1023:; the second contact was a movable metal loop that could be flipped down to touch the ring, completing the circuit. A wide variety of mechanical switch designs using slide switches, rocker switches, or side-mounted or end-mounted pushbuttons has been used in flashlights. A common combination is a slide switch that allows the light to be left on for an extended time, combined with a momentary button for intermittent use or signalling. (On earlier models, the button was a switch and the slider simply locked the button down.) Since voltages and currents are low, switch design is limited only by the available space and desired cost of production. Switches may be covered with a flexible rubber boot to exclude dirt and moisture and may be backlit for easy location. Another common type of switch relies on twisting the head of the light. Weapon-mounted lights may have remote switches for convenience in operation.
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1141:. This voluntary standard defines test procedures and conditions for total light output, beam intensity, working distance, impact and water resistance, and battery running time to 10% of initial light output. The FL1 standard gives definitions for terms used in marketing flashlights, with the intention of allowing the consumer to compare products tested to the standard. The standard recommends particular graphic symbols and wording for the product package, so that the consumer can identify products tested to the standard. Testing may be carried out by the manufacturer itself or by a third-party test laboratory.
1176:. This is comparable to a full moon on a clear night. The distance is calculated from the square root of (the beam intensity in candelas divided by 0.25 lux); for example, a beam intensity of 1000 candelas produces a working range rating of the square root of (1000/0.25), or 63 meters. The result is reported in meters or feet. The working distance is from the point of view of the user of the flashlight. A light directly pointed at an observer may be visible against a dark background for many times this distance, especially if the observer has night-vision equipment.
282:
1205:
it will also have a higher working distance. If two lights have similar candela ratings, the light with higher lumen value will produce a wider beam and will light a wider area overall. A beam width (containing most of the power of the beam, or "hot spot") of a few degrees corresponds to a spot light, useful for searching for distant objects; beam widths of 20 degrees or more are described as flood lights, suitable for lighting a wide nearby area. Typically even a flashlight beam with a small hot spot will have some light visible as "spill" around the spot.
191:
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374:, introduced the Luxeon LED, a high-power white-light emitter. This made possible LED flashlights with lower power consumption and running time better than incandescent flashlights with similar light output. The first Luxeon LED flashlight was the Arc LS, designed in 2001. White LEDs in 5 mm diameter packages produce only a few lumens each; many units may be grouped together to provide additional light. Higher-power LEDs, drawing more than 100
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754:, use "nonincendive", "intrinsically safe", or "explosion-proof" flashlights constructed so that any spark in the flashlight is not likely to set off an explosion outside the light. The flashlight may require approval by an authority for the particular service and particular gases or dusts expected. The external temperature rise of the flashlight must not exceed the
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at only a slowly declining output and then abruptly cut off, but unregulated types may have steeply-declining light output after only a short time. Manufacturers of headlamps may use a different standard which rates run times until light output falls to 1 lux at 2 meters distance; this value is not comparable to the FL 1 runtime measurement.
153:, which could not provide a steady electric current and required periodic "rest" to continue functioning. Because these early flashlights also used energy-inefficient carbon-filament bulbs, "resting" occurred at short intervals. Consequently, they could be used only in brief flashes, hence the common North American name "flashlight".
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when needed. Some rechargeable flashlights have indicators for the state of charge of the battery. Power-failure lights are designed to keep their batteries charged from a wall plug and to automatically turn on after an AC power failure; the power-failure light can be removed from the wall socket and used as a portable flashlight.
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appliances. Flashlights became very popular in China; by the end of the 1930s, 60 companies made flashlights, some selling for as little as one-third the cost of equivalent imported models. Miniature lamps developed for flashlight and automotive uses became an important sector of the incandescent lamp manufacturing business.
806:, consisting of a battery box with a handle and the lamp and reflector attached to the front. Electric lanterns are used for lighting the broad area immediately around the lantern, as opposed to forming a narrow beam; they can be set down on a level surface or attached to supports. Some electric lanterns use miniature
687:, instead of using straps; other types resemble eyeglass frames. Similar to the headlamp, an angle-head flashlight emits light perpendicular to the length of the battery tube; it can be clipped to a headband, belt, or webbing or set on a flat surface. Some types allow the user to adjust the angle of the head. The
991:" assembly have a transparent optical element (light pipe) to guide light from the source into a beam; no reflector surface is required. For a given size of light source, a larger reflector or lens allows a tighter beam to be produced, while capturing the same fraction of the emitted light. Some flashlights use
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modules used. The laser light either shines through the phosphor layer to produce white light, or is directed at the layer by a mirror. The mirror-type is built inside a plastic module, while the shine-through models are usually built with a copper/aluminum shell, and much smaller than the plastic type.
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but the candela intensity and total lumen ratings can be used by the consumer to assess the beam characteristics. Where two flashlights have similar total light (lumen) measures, the unit with the higher candela rating produces a more concentrated beam of light, suitable for lighting distant objects;
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terms, where jet spray corresponds to IP X6, brief immersion to IPX7, 30 minutes immersion at 1 meter or more is IP X8; (the depth is reported if greater than 1 meter). An IP X8 rating by FL1 does not imply that the lamp is suitable for use as a diver's light since the test protocol examines function
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Run time is measured using the supplied or specified batteries and letting the light run until the intensity of the beam has dropped to 10% of the value 30 seconds after switching on. The standard does not evaluate the behavior of the flashlight output during run time. A regulated flashlight may run
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Aboard naval ships, battle lanterns may be used as emergency portable lighting. Installed in major compartments of the ship, a battle lantern can be detached from its mounting and used as portable lighting in the event primary lighting is out of service. Battle lanterns may use either incandescent or
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are frequently used for directing automobiles or aircraft at night. Colored lenses placed over the end of the flashlight are used for signalling, for example, in railway yards. Colored light is occasionally useful for hunters tracking wounded game after dusk, or for forensic examination of an area.
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regardless of input voltage or current, while the color temperature of an incandescent bulb rapidly declines as the battery discharges, becoming redder and less visible. Regulated LED flashlights may also have user-selectable levels of output appropriate to a task, for example, low light for reading
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Industrial, marine, public safety, and military organizations develop specifications for flashlights in specialized roles. Typically, light output, overall dimensions, and battery compatibility and durability are required to meet minimum limits. Flashlights may be tested for impact resistance, water
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shape concentrates the light emitted by the bulb into a directed beam. Some flashlights allow the user to adjust the relative position of the lamp and reflector, giving a variable-focus effect from a wide floodlight to a narrow beam. Reflectors may be made of polished metal, glass, or plastic with
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Impact resistance is measured by dropping the flashlight in six different orientations and observing that it still functions and has no large cracks or breaks in it; the height used in the test is reported. Water resistance, if specified, is evaluated after impact testing; no water is to be visible
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Electronic controls allow the user to select variable output levels or different operating modes such as pre-programmed flashing beacon or strobe modes. Electronic controls may be operated by buttons, sliders, magnets, rotating heads, or rotating control rings. Some models of flashlight include an
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Flashlights used for extended periods every day may be more economically operated on rechargeable (secondary) batteries. Flashlights designed for rechargeable batteries may allow charging without removing the batteries; for example, a light kept in a vehicle may be trickle-charged and always ready
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Inspection flashlights have permanently mounted light guides containing optical fibers or plastic rods. Another style has a lamp mounted at the end of a flexible cable, or a semirigid or articulated probe. Such lamps are used for inspection inside tanks, or inside structures such as aircraft. Where
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that focuses the light, so no reflector is built into the penlight. Others use incandescent bulbs mounted in reflectors. LED penlights are becoming increasingly common. Low-cost units may be disposable with no provision to replace batteries or bulbs and are sometimes imprinted with advertising for
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The consumer must decide how well the ANSI test conditions match their requirements, but all manufacturers testing to the FL1 standard can be compared on a uniform basis. The light measurements are more directly related to the use of flashlights than is the nominal power input to the lamp (watts),
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The United States Army former standard MIL-F-3747E described the performance standard for plastic flashlights using two or three D-cell dry batteries, in either straight or angle form, and in standard, explosion-proof, heat-resistant, traffic direction, and inspection types. The standard described
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Regulations for ships and aircraft specify the number and general properties of flashlights included as part of the standard safety equipment of the vessel. Flashlights for small boats may be required to be waterproof and to float. Uniformed services may issue particular models of flashlights, or
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Primary cells are most economical for infrequent use. Some types of lithium primary cell can be stored for years with less risk of leakage compared with zinc-type batteries. Long storage life is useful where flashlights are required only in emergencies. Lithium primary batteries are also useful at
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battery was invented in 1887. Unlike previous batteries, it used a paste electrolyte instead of a liquid. This was the first battery suitable for portable electrical devices, as it did not spill or break easily and worked in any orientation. The first mass-produced dry cell batteries came in 1896,
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A reflector forms a narrow beam called the "throw" in hobbyist parlance, while light emitted forward misses the reflector and forms a wide flood or "spill" of light. Because LEDs emit most light in a hemisphere, lens lights with the LED facing forward or reflector lights with it facing backwards
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Detachable light guides, consisting of rigid, bent plastic rods or semirigid or flexible tubes containing optical fibers, are available for some flashlights for inspection inside tanks, or within walls or structures; when not required, the light guide can be removed and the light used for other
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for close work, and large reflector searchlight-type lamps for lighting distant objects. In 1922 there were an estimated 10 million flashlight users in the United States, with annual sales of renewal batteries and flashlights at $ 20 million, comparable to sales of many line-operated electrical
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The reflector may have a flat transparent cover to keep out dirt and moisture, but some designs have a plastic or glass "bulls-eye" lens to form a concentrated beam. The lens or reflector cover must resist impacts and the heat of the lamp, and must not lose too much of the transmitted light to
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or a rechargeable battery that supplies current to a light source. Such flashlights can be useful during an emergency, when utility power and batteries may not be available. Dynamo-powered flashlights were popular during the Second World War since replacement batteries were difficult to find.
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LEP stands for Laser
Excited Phosphor. The light source is a blue laser diode, which is directed at a phosphor layer to make white light. With the first LEP flashlight available in 2018, there are currently a few dozen LEP flashlights, mainly from China. At the moment, there are 2 types of LEP
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as a filler. HID lamps produce more light than a traditional incandescent flashlight using the same amount of electricity, though not as much as high power LEDs. The lamp lasts longer and is more shock resistant than a regular incandescent bulb, since it lacks the relatively fragile electrical
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LEDs are highly efficient at producing colored light compared with incandescent lamps and filters. An LED flashlight may contain different LEDs for white and colored light, selectable by the user for different purposes. Colored LED flashlights are used for signalling, special inspection tasks,
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to provide the higher voltage required by a white LED, which needs around 3.4 volts to function. Flashlights using three or more dry cells may only use a resistor to limit current. Some flashlights electronically regulate the current through the LEDs to stabilize light output as the batteries
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is designed to be worn on the head, often having separate lamp and battery components. The battery pack may be attached at the back of the head or in a pocket to improve balance. Headlamps leave the users' hands' free. A headlamp can be clipped to the brim of a hat, or built to mount on a
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or glass-reinforced epoxies. Some manufacturers have proprietary plastic formulations for their products. A desirable plastic for manufacturing flashlights allows for ease of molding and adequate mechanical properties of the finished flashlight case. Aluminum, either plain, painted or
385:, with white LEDs producing on the order of 100 lumens for every watt, compared to 8-10 lumens per watt of small incandescent bulbs. An LED flashlight has a longer battery life than an incandescent flashlight with comparable output. LEDs are also less fragile than glass lamps.
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Left to right: 3x AA to D parallel battery converter with rechargeable NiMH AA-size batteries inserted. MY DAY vintage flashlight. It uses 1.5 V D-size batteries. Sofirn SP36 flashlight. It features a 5 V 2 A USB-C charging port to load 3.7 V 18650 rechargeable lithium-ion
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into a tubular shape, or tubular extruded stock can be machined to add threads for the head and tail cap, knurling for grip, and decorative and functional flats or holes in the body. LED flashlights may have cooling fins machined into their metal cases. Plastics are often
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an aluminized reflective finish. Some manufacturers use a pebbled or "orange peel", instead of a smooth reflector, to improve the uniformity of the light beam emitted. Where multiple LEDs are used, each one may be put in its own parabolic reflector. Flashlights using a "
441:, or lights using a single 5 mm LED, may only produce a few lumens. Even a small LED flashlight operating on an AA cell, but equipped with an LED, can emit 100 lumens. The most powerful LED flashlights produce more than 100,000 lumens and may use multiple LEDs.
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of carbon filament types, along with improved batteries in varying sizes made flashlights more useful and popular. The advantage of instant control, and the absence of flame, meant that hand-held electric lights began to replace combustion-based lamps such as the
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The light output of an incandescent lamp in a flashlight varies widely depending on the type of lamp. A miniature keychain lamp produces one or two lumens. A two-D-cell flashlight using a common prefocus-style miniature lamp produces on the order of 15 to 20
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Accessories for a flashlight allow the color of the light to be altered or allow light to be dispersed differently. Translucent colored plastic cones slipped over the lens of a flashlight increase the visibility when looking at the side of the light. Such
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or hard rubber tubes with metal end caps. Many other materials including drawn steel, plated brass, copper, or silver, and even wood and leather have been used. Modern flashlights are generally made of plastic or aluminum. Plastics range from low-cost
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to store energy. The capacitor can be recharged more rapidly than a battery and can be recharged many times without loss of capacity; however, the running time is limited by the relative bulk of capacitors compared to electrochemical batteries.
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LED flashlights may consume 1 watt or much more from the battery, producing heat as well as light. In contrast to tungsten filaments, which must be hot to produce light, both the light output and the life of an LED decrease with temperature.
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radiate less spill. Variable focus "zoom" or "flood to throw" lights may move the reflector or lens or they may move the emitter; moving the emitter presents the designer with the problem of maintaining heat dissipation for the LED.
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In addition to utilitarian flashlights, novelty, toy, and ornamental portable electric lights have been made in a myriad of shapes; in the 1890s, one of the earliest portable battery light applications was a type of novelty porcelain
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or lumens produced per watt of input of flashlight bulbs varies over the approximate range of 8 to 22 lumens/watt, depending on the size of the bulb and the fill gas, with halogen-filled 12-volt lamps having the highest efficiency.
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acceleration sensor to allow them to respond to shaking, or to select modes based on what direction the light is held when switched on. At least one manufacturer allows user programming of the features of the flashlight through a
1074:, which can be polished to provide a decorative finish. Zinc can be die-cast into intricate shapes. Magnesium and its alloys provide strength and heat dissipation similar to aluminum with less weight, but they corrode easily.
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into nearly final shape, requiring only a few more process steps to complete assembly. Metal cases provide better heat dissipation for the LED, but plastics are not electrically conductive and may resist corrosion and wear.
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Flashlights intended for use in hazardous areas with flammable gas or dust are tested to ensure they cannot set off an explosion. Flashlights approved for flammable gas areas have markings indicating the approving agency
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port. An electronic control may also provide an indication of remaining battery capacity, voltage, or provide information regarding recharging or automatic step-down of brightness as the battery nears full discharge.
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The FL1 standard requires measurements reported on the packaging to be made with the type of batteries packaged with the flashlight, or with an identified type of battery. Initial light output is measured with an
397:. Since the LED has a long life compared to the usual life of a flashlight, very often it is permanently installed. Flashlights made for an incandescent lamp can often be upgraded to a more efficient LED lamp.
1197:. Even the same LED or lamp in different optical systems will show different beam characteristics. The visibility of objects depends on many factors as well as the amount of light emitted by the flashlight.
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for higher efficiency than incandescent bulbs. Portable hand-held electric spotlights can provide larger reflectors and lamps and more powerful batteries than tubular flashlights meant to fit in a pocket.
1117:, etc.) and symbols for the conditions that were tested. Flashlights for hazardous areas may be designed to automatically disconnect the lamp if the bulb is broken, to prevent ignition of flammable gas.
457:, or checking UV-fluorescing marks on laundry or event ticket holders. Infrared LEDs can be used for illuminators for night-vision systems. LED flashlights may be specified to be compatible with
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used for inspecting the interior of tanks containing flammable liquids, the inspection lights may also be rated as flame-proof (explosion-proof) so that they cannot ignite liquids or vapors.
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902:. The choice of batteries plays a determining role in the size, weight, run time, and shape of the flashlight. Flashlight users may prefer a common battery type to simplify replacement.
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have a button or software application available to turn up their screen backlights to full intensity or to switch on the camera flash or video light, providing a "flashlight" function.
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where surface light cannot reach. The battery compartment of a dive lamp may have a catalyst to recombine any hydrogen gas emitted from the battery since gas cannot be vented in use.
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1062:, is a popular choice. It is electrically conductive, can be easily machined, and dissipates heat well. Several standard alloys of aluminum are used. Other metals include
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reflection or absorption. Very small flashlights may not have a reflector or lens separate from the lamp. Some types of penlight bulbs or small LEDs have a built-in lens.
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and miniature incandescent electric lamps made the first battery-powered flashlights possible around 1899. Today, flashlights use mostly light-emitting diodes and run on
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of rechargeable focusing flashlight uses a halogen lamp and produces 218 lumens. By comparison, a 60-watt household incandescent lamp will produce about 900 lumens. The
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a map and high output for checking a road sign. This would be difficult to do with a single incandescent bulb since efficacy of the lamp drops rapidly at low output.
220:. The electric lamp was odorless, smokeless, and emitted less heat than combustion-powered lighting. It could be instantly turned on and off, and avoided fire risk.
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Many flashlights are cylindrical in design, with the lamp assembly attached to one end. However, early designs came in a variety of other shapes. Some resembled
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to improve the life and efficacy of the bulb. In all but disposable or novelty flashlights, the bulb is user-replaceable; the bulb life may be only a few hours.
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940:(dynamo). Some types use the dynamo to charge a capacitor or battery, while others only light while the dynamo is moving. Others generate electricity using
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By 1907, several types of flashlights were available: the tubular hand-held variety, a lantern style that could be set down for extended use, pocket-size
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In addition to the general-purpose, hand-held flashlight, many forms have been adapted for special uses. Head- or helmet-mounted flashlights designed for
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91:(LEDs) since the early 2000s. A typical flashlight consists of the light source mounted in a reflector, a transparent cover (sometimes combined with a
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LEDs may be used for inspection lights, for example, detecting fluorescent dyes added to air conditioning systems to detect leakage, examining paper
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Miniature incandescent bulbs for use in flashlights: The tungsten filament bulb was essential to turn the flashlight from a novelty to a useful tool.
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366:(LEDs) have mostly replaced incandescent bulbs in practical flashlights. LEDs existed for decades, mainly as low-power indicator lights. In 1999,
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and the invention of portable electric lights soon followed. Portable hand-held electric lights offered advantages in convenience and safety over
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laid front to back in a paper tube with the light bulb and a rough brass reflector at the end. The company donated some of these devices to the
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flashlights, such as inexpensive keyring lights, are made. When the batteries are depleted or the bulb fails, the entire product is discarded.
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Multifunction portable devices may include a flashlight as one of their features, for example, a portable radio/flashlight combination. Many
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are medical instruments that combine a hand-held light source and magnifying lenses for examination of the ear canal and eyes, respectively.
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and fairly crude dry cells made early flashlights an expensive novelty, with low sales and low manufacturer interest. Development of the
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Switches or focus adjustments may not work properly while the flashlight is under external pressure, even if no water gets into the case.
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photometer, 30 seconds after the light is switched on with fresh (or newly charged) batteries. The total light emitted is reported in
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forensic examination, or to track the blood trail of wounded game animals. A flashlight may have a red LED intended to preserve dark
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A red filter helps preserve night vision after the flashlight is turned off, and can be useful to observe animals (such as nesting
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to recharge the battery. Flashlights are used as a light source outdoors, in places without permanently installed lighting, during
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Flashlights in Kenya: revealing the social, economic, health and environmental implications in the absence of quality assurance
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to a gun barrel. Tactical lights must withstand the impact of recoil and must be easily controlled while holding the weapon.
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lower temperatures than zinc batteries, all of which have water-based electrolytes. Lithium primary batteries have a lower
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Light output from LED flashlights varies even more widely than for incandescent lights. "Keychain" type lamps operating on
83:), usually shortened to torch, is a portable hand-held electric lamp. Formerly, the light source typically was a miniature
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circuit required to start and operate the lamp. An HID lamp requires a short warm-up time before it reaches full output.
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or other high heat-conductivity bodies, reflectors, and other parts to dissipate heat; they can become warm during use.
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with significant concentrations of flammable gases or dusts, such as mines, engine rooms of ships, chemical plants, or
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January 1899 Ever-Ready flashlight ad mentioning the proceedings against the alleged patent-infringing rival companies.
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that can freely slide up and down a tube, passing through a coil of wire as it does. Shaking the flashlight charges a
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Although most flashlights are designed for user replacement of the batteries and the bulb as needed, fully sealed
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Outdoors, search and rescue, caving, night orienteering, high-speed bicycle use, night mountain biking, diving
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published UL standard 1576 for flashlights and lanterns, outlining safety requirements and performance tests.
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may provide minimum performance standards for their members to follow when purchasing their own flashlights.
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The original 1890s flashlights used a metal ring around the fiber body of the flashlight as one contact of a
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Misell's Patent 617,592 line drawings show cross section of flashlight with three cells, reflector, and lens
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filament found in incandescent bulbs. However, they are much more expensive than incandescent, due to the
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Two LED flashlight extremes: Olight SR90, 2,200 lumens (left), Foursevens Mini MLR2, 180 lumens (middle),
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to limit current through the diode. Flashlights using one or two disposable 1.5-volt cells require a
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1495:"Electropaedia History of Science and Technology, Development of Science, Technology and Inventions"
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have different spectra of light compared to incandescent sources, and are made in several ranges of
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was an angle-head flashlight issued to US military personnel; similar style lights remain popular.
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The working distance is defined as the distance at which the maximum light falling on a surface (
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One type of mechanically powered flashlight has a winding crank and spring connected to a small
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each, simplify the optical design problem of producing a powerful and tightly controlled beam.
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point of the gas, so substitution of more powerful lamps or batteries may void the approval.
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The 1899 flashlight was a fiber tube with brass end caps and bulls-eye glass lens at one end.
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leave both hands free. Some flashlights can be used under water or in flammable atmospheres.
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is determined by measuring the brightest spot in the beam produced by the flashlight, in
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Flashlight in the shape of a gun (mid-20th century) from the permanent collection of the
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The
Flashlight Museum, a collector's Web site with many old or unusual flashlights shown
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On
January 10, 1899, British inventor David Misell obtained U.S. Patent No. 617,592,
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713:. They allow momentary illumination of a target. They are small enough to be easily
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2837:
2798:
2619:
2574:
2302:
2267:
2203:
2161:
2146:
2102:
1608:
1373:
1307:
1150:
1078:
1050:
992:
740:
736:
640:
482:
326:
306:
127:
1717:
433:
Miniature LED flashlight on a key chain, powered by lithium primary coin batteries
1469:
3335:
3330:
3290:
3140:
3125:
3022:
2976:
2852:
2711:
2631:
2439:
2434:
2394:
2366:
2361:
2292:
2287:
2272:
2151:
1368:
1363:
1169:
1162:
1059:
1046:
868:
799:
667:
507:
450:
438:
401:
330:
123:
1766:
761:
464:
47:
17:
3360:
3355:
3260:
3255:
3235:
3215:
3185:
2966:
2832:
2827:
2716:
2679:
2594:
2589:
2564:
2259:
1398:
1322:
919:
910:
than zinc primary batteries, so are more efficient in high-drain flashlights.
864:
826:
729:
663:
355:
39:
3380:
3245:
3170:
3097:
3076:
3012:
2909:
2862:
2451:
2427:
2356:
2336:
1312:
949:
818:
795:
LED lamps and may have either disposable primary or rechargeable batteries.
486:
481:(HID lamp) as the light source. An HID gas discharge lamp uses a mixture of
423:
232:
166:
1451:
769:
698:
Nonincendive flashlight for use when inspecting areas full of flammable gas
1765:. U.S. Department of Transportation. 1997. pp. 96–100. Archived from
720:
650:
635:
3395:
3087:
2744:
2684:
2389:
2381:
2351:
2312:
2277:
2247:
2230:
2036:
1327:
1071:
983:
784:
684:
454:
386:
363:
290:
262:
204:
107:
60:
978:
Dive flashlight with different reflectors and collimator for LED XHP70.2
3310:
3210:
3165:
3135:
3092:
2696:
2641:
2341:
2319:
2000:
1343:
1185:
1158:
974:
834:
803:
706:
532: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
350:
334:
318:
310:
298:
270:
217:
138:
1905:"Introduction and table of contents to ANSI FL1 retrieved 2011 Oct 17"
1885:. Energizerlightingproducts.com (2003-07-01). Retrieved on 2013-12-09.
1494:
961:
At least one manufacturer makes a rechargeable flashlight that uses a
3405:
3295:
3240:
3190:
2324:
2282:
1063:
1020:
945:
375:
314:
213:
134:
100:
1718:"The 2 types of LEP modules currently available | LEPflashlight.com"
1581:
1184:
inside the unit and it must remain functional. Ratings are given in
1193:
since different LED and incandescent lamp types vary widely in the
3270:
3150:
3007:
2371:
2297:
1378:
1010:
849:
813:
768:
760:
719:
710:
693:
649:
634:
463:
428:
349:
302:
294:
280:
209:
46:
38:
1101:
and chemical resistance, and the lifespan of the control switch.
1278:
Light use depends on speed, quality of trail, surrounding light
1256:
Household use, car repairs, hiking on a trail, cave exploration
1134:
1110:
735:
Diving lamps must be watertight under pressure and are used for
3049:
2009:
51:
The angle-head flashlight (Fulton MX-991U) on the left uses an
1173:
1130:
only incandescent lamp flashlights and was withdrawn in 1996.
1028:
659:
501:
3045:
1549:
Exotic commodities: modern objects and everyday life in China
859:
The most common power source for flashlights is the battery.
670:. In some types, the incandescent light bulb has an integral
1836:
Energizer
Flashlight, Headlight and Handheld Light Materials
2005:
1679:
Partnerships for solid-state lighting: report of a workshop
422:
often dictates that small, high-power LED flashlights have
231:. This "electric device" designed by Misell was powered by
1996:, a Master's thesis that discusses flashlight use in Kenya
1571:, Gizmodo-com.cdn.ampproject.org, Wes Siler, June 23, 2014
765:
Inspection light with flexible gooseneck mounting for lamp
1845:. Energizerlightingproducts.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-09.
1760:"Advisory Circular 43-204 Visual Inspection for Aircraft"
1189:
of the light only after immersion, not during immersion.
1876:
Energizer
Lighting Products Safety Approvals and Testing
1161:. Since this is a measure of all the light emitted in a
1200:
ANSI standard FL1 does not specify measurements of the
1965:
A New, Dedicated
Standard for Flashlights and Lanterns
229:
American
Electrical Novelty and Manufacturing Company
1816:
995:, which allow the weight of the lens to be reduced.
468:
Multiple 5 mm LEDs may be used in small flashlights.
293:
filament. The bulbs are under vacuum or filled with
269:
LED flashlights were introduced in the early 2000s.
2990:
2945:
2886:
2809:
2725:
2650:
2520:
2460:
2408:
2380:
2258:
2160:
2132:
2123:
2043:
1617:Handbook of energy efficiency and renewable energy
1446:
1444:
1655:"How to Replace a Flashlight's Bulb With an LED?"
1569:How LED Flashlights Are Designed And Manufactured
305:. Some high-power incandescent flashlights use a
122:, shaking the lamp, or squeezing it. Some have
95:) to protect the light source and reflector, a
1953:Collateral-library-production.s3.amazonaws.com
381:LEDs can be significantly more efficient than
3061:
2021:
922:to charge an on-board battery for later use.
130:, or when a portable light source is needed.
8:
1814:Francois Beguin, Elzbieta Frackowiak (ed),
1604:
1602:
1015:A rechargeable, programmable LED flashlight
3068:
3054:
3046:
2129:
2028:
2014:
2006:
1894:Underwriter's Laboratories Standard UL 783
1139:FL1 Flashlight basic performance standard
592:Learn how and when to remove this message
409:discharge. LEDs maintain nearly constant
273:made their first LED flashlight in 2006.
118:. Some are powered by the user turning a
1977:A Flashaholic's Guide to LED Flashlights
1515:, Routledge and Kegan, 1958, pages 90-91
1219:
973:
662:-sized flashlight, often containing two
477:A less common type of flashlight uses a
3522:Military equipment of the United States
1410:
1527:"Flashlights and Flashlight Batteries"
886:Secondary, rechargeable types include
875:in both regular and heavy duty types,
867:) types used in flashlights include
400:LEDs generally must have some kind of
7:
530:adding citations to reliable sources
1856:Handbook of Manufacturing Processes
837:with a concealed bulb and battery.
239:, who responded favorably to them.
87:, but these have been displaced by
1551:, Columbia University Press, 2006
982:A reflector with an approximately
329:of light and a beam of about 200
25:
1700:"IMALENT M series LED flashlight"
1424:The Electrochemistry Encyclopedia
1195:amount of light produced per watt
27:Portable hand-held electric light
1979:, CoastPortland.com, 2011, p. 10
1525:Eugene H. Mathews (March 1922).
1501:from the original on 2011-05-12.
1458:from the original on 2017-01-17.
506:
189:
177:
165:
2545:Parabolic aluminized reflector
1797:from the original on 2017-03-26
1681:National Academies Press, 2002
1513:The Social History of Lighting
1208:In 2018, in the United States,
932:Mechanically powered flashlight
631:Formats and specialized designs
517:needs additional citations for
2490:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
1858:, Industrial Press Inc., 2007
944:. They use a strong permanent
249:in 1904, with three times the
59:to give white, red, blue, and
1:
479:high-intensity discharge lamp
1452:"Flashlight Museum page one"
1221:Lumen ranges of flashlights
1053:to more complex mixtures of
420:Heat dissipation for the LED
2735:Automotive light bulb types
2585:Intelligent street lighting
1746:Tacticalflashlightguide.com
1644:, November 2003 pages 81-88
1420:"Nonrechargeable Batteries"
775:Museo del Objeto del Objeto
705:are sometimes mounted to a
623:) without disturbing them.
358:for size comparison (right)
32:Flashlight (disambiguation)
3543:
2498:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
1210:Underwriter's Laboratories
929:
309:where the bulb contains a
103:, all enclosed in a case.
29:
3414:
3106:
3083:
2937:Stage lighting instrument
1330:(for automobile lighting)
989:total internal reflection
942:electromagnetic induction
916:Solar powered flashlights
741:supplemental illumination
724:One style of diver's lamp
689:Fulton MX991/U Flashlight
149:Early flashlights ran on
3455:Machine and metalworking
3386:Tongue-and-groove pliers
2998:Battlefield illumination
2755:high-intensity discharge
2187:Electrochemiluminescence
1677:Charles W. Wessner (ed)
43:A set of LED flashlights
3465:Measuring and alignment
2858:Electroluminescent wire
1854:James G. Bralla (ed.),
1531:Transactions of the IES
1040:Early flashlights used
658:A penlight is a small,
85:incandescent light bulb
2540:Multifaceted reflector
1267:Weapon mounted lights
1133:In the United States,
1016:
979:
856:
822:
777:
766:
725:
699:
675:promotional purposes.
655:
647:
645:pupillary light reflex
621:loggerhead sea turtles
469:
434:
359:
286:
247:tungsten-filament lamp
116:rechargeable batteries
64:
44:
2930:ellipsoidal reflector
2535:Ellipsoidal reflector
2219:Fluorescent induction
2197:field-induced polymer
1359:List of battery types
1354:List of battery sizes
1264:Tactical flashlights
1172:) would fall to 0.25
1125:Performance standards
1091:Ratings and standards
1014:
977:
970:Reflectors and lenses
900:lithium-ion batteries
873:carbon-zinc batteries
853:
817:
772:
764:
723:
697:
653:
638:
467:
432:
395:color rendering index
364:light-emitting diodes
353:
284:
243:Carbon-filament bulbs
151:zinc–carbon batteries
106:The invention of the
89:light-emitting diodes
50:
42:
3430:Cutting and abrasive
2767:Rear position lights
2740:Daytime running lamp
2668:Mechanically powered
2555:Aviation obstruction
1389:Tritium illumination
938:electrical generator
526:improve this article
459:night vision devices
372:San Jose, California
368:Lumileds Corporation
237:New York City police
210:(combustion) torches
81:Commonwealth English
30:For other uses, see
3517:Domestic implements
3512:American inventions
2175:Electron-stimulated
1917:on 15 November 2011
1222:
908:internal resistance
888:lead-acid batteries
3507:1899 introductions
3111:Adjustable spanner
3018:Luminous gemstones
2192:Electroluminescent
2170:Cathodoluminescent
1881:2011-11-02 at the
1841:2011-11-29 at the
1742:"Flashlight Guide"
1722:lepflashlight.com/
1511:William T. O'Dea,
1474:Patents.google.com
1275:Bicycle headlamps
1220:
1155:Luminous intensity
1147:integrating sphere
1137:in 2009 published
1096:Safety regulations
1017:
980:
857:
823:
778:
767:
746:People working in
726:
700:
656:
648:
470:
435:
383:incandescent lamps
360:
287:
65:
45:
3489:
3488:
3401:Upholstery hammer
3043:
3042:
2560:Balanced-arm lamp
2516:
2515:
2400:Yablochkov candle
2268:Acetylene/Carbide
2238:Radioluminescence
2110:Luminous efficacy
2056:Color temperature
1748:. 3 October 2018.
1642:Popular Mechanics
1625:978-0-8493-1730-9
1619:, CRC Press 2007
1293:
1292:
808:fluorescent lamps
616:marshalling wands
602:
601:
594:
576:
411:color temperature
391:color temperature
339:luminous efficacy
256:hurricane lantern
53:incandescent bulb
16:(Redirected from
3534:
3276:Pencil sharpener
3070:
3063:
3056:
3047:
2843:Christmas lights
2777:Safety reflector
2772:Reversing lights
2707:Navigation light
2658:Bicycle lighting
2548:
2501:
2493:
2467:
2226:Photoluminescent
2209:Fluorescent lamp
2182:Chemiluminescent
2130:
2098:Bi-pin lamp base
2093:Lightbulb socket
2030:
2023:
2016:
2007:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1950:
1946:"Lumen Insights"
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1910:. Archived from
1909:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1873:
1867:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1827:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1791:"Battle Lantern"
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1696:
1690:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1651:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1547:Frank Dikötter,
1545:
1539:
1538:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1426:. Archived from
1415:
1303:Bicycle lighting
1253:General purpose
1223:
1202:beam width angle
1084:injection molded
1042:vulcanized fiber
926:Mechanical power
918:use energy from
641:halogen penlight
597:
590:
586:
583:
577:
575:
534:
510:
502:
439:button batteries
193:
181:
169:
21:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3410:
3326:Punch down tool
3306:Plumber's snake
3102:
3079:
3074:
3044:
3039:
3003:Bioluminescence
2986:
2955:
2941:
2898:
2882:
2821:
2805:
2721:
2646:
2570:Emergency light
2546:
2512:
2499:
2491:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2404:
2376:
2347:Magnesium torch
2254:
2156:
2125:
2119:
2076:Light pollution
2051:Accent lighting
2039:
2034:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1883:Wayback Machine
1874:
1870:
1853:
1849:
1843:Wayback Machine
1834:
1830:
1813:
1809:
1800:
1798:
1789:
1788:
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1563:
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1519:
1510:
1506:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1418:Brooke Schumm.
1417:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1349:Lantern battery
1298:
1227:
1218:
1127:
1098:
1093:
1068:stainless steel
1038:
1009:
972:
959:
934:
928:
861:Primary battery
848:
843:
789:ophthalmoscopes
752:grain elevators
748:hazardous areas
703:Tactical lights
654:An LED headlamp
633:
611:
598:
587:
581:
578:
535:
533:
523:
511:
500:
475:
406:boost converter
362:Powerful white-
348:
279:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
194:
186:
185:
182:
174:
173:
170:
159:
147:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:LED flashlights
15:
12:
11:
5:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3420:Types of tools
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3376:Tactical light
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Podger spanner
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Plumber wrench
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Locking pliers
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2991:Related topics
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
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2958:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2946:
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2934:
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2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2782:retroreflector
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2637:Track lighting
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2612:
2610:Recessed light
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2580:Gooseneck lamp
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2487:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2462:High-intensity
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
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2327:
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2300:
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2270:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2231:Laser headlamp
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:Electric light
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1987:
1986:External links
1984:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1937:
1928:
1896:
1887:
1868:
1864:0-831 1-3179-9
1847:
1828:
1807:
1782:
1751:
1733:
1709:
1691:
1670:
1659:outlighter.com
1646:
1629:
1598:
1573:
1561:
1540:
1517:
1504:
1486:
1461:
1440:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:Tactical light
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1318:Flashlight tag
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:200 and above
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:100 and above
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1217:
1214:
1126:
1123:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1077:Metals may be
1037:
1034:
1008:
1007:Control switch
1005:
993:Fresnel lenses
971:
968:
963:supercapacitor
958:
955:
930:Main article:
927:
924:
898:batteries and
847:
844:
842:
839:
632:
629:
610:
607:
600:
599:
582:September 2023
514:
512:
505:
499:
496:
474:
471:
347:
344:
278:
275:
195:
188:
187:
183:
176:
175:
171:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
158:
155:
146:
143:
77:electric torch
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3539:
3528:
3527:Types of lamp
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Torque wrench
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:Stitching awl
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Socket wrench
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Persian drill
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:Monkey wrench
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Impact driver
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:Hammer tacker
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Glass breaker
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:Antique tools
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Infrared lamp
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Laser pointer
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Pendant light
2603:
2601:
2600:Neon lighting
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:Mercury-vapor
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:Deuterium arc
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2410:Gas discharge
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2115:Task lighting
2113:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:Light fixture
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1772:on 2016-11-11
1768:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:0-309-08319-2
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:Cliff Gomer,
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:0-231-14116-5
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1430:on 2013-10-22
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Trouble light
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Kerosene lamp
1337:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1286:High powered
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:Applications
1233:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
985:
976:
969:
967:
964:
956:
954:
951:
947:
943:
939:
933:
925:
923:
921:
917:
911:
909:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
852:
845:
841:Power sources
840:
838:
836:
830:
828:
820:
816:
812:
809:
805:
801:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
776:
771:
763:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
733:
731:
722:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
692:
690:
686:
681:
676:
673:
669:
668:AAA batteries
665:
661:
652:
646:
642:
637:
630:
628:
624:
622:
617:
608:
606:
596:
593:
585:
574:
571:
567:
564:
560:
557:
553:
550:
546:
543: –
542:
538:
537:Find sources:
531:
527:
521:
520:
515:This section
513:
509:
504:
503:
497:
495:
493:
488:
484:
480:
472:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
442:
440:
431:
427:
425:
421:
415:
412:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
352:
345:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
283:
276:
274:
272:
267:
264:
259:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
233:"D" batteries
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
206:
192:
180:
168:
156:
154:
152:
144:
142:
140:
136:
131:
129:
128:power outages
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
58:
54:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3371:Strap wrench
3346:Slide hammer
3341:Sledgehammer
3266:Paint roller
3151:Caulking gun
3121:Basin wrench
2878:Strobe light
2873:Plasma globe
2848:Crackle tube
2838:Bubble light
2799:trafficators
2794:Turn signals
2662:
2620:Street light
2575:Gas lighting
2508:Sodium vapor
2480:Metal-halide
2382:Electric arc
2134:Incandescent
2103:Edison screw
1993:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1957:. Retrieved
1952:
1940:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1912:the original
1899:
1890:
1871:
1855:
1850:
1831:
1818:Wiley 2013,
1815:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1785:
1774:. Retrieved
1767:the original
1754:
1745:
1736:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1678:
1673:
1662:. Retrieved
1658:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1627:, page 12-37
1616:
1613:D.Y. Goswami
1609:Frank Kreith
1589:. Retrieved
1585:
1576:
1564:
1548:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1473:
1464:
1432:. Retrieved
1428:the original
1423:
1413:
1374:Spotlighting
1308:Carbide lamp
1283:1000 and up
1216:Applications
1207:
1199:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1167:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1119:
1103:
1099:
1076:
1051:polyethylene
1039:
1025:
1018:
1001:
997:
981:
960:
935:
912:
904:
885:
869:button cells
858:
831:
824:
800:candlesticks
797:
793:
783:
779:
756:autoignition
745:
737:night diving
734:
727:
715:rail-mounted
701:
677:
657:
625:
612:
603:
588:
579:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:"Flashlight"
536:
524:Please help
519:verification
516:
483:metal halide
476:
449:of vision.
443:
436:
416:
399:
380:
376:milliamperes
361:
335:popular make
323:
313:gas such as
307:halogen lamp
288:
277:Incandescent
268:
260:
241:
222:
202:
148:
132:
124:solar panels
105:
76:
68:
66:
36:
3502:Flashlights
3480:Woodworking
3336:Screwdriver
3331:Scratch awl
3291:Pipe wrench
3141:Breaker bar
3126:Block plane
3023:Signal lamp
2977:Stroboscope
2853:DJ lighting
2789:Stop lights
2760:sealed beam
2712:Searchlight
2452:Xenon flash
2395:Klieg light
2243:Solid-state
2204:Fluorescent
2162:Luminescent
1704:Imalent.com
1586:Maglite.com
1559:pp. 142-144
1369:Searchlight
1364:Safety lamp
1170:illuminance
1163:solid angle
1047:polystyrene
920:solar cells
827:smartphones
643:to observe
609:Accessories
451:Ultraviolet
331:candlepower
3496:Categories
3361:Staple gun
3356:Spike maul
3271:Paintbrush
3261:Nut driver
3256:Multi-tool
3236:Lug wrench
3216:Hole punch
3186:Grease gun
3077:Hand tools
2967:Grow light
2962:Germicidal
2952:Scientific
2949:Industrial
2905:Floodlight
2891:Theatrical
2833:Blacklight
2828:Aroma lamp
2817:Decorative
2727:Automotive
2717:Solar lamp
2680:Glow stick
2663:Flashlight
2595:Nightlight
2590:Light tube
2565:Chandelier
2522:Stationary
2464:discharge
2390:Carbon arc
2260:Combustion
2126:generation
2124:Methods of
1992:J. Tracy,
1824:3527646698
1801:2017-03-26
1776:2012-01-09
1727:2023-10-10
1664:2023-01-07
1638:High Beams
1537:: 135–146.
1434:2010-12-13
1406:References
1399:Wheat lamp
1323:Glow stick
1250:30 to 100
865:disposable
855:batteries.
821:Flashlight
730:disposable
639:A medical
627:purposes.
552:newspapers
485:salts and
447:adaptation
356:AA battery
203:The first
112:disposable
73:US English
69:flashlight
3381:Tire iron
3246:Mitre box
3171:Fish tape
3146:Cat's paw
3098:Workbench
3033:Reflected
3013:Light art
2925:Spotlight
2910:Footlight
2895:Cinematic
2863:Lava lamp
2625:in the US
2530:Reflector
2447:Xenon arc
2428:Neon lamp
2357:Rushlight
2337:Limelight
2086:Hong Kong
1582:"Contact"
1334:Headlight
1313:DME torch
1242:Keychain
1036:Materials
984:parabolic
957:Capacitor
950:capacitor
846:Batteries
819:IPhone XR
785:Otoscopes
487:noble gas
424:aluminium
387:LED lamps
263:penlights
145:Etymology
3435:Forestry
3425:Cleaning
3396:Tweezers
3206:Headlamp
3088:Sawhorse
2745:Headlamp
2685:Headlamp
2673:Tactical
2651:Portable
2632:Torchère
2313:Petromax
2308:Kerosene
2278:Campfire
2248:LED lamp
2044:Concepts
2037:Lighting
1959:20 March
1921:20 March
1879:Archived
1839:Archived
1826:, p. 515
1795:Archived
1591:20 March
1499:Archived
1479:20 March
1470:"Misell"
1456:Archived
1328:Headlamp
1296:See also
1228:(range)
1159:candelas
1072:titanium
1060:anodized
877:alkaline
804:lanterns
685:hard hat
680:headlamp
455:currency
291:tungsten
251:efficacy
225:assigned
218:lanterns
205:dry cell
108:dry cell
99:, and a
61:infrared
3460:Masonry
3450:Kitchen
3311:Plunger
3286:Pincers
3211:Hex key
3166:Crowbar
3161:Crimper
3136:Bradawl
3093:Toolbox
3028:Sources
2982:Tanning
2868:Marquee
2813:Display
2697:Lantern
2690:outdoor
2642:Troffer
2485:ceramic
2342:Luchina
2320:Lantern
2213:compact
2211: (
2147:Halogen
2142:Regular
1866:pg. 673
1689:page 54
1344:Lantern
1186:IP Code
881:lithium
835:tie pin
707:handgun
566:scholar
492:ballast
402:control
319:bromine
311:halogen
299:krypton
271:Maglite
214:candles
157:History
139:campers
97:battery
3470:Mining
3440:Garden
3406:Wrench
3296:Pliers
3241:Mallet
3191:Hammer
3176:Gimlet
2750:hidden
2615:Sconce
2440:Sulfur
2435:Plasma
2367:Tilley
2362:Safety
2325:Fanous
2288:Carcel
2283:Candle
2273:Argand
2152:Nernst
2081:Hawaii
1955:. 2018
1862:
1822:
1685:
1623:
1555:
1226:Lumens
1151:lumens
1070:, and
1064:copper
1021:switch
946:magnet
879:, and
568:
561:
554:
547:
539:
333:. One
327:lumens
315:iodine
135:miners
101:switch
3475:Power
3321:Punch
3156:Clamp
3131:Brace
3008:Laser
2920:Scoop
2547:(PAR)
2500:(HQI)
2492:(HMI)
2466:(HID)
2372:Torch
2330:Paper
2298:Flare
2066:Glare
1949:(PDF)
1915:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1770:(PDF)
1763:(PDF)
1379:Torch
1239:1–20
1231:Type
1079:drawn
711:rifle
573:JSTOR
559:books
303:xenon
301:, or
295:argon
120:crank
75:) or
63:light
3445:Hand
3226:Jack
3201:Hawk
2915:Gobo
2423:Neon
2293:Diya
1961:2022
1923:2022
1860:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1593:2022
1553:ISBN
1481:2022
1135:ANSI
1111:ATEX
1107:MSHA
1049:and
896:NiCd
892:NiMH
787:and
739:and
672:lens
545:news
393:and
216:and
137:and
93:lens
57:LEDs
2352:Oil
2303:Gas
1640:in
1174:lux
1055:ABS
1029:USB
709:or
666:or
660:pen
528:by
498:LEP
473:HID
370:of
346:LED
317:or
258:.
227:to
114:or
3498::
1963:.
1951:.
1793:.
1744:.
1720:.
1702:.
1657:.
1615:,
1611:,
1601:^
1584:.
1535:17
1533:.
1529:.
1497:.
1472:.
1454:.
1443:^
1422:.
1153:.
1115:UL
1113:,
1109:,
1066:,
894:,
890:,
883:.
871:,
678:A
664:AA
461:.
297:,
212:,
67:A
3069:e
3062:t
3055:v
2215:)
2029:e
2022:t
2015:v
1925:.
1804:.
1779:.
1730:.
1706:.
1667:.
1595:.
1483:.
1437:.
1105:(
863:(
595:)
589:(
584:)
580:(
570:·
563:·
556:·
549:·
522:.
79:(
71:(
34:.
20:)
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