Eine Lichtquelle strahlt mit der Dunkelleuchtdichte 1 sk, wenn sie photometrisch gleich einer Strahlung der Farbtemperatur
1194:
1113:
960:
931:
747:
652:
632:
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4851:
3939:
5139:
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1740:
4408:"On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam"
4383:
3904:"General Conference on Weights and Measures approves possible changes to the International System of Units, including redefinition of the kilogram"
3835:
2105:
For practical purposes, the redefinition was unnoticed; enough digits were used for the Boltzmann constant to ensure that 273.16 K has enough
1743:(CGPM) introduced a new internationally standardized Kelvin scale which defined the triple point as exactly 273.15 + 0.01 = 273.16 degrees Kelvin.
938:
data, and there remains only the uncertainty regarding the density of saturated steam". Thomson referred to the correctness of Joule's formula as "
3903:
2723:
1727:
In 1948, the Celsius scale was recalibrated by assigning the triple point temperature of water the value of 0.01 °C exactly and allowing the
2190:
appear bluish. Colour temperature is important in the fields of image projection and photography, where a colour temperature of approximately
4311:
4281:
3696:
3674:
2739:
3687:
Dunkelleuchtdichte. Unter Zugrundelegung dieser Empfindlichkeitskurve hat man 1940 in Deutschland die Dunkelleuchtdichte mit der Einheit
2837:
684:
463:
of the temperature difference between the melting and boiling points. The same temperature interval was later used for the Kelvin scale.
4912:
4536:
4532:
4440:
3868:
388:
4384:"On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's Observations"
4567:
1731:
at standard atmospheric pressure to have an empirically determined value (and the actual melting point at ambient pressure to have a
3386:
2307:
499:
103:
4317:
3718:
2888:
4757:
2718:
2634:
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2182:
radiator emits light with a frequency distribution characteristic of its temperature. Black bodies at temperatures below about
1682:
1409:
5149:
5144:
4861:
4433:
72:
3428:"A quantitative investigation of certain relations between the gaseous, the liquid, and the solid states of water-substance"
2169:
2133:. Afterward, the Boltzmann constant is exact and the uncertainty is transferred to the triple point of water, which is now
4576:
2986:
264:
5129:
1770:, this left the kelvin, the second, and the kilogram as the only SI units not defined with reference to any other unit.
683:
was "Carnotâs function", a substance-independent quantity depending on temperature, motivated by an obsolete version of
1796:
1495:
5124:
4126:
Moufarej, E; Daussy, C; Briaudeau, S; Kozlova, O; Risegari, L; Segovia, J J; MartĂn, M C; del Campo, D (2018-04-01).
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derived from the kelvin is the degree Celsius. Like other SI units, the kelvin can also be modified by adding a
1293:
4815:
2295:
1694:
2961:
3713:
1573:
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4856:
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3456:
and consequently that the three curves would meet or cross each other in one point, which I have called the
3077:
1896:
1868:
1791:
480:
404:
308:
35:
3041:"Essay II. On the force of steam or vapour from water and various other liquids, both in vacuum and in air"
2225:
1817:
defined by the metre (m), second (s), and kilogram (kg). Those SI base units are themselves defined by the
5134:
4560:
4407:
3119:
2202:
1647:
This definition by itself is not sufficient. Thomson specified that the scale should have two properties:
1570:, one obtains the general principle of an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale for the Carnot engine,
934:
3843:
2210:
1051:{\displaystyle T_{1848}=100\times {\frac {\log(T/{\text{273 K}})}{\log({\text{373 K}}/{\text{273 K}})}}}
296:
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4456:
4346:
4139:
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851:
821:
When Thomson published his paper in 1848, he only considered Regnault's experimental measurements of
562:
447:
chosen to approximate the natural air pressure at sea level. Thus, an increment of 1 °C equals
1095:, the relationship between work and heat for a perfect thermodynamic engine was simply the constant
4841:
3814:
3658:
2106:
1686:
690:
4003:
3764:
3650:
3596:
3543:
1715:. While any two phases could coexist along a range of temperature-pressure combinations (e.g. the
1368:
752:
4898:
3745: = 2360 °K und der Leuchtdichte von 10 asb (Apostilb) ist. Bei der Farbtemperatur
3522:
2291:
2287:
2175:
2156:
2012:
1872:
1199:
556:
416:) the melting point of ice served as such a starting point, with Celsius being defined (from the
312:
113:
52:
2223:
555:." Specifically, Thomson expressed the amount of work necessary to produce a unit of heat (the
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3313:
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2256:
2141:
1996:
1832:
939:
484:
413:
2920:
2140:
The new definition officially came into force on 20 May 2019, the 144th anniversary of the
1800:
2019 SI unit dependencies. The kelvin (K) is now fixed in terms of the Boltzmann constant (
1266:
1239:
1152:
1125:
4632:
3708:
3704:
2313:
1990:
1846:
1814:
1078:
813:
793:
472:
4298:
3752: = 2360 °K gilt also die Relation: 1 sk = 10 asb = 10/Ï sb.
1927:(see 2019 SI unit dependencies diagram), allowing the kelvin to be expressed exactly as:
4143:
4065:
3492:
3443:
3299:
2637:
provided for compatibility with legacy encodings. The Unicode standard recommends using
371:
5062:
5057:
4785:
4717:
4521:
4516:
4184:"NIST Guide to the SI | Chapter 9: Rules and Style Conventions for Spelling Unit Names"
4160:
4127:
3318:
3283:
1822:
1708:
1290:
is the temperature of the cold reservoir in Celsius. The Carnot function is defined as
1179:
1098:
945:
916:
732:
637:
617:
429:
396:
338:
272:
3272:, p. 105: "The arbitrary points which coincide on the two scales are 0° and 100°"
3014:
2654:. "Three letterlike symbols have been given canonical equivalence to regular letters:
483:
that, at constant pressure, ideal gases expanded or contracted their volume linearly (
5118:
4991:
4846:
4770:
4707:
4697:
4506:
4476:
4365:
3692:
2838:"SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI) â 9th edition (updated in 2022)"
2710:
2317:
1867:) using a more experimentally rigorous method. In particular, the committee proposed
1864:
1728:
1724:
and very close to 0.01 °C per the historical definition of Celsius then in use.
1716:
1678:
1662:
1641:
1060:
436:
400:
304:
279:
227:
4205:
531:
The scale was designed on the principle that "a unit of heat descending from a body
395:
and centigrade (later Celsius). These scales predated much of the modern science of
5052:
5001:
4986:
4790:
4747:
4732:
4687:
4667:
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4501:
4496:
2246:
2234:
1699:
1640:. The definition can be shown to correspond to the thermometric temperature of the
1119:
409:
380:
256:
3842:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. Section 2.1.1.5. Archived from
3476:
5088:
5021:
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2728:
2321:
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2252:
516:
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376:
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260:
31:
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4075:
4029:
3971:
3786:"Resolution 4: Definition of the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)"
2858:
383:(shown here in Celsius) before the physical nature of heat was well understood.
5083:
4976:
4935:
4481:
3724:
3666:
2700:
2283:
2179:
392:
307:
scales were redefined in terms of the Kelvin scale using this definition. The
300:
205:
58:
3508:
3451:
3091:
2607:
According to SI convention, the kelvin is never referred to nor written as a
5027:
4727:
4642:
3869:"Draft Chapter 2 for SI Brochure, following redefinitions of the base units"
2704:
2272:
2198:
4169:
3699:(IBK) die Bezugstemperatur auf 2046 °K, die Erstarrungstemperatur des
3327:
2987:"Handbook 44 â 2022 â Appendix C â General Tables of Units of Measurement"
1855:). Black arrows trace the dependencies from these constants to the kelvin.
5103:
5017:
4607:
4486:
3940:"Report on the Meeting of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants"
3700:
2889:"A Turning Point for Humanity: Redefining the World's Measurement System"
1704:
1064:
933:
is "the mechanical equivalent of a unit of heat", now referred to as the
512:
444:
4425:
3793:
2227:
2178:
of light sources. Colour temperature is based upon the principle that a
1673:
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5032:
4795:
4780:
4722:
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3691:(sk) so festgesetzt, daà bei einem Licht der Farbtemperatur 2360 °
2617:
1685:, beyond which further increases in temperature and pressure produce a
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17:
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3308:
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4945:
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suggested to Thomson that the true formula for Carnot's function was
330:
138:
3657:(in German) (1 ed.). Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg, Germany:
551:, would give out the same mechanical effect, whatever be the number
4273:
Chemistry, Student Study Guide: The Study of Matter and Its Changes
57:
Equivalent temperatures in kelvin (K), Celsius (°C), and
30:
This article is about the unit of temperature. For the person, see
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3792:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. Archived from
3624:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1967. Archived from
3571:. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. 1954. Archived from
3565:"Resolution 3: Definition of the thermodynamic temperature scale"
4996:
4966:
4940:
4800:
4742:
4737:
4238:
4097:
3946:
1763:
of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water."
4894:
4549:
4429:
4352:. 9th Edition. International Committee for Weights and Measures
4306:. Mountain View, CA, USA: The Unicode Consortium. August 2015.
3080:(1802), "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs",
3064:
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester
3045:
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester
4971:
4775:
4702:
4692:
3723:
geschaffen wurde. FĂŒr diesen AnschluĂ wurde die Strahlung des
2693:. In all three instances, the regular letter should be used."
2214:
3731: = 2360 °K, d.h. eine Strahlung der Farbtemperatur
3618:"Resolution 3: SI unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)"
2803:"Mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin in the SI"
2209:
are based, in part, upon their surface temperature, known as
817:
Thermometer showing temperature in kelvin and degrees Celsius
4890:
4545:
1863:
began a programme to redefine the kelvin (along with other
77:
1149:
is the amount of heat energy transferred into the system,
1075:
Thomson understood that with Joule's proposed formula for
3169:
3167:
2950:
editions from the 1920s and 1950s, the article "Planets".
2651:
1485:{\displaystyle T_{H}=J\times Q_{H}\times (t_{H}-t_{C})/W}
311:
now defines the kelvin in terms of energy by setting the
2290:
and can be used to determine the noise temperature of a
1263:
is the temperature of the hot reservoir in Celsius, and
687:. The scale is derived by finding a change of variables
3998:
3996:
3976:
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
3591:
3589:
3060:"Essay IV. On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat"
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
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1 sk = 10 asb gilt. 1948 ist von der
5076:
5010:
4954:
4928:
4834:
4756:
4631:
4583:
2731:â product of the Boltzmann constant and temperature
223:
201:
181:
154:
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99:
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45:
4345:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2019).
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1141:
1118:To explain this definition, consider a reversible
1107:
1087:
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954:
925:
905:
842:
802:
782:
741:
721:
675:
646:
626:
606:
4347:"The International System of Units (SI) Brochure"
3284:"A History of Thermodynamics: The Missing Manual"
1563:{\displaystyle T_{H}-T_{C}=J\times (t_{H}-t_{c})}
962:, the first scale could be expressed as follows:
443:This definition assumes pure water at a specific
4414:. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2217:, for instance, has an effective temperature of
2194:is required to match "daylight" film emulsions.
1776:International Committee for Weights and Measures
278:that starts at the lowest possible temperature (
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
1923:now only depends on the Boltzmann constant and
1703:to describe the combination of temperature and
2758:The absolute uncertainty can be calculated as
2286:) is a type of thermal noise derived from the
1656:temperature of boiling water was 373.7 K.
4906:
4561:
4441:
4022:
4020:
2174:The kelvin is often used as a measure of the
1711:of a substance were capable of coexisting in
654:is the coefficient of thermal expansion, and
8:
4270:Brady, James E.; Senese, Fred (2008-01-28).
3836:"Unit of thermodynamic temperature (kelvin)"
2968:. Taking Measure (official blog of the NIST)
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2255:, the kelvin is used as an indicator of how
282:), taken to be 0 K. By definition, the
4852:Historical definitions of the SI base units
2943:
2941:
1059:starting temperature, and "infinite cold" (
906:{\displaystyle \mu (t)=J{\frac {E}{1+Et}},}
4913:
4899:
4891:
4568:
4554:
4546:
4448:
4434:
4426:
4367:Mathematical and physical papers: Volume I
3911:General Conference on Weights and Measures
3432:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
2186:appear reddish, whereas those above about
2125:, with a relative standard uncertainty of
1833:caesium-133 hyperfine transition frequency
1741:General Conference on Weights and Measures
1358:{\displaystyle \mu =W/Q_{H}/(t_{H}-t_{C})}
424:) by calibrating a thermometer such that:
51:
42:
4159:
4074:
4064:
3317:
3307:
1813:. The joule is not shown because it is a
1693:In 1873, William Thomson's older brother
1624:
1615:
1609:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1551:
1538:
1516:
1503:
1497:
1474:
1465:
1452:
1436:
1417:
1411:
1388:
1376:
1370:
1346:
1333:
1321:
1315:
1306:
1295:
1274:
1268:
1247:
1241:
1220:
1207:
1201:
1181:
1160:
1154:
1133:
1127:
1100:
1080:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1008:
1003:
988:
973:
967:
947:
918:
879:
859:
826:
795:
769:
763:
754:
734:
698:
692:
659:
639:
619:
596:
564:
4390:. Philosophical Magazine. Archived from
3862:
3860:
3113:
3111:
2326:
2259:a circuit is in relation to an ultimate
2151:
1795:
511:In 1848, William Thomson, who was later
471:From 1787 to 1802, it was determined by
362:Thermodynamic temperature § History
4364:Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin) (1882).
4253:"Writing with SI (Metric System) Units"
4091:"Updating the definition of the kelvin"
3972:"2022 CODATA Value: Boltzmann constant"
3815:"Resolution 10 of the 23rd CGPM (2007)"
3714:Deutschen Lichttechnischen Gesellschaft
3413:
3401:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3102:
2962:"Busting Myths about the Metric System"
2786:
2751:
2724:International Temperature Scale of 1990
2159:(right) of various light sources (left)
1633:{\displaystyle Q_{H}/T_{H}=Q_{C}/T_{C}}
4004:"Resolution 1 of the 26th CGPM (2018)"
3765:"Resolution 4 of the 13th CGPM (1967)"
3697:Internationalen Beleuchtungskommission
3597:"Resolution 3 of the 13th CGPM (1967)"
3544:"Resolution 3 of the 10th CGPM (1954)"
2229:as adopted by IAU 2015 Resolution B3.
502:, the namesake of the unit of measure.
375:An ice water bath offered a practical
4276:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15.
3523:"Resolution 3 of the 9th CGPM (1948)"
3470:
3468:
2335:
2332:
2241:Kelvin as a unit of noise temperature
333:per kelvin; every 1 K change of
7:
2740:Outline of metrology and measurement
1707:at which the solid, liquid, and gas
1063:) has a numerical value of negative
2650:instead; that is, a normal capital
2314:SI derived unit with a special name
290:The 19th century British scientist
1768:the 1983 redefinition of the metre
1365:, and the absolute temperature as
25:
5140:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
4382:Thomson, William (October 1848).
4300:The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0
4231:CERN English Language Style Guide
3909:(Press release). SĂšvres, France:
3653:. In Westphal, Wilhelm H. (ed.).
3475:Swinton, F. L. (September 1967).
2308:Orders of magnitude (temperature)
521:On an Absolute Thermometric Scale
158:
104:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
4875:
4874:
2960:Benham, Elizabeth (2020-10-06).
2719:Comparison of temperature scales
2703:
2616:The unit symbol K is encoded in
2205:of stars and their place on the
1780:Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water
1196:is the work done by the system (
1176:is the heat leaving the system,
525:coefficient of thermal expansion
4406:Thomson, William (March 1851).
4323:from the original on 2016-12-06
3651:"Nox, Dunkelleuchtdichte, Skot"
3118:Magie, William Francis (1935).
634:is the temperature in Celsius,
607:{\displaystyle \mu (t)(1+Et)/E}
4862:System of units of measurement
3938:Wood, B. (3â4 November 2014).
3381:. Cham: Springer. p. 77.
3092:English translation (extract).
2302:Derived units and SI multiples
2275:(which produces an associated
1557:
1531:
1471:
1445:
1352:
1326:
1042:
1024:
1013:
997:
870:
864:
837:
831:
716:
710:
670:
664:
593:
578:
575:
569:
1:
4370:. Cambridge University Press.
3481:Journal of Chemical Education
3379:A treatise of heat and energy
1884:) would take the exact value
1722:standard atmospheric pressure
1406:. One finds the relationship
722:{\displaystyle T_{1848}=f(T)}
265:International System of Units
3913:. 2011-10-23. Archived from
3790:Resolutions of the 13th CGPM
3622:Resolutions of the 13th CGPM
3569:Resolutions of the 10th CGPM
3477:"The triplet point of water"
1399:{\displaystyle T_{H}=J/\mu }
783:{\displaystyle dT_{1848}/dT}
4049:for the revision of the SI"
4030:"The CODATA 2017 values of
3949:. p. 7. Archived from
3343:, p. 190, formula (7).
2773:for all practical purposes.
2328:SI multiples of kelvin (K)
2207:HertzsprungâRussell diagram
1229:{\displaystyle Q_{H}-Q_{C}}
539:° of this scale, to a body
389:multiple temperature scales
5166:
3661:. pp. 125, 271, 389.
3647:Westphal, Wilhelm Heinrich
2859:"SI base unit: kelvin (K)"
2769:, which can be rounded to
2305:
2244:
2167:
1789:
359:
29:
4870:
4530:
4467:
3667:10.1007/978-3-662-12706-3
3655:Physikalisches Wörterbuch
3282:Saslow, WM (2020-01-07).
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2213:. The photosphere of the
2170:StefanâBoltzmann constant
1713:thermodynamic equilibrium
387:During the 18th century,
335:thermodynamic temperature
177:
50:
4816:minute and second of arc
4152:10.1088/1681-7575/aaa790
4076:10.1088/1681-7575/aa950a
3867:Ian Mills (2010-09-29).
3840:SI Brochure, 8th edition
3355:, pp. 106, 232â236.
3121:A Source Book In Physics
3078:Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis
2948:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2320:that multiplies it by a
2296:Friis formulas for noise
391:were developed, notably
4857:2019 revision of the SI
4210:www.merriam-webster.com
4128:"The Boltzmann project"
3426:Thomson, James (1873).
2635:compatibility character
1792:2019 revision of the SI
843:{\displaystyle \mu (t)}
676:{\displaystyle \mu (t)}
481:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
405:kinetic theory of gases
309:2019 revision of the SI
219: â 459.67) °F
197: â 273.15) °C
36:Kelvin (disambiguation)
4206:"Definition of KELVIN"
3377:Wang, Lin-Shu (2020).
2921:"Kelvin: Introduction"
2648:LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K
2203:stellar classification
2160:
1856:
1690:
1634:
1564:
1486:
1400:
1359:
1284:
1257:
1230:
1190:
1170:
1143:
1109:
1089:
1052:
956:
935:specific heat capacity
927:
907:
844:
818:
804:
784:
743:
723:
677:
648:
628:
608:
503:
384:
172:... corresponds to ...
34:. For other uses, see
27:SI unit of temperature
5150:Scales in meteorology
5145:Scales of temperature
3878:. CCU. Archived from
3685:. pp. 271, 389:
3058:Dalton, John (1801).
3039:Dalton, John (1801).
2633:. However, this is a
2269:JohnsonâNyquist noise
2211:effective temperature
2155:
1869:redefining the kelvin
1799:
1676:
1669:Triple point standard
1635:
1565:
1487:
1401:
1360:
1285:
1283:{\displaystyle t_{C}}
1258:
1256:{\displaystyle t_{H}}
1231:
1191:
1171:
1169:{\displaystyle Q_{C}}
1144:
1142:{\displaystyle Q_{H}}
1110:
1090:
1071:Modern absolute scale
1053:
957:
928:
908:
845:
816:
805:
785:
744:
724:
678:
649:
629:
609:
498:
374:
297:triple point of water
4955:Derived non EM units
4758:Other accepted units
3066:. 5 part 2: 595â602.
3047:. 5 part 2: 550â574.
2735:Negative temperature
1574:
1496:
1410:
1369:
1294:
1267:
1240:
1200:
1180:
1153:
1126:
1099:
1088:{\displaystyle \mu }
1079:
966:
946:
917:
858:
852:James Prescott Joule
825:
803:{\displaystyle \mu }
794:
753:
733:
691:
658:
638:
618:
563:
519:, published a paper
507:First absolute scale
5130:Scottish inventions
4842:Conversion of units
4533:Conversion formulas
4241:. 2022. p. 64.
4144:2018Metro..55R...1F
4066:2018Metro..55L..13N
3659:Springer-Verlag OHG
3493:1967JChEd..44..541S
3444:1873RSPS...22...27T
3300:2020Entrp..22...77S
3236:, pp. 214â215.
3105:, pp. 100â106.
2801:BIPM (2019-05-20).
2329:
2282:when combined with
1925:universal constants
1819:universal constants
1687:supercritical fluid
790:is proportional to
543:at the temperature
535:at the temperature
466:
67:General information
5125:1848 introductions
4635:with special names
2327:
2288:Boltzmann constant
2176:colour temperature
2164:Colour temperature
2161:
2157:Colour temperature
2135:273.1600(1) K
2107:significant digits
1873:Boltzmann constant
1857:
1691:
1630:
1560:
1482:
1396:
1355:
1280:
1253:
1226:
1186:
1166:
1139:
1105:
1085:
1048:
952:
923:
903:
850:. That same year,
840:
819:
800:
780:
739:
719:
673:
644:
624:
604:
557:thermal efficiency
504:
385:
341:change of exactly
313:Boltzmann constant
233:
225:
211:
203:
189:
183:
5112:
5111:
5077:Derived ESU units
5011:Derived EMU units
4888:
4887:
4766:astronomical unit
4543:
4542:
4313:978-1-936213-10-8
4283:978-0-470-18464-6
3725:schwarzen Körpers
3676:978-3-662-12707-0
3501:10.1021/ed044p541
3309:10.3390/e22010077
3082:Annales de Chimie
3015:"Kelvin: History"
2600:
2599:
2265:noise temperature
1786:2019 redefinition
1189:{\displaystyle W}
1108:{\displaystyle J}
1046:
1040:
1030:
1011:
955:{\displaystyle T}
926:{\displaystyle J}
898:
742:{\displaystyle T}
647:{\displaystyle E}
627:{\displaystyle t}
337:corresponds to a
276:temperature scale
245:
244:
155:Conversions
16:(Redirected from
5157:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4892:
4878:
4877:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4547:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4371:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4351:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4322:
4305:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4236:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4100:. Archived from
4095:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4068:
4024:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3944:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3908:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3873:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3722:
3684:
3683:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3311:
3294:(1). eqn. (36).
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2885:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2834:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2798:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2756:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2330:
2235:"warmer" colours
2220:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2142:Metre Convention
2136:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1931:1 kelvin =
1918:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1853:
1844:
1829:
1808:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1697:coined the term
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1543:
1542:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1457:
1456:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1421:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1381:
1380:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1338:
1337:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
989:
978:
977:
961:
959:
958:
953:
932:
930:
929:
924:
912:
910:
909:
904:
899:
897:
880:
849:
847:
846:
841:
809:
807:
806:
801:
789:
787:
786:
781:
773:
768:
767:
748:
746:
745:
740:
728:
726:
725:
720:
703:
702:
685:Carnot's theorem
682:
680:
679:
674:
653:
651:
650:
645:
633:
631:
630:
625:
613:
611:
610:
605:
600:
554:
550:
548:
542:
538:
534:
462:
460:
459:
456:
453:
351:
349:
346:
328:
326:
323:
240:
234:
226:
218:
212:
204:
196:
190:
184:
164:
150:
148:
147:
144:
141:
133:
131:
128:
121:
55:
43:
21:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5072:
5006:
4950:
4924:
4919:
4889:
4884:
4866:
4847:Metric prefixes
4830:
4752:
4634:
4627:
4579:
4574:
4544:
4539:
4526:
4463:
4454:
4417:
4415:
4405:
4397:
4395:
4381:
4378:
4363:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4303:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4284:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4048:
4026:
4025:
4018:
4009:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3994:
3985:
3983:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3956:on 2015-10-13.
3953:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3858:
3849:
3847:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3799:
3797:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3770:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3716:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3629:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2605:
2310:
2304:
2249:
2243:
2218:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2172:
2166:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1876:
1851:
1847:Planck constant
1843:
1836:
1827:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1671:
1620:
1605:
1592:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1547:
1534:
1512:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:. By supposing
1461:
1448:
1432:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1342:
1329:
1311:
1292:
1291:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1216:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1178:
1177:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1097:
1096:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1017:
990:
969:
964:
963:
944:
943:
915:
914:
884:
856:
855:
823:
822:
792:
791:
759:
751:
750:
731:
730:
729:of temperature
694:
689:
688:
656:
655:
636:
635:
616:
615:
561:
560:
552:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
509:
493:
475:(unpublished),
473:Jacques Charles
469:
457:
454:
451:
450:
448:
439:is 100 °C.
369:
364:
358:
347:
344:
342:
324:
321:
319:
299:. The Celsius,
236:
232:
224:
214:
210:
202:
192:
188:
182:
160:
145:
142:
137:
136:
134:
129:
126:
124:
120:
114:
110:2019 definition
62:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5117:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4895:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4653:degree Celsius
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4633:Derived units
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4403:
4377:
4376:External links
4374:
4373:
4372:
4361:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4312:
4289:
4282:
4262:
4244:
4221:
4197:
4190:, 2016-01-28,
4175:
4117:
4082:
4059:(1): L13âL16.
4046:
4016:
3992:
3963:
3930:
3895:
3856:
3827:
3806:
3777:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3709:StÀbchensehens
3675:
3638:
3609:
3585:
3556:
3535:
3514:
3464:
3418:
3416:, p. 236.
3406:
3404:, p. 235.
3394:
3387:
3369:
3367:, p. 234.
3357:
3345:
3333:
3274:
3262:
3260:, p. 388.
3250:
3248:, p. 213.
3238:
3226:
3224:, p. 192.
3214:
3212:, p. 186.
3202:
3200:, p. 212.
3190:
3188:, p. 193.
3178:
3176:, p. 106.
3163:
3161:, p. 187.
3151:
3149:, p. 104.
3139:
3127:
3124:. p. 237.
3107:
3095:
3069:
3050:
3031:
3006:
2978:
2952:
2937:
2905:
2871:
2850:
2818:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2698:
2695:
2620:at code point
2604:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2306:Main article:
2303:
2300:
2245:Main article:
2242:
2239:
2165:
2162:
2149:
2148:Practical uses
2146:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2079:
2016:
2001:
1904:
1897:larger program
1880:
1871:such that the
1841:
1823:speed of light
1805:
1790:Main article:
1787:
1784:
1683:critical point
1670:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1642:ideal gas laws
1627:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1277:
1273:
1250:
1246:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1185:
1163:
1159:
1136:
1132:
1122:engine, where
1104:
1084:
1072:
1069:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
987:
984:
981:
976:
972:
951:
922:
902:
896:
893:
890:
887:
883:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
839:
836:
833:
830:
799:
779:
776:
772:
766:
762:
758:
738:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
701:
697:
672:
669:
666:
663:
643:
623:
603:
599:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
508:
505:
492:
489:
468:
465:
441:
440:
433:
430:freezing point
397:thermodynamics
368:
365:
357:
354:
339:thermal energy
243:
242:
230:
221:
220:
208:
199:
198:
186:
179:
178:
175:
174:
169:
157:
156:
152:
151:
118:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
56:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5162:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:SI base units
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4911:
4909:
4904:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4881:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4786:degree of arc
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4564:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4413:
4409:
4404:
4394:on 2008-02-01
4393:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4362:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4302:
4301:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4266:
4263:
4259:. 2010-01-13.
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4138:(2): R1âR20.
4137:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4118:
4107:on 2008-11-23
4103:
4099:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3920:on 2012-02-09
3916:
3912:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3885:on 2011-01-10
3881:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3846:on 2007-09-26
3845:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3796:on 2007-06-15
3795:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3715:
3712:1940 von der
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3628:on 2007-04-21
3627:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3575:on 2007-06-23
3574:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3388:9783030057466
3384:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2755:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:Energy portal
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2691:ANGSTROM SIGN
2653:
2636:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2602:
2596:quettakelvin
2595:
2592:
2589:
2587:quectokelvin
2586:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2339:
2333:Submultiples
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:metric prefix
2315:
2309:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2108:
2091:
2078:
2073:
2019:
2015:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1908: =
1903:
1898:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:SI base units
1862:
1859:In 2005, the
1854:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:melting point
1725:
1723:
1718:
1717:boiling point
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:phase diagram
1675:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1652:respectively.
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1479:
1475:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1275:
1271:
1248:
1244:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1183:
1161:
1157:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1116:
1102:
1082:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:absolute zero
1033:
1021:
1018:
1004:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
979:
974:
970:
949:
941:
936:
920:
900:
894:
891:
888:
885:
881:
876:
873:
867:
861:
853:
834:
828:
815:
811:
797:
777:
774:
770:
764:
760:
756:
736:
713:
707:
704:
699:
695:
686:
667:
661:
641:
621:
601:
597:
590:
587:
584:
581:
572:
566:
558:
529:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
501:
497:
490:
488:
486:
485:Charles's law
482:
478:
474:
467:Charles's law
464:
446:
438:
437:boiling point
434:
432:is 0 °C.
431:
427:
426:
425:
423:
419:
415:
414:RĂ©aumur scale
411:
406:
402:
401:atomic theory
398:
394:
390:
382:
378:
373:
366:
363:
355:
353:
340:
336:
332:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
288:
285:
281:
280:absolute zero
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
239:
231:
229:
222:
217:
209:
207:
200:
195:
187:
180:
176:
173:
170:
168:
163:
159:
153:
140:
122:
117:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
65:
60:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4981:
4791:electronvolt
4602:
4491:
4416:. Retrieved
4412:zapatopi.net
4411:
4396:. Retrieved
4392:the original
4388:zapatopi.net
4387:
4366:
4354:. Retrieved
4339:Bibliography
4325:. Retrieved
4299:
4292:
4272:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4230:
4224:
4213:. Retrieved
4209:
4200:
4191:
4187:
4178:
4135:
4131:
4120:
4109:. Retrieved
4102:the original
4085:
4056:
4052:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4008:. Retrieved
3984:. Retrieved
3975:
3966:
3957:
3951:the original
3933:
3922:. Retrieved
3915:the original
3898:
3887:. Retrieved
3880:the original
3875:
3848:. Retrieved
3844:the original
3839:
3830:
3819:. Retrieved
3809:
3798:. Retrieved
3794:the original
3789:
3780:
3769:. Retrieved
3759:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3728:
3686:
3680:. Retrieved
3654:
3641:
3630:. Retrieved
3626:the original
3621:
3612:
3601:. Retrieved
3577:. Retrieved
3573:the original
3568:
3559:
3548:. Retrieved
3538:
3527:. Retrieved
3517:
3484:
3480:
3458:triple point
3457:
3455:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3414:Thomson 1882
3409:
3402:Thomson 1882
3397:
3378:
3372:
3365:Thomson 1882
3360:
3353:Thomson 1882
3348:
3341:Thomson 1882
3336:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3270:Thomson 1882
3265:
3258:Thomson 1882
3253:
3246:Thomson 1882
3241:
3234:Thomson 1882
3229:
3222:Thomson 1882
3217:
3210:Thomson 1882
3205:
3198:Thomson 1882
3193:
3186:Thomson 1882
3181:
3174:Thomson 1882
3159:Thomson 1882
3154:
3147:Thomson 1882
3142:
3135:Thomson 1882
3130:
3120:
3103:Thomson 1882
3098:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3053:
3044:
3034:
3023:. Retrieved
3021:. 2018-05-14
3018:
3009:
2998:. Retrieved
2993:
2981:
2970:. Retrieved
2965:
2955:
2947:
2929:. Retrieved
2927:. 2018-05-14
2924:
2897:. Retrieved
2895:. 2018-05-12
2892:
2863:. Retrieved
2853:
2842:. Retrieved
2810:. Retrieved
2806:
2771:0.10 mK
2754:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2576:ronnakelvin
2567:rontokelvin
2556:yottakelvin
2547:yoctokelvin
2536:zettakelvin
2527:zeptokelvin
2487:femtokelvin
2427:microkelvin
2407:millikelvin
2396:hectokelvin
2387:centikelvin
2311:
2277:
2250:
2247:Noise figure
2231:
2196:
2173:
2139:
2104:
2089:
2076:
2071:
2013:
1998:
1991:
1921:
1901:
1877:
1858:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1815:derived unit
1802:
1772:
1765:
1745:
1738:
1726:
1700:triple point
1698:
1692:
1659:
1646:
1120:Carnot cycle
1117:
1074:
820:
530:
520:
510:
470:
442:
410:Newton scale
399:, including
386:
381:thermometers
316:
289:
269:Kelvin scale
268:
252:
248:
246:
237:
215:
193:
171:
166:
161:
115:
84:Unit of
40:
5089:statcoulomb
4461:temperature
4188:NIST SP 811
3959:conclusion.
3717: [
2729:kT (energy)
2678:KELVIN SIGN
2631:KELVIN SIGN
2603:Orthography
2507:attokelvin
2496:petakelvin
2476:terakelvin
2467:picokelvin
2456:gigakelvin
2447:nanokelvin
2436:megakelvin
2416:kilokelvin
2376:decakelvin
2367:decikelvin
2322:power of 10
2263:, i.e. the
2261:noise floor
2253:electronics
2219:5772 K
2192:5600 K
2188:7500 K
2184:4000 K
2123:10 J/K
1917:10 Jâ
K
1893:10 J/K
1733:fluctuating
517:Lord Kelvin
500:Lord Kelvin
491:Lord Kelvin
477:John Dalton
377:calibration
292:Lord Kelvin
261:temperature
213:(1.8
100:Named after
87:temperature
73:Unit system
32:Lord Kelvin
5119:Categories
5084:statampere
4936:centimetre
4929:Base units
4585:Base units
4537:comparison
4482:Fahrenheit
4418:2024-05-05
4398:2022-02-21
4356:2022-04-28
4327:2015-09-06
4215:2023-08-21
4132:Metrologia
4111:2010-02-23
4053:Metrologia
4010:2022-02-21
3986:2024-05-18
3982:. May 2024
3924:2011-10-25
3889:2011-01-01
3850:2008-02-06
3821:2022-02-21
3800:2008-02-06
3771:2022-02-21
3682:2023-03-16
3632:2008-02-06
3603:2022-02-21
3579:2008-02-06
3550:2022-02-21
3529:2022-02-21
3487:(9): 541.
3025:2022-02-21
3000:2022-02-21
2972:2022-02-21
2931:2022-09-02
2899:2022-02-21
2865:2022-03-05
2844:2022-09-07
2812:2022-02-18
2781:References
2590:10 K
2581:10 K
2570:10 K
2561:10 K
2550:10 K
2541:10 K
2530:10 K
2521:10 K
2516:exakelvin
2510:10 K
2501:10 K
2490:10 K
2481:10 K
2470:10 K
2461:10 K
2450:10 K
2441:10 K
2430:10 K
2421:10 K
2410:10 K
2401:10 K
2390:10 K
2381:10 K
2370:10 K
2361:10 K
2353:SI symbol
2344:SI symbol
2336:Multiples
2294:using the
2284:capacitors
2180:black body
2168:See also:
1845:) and the
1809:) and the
1677:A typical
749:such that
393:Fahrenheit
379:point for
367:Precursors
360:See also:
301:Fahrenheit
267:(SI). The
235:1.8
206:Fahrenheit
61: (°F)
59:Fahrenheit
5028:abcoulomb
4922:CGS units
4728:steradian
4643:becquerel
3509:0021-9584
3452:0370-1662
2766:10 K
2760:273.16 Ă
2312:The only
2273:resistors
2199:astronomy
1545:−
1529:×
1510:−
1459:−
1443:×
1430:×
1394:μ
1340:−
1298:μ
1214:−
1083:μ
1022:
995:
986:×
862:μ
829:μ
798:μ
662:μ
567:μ
350:10 J
257:base unit
255:) is the
251:(symbol:
241: °Ra
5104:statvolt
5018:abampere
4880:Category
4835:See also
4608:kilogram
4577:SI units
4522:Wedgwood
4487:Gas mark
4318:Archived
4297:"22.2".
4170:31080297
3649:(1952).
3328:33285852
2994:nist.gov
2807:BIPM.org
2697:See also
2688:Å
2675:K
2665:OHM SIGN
2662:Ω
2628:K
1705:pressure
1065:infinity
614:, where
513:ennobled
445:pressure
435:Water's
428:Water's
403:and the
273:absolute
165: K
5099:statohm
5094:statmho
5068:oersted
5063:maxwell
5058:gilbert
5033:abhenry
4796:hectare
4781:decibel
4723:sievert
4718:siemens
4648:coulomb
4598:candela
4512:RĂ©aumur
4507:Rankine
4477:Delisle
4472:Celsius
4161:6508687
4140:Bibcode
4061:Bibcode
3701:Platins
3489:Bibcode
3440:Bibcode
3319:7516509
3296:Bibcode
3288:Entropy
2618:Unicode
2292:circuit
2097:
2067:
2063:
2029:
2022:
1986:
1982:
1934:
1831:), the
1821:of the
1761:
1749:
1663:Celsius
461:
449:
420:to the
356:History
317:exactly
305:Rankine
284:Celsius
263:in the
228:Rankine
185:Celsius
149:
135:
18:Kelvins
5048:abvolt
4992:kayser
4982:kelvin
4946:second
4811:minute
4771:dalton
4713:radian
4708:pascal
4698:newton
4623:second
4603:kelvin
4593:ampere
4502:Newton
4497:Leiden
4492:Kelvin
4457:Scales
4310:
4280:
4168:
4158:
4042:, and
4006:. BIPM
3817:. BIPM
3767:. BIPM
3707:- und
3705:Zapfen
3673:
3599:. BIPM
3546:. BIPM
3525:. BIPM
3507:
3450:
3438:: 28.
3385:
3326:
3316:
2996:. NIST
2861:. BIPM
2840:. BIPM
2685:
2683:U+212B
2680:, and
2672:
2670:U+212A
2659:
2657:U+2126
2645:K
2642:
2640:U+004B
2625:
2623:U+212A
2610:degree
2350:Value
2341:Value
2267:. The
2201:, the
2033:13.806
1766:After
1758:273.16
1709:phases
913:where
479:, and
331:joules
329:
303:, and
271:is an
249:kelvin
167:in ...
92:Symbol
46:kelvin
5053:gauss
5043:abohm
5038:abmho
5002:stilb
4987:poise
4962:barye
4826:tonne
4821:neper
4806:litre
4748:weber
4733:tesla
4688:lumen
4683:katal
4678:joule
4673:hertz
4668:henry
4658:farad
4613:metre
4517:RĂžmer
4350:(PDF)
4321:(PDF)
4304:(PDF)
4235:(PDF)
4105:(PDF)
4094:(PDF)
3954:(PDF)
3943:(PDF)
3918:(PDF)
3907:(PDF)
3883:(PDF)
3872:(PDF)
3721:]
3088:: 137
3086:XLIII
2990:(PDF)
2746:Notes
2356:Name
2347:Name
2280:noise
2257:noisy
2112:1.380
2044:6.091
1954:6.626
1938:1.380
1910:1.380
1886:1.380
1811:joule
1695:James
1039:273 K
1029:373 K
1010:273 K
940:Mayer
559:) as
549:â 1)°
422:1940s
418:1740s
343:1.380
320:1.380
125:1.380
5022:biot
4997:phot
4967:dyne
4941:gram
4801:hour
4743:watt
4738:volt
4663:gray
4618:mole
4535:and
4308:ISBN
4278:ISBN
4257:NIST
4239:CERN
4166:PMID
4098:BIPM
3980:NIST
3947:BIPM
3876:BIPM
3727:bei
3689:Skot
3671:ISBN
3505:ISSN
3448:ISSN
3383:ISBN
3324:PMID
3019:NIST
2966:NIST
2925:NIST
2893:NIST
2373:daK
2251:For
2119:(51)
1888:6505
1861:CIPM
975:1848
765:1848
700:1848
412:and
259:for
247:The
4977:gal
4972:erg
4776:day
4703:ohm
4693:lux
4459:of
4156:PMC
4148:doi
4071:doi
3663:doi
3497:doi
3314:PMC
3304:doi
2762:3.7
2593:QK
2584:qK
2573:RK
2564:rK
2553:YK
2544:yK
2533:ZK
2524:zK
2513:EK
2504:aK
2493:PK
2484:fK
2473:TK
2464:pK
2453:GK
2444:nK
2433:MK
2424:ÎŒK
2413:kK
2404:mK
2393:hK
2384:cK
2364:dK
2278:kTC
2271:of
2215:Sun
2197:In
2127:3.7
2114:649
2055:866
2052:113
2049:297
2046:102
1976:770
1973:631
1970:192
1956:070
1940:649
1912:649
1236:),
1019:log
992:log
983:100
515:as
458:100
345:649
322:649
315:to
127:649
5121::
4410:.
4386:.
4316:.
4255:.
4237:.
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4164:.
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3669:.
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2324::
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2237:.
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2058:55
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2026:=
2002:Cs
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1964:10
1959:15
1945:10
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810:.
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327:10
132:10
123:â
78:SI
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2090:k
2086:/
2077:Μ
2075:Î
2072:h
2040:/
2017:B
2014:k
2009:/
1999:Μ
1997:Î
1992:h
1979:)
1968:9
1962:Ă
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1943:Ă
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1891:Ă
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1878:k
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547:T
545:(
541:B
537:T
533:A
455:/
452:1
348:Ă
325:Ă
253:K
238:x
216:x
194:x
191:(
162:x
146:K
143:/
139:J
130:Ă
119:B
116:k
95:K
38:.
20:)
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