LED lamp - Knowledge (XXG)

965: 908:. LED lamps often have directional light characteristics. The best of these lamps, as of 2022, are more power-efficient than compact fluorescent lamps and offer lifespans of 30,000 or more hours, reduced if operated at a higher temperature than specified. Incandescent lamps have a typical life of 1,000 hours, and compact fluorescents about 8,000 hours. LED and fluorescent lamps both use phosphors, whose light output declines over their lifetimes. Energy Star specifications requires LED lamps to typically drop less than 10% after 6,000 or more hours of operation, and in the worst case not more than 15%. LED lamps are available with a variety of color properties. The purchase price is higher than most other lamps – although dropping – but the higher efficiency usually makes total cost of ownership (purchase price plus cost of electricity and changing bulbs) lower. 792:

troffer) is replaced with something like an LED panel, the panel must be replaced in its entirety if the LEDs or the driver it contains fail since it is impossible to replace them individually in a practical fashion (although the driver is often separate and so it may be replaced), where as, if only the bulb is replaced with an LED replacement lamp, the lamp can be replaced independently of the fixture should the lamp fail. Some LED replacement lamps require the fixture to be modified such as by electrically removing the fixture's ballast, thus connecting the LED lamp directly to the mains supply; others can work without any modifications to the fixture.

807: 293:, which produce light by an arc between two electrodes in an atmosphere of argon, mercury and other metals, and iodine or bromine. These were among the most efficient white electric lights before LEDs, having a luminous efficacy of 75–100 lm/W and a relatively long bulb lifetime of 6,000–15,000 hours; because they require a 5–7-minute warmup period before they reach full output, metal-halides are not used for residential lighting, but for commercial and industrial wide area lighting and, outdoors, for security lights and streetlights. Like fluorescents, they also contain hazardous mercury. 640:. The most common method is to combine a blue LED emitter with a yellow phosphor, producing a narrow range of blue wavelengths and a broad band of "yellow" wavelengths actually covering the spectrum from green to red. The CRI value can range from less than 70 to over 90, although a wide range of commercial LEDs of this type have a color rendering index around 82. Following successive increases in efficacy, which had reached 210 lm/W on a production basis as of 2021, this type has surpassed the performance of trichromatic LEDs. The phosphors used in white light LEDs can give 796: 727:. Some manufacturers place the LEDs and all circuitry in a glass bulb just like conventional incandescent bulbs, but with a helium gas filling to conduct heat and thus cool the LEDs. Others place the LEDs on a circuit board with an aluminum backing; the aluminum back is connected thermally to the aluminum base of the lamp using thermal paste, and the base is embedded in a melamine plastic shell. Because of the need for convection cooling around an LED lamp, careful consideration is necessary when placing the lamp in an enclosed or poorly vented 441: 122: 1768: 1754: 668: 98: 577: 744: 1782: 1740: 1637: 926: 1029: 1005: 845: 897: 215: 114: 40: 490:, Wisconsin, US, was able to light its new factory interior and exterior almost solely with LEDs. Initial cost was three times that of a traditional mix of incandescent and fluorescent lamps, but the extra cost was recovered within two years via electricity savings, and the lamps should not need replacing for 20 years. In 2009 the Manapakkam, 992:

grown in field conditions. Plant performance of mint, basil, lentil, lettuce, cabbage, parsley and carrot was measured by assessing both the health and vigor of the plants and the success of the LEDs in promoting growth. Also noticed was profuse flowering of select ornamentals including primula, marigold and stock.

715:. LEDs use much less power for a given light output, but they do produce some heat, and it is concentrated in a very small semiconductor die. Because of their low operating temperature, LED lamps cannot lose much heat via radiation; instead, heat is conducted through the back of the die to a suitably designed 400:) was launched to identify lighting products that meet energy conservation and performance guidelines. Ushio released the first LED filament lamp in 2008. Philips released its first LED lamp in 2009, followed by the world's first 60 W equivalent LED lamp in 2010, and a 75 watt equivalent version in 2011. 2573:

For more than five years, Americans have been doing something decidedly un-American: We've been using less electricity. . . . oday's electronics and appliances are more efficient. New homes are tighter and better insulated. And most important, light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, have replaced traditional

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For Vitamin D production, LED lamps are better because traditional lamps can’t produce the exact 293 nanometer wavelength needed to boost Vitamin D levels. UVB lamps at 293 nanometers are more effective than other UVB lamps (like 312 nanometer or broadband types) because they provide enough UVB light

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or LED spotlight fixtures replacing similar halogen fixtures) or bulbs (such as LED tubes replacing fluorescent tubes inside troffers or LED HID replacement lamps replacing HID bulbs inside HID fixtures) The differences between replacing a fixture and replacing a bulb are that, when a fixture (like a

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to operate from mains power lines, and losses from this circuit means that the efficiency of the lamp is lower than the efficiency of the LED chips it uses. The driver circuit may require special features to be compatible with lamp dimmers intended for use on incandescent lamps. Generally the current

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program began to label lamps that meet a set of standards for starting time, life expectancy, color, and consistency of performance. The intent of the program is to reduce consumer concerns due to variable quality of products, by providing transparency and standards for the labeling and usability of

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By about 2010 LED technology came to dominate the outdoor lighting industry, as earlier LEDs were not bright enough for outdoor lighting. A study completed in 2014 concluded that color temperature and accuracy of LED lights was easily recognized by consumers, with preference towards LEDs at natural

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White-light LED lamps have longer life expectancy and higher efficiency (more light for the same electricity) than most other lighting when used at the proper temperature. LED sources are compact, which gives flexibility in designing lighting fixtures and good control over the distribution of light

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Tunable lighting systems employ banks of colored LEDs that can be individually controlled, either using separate banks of each color, or multi-chip LEDs with the colors combined and controlled at the chip level. For example, white LEDs of different color temperatures can be combined to construct an

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Considered as energy converters, all these existing lamps are inefficient, emitting more of their input energy as waste heat than as visible light. Global electric lighting in 1997 consumed 2016 terawatthours of energy. Lighting consumes roughly 12% of electrical energy produced by industrialized

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Badly designed LED lamps may flicker. The effect can be seen on a slow motion video of such a lamp. The extent of flicker is based on the quality of the DC power supply built into the lamp structure, usually located in the lamp base. Longer exposures to flickering light contribute to headaches and

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LED emitters are inherently suitable for dimming, because they can operate over a wide range of currents without significant change of color. However, the circuits in LED lamps must be explicitly designed to be dimmable and compatible with particular types of dimmer switch. Otherwise damage to the

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of about 14 to 17 lm/W depending on its size and voltage. (Efficacy of incandescent lamps designed for 230 V supplies is less, because the lower supply voltage in north America is more favorable to efficacy.) According to the European Union standard, an energy-efficient lamp that claims to be

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LED drivers are essential components of LED lamps to ensure acceptable lifetime and performance of the lamp. A driver can provide features such as dimming and remote control. LED drivers may be in the same lamp enclosure as the diode array, or remotely mounted from the light-emitting diodes. LED

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Light emitting diodes (LEDs) offer efficient electric lighting in desired wavelengths (red + blue) which support greenhouse production in minimum time and with high quality and quantity. As LEDs are cool, plants can be placed very close to light sources without overheating or scorching, requiring

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LED lamps are used for both general and special-purpose lighting. Where colored light is needed, LEDs that inherently emit light of a single color require no energy-absorbing filters. LED lamps are commonly available as drop-in replacements for either bulbs or fixtures, replacing either an entire

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white LEDs use multiple LED chips emitting red, green, and blue wavelengths. These three colors combine to produce white light. The CRI is poor, typically 25 – 65, due to the narrow range of wavelengths emitted. Higher CRI values can be obtained using more than three LED colors to cover a greater

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Experiments revealed surprising performance and production of vegetables and ornamental plants under LED light sources. Many plant species have been assessed in greenhouse trials to make sure that the quality of biomass and biochemical ingredients of such plants is at least comparable with those

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In keeping with the long life claimed for LED lamps, long warranties are offered. However, currently there are no standardized testing procedures set by the Department of Energy in the United States to prove these assertions by each manufacturer. A typical domestic LED lamp is stated to have an

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Several companies offer LED lamps for general lighting purposes. The technology is improving rapidly and new energy-efficient consumer LED lamps are available. As of 2016, in the United States, LED lamps are close to being adopted as the mainstream light source because of the falling prices and

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LEDs using the color-mixing principle can emit a wide range of colors by changing the proportions of light generated in each primary color. This allows full color mixing in lamps with LEDs of different colors. Unlike other lighting technologies, LED emission tends to be directional (or at least

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or a color description such as "warm white", "cool white" or "daylight", the operating temperature range, whether the lamp is dimmer compatible, whether the lamp is suitable for humid/damp/wet conditions, and sometimes the equivalent wattage of an incandescent lamp delivering the same output in

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West, Kathleen E.; Jablonski, Michael R.; Warfield, Benjamin; Cecil, Kate S.; James, Mary; Ayers, Melissa A.; Maida, James; Bowen, Charles; Sliney, David H.; Rollag, Mark D.; Hanifin, John P.; Brainard, George C. (1 March 2011). "Blue light from light-emitting diodes elicits a dose-dependent

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effectively bans the manufacturing and importing of most current incandescent lamps. LED lamps have decreased substantially in price, and many varieties are sold with subsidized prices from local utilities. However, in September 2019 the Trump administration rolled back requirements for new,

767:. Instead of increasing current levels, light output is usually increased by connecting multiple LED emitters in parallel and/or series in one lamp. Solving the problem of efficiency droop would mean that household LED lamps would require fewer LEDs, which would significantly reduce costs. 3699:

Sabzalian Mohammad R., P. Heydarizadeh, A. Boroomand, M. Agharokh, Mohammad R. Sahba, M. Zahedi and B. Schoefs. 2014. High performance of vegetables, flowers, and medicinal plants in a red-blue LED incubator for indoor plant production. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 34: 879–886

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for the invention of the blue LED. The existence of blue LEDs and high-efficiency LEDs led to the development of the first 'white LED', which employed a phosphor coating to partially convert the emitted blue light to red and green frequencies, creating a light that appears white.

549:(US$ 2.4 billion) of middle class and poor household power bill. The scheme is intended to replace all the incandescent and CFL light bulbs to more efficient LED lights in the nation. To lower the price of LED bulbs government encouraged light bulb production in the nation. 1678:

The long life of LEDs, expected to be about 50 times that of the most common incandescent lamps and significantly longer than fluorescent types, is advantageous for users but will affect manufacturers as it reduces the market for replacements in the distant future.

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Some LED lamps are drop-in replacements for incandescent or fluorescent lamps. LED lamps may use multiple LED packages for improved light dispersal, heat dissipation, and overall cost. The text on retail LED lamp packaging may show the light output in lumens, the

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from the incandescent lamps they were replacing. A standard was developed, ANSI C78.377-2008, that specified the recommended color ranges for solid-state lighting products using cool to warm white LEDs with various correlated color temperatures. In June 2008,

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Efremov, A. A.; Bochkareva, N. I.; Gorbunov, R. I.; Lavrinovich, D. A.; Rebane, Y. T.; Tarkhin, D. V.; Shreter, Y. G. (2006). "Effect of the joule heating on the quantum efficiency and choice of thermal conditions for high-power blue InGaN/GaN LEDs".

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Newer light fittings with long-lived LEDs built-in, or designed for LED lamps, have been coming into use as the need for compatibility with existing fittings diminishes. Such lighting does not require each bulb to contain circuitry to operate from

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with small reflectors or lenses. Because of the small size of LEDs, control of the spatial distribution of illumination is extremely flexible, and the light output and spatial distribution of an LED array can be controlled with no efficiency loss.

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UV LEDs have grown rapidly in recent years because they can be set to emit specific wavelengths of light. Unlike gas discharge or fluorescent lamps, which are limited by their materials, LED wavelengths are determined by the band gap width.

1016:, solar-powered garden or walkway lights, and bicycle lights. Colored LED lamps are now commercially used for traffic signal lamps, where the ability to emit bright light of the required color is essential, and in strings of holiday lights. 2821: 951:

which are directional and require proper orientation during installation as opposed to Fluorescent tube lamps which emit light in all directions around the tube. Most LED tube lights available can be used in place of T5, T8, T10, or T12

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Darko E., P. Heydarizadeh, B. Schoefs and Mohammad R. Sabzalian. 2014. Photosynthesis under artificial light: the shift in primary and secondary metabolites. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369: 20130243 (IF:

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New LED lights entered the market near the start of the 21st century in the US (Cree) and Japan (Nichia, Panasonic, and Toshiba), and then starting in 2004 in Korea and China (Samsung, Kingsun, Solstice, Hoyol, and others.)

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at a specified temperature, from "warm white" (like an incandescent bulb) at 2700K, to "daylight" at around 6500K. The first LEDs emitted light in a very narrow band of wavelengths, of a color characteristic of the energy

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Early suspicions were that the LED droop was caused by elevated temperatures. Scientists showed that temperature was not the root cause of efficiency droop. The mechanism causing efficiency droop was identified in 2007 as

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As of 2010 some LED lamps replaced higher wattage bulbs; for example, one manufacturer claimed a 16-watt LED lamp was as bright as a 150 W halogen lamp. A standard general-purpose incandescent bulb emits light at an

313:'s LED indicator lamp. However, early LED lamps were inefficient and could only display deep red colors, making them unsuitable for general lighting and restricting their usage to numeric displays and indicator lights. 4744: 384:

announced the first two standards for solid-state lighting in the United States. These standards detail performance specifications for LED light sources and prescribe test methods for solid-state lighting products.

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and this causes lower power factors. Low power factors can result in surcharges for commercial energy users; CFL and LED lamps are available with driver circuits to provide any desired power factor, or site-wide

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fixture" light bulb, with a design based on their earlier "AmbientLED" consumer product. DOE awarded Philips the prize after 18 months of extensive testing. Many other similarly efficient products followed.

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countries. New technological developments in light-emitting semiconductors, combined with the huge markets for displays and area lighting, encouraged the development of more energy-efficient electric lights.

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with predominantly blue light can cause eye damage, and that some LEDs switch on and off at twice mains frequency, causing malaise in some people, and possibly being misleading with rotating machinery due to

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Reduces maintenance costs – lasts 35 to 50 times longer than incandescent lighting and about 2 to 5 times longer than fluorescent lighting. No lamp-replacements, no ladders, no ongoing disposal program.

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to convert some of the light to other colors. The light is not the same as a true black body, giving a different appearance to colors than an incandescent bulb. Color rendering quality is specified by the

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in Finland was hung with 710 LED lamps, each using 2 watts. It has been calculated that these LED lamps paid for themselves in three and a half years, even though the lights run for only 48 days per year.

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can be performed. EU standards requires a power factor better than 0.4 for lamp powers between 2 and 5 watts, better than 0.5 for lamp powers between 5 and 25 watts and above 0.9 for higher power lamps.

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An assortment of LED lamps commercially available in 2010: floodlight fixtures (left), reading light (center), household lamps (center right and bottom), and low-power accent light (right) applications

2634: 473:. LEDs were in use at the Casino Breda in The Netherlands, the Vienna State Opera, and the venue for the Shanghai Grand Prix, for example. LED flashlights and headlamps for people were available. 3187: 421:

By 2019 electricity usage in the United States had decreased for at least five straight years, due in part to U.S. electricity consumers replacing incandescent light bulbs with LEDs due to their

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energy-efficient light bulbs. The Biden administration finalized efficiency regulations in 2023 that require 45 lm/W lighting and will save consumers $ 3 billion per year in electricity costs.

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Some organizations recommend that people should not use bluish-white lamps at night. The American Medical Association argues against using bluish-white LEDs for municipal street lighting.

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made several reports available on the results of many pilot projects for municipal outdoor lighting, and many additional streetlight and municipal outdoor lighting projects soon followed.

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The first low-powered LEDs were developed in the early 1960s, and only produced light in the low, red frequencies of the spectrum. In 1968, the first commercial LED lamps were introduced:

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The National Museum in Warsaw is also one of the most modern in Europe. (...) The LED system allows to adjust the light to every painting so that its unique qualities are enhanced.

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By 2010 mass installations of LED lighting for commercial and public uses were becoming common. LED lamps were used for a number of demonstration projects for outdoor lighting and

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Philips Lighting ceased research on compact fluorescents in 2008 and began devoting the bulk of its research and development budget to solid-state lighting. On 24 September 2009,

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No off-state power draw. The fixture does not use power when it is turned off, with the exception of external controls, whose power should not exceed 0.5 watts in the off state.

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Narendran, Nadarajah; Deng, Lei (2002). "Color rendering properties of LED light sources". In Ferguson, Ian T; Narendran, Nadarajah; Denbaars, Steven P; Park, Yoon-Soo (eds.).

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per watt (lm/W) and convert more than half the input power into light. Commercial LED lamps have a lifespan several times longer than both incandescent and fluorescent lamps.

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Fontoynont, Marc; Miras, Jean Pierre; Angelini, Marco; Chanussot, Jean; Marty, Christophe; Duchêne, Grégory; Novakovski, Leonid; Makita, Kazuaki; Moriyama, Tokayoshi (2013).

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LED bulb scheme' to lower India's carbon footprint and save electricity, it distributed 370 million LED bulbs free, by doing so as of March 2022, which resulted in saving of

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is used to record how a light source renders eight color sample chips, on a scale from 0 to 100. LEDs with CRI below 75 are not recommended for use in indoor lighting.

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material used to make the LED. LEDs that emit white light are made using two principal methods: either mixing light from multiple LEDs of various colors, or using a

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Light output remains constant over time, only decreasing towards the end of the rated lifetime (at least 35,000 hours or 12 annums based on use of 8 hours per day).

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To qualify for Energy Star certification, LED lighting products must pass a variety of tests to prove that the products will display the following characteristics:

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Brightness is equal to or greater than existing lighting technologies (incandescent or fluorescent) and light is well distributed over the area lit by the fixture.

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are widely used for their long life and small size. Multiple LEDs are used in applications where more light output than available from a single LED is required.

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Cajochen, Christian; Frey, Sylvia; Anders, Doreen; Späti, Jakub; Bues, Matthias; Pross, Achim; Mager, Ralph; Wirz-Justice, Anna; Stefani, Oliver (1 May 2011).

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LEDs come to full brightness immediately with no warm-up delay. Frequent switching on and off does not reduce life expectancy as with fluorescent lighting.

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White LED lamps have achieved market dominance in applications where high efficiency is important at low power levels. Some of these applications include

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Offers convenient features – available with dimming on some indoor models and automatic daylight shut-off and motion sensors on some outdoor models.

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80,000) to light 57,000 sq ft (5,300 m) of office space with LEDs. The firm expected the new lighting to pay for itself within 5 years.

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color temperatures. LEDs are now able to match the brightness and warmer color temperature that consumers desire from their outdoor lighting system.

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Krigel, A; Berdugo, M; Picard, E; Levy-Boukris, R; Jaadane, I; Jonet, L; Dernigoghossian, M; Andrieu-Soler, C; Torriglia, A; Behar-Cohen, F (2016).

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and other lamps. Products meeting the competition requirements would use just 17% of the energy used by most incandescent lamps of that time.

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Nakamura, S.; Mukai, T.; Senoh, M. (1994). "Candela-Class High-Brightness InGaN/AlGaN Double-Heterostructure Blue-Light-Emitting-Diodes".

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products available in the market. Energy Star Certified Light Bulbs is a resource for finding and comparing Energy Star qualified lamps.

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is used. Others require rewiring of the fixtures to remove the ballast. An LED tube lamp generally uses many individual Surface-Mounted

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The LED's Dark Secret: Solid-state lighting won't supplant the lightbulb until it can overcome the mysterious malady known as droop

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LED lamps run cooler than their predecessors since there is no electric arc or tungsten filament, but they can still cause burns.

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consumer products. Devices carrying the Energy Star service mark generally use 20–30% less energy than required by US standards.

956:, T8 is D26mm, T10 is D30mm, in lengths of 590 mm (23 in), 1,200 mm (47 in) and 1,500 mm (59 in). 5805: 5782: 5679: 5417: 5284: 1703: 806: 3942: 2741: 2109: 5825: 5509: 5294: 4741: – a website from the European Commission about the second generation of energy-saving lamps (archived 12 December 2009) 2374: 279:

used), have a longer lifetime of 6,000–15,000 hours, and are widely used for residential and office lighting. However, their

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is a significant factor in design of solid state lighting equipment. LED lamps are sensitive to excessive heat, like most

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introduced the highly efficient LED lamps with EU efficiency class A, which requires an efficiency of at least 215 lm/W.

5815: 5810: 5674: 4835: 4579: 4119: 641: 4580:"AMA Adopts Community Guidance to Reduce the Harmful Human and Environmental Effects of High Intensity Street Lighting" 795: 5566: 5334: 2777: 2446: 2418: 188: 3583: 723:, from where it is dissipated via convection. Very high power lamps for industrial uses are frequently equipped with 3565: 3165: 4275: 3679: 3026: 881: 748: 3604: 5686: 5654: 5247: 5234: 4830: 4690:"Light-induced retinal damage using different light sources, protocols and rat strains reveals LED phototoxicity" 1672: 4148: 3883: 3441: 632:

from a single LED. Some of the light from the LED is absorbed by the molecules of the phosphor, causing them to

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Fahey, Christopher D.; Zee, Phyllis C. (1 December 2006). "Circadian rhythm sleep disorders and phototherapy".

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Ciugudeanu, Calin; Buzdugan, Mircea; Beu, Dorin; Campianu, Angel; Galatanu, Catalin Daniel (12 December 2019).

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of the LED device close to ambient temperature, since increased temperature reduces light output and can cause

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Before the introduction of LED lamps, three types of lamps were used for the bulk of general (white) lighting:

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In 2009, Audi was the first manufacturer to offer a car that exclusively used LED lighting, the 2009 Audi R8.

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The LED lamp market is projected to grow from US$ 75.8 billion in 2020 to US$ 160 billion in 2026.

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Lighting North America became the first to submit lamps in the category to replace the standard 60 W A-19 "

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American National Standard for Specifications for the Chromaticity of Solid-State Lighting (SSL) Products

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due to their lower running and lamp replacement costs. However, there have been concerns that the use of

5777: 4078: 3884:"Philips LED Ultra Efficient Light Bulb 2 Pack [White 3000K - E27 Edison Screw] 60W A60 Frosted" 2223: 1811: 1649: 1300: 1061:. These concerns can be addressed by use of appropriate lighting, rather than simple concern with cost. 943:. Some LED tubular lamps are intended to be a drop-in replacement into existing fixtures if appropriate 607: 603: 487: 246: 233:

produce light with a glowing filament heated by electric current. These are very inefficient, having a

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lamps, which could cause direct ecological impacts as well as indirect impacts such as attracting more

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drivers may require additional components to meet regulations for acceptable AC line harmonic current.

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The second method, the basis of most commercially available LED lamps, uses LEDs in conjunction with a

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Is guaranteed – comes with a minimum three-year warranty – far beyond the industry standard.

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A significant difference from other light sources is that the light is more directional. An LED is a "

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Cost comparison for 60 watt incandescent equivalent light bulb (U.S. residential electricity prices)

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In 2007, Audi was the first car manufacturer to offer headlights that solely used LEDs, used in the

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Kalajian, T. A.; Aldoukhi, A.; Veronikis, A. J.; Persons, K.; Holick, M. F. (13 September 2017).

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Some lasers have been adapted as an alternative to LEDs to provide highly focused illumination.

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New highway connecting Lisbon to Oporto includes first European LED based lighting in a highway

2635:"LEDs for solid state lighting and other emerging applications: status, trends, and challenges" 1530:"average life" of 15,000 hours (15 years at 3 hours/day), and to support 50,000 switch cycles. 121: 5309: 5257: 5229: 5149: 4987: 4975: 4931: 4859: 4805: 4712: 4674: 4636: 4561: 4512: 4459: 4407: 4360: 3803: 3785: 3407: 3358: 2983: 2610: 2542:

Wolverton, Troy (12 March 2016). "Be prepared to say goodbye to the lightbulbs you've loved".

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Research suggests that the shift to LED street lighting attracts 48% more flying insects than

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The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) in 2008 published a documentary

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Color rendering is not identical to that of incandescent lamps, which emit close to perfect

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the equivalent of a 60 W tungsten lamp must have a minimum light output of 806 lumens.

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competition, known as the "L Prize", challenging industry to develop replacements for 60 W

5752: 5711: 5669: 5664: 5499: 5319: 5096: 4825: 4800: 4300:"Characterizing and Minimizing LED Flicker in Lighting Applications" Steven Keeping (2012) 4177: 4106: 3327: 3191: 3172: 2886: 2862: 2378: 2285: 1826: 1801: 613: 509: 445: 302: 284: 1605:

Excellent color quality. The shade of white light appears clear and consistent over time.

4622: 4320:

Open letter from Alex Baker, Lighting Program Manager, Energy Star, dated 22 March 2010.

3393: 3346: 3238:"Laser Lighting: White-light lasers challenge LEDs in directional lighting applications" 3120: 2939: 2180: 667: 97: 5640: 5531: 5422: 5386: 5359: 5329: 5196: 4968: 4815: 4810: 4708: 4667: 4556: 4531: 3798: 3765: 2908: 948: 857: 680: 321: 260: 219: 142: 2704: 2511:"Philips rolls out 12-watt EnduraLED: World's first 60-watt equivalent LED light bulb" 2254: 2040:"Sustainable Lighting-Retrofit Versus Dedicated Luminaires-Light Versus Power Quality" 1753: 173:

waveform contains some amount of distortion, depending on the luminaires' technology.

161:. The most efficient commercially available LED lamps have efficiencies exceeding 200 129:(COB) LED module from an industrial light luminaire, thermally bonded to the heat sink 5799: 5721: 5451: 5354: 5349: 5271: 5172: 5079: 5057: 4883: 4864: 4820: 4606: 2654: 2637:. In Ferguson, Ian T.; Carrano, John C.; Taguchi, Tsunemasa; Ashdown, Ian E. (eds.). 1745: 1707: 929:

A 17 W tube of LEDs which has the same intensity as a 45 W fluorescent tube

873: 810:

Computer-led LED lighting allows enhancement of unique qualities of paintings in the

606:(CRI), and as of 2019 is about 80 for many LED bulbs, and over 95 for more expensive 594: 452: 333: 329: 4403: 4372: 4356: 3642: 3419: 3136: 3004: 2080:"LED LIGHTING MARKET - GROWTH, TRENDS, COVID-19 IMPACT, AND FORECASTS (2021 - 2026)" 5731: 5627: 5622: 5597: 5587: 5548: 5369: 5324: 5052: 5017: 4953: 4911: 4896: 4852: 4724: 4419: 2955: 2763:"LumeLEX™, the first LED product from Lighting Services Inc, launched at LightFair" 1846: 1711: 1620: 1573: 1543: 1534: 1205: 1041: 880:

to rectify the AC power and convert the voltage to an appropriate value, usually a

861: 743: 637: 633: 495: 429: 376: 368: 283:

content makes them a hazard to the environment, and they have to be disposed of as

268: 162: 106: 102: 49: 45: 2371: 462:

released the first car with LED daytime running lights and directionals, the 2004

348:

In the US, the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 authorized the

2604: 451:

In 2003, the first surgical goggles with LEDs were demonstrated. Audi showed the

5772: 5726: 5602: 5461: 5381: 5189: 5184: 5144: 5116: 5111: 5042: 5037: 5022: 4901: 4547: 3840:"EcoSmart 60-Watt Equivalent Eco-Incandescent A19 Household Light Bulb (4-Pack)" 1872: 1806: 1565: 1555: 877: 724: 691:

from the power supply to the regulated voltage direct current used by the LEDs.

684: 672: 662: 617: 576: 389: 306: 256: 169: 3781: 1636: 925: 5716: 5582: 5577: 5466: 5429: 5412: 5344: 5339: 5314: 5009: 4508: 3739:"Highways Magazine – Public Health England issues LED street lighting warning" 3128: 3042: 2879: 1836: 1781: 1735: 1028: 1013: 986: 585: 520:, Portugal; it included the first European public LED-based lighting highway. 69: 17: 3991:"Cree 60W Equivalent Soft White (2700K) A19 Dimmable LED Light Bulb (4-Pack)" 3789: 2904:"LED bulb scheme has saved Rs 20,000 crore in household power bills: PM Modi" 2065: 5762: 5659: 5612: 5201: 5177: 5106: 5086: 3822:"EcoSmart 60W Equivalent Soft White (2700K) Twister CFL Light Bulb (4-pack)" 1739: 1538: 1004: 844: 728: 716: 470: 4716: 4640: 4565: 4516: 4411: 4364: 4331:

https://www.cree.com/led-components/media/documents/XLamp_Chemical_Comp.pdf

4225: 3807: 3411: 3362: 1967: 476:

In 2006, some of the first LED spotlights for use in stores were released.

241:

of general lighting applications. Incandescent lamps produce a continuous

3056:"Cooling high-power LEDs: The four myths about active vs. passive methods" 2587:"Back to the future: Signify increases the energy efficiency of LED lamps" 2529:"Philips Announces the World's First LED Replacement for the 75-Watt Bulb" 896: 5494: 5434: 5139: 5131: 5101: 5062: 5027: 4980: 4786: 3661:"Trump Administration Reverses Standards For Energy-Efficient Lightbulbs" 3544:"Q&A: How much can I save by replacing incandescent bulbs with CFLs?" 3402: 3377: 3354: 3328:"Designing light-emitting diode arrays for uniform near-field irradiance" 1888:"How Energy-Efficient Light Bulbs Compare with Traditional Incandescents" 1796: 1695: 934: 625: 598: 590: 317: 309:, which was developed under Howard C. Borden and Gerald P. Pighini, and 272: 1008:

LED Flashlight replacement bulb (left), with tungsten equivalent (right)

996:

much less space for intense cultivation than with hot-running lighting.

939:

LED tube lights are designed to physically fit in fixtures intended for

508:

In 2009 the exceptionally large Christmas tree standing in front of the

5446: 5391: 5091: 5069: 2056: 2039: 1831: 788: 558: 491: 480: 463: 364: 353: 53: 4631: 4149:"The Clinton Presidency: Protecting Our Environment and Public Health" 4041:"Average Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector" 2947: 2646: 214: 113: 39: 5074: 5032: 4745:

Some cities are taking another look at LED lighting after AMA warning

2188: 905: 815: 764: 644:

in the range of 2,200 K (dimmed incandescent) up to 7,000 K or more.

325: 237:

of 10–17 lm/W, and also have a short lifetime, typically 1000 hours.

196: 4530:

Appleman, Kenneth; Figueiro, Mariana G.; Rea, Mark S. (1 May 2013).

4387: 4288:

Energy Star Program Requirements for Solid State Lighting Luminaires

418:

would likely mean most light bulbs used in the future would be LED.

3680:"It's Official: Stores Can No Longer Sell Most Incandescent Lights" 3326:

Moreno, Ivan; Avendaño-Alejo, Maximino; Tzonchev, Rumen I. (2006).

1523:

Comparison based on 6 hours use per day (43,800 hours over 20 yrs)

109:

base. The filaments are visible as the eight yellow vertical lines.

5757: 5121: 5047: 3866:"HomeDepot.com: Philips 60-Watt Household Incandescent Light Bulb" 2514: 1993:"Lighting world first: Philips breaks 200 lumens per watt barrier" 1635: 1027: 1003: 963: 924: 895: 843: 805: 794: 742: 666: 575: 439: 213: 120: 112: 96: 2224:

2006 Millennium technology prize awarded to UCSB's Shuji Nakamura

1074:

for Vitamin D without causing skin redness, even at lower doses.

912:

because incandescent lamps are being phased out. In the U.S. the

4438: 1714:(wearing amber-tinted goggles at night to reduce bluish light). 459: 4759: 3152:. Sciencedaily.com (13 January 2009). Retrieved 4 February 2018 1572:

Reduces energy costs – uses at least 75% less energy than

1816: 3695: 3693: 2930:. International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology. 2876:"Seattle Picked to Lead National Effort on LED Street Lights" 2392:

Energy Star Program Requirements for CFLS Partner Commitments

2139:

Photonics, Volume 3: Photonics Technology and Instrumentation

1608:

Efficiency is as good as or better than fluorescent lighting.

584:

General-purpose lighting requires a white light, emulating a

4201:"If Your Appliances Are Avocado, They're Probably not Green" 1710:(exposure to intense bluish white light during the day) and 4755: 4009:"Lightbulbs – LEDs and CFLs offer more choices and savings" 3935:"LED Bulbs: LED Bulb – 9W E27 A60 Thermoplastic Warm White" 2669:"2003 Audi Nuvolari Concept | Car News | Auto123" 2106:"Longevity of light bulbs and how to make them last longer" 1582:

Reduces cooling costs – LEDs produce very little heat.

653:

LED bulb that decreases its color temperature when dimmed.

3721:"LED advancements drive quality of light gains (MAGAZINE)" 2641:. SPIE Proceedings. Vol. 5941. SPIE. p. 594101. 2021:"Philips and Dubai unveil world's most efficient LED bulb" 1671:

electronic components. Also, the presence of incompatible

3496:

Rosenthal, Elisabeth; Barringer, Felicity (29 May 2009).

4460:"Microscopy Resource Center | Olympus Life Science" 2822:"Of the top six in Turku, led a move – HS.fi – Domestic" 787:

fixture (such as LED light panels replacing fluorescent

3965:"60W Equivalent Soft White A19 LED Light Bulb (2-Pack)" 2970:"Philips 4 W, 840 lm lamp, EAN 8719514343801" 1087:

for an efficiency chart comparing various technologies.

848:

A selection of consumer LED lamps available in 2012 as

683:(DC) electrical power and an appropriate circuit as an 4043:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. October 2022 2639:

Fifth International Conference on Solid State Lighting

2407:. Energysavingtrust.org.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2013. 2395:, 4th edition, dated 03/07/08. Retrieved 25 June 2008. 1537:

of 1, but Compact fluorescent and LED lamps use input

755:

The term "efficiency droop" refers to the decrease in

671:

Household LED lamp with its internal LED elements and

2461:"Philips LED 60W 806lm Retrofit with Remote Phosphor" 2324:

Taub, Eric; leora Broydo Vestel (24 September 2009).

2226:. Ia.ucsb.edu (15 June 2006). Retrieved 22 June 2016. 469:

In 2005, an LED lamp was installed to illuminate the

3224:"Laser diodes add intensity to narrow-beam lighting" 2746:

with LEDs: details concerning innovating techniques"

396:

A similar program in the United Kingdom (run by the

5740: 5695: 5636: 5559: 5475: 5400: 5270: 5210: 5158: 5130: 5008: 4910: 4882: 4873: 4793: 4075:"Specification of a typical domestic 9.5W LED lamp" 3194:, By Steven Keeping, Digi-Key Corporation Tech Zone 1640:

Variable color temperature LED array in a floodlamp

1591:

Is durable – will not break like a glass bulb.

410:As of 2016, in the opinion of Noah Horowitz of the 75: 61: 4666: 3464: 2856:Solid-State Lighting GATEWAY Demonstration Results 388:Also in 2008 in the United States and Canada, the 245:of light similar to sunlight, and so produce high 2203:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 – Press release" 263:between two electrodes in a low pressure tube of 3206:"Cause of LED Efficiency Droop Finally Revealed" 2304:"Fans of L.E.D.'s Say This Bulb's Time Has Come" 2237:"List of Top 10 LED light manufacturer in China" 1675:can impair the performance and reduce lifetime. 1533:Incandescent and halogen lamps naturally have a 267:vapor, which is converted to visible light by a 4276:Appendix B: Calculating color rendering metrics 3378:"Color distribution from multicolor LED arrays" 1623:of at least 0.7 for all lamps of 5W or greater. 516:In 2009 a new highway (A29) was inaugurated in 4329:"Cree XLamp LEDs Chemical compatibility" URL: 4062:Standards Development for Solid-State Lighting 3498:"Green Promise Seen in Switch to LED Lighting" 3204:Iveland, Justin; et al. (23 April 2013). 3185:Identifying the Causes of LED Efficiency Droop 2705:"Lumileds LEDs used in Audi headlights - News" 2326:"Build a Better Bulb for a $ 10 Million Prize" 987:Grow light § Light emitting diodes (LEDs) 494:office of the Indian IT company, iGate, spent 4771: 3584:"LED Bulbs for the Home Near the Marketplace" 2778:"Audi's first all-LED headlight in the world" 1648:, as does the sun. A measurement unit called 904:Some models of LED lamps are compatible with 27:Electric light that produces light using LEDs 8: 3160: 3158: 2298: 2296: 2294: 914:Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 852:for incandescent bulbs in screw-type sockets 32: 3519:"How Long Did You Say That Bulb Would Last" 2419:"The Next Generation of LED Filament Bulbs" 1078:Comparison with other lighting technologies 802:illumination with color mixing LED fixtures 4879: 4778: 4764: 4756: 3252:"LED lighting: Replaceable or disposable?" 2131: 2129: 2127: 636:, emitting light of another color via the 38: 4630: 4555: 4120:"Commission Regulation (EU) No 1194/2012" 3797: 3566:"Integral LED Lamps Criteria Development" 3401: 3150:Smart Lighting: New LED Drops The 'Droop' 2921: 2919: 2606:Light-Emitting Diodes (2nd Edition, 2006) 2055: 336:and Nakamura were later awarded the 2014 149:(LEDs). LED lamps are significantly more 3466:"Green property: energy-efficient bulbs" 3376:Moreno, Ivan; Contreras, Ulises (2007). 2628: 2626: 2598: 2596: 1611:Light comes on instantly when turned on. 1095: 557:LED lamps are often made with arrays of 486:In 2008 Sentry Equipment Corporation in 4247:"Dimming LED lamps: the dos and don'ts" 4014:. ConsumerReports. 2011. Archived from 3096:. EnergyDaily. Retrieved 16 March 2012. 2808:"Audi R8 V10 becomes first all-LED car" 2657:– via www.spiedigitallibrary.org. 2633:Craford, M. George (2 September 2005). 2441: 2439: 1938:"Lightbulb Efficiency Comparison Chart" 1859: 1576:lighting, saving on operating expenses. 4605:Pawson, S.; Bader, M. (October 2014). 2878:(Retrieved 16 July 2010); Scottsdale: 2563:Craven McGinty, Jo (11 October 2019). 2319: 2317: 1702:are ~2,700K (yellow). People who have 31: 4343:suppression of melatonin in humans". 3081:"Philips LED Classic Gasfilled 470lm" 2889:(Retrieved 16 July 2010); Ann Arbor: 2351:"L Prize 60W Replacement Competition" 2239:. TEKLED. 7 June 2013. Archived from 1665:Thermal management of high-power LEDs 800:BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Atlanta 705:Thermal management of high-power LEDs 180: 7: 4497:Psychiatric Clinics of North America 3477:from the original on 12 January 2022 2603:Schubert, E. Fred (1 January 2006). 1968:"Dubai Lamp | Philips Lighting" 3605:"An LED That Mimics an Old Standby" 2797:, Nitya Varadarajan, 5 October 2009 1633:lamp and/or the dimmer may result. 860:connections and shapes, such as an 210:Light-emitting diode § History 4709:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.015 2447:"Philips Master LEDbulb 'Glow' 7W" 2381:. Nema.org. Retrieved 2 June 2012. 529:United States Department of Energy 444:LEDs as Christmas illumination in 416:United States Department of Energy 375:Early LED lamps varied greatly in 25: 3678:Tabuchi, Hiroko (1 August 2023). 3643:"Philips Flattens the Light Bulb" 3641:Pachal, Pete (16 December 2013). 3622:Gross, Daniel (5 February 2016). 3603:Wald, Matthew L. (24 June 2010). 3546:. Consumer Reports. 29 March 2010 3164:Stevenson, Richard (August 2009) 1913:"CFLs vs. LEDs: The Better Bulbs" 1558:is an international standard for 856:LED lamps are made with standard 455:concept car with LED headlights. 412:Natural Resources Defense Council 3054:Ed Rodriguez (17 October 2013). 2493:"The 50 Best Inventions of 2009" 1780: 1766: 1752: 1738: 1704:circadian rhythm sleep disorders 1698:is ~5,700K (bluish white) while 414:, new standards proposed by the 181:Light output decreases gradually 168:LED lamps require an electronic 5295:Parabolic aluminized reflector 4404:10.1152/japplphysiol.00165.2011 4357:10.1152/japplphysiol.01413.2009 4290:. (PDF). Retrieved 2 June 2012. 3517:Taub, Eric (11 February 2009). 3463:Lonsdale, Sarah (7 July 2010). 2776:Moore, Alina (10 August 2007). 1944:. 24 March 2015. Archived from 1659:LED life span as a function of 1040:LEDs are increasingly used for 868:shape with a bi-pin base, or a 5240:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide 4673:. Cambridge University Press. 4129:. 14 December 2012. p. 13 3295:Warsaw tour Edition nr 5, 2012 3256:Building Design + Construction 2934:. Vol. 4776. p. 61. 2880:"LED Streetlight Installation" 1663:drops at higher temperatures. 1566:Energy Star LED qualifications 900:High-power LED "corn cob" lamp 751:circuit board and Edison screw 354:Bright Tomorrow Lighting Prize 183:over the lifetime of the LED. 1: 4392:Journal of Applied Physiology 4345:Journal of Applied Physiology 3582:Taub, Eric A. (16 May 2010). 3210:Physical Review Letters, 2013 2417:Lin, Judy (5 February 2015). 679:LED chips require controlled 642:correlated color temperatures 4503:(4): 989–1007, abstract ix. 4302:. Retrieved 2 February 2018. 4226:"Energy star products specs" 4199:Alena Tugend (10 May 2008). 3993:. Home Depot. Archived from 3967:. Home Depot. Archived from 3911:. Home Depot. Archived from 3842:. Home Depot. Archived from 3297:. p. 20. Archived from 3005:"Tunable White Led Lighting" 2854:U. S. Department of Energy, 580:LED lamp used in photography 44:A 230-volt LED lamp with an 5485:Automotive light bulb types 5335:Intelligent street lighting 4548:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.12.011 2279:Progress Alerts – 2010 1706:are sometimes treated with 747:Disassembled LED lamp with 687:is required to convert the 648:Color changing LED lighting 83:; 56 years ago 5847: 5248:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide 3782:10.1038/s41598-017-11362-2 2845:, Aveiro 11 September 2009 2723:"Hella Develops Audi LEDs" 2136:Andrews, David L. (2015). 1673:volatile organic compounds 1392:Energy cost over 20 years 984: 960:Lighting designed for LEDs 932: 882:switched-mode power supply 749:switched-mode power supply 660: 610:(100 is the ideal value). 436:Examples of early adoption 316:The first high-brightness 207: 145:that produces light using 5687:Stage lighting instrument 4665:E. Fred Schubert (2006). 4509:10.1016/j.psc.2006.09.009 4077:. Philips. Archived from 3624:"Flicker On, Flicker Off" 3609:New York Times Green Blog 3438:ledlightingsupplier.co.uk 3129:10.1134/S1063782606050162 2619:– via Google Books. 2574:incandescent light bulbs. 2353:. US Department of Energy 2288:, US Department of Energy 1551:Energy Star qualification 1522: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1101: 559:surface mount LED modules 239:They are being phased out 37: 5748:Battlefield illumination 5505:high-intensity discharge 4937:Electrochemiluminescence 4433:Williams, D. R. (2004). 4174:"History of Energy Star" 3190:13 December 2013 at the 2893:(Retrieved 16 July 2010) 2865:(Retrieved 16 July 2010) 2108:. RobAid. Archived from 763:increases above tens of 707:is required to keep the 5608:Electroluminescent wire 4611:Ecological Applications 4464:olympus-lifescience.com 3171:5 February 2018 at the 2928:Solid State Lighting II 2687:"Audi Nuvolari quattro" 2569:The Wall Street Journal 2259:US Department of Energy 2169:Applied Physics Letters 1690:sources. The effective 1614:No flicker when dimmed. 1544:power factor correction 352:(DOE) to establish the 5806:Energy-saving lighting 5290:Multifaceted reflector 4747:(25 September 2016) – 3743:Highways Magazine (UK) 2984:"Warm white LED light" 2874:for example, Seattle: 2709:Compound Semiconductor 2545:The Charlotte Observer 2405:Energy saving lighting 1641: 1360:Bulb lifetime (years) 1033: 1009: 969: 930: 901: 853: 819: 803: 752: 676: 621:range of wavelengths. 581: 448: 425:and high performance. 338:Nobel Prize in Physics 223: 130: 118: 110: 77:First production 5826:Light-emitting diodes 5680:ellipsoidal reflector 5285:Ellipsoidal reflector 4969:Fluorescent induction 4947:field-induced polymer 4669:Light-Emitting Diodes 4105:1 August 2018 at the 3094:The LED's dark secret 2255:"L-Prize Competition" 2144:John Wiley & Sons 1812:List of light sources 1639: 1424:Cost of bulbs over 20 1031: 1007: 967: 928: 899: 847: 809: 798: 746: 670: 608:high-CRI LED lighting 604:color rendering index 579: 443: 247:Color rendering index 217: 147:light-emitting diodes 124: 116: 100: 5517:Rear position lights 5490:Daytime running lamp 5418:Mechanically powered 5305:Aviation obstruction 3945:on 10 September 2017 3403:10.1364/OE.15.003607 3355:10.1364/AO.45.002265 2609:. E. Fred Schubert. 1842:Solid-state lighting 1646:black-body radiation 1059:stroboscopic effects 1018:LED automotive lamps 850:drop-in replacements 713:catastrophic failure 709:junction temperature 630:complementary colors 350:Department of Energy 320:was demonstrated by 66:Light-emitting diode 48:base (10 watts, 806 5816:Japanese inventions 5811:American inventions 4925:Electron-stimulated 4750:The Washington Post 4623:2014EcoAp..24.1561P 4478:"Circadian Rhythms" 4257:on 8 September 2018 4081:on 18 November 2018 3872:on 5 February 2018. 3828:on 7 November 2014. 3667:. 4 September 2019. 3471:The Daily Telegraph 3444:on 6 September 2012 3394:2007OExpr..15.3607M 3347:2006ApOpt..45.2265M 3240:. 22 February 2017. 3121:2006Semic..40..605E 2940:2002SPIE.4776...61N 2885:28 May 2010 at the 2861:9 June 2010 at the 2499:. 12 November 2009. 2377:8 July 2008 at the 2284:1 June 2008 at the 2181:1994ApPhL..64.1687N 2084:Mordor Intelligence 1822:Photometry (optics) 1797:Headlamp § LED 1115:Incandescent 1098: 1054:LED street lighting 835:Household LED lamps 773:Auger recombination 689:alternating current 536:Government of India 398:Energy Saving Trust 243:black body spectrum 231:Incandescent lights 34: 5768:Luminous gemstones 4942:Electroluminescent 4920:Cathodoluminescent 4205:The New York Times 4100:PF vs. Power in EU 3997:on 7 January 2019. 3971:on 20 October 2017 3915:on 5 February 2018 3846:on 5 February 2018 3770:Scientific Reports 3589:The New York Times 3523:The New York Times 3503:The New York Times 3027:"Warm Glow Effect" 3007:. 15 February 2017 2824:. 19 November 2009 2589:. 9 November 2023. 2330:The New York Times 2308:The New York Times 2243:on 9 October 2014. 2205:. Nobel Foundation 2057:10.3390/su11247125 1876:. 2 December 2015. 1774:Environment portal 1760:Engineering portal 1642: 1490:Total cost per 860 1457:Total cost over 20 1096: 1065:Ultra-Violet lamps 1034: 1010: 970: 931: 902: 854: 820: 804: 753: 733:thermal insulation 699:Thermal management 677: 582: 449: 358:incandescent lamps 334:Hiroshi Amano 330:Isamu Akasaki 326:Nichia Corporation 291:Metal-halide lamps 224: 155:incandescent lamps 131: 119: 111: 5793: 5792: 5310:Balanced-arm lamp 5266: 5265: 5150:Yablochkov candle 5018:Acetylene/Carbide 4988:Radioluminescence 4860:Luminous efficacy 4806:Color temperature 4680:978-1-139-45522-0 4632:10.1890/14-0468.1 4021:on 11 August 2013 3341:(10): 2265–2272. 2948:10.1117/12.452574 2891:LED street lights 2810:. 4 January 2009. 2727:www.photonics.com 2675:. 23 August 2003. 2647:10.1117/12.625918 2616:978-0-9863826-1-1 2112:on 19 August 2015 2104:Damir, B (2012). 2027:. 6 October 2016. 1788:Technology portal 1692:color temperature 1688:affected by light 1661:lumen maintenance 1527: 1526: 1331:Lifespan (hours) 1269:Color temperature 1122:efficient (2023) 1085:luminous efficacy 954:tube designations 941:fluorescent tubes 757:luminous efficacy 675:circuitry exposed 525:LED street lights 423:energy efficiency 235:luminous efficacy 193:color temperature 189:power consumption 159:fluorescent lamps 103:LED filament lamp 95: 94: 16:(Redirected from 5838: 5593:Christmas lights 5527:Safety reflector 5522:Reversing lights 5457:Navigation light 5408:Bicycle lighting 5298: 5251: 5243: 5217: 4976:Photoluminescent 4959:Fluorescent lamp 4932:Chemiluminescent 4880: 4848:Bi-pin lamp base 4843:Lightbulb socket 4780: 4773: 4766: 4757: 4728: 4694: 4684: 4672: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4634: 4617:(7): 1561–1568. 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4559: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4435:"Sun Fact Sheet" 4430: 4424: 4423: 4398:(5): 1432–1438. 4383: 4377: 4376: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4253:. Archived from 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4180:on 27 March 2012 4176:. Archived from 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4020: 4013: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3941:. Archived from 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3868:. Archived from 3862: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3824:. Archived from 3818: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3727:. 22 April 2014. 3717: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3468: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3440:. Archived from 3430: 3424: 3423: 3405: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3332: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3303: 3292: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3274:ledsmagazine.com 3266: 3260: 3259: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3201: 3195: 3182: 3176: 3162: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3031:Philips Lighting 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2932:SPIE Proceedings 2923: 2914: 2913: 2900: 2894: 2872: 2866: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2600: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2550:The Mercury News 2539: 2533: 2532: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2479:ledsmagazine.com 2471: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2388: 2382: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2321: 2312: 2311: 2300: 2289: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2189:10.1063/1.111832 2164: 2158: 2157: 2133: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2059: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1997: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1948:on 21 April 2020 1934: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1917:greenamerica.org 1909: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1868:"LED revolution" 1864: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1684:circadian rhythm 1560:energy efficient 1493: 1460: 1427: 1395: 1394:@ 16.1 cents/kWh 1363: 1099: 1092:Comparison table 1024:Outdoor lighting 878:driver circuitry 872:(bi-pin cap) or 761:electric current 739:Efficiency droop 572:White light LEDs 548: 546: 311:Monsanto Company 253:Fluorescent lamp 218:Illustration of 153:than equivalent 151:energy-efficient 91: 89: 84: 78: 42: 35: 21: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5753:Bioluminescence 5736: 5705: 5691: 5648: 5632: 5571: 5555: 5471: 5396: 5320:Emergency light 5296: 5262: 5249: 5241: 5215: 5213: 5206: 5154: 5126: 5097:Magnesium torch 5004: 4906: 4875: 4869: 4826:Light pollution 4801:Accent lighting 4789: 4784: 4735: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4664: 4661: 4659:Further reading 4656: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4153:The White House 4147: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4107:Wayback Machine 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3307: 3305: 3304:on 9 March 2013 3301: 3290: 3288:"Warsaw Top 10" 3286: 3285: 3281: 3276:. 22 July 2014. 3268: 3267: 3263: 3258:. 17 June 2015. 3250: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3192:Wayback Machine 3183: 3179: 3175:. IEEE Spectrum 3173:Wayback Machine 3163: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3035: 3033: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2912:. 4 March 2022. 2902: 2901: 2897: 2887:Wayback Machine 2873: 2869: 2863:Wayback Machine 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2795:Led'ing the way 2793: 2789: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2751:. TOSHIBA Lamp. 2748: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2632: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2602: 2601: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2385: 2379:Wayback Machine 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2310:. 28 July 2008. 2302: 2301: 2292: 2286:Wayback Machine 2277: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2135: 2134: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1921: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1827:Radiation angle 1802:LED strip light 1786: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1758: 1751: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1728:to port areas. 1630: 1553: 1491: 1458: 1425: 1393: 1361: 1147:Purchase price 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1094: 1080: 1067: 1042:street lighting 1026: 1002: 989: 983: 962: 937: 923: 842: 840:Sizes and bases 837: 812:National Museum 784: 759:of LEDs as the 741: 701: 665: 659: 650: 574: 555: 544: 543: 510:Turku Cathedral 446:Viborg, Denmark 438: 303:Hewlett-Packard 285:hazardous waste 212: 206: 87: 85: 82: 76: 57: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5844: 5842: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5798: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5741:Related topics 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5532:retroreflector 5524: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5387:Track lighting 5384: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5367: 5362: 5360:Recessed light 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5330:Gooseneck lamp 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5292: 5287: 5276: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5245: 5237: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5212:High-intensity 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5014: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4981:Laser headlamp 4973: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4916: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4811:Electric light 4808: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4742: 4734: 4733:External links 4731: 4730: 4729: 4685: 4679: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4597: 4586:. 14 June 2016 4571: 4542:(5): 456–461. 4536:Sleep Medicine 4522: 4487: 4469: 4451: 4425: 4378: 4351:(3): 619–626. 4334: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4238: 4217: 4191: 4165: 4140: 4111: 4092: 4066: 4054: 4032: 4000: 3982: 3956: 3926: 3900: 3875: 3857: 3831: 3813: 3756: 3745:. 3 April 2008 3730: 3712: 3702: 3689: 3684:New York Times 3670: 3652: 3633: 3614: 3595: 3574: 3557: 3535: 3509: 3488: 3455: 3425: 3388:(6): 3607–18. 3382:Optics Express 3368: 3335:Applied Optics 3318: 3279: 3261: 3243: 3229: 3226:. 13 May 2019. 3215: 3196: 3177: 3154: 3142: 3109:Semiconductors 3098: 3086: 3072: 3046: 3018: 2996: 2975: 2961: 2915: 2909:Times of India 2895: 2867: 2847: 2835: 2813: 2799: 2787: 2768: 2765:. 6 June 2006. 2754: 2732: 2714: 2696: 2678: 2660: 2622: 2615: 2592: 2578: 2555: 2534: 2531:. 16 May 2011. 2520: 2502: 2484: 2481:. 14 May 2010. 2466: 2452: 2435: 2409: 2397: 2383: 2364: 2342: 2313: 2290: 2271: 2246: 2228: 2216: 2194: 2159: 2152: 2123: 2096: 2071: 2044:Sustainability 2030: 2012: 1984: 1959: 1942:greatercea.org 1929: 1904: 1879: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1777: 1763: 1749: 1733: 1730: 1700:tungsten lamps 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1552: 1549: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1382: 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79: 73: 72: 63: 59: 58: 43: 26: 24: 18:LED light bulb 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5843: 5832: 5831:Types of lamp 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5722:Infrared lamp 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452:Laser pointer 5450: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5355:Pendant light 5353: 5351: 5350:Neon lighting 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5225:Mercury-vapor 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168:Deuterium arc 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5160:Gas discharge 5157: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4865:Task lighting 4863: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4821:Light fixture 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 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