LGBTQ rights in France

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members having gone on summer holidays). The Senate approved the bill in first reading on 4 February 2020 by 153 votes to 143 with 45 abstentions. The proposal also foresees the state covering the cost of the assisted reproduction procedures for all women under 43 and allowing children born with donated sperm to find out their donor's identity when they reach the age of 18. The bill came into effect in September 2021.

463:. Couples who enter into a PACS contract are afforded most of the legal protections, rights, and responsibilities of marriage. The right to adoption and artificial insemination are, however, denied to PACS partners (and are largely restricted to married couples). Unlike married couples, they were originally not allowed to file joint tax returns until after three years, though this was changed in 2005. 1895: 1306:

lead to violence and hatred, or on the other hand curiosity. A 2014 study showed that about 20% of Overseas residents saw homosexuality as a sexuality like any other, compared to 77% in metropolitan France. Nevertheless, the 2013 same-sex marriage law has resulted in increased discussion about the previously taboo and neglected topic. LGBTQ people have gained notable visibility since 2013.

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age, family situation or pregnancy, genetic characteristics, economic situation, membership or non-membership, true or supposed, to an ethnic group, nation or race, political opinions, trade union or mutualist activities, religious beliefs, physical appearance, last name, place of residence, health conditions, loss of autonomy or disability, or usage of a language other than French.

1909: 33: 1877: 1848: 1835: 1822: 1797: 1785: 1760: 1747: 1734: 1721: 1708: 1695: 1682: 1669: 1656: 1643: 1630: 1772: 1861: 1810: 1276:, an LGBTQ social network, published its first Gay Happiness Index (GHI). Gay men from over 120 countries were asked about how they feel about society's view on homosexuality, how do they experience the way they are treated by other people and how satisfied are they with their lives. France was ranked 21st, just above 1529:) was founded in the territory, and the first LGBTQ event was also held that same year. Furthermore, French Polynesian society has a long tradition of raising some boys as girls to play important domestic roles in communal life (including dancing, singing and house chores). Such individuals are known as the 1305:

is highly regarded. In some of these territories, homosexuality is occasionally perceived as "foreign" and "practiced only by the white population". The first same-sex marriages in Saint Martin and French Polynesia caused public demonstrations against such marriages. Ignorance about homosexuality can

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have some of the same rights as other people, but with significant gaps in protection from non-consensual medical interventions and protection from discrimination. In response to pressure from intersex activists and recommendations by United Nations Treaty Bodies, the Senate published an inquiry into

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was established. On 12 July 2016, the National Assembly approved a modified version of the bill which maintained the provisions outlawing psychiatrist certificates and proofs of sex reassignment surgery, while also dropping the original bill's provision of allowing self-certification of gender. On 28

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denounced the homophobic violence as being "unworthy of France", announcing future "concrete measures". He tweeted: "Homophobic violence must be a concern for our entire society. They are unworthy of France. Concrete measures will be announced but they replace humanity and tolerance which are at the

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Same-sex marriage is legal in all of France's overseas departments and territories. Despite this, acceptance of homosexuality and same-sex relationships tends to be lower than in metropolitan France, as residents are in general more religious, and religion plays a bigger role in public life. Many of

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commissioned the Little Mermaid Observatory, a group opposed to all forms of gender transition for minors, to produce a report on youth gender affirming care. The report criticized gender affirming care as a 'health scandal', and youth transness as a 'social contagion'; and was subsequently disputed

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No person may be excluded from a recruitment process or from access to an internship or a period of training in a company, no employee may be sanctioned, dismissed or subject to a discriminatory measure, direct or indirect, , on account of origin, gender, morals, sexual orientation, gender identity,

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that the legislation will be examined in the Assembly from the end of September 2019. The bill was adopted in its first reading by the National Assembly on 15 October 2019 by a vote of 359–114. It passed its second reading on 31 July 2020 by 60 votes to 37 (the low turnout being due to most Assembly

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stated that the government intends to legislate to allow assisted reproduction for lesbian couples. This followed a report by an independent ethics panel in France which recommended that PMA law be revised to include lesbian couples and single people. In 2017, a poll indicated that 64% of the French

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opinion survey showed that 77% of the French population believed homosexuality should be accepted by society, while 22% believed it should not. Younger people were more accepting: 81% of people between 18 and 29 believed it should be accepted, 79% of people between 30 and 49 and 74% of people over

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In April 2018, the Association of Gay and Lesbian Parents reported that only four same-sex couples had been able to jointly adopt a child, and the Association of LGBT Families (ADFH) reported that "some families" were able to foster a French child and "less than ten" families were able to foster a

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in June 2017. Regarded as successful, the event was attended by a few thousand people and included a beach party and musical dances. In addition, Saint Barthélemy's reputation as an international celebrity tourist destination has resulted in a more open and relaxed social climate for LGBTQ people

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A 2017 Pew Research Center poll found that 73% of French people were in favour of same-sex marriage, while 23% were opposed. The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 79% of French respondents thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 15% were against. Additionally, 85% believed gay,

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Government. On 2 February 2013, the National Assembly approved the first article of the bill, by 249 votes against 97. On 12 February 2013, the National Assembly approved the bill as a whole in a 329–229 vote and sent it to the country's Senate. The majority of the ruling Socialist Party voted in

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culture. This heavily influences public perception of the LGBTQ community, as there have been frequent reports of family rejections, harassment and discrimination on the island. Homosexuality is typically a taboo topic among the Mahorais, and many LGBTQ people have chosen to move to neighbouring

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to make provisions for more specific offenses including injury, defamation, insult, incitement to hatred or violence, or discrimination against a person or group of persons because of their gender, sexual orientation or disability. When a physical assault or murder is motivated by the sexual

940:) classification was rejected by the Court of Cassation in May 2017. On 17 March 2017, the President of the Republic, François Hollande, described medical interventions to make the bodies of intersex children more typically male or female as increasingly considered to be mutilations. 841:

to approve the bill once more and rejected amendments proposed by the Senate which would have required proof of medical treatment. On 17 November, the Constitutional Council ruled that the bill is constitutional. It was signed by the President on 18 November 2016, published in the

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based discrimination in employment, housing and other public and private provisions of services and goods. In July 2012, the French Parliament added "sexual identity" to the protected grounds of discrimination in French law. The phrase "sexual identity" was used synonymous with

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An age of consent was introduced on 28 April 1832. It was fixed to 11 years for both sexes and later raised to 13 years in 1863. On 6 August 1942, the Vichy Government introduced a discriminative law in the Penal Code: article 334 (moved to article 331 on 8 February 1945 by the

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In December 2006, an Ipsos-MORI Eurobarometer survey showed that 62% of the French public supported same-sex marriage, while 37% were opposed. 55% believed gay and lesbian couples should not have parenting rights, while 44% believed same-sex couples should be able to adopt.

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In June 2011, an Ifop poll found that 63% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, while 58% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples. In 2012, an Ifop poll showed that 90% of French perceived homosexuality like one way as another to live their sexuality.

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reversed certain parts of the decision, holding that the Canadian birth certificate must be recognised by the French state. In December 2019, the Court of Cassation ruled that foreign birth certificates that recognise same-sex partners must be fully recognised in France.

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On 31 December 2004, the National Assembly approved an amendment to existing anti-discrimination legislation, making homophobic, sexist, racist, xenophobic etc. comments illegal. The maximum penalty of a €45,000 fine and/or 12 months' imprisonment has been criticised by

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the next day, and took effect on 1 January 2017. While no longer requiring proof of surgery or medical interventions, transgender people need to go before a court in order to have their gender marker changed. Changing the first name can be also done by registry office.

1608:, like in other Polynesian nations, the family holds a significant societal role. Homosexuality is usually treated with indifference, unless it adversely affects the family. Wallis and Futuna, like French Polynesia, also has a traditional third gender population: the 1465:

is known for being welcoming to LGBTQ people and has been described as a "gay-friendly haven in Africa". In 2007, the local tourism authorities launched a "gay-welcoming" charter in tour operators, hotels, bars and restaurants. There are famous gay beaches in

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In February 2019, it was reported that France uses the words "parent 1" and "parent 2" rather than "mother" and "father" on application forms to enroll children into schools. This caused widespread outrage among conservatives in France, despite both

3624: 1144:) is held annually in June. Its turnout has increased significantly since the 1980s, reaching around 100,000 participants in the late 1990s. Its 2019 edition saw a turnout of 500,000 people. The event is the third-largest in the city, following the 523:

On 4 April 2013, the Senate started the debate on the bill and five days later approved its first article in a 179–157 vote. On 12 April, the Senate approved the bill with minor amendments, which were accepted by the National Assembly on 23 April.

573:, PMA), as it would only be available to heterosexual couples. A poll in 2012 showed that 51% of the French population supported allowing lesbian couples to access it. The French Socialist Party also supports it. In June 2017, a spokesperson for 427:

In March 2024, the French House of Representatives (lower house) unanimously passed a bill to victims for "compensation regarding the gay men arrested under Article 330 prior to 1980". The French Senate (upper house) is yet to vote on the bill.

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support same-sex marriage and in 2013, another poll indicated that 77% of the French population believed homosexuality should be accepted by society, one of the highest in the 39 countries polled. During his tenure (January to September 2024),

914:), a group which had previous referred to gender affirming healthcare as “mutilation”. One DILCRAH scientific committee member resigned over the controversy, while the committee president himself publicly stepped away from The Observatory. 415:, a Member of the National Assembly, felt that homosexuality was also a scourge, and thus proposed a sub-amendment, therefore known as the Mirguet amendment, tasking the Government to enact measures against homosexuality, which was adopted. 876:, or National Academy of Medicine, has characterized the rise in trans people seeking treatment as an “epidemic-like phenomenon”, and a “primarily social problem”, and has advised extreme caution on allowing access to such treatments. 805:

In 2010, France removed gender identity disorder as a diagnosis by decree, but according to French transgender rights organizations, beyond the impact of the announcement itself, nothing changed. Transsexualism is part of the ALD 31

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Réunion or to metropolitan France. Nevertheless, the first same-sex marriage in Mayotte, the first in a majoritarily Muslim jurisdiction, was performed in September 2013 with little fanfare. Mayotte has a long-standing tradition of

649:" despite some criticism from ILGA-Europe, who nevertheless still considered it an important step. On 18 November 2016, a new law amended article 225-1 of the French Penal Code to replace "sexual identity" with "gender identity". 3516: 1517:

people, where the pressure to conform and to marry a heterosexual partner is very strong. Family and tribal honour are highly regarded in these cultures, and those who "bring shame to their families" are typically ostracised.

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The 2023 Eurobarometer found that 79% of French people thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, and 84% agreed that "there is nothing wrong in a sexual relationship between two persons of the same sex".

4135: 832:, who introduced the bill, reminded MPs before the vote about the long, uncertain and humiliating procedures by which transgender people must go through to change their gender on vital records. Due to differing texts, a 753: 1505:

refers to men who choose the follow "the law of women", and thus dress, act and behave as women and partake in traditional female activities. In recent years, the term has been used as an insult towards LGBTQ people.

1513:, though local LGBTQ people have reported a "growing sense of acceptance", which many attribute to French Guiana's closely knit families and communities. Homosexuality tends to be more taboo among the Amerindian and 3577: 3442: 2752: 678:, Minister of Education, announced a policy fighting against all forms of discrimination, including homophobia, in schools. It was one of 15 national priorities of education for the 2008–2009 school year. The 959:, starvation or, especially, talk therapy. A French survivor of a conversion therapy workshop described the practice as "psychological rape". The extent of the practice in France is unknown. The association 535:

following the vote. On 17 May 2013, the Council ruled that the law is constitutional. On 18 May 2013, President Francois Hollande signed the bill into law, which was officially published the next day in the

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announced that gay and bisexual men in France can donate blood after one year of abstinence from sex. This policy was implemented and went into effect on 10 July 2016. In July 2019, Minister of Health

782: 3607: 682:(FIDL; Independent and Democratic Federation of High School Students)–the first high school student union in France–has also launched campaigns against homophobia in schools and among young people. 554:

Same-sex couples have been legally able to adopt children since May 2013, when the same-sex marriage law took effect. The first joint adoption by a same-sex couple was announced on 18 October 2013.

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The bill to legally ban conversion therapy passed the Senate on 7 December 2020. It was concurred to by the National Assembly on 25 January 2022 and was officially published on 1 February 2022.

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announced her intention to introduce a proposal to the National Assembly in 2020 to prohibit the usage of such 'treatments'. Punishments would be two years' imprisonment and/or a fine of 30,000

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are famous internationally for their beaches and tourist attractions, which include gay bars, discos, saunas and beaches. The first "Caribbean Gay Pride" was held in the Martinique city of

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by a number of doctors and advocates. Following the report, legislation was introduced to ban medical transition under the age of 18, leading to large scale protests across the country.

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In 2022, it was revealed that the president of the scientific committee for the French Interministerial Delegation for the Fight Against Racism, Anti-Semitism, and Anti-LGBT Hatred (

716:, Minister of Higher Education, announced that she wanted all higher education institutions to use transgender people's preferred names, including on student cards, exam forms, etc. 4045: 2565: 2169: 1604:, the gay scene is very limited, due mostly to its small population. Nonetheless, homosexuality tends to be accepted and there is very little controversy surrounding the issue. In 3854: 2842: 5909: 4735: 3822: 2716: 2734: 3676: 3573: 3450: 2291: 951:

has a negative effect on the lives of LGBTQ people, and can lead to low self-esteem, depression and suicidal ideation. The pseudoscientific practice is believed to include

365:) which increased the age of consent to 21 for homosexual relations and 15 for heterosexual ones. The age of 21 was then lowered to 18 in 1974, which had become the age of 2788: 252: 538: 5532: 869:, extended waiting times, and inequitable access depending on location. The report recommended implementing a system based on informed consent and self determination. 4957: 3065: 2547: 5194: 3975: 1597:

are not to be confused, as the former is a cultural and traditional recognized Polynesian identity, while the latter encompasses contemporary transgender identity.

758: 3690: 2257: 5942: 1021:, Arnaud Richard, presented an amendment against the exclusion of MSM, which was eventually adopted later in the same month. In November 2015, Minister of Health 4161: 3083: 1525:

tends to be more socially conservative, it has become more accepting and tolerant of LGBTQ people in recent years. In 2009, the first LGBTQ organization (called

1446:. According to a 2008 survey, 65% of boys and 77% of girls in New Caledonia agreed with the statement "homosexuals are people like everybody else". However, the 4407: 4297: 3384: 362: 3712: 2806: 2147: 789:

attacks and insults rose by 36% in 2019. Police identified around 1,870 victims of transphobic and homophobic attacks. In 2018, the figures were around 1,380.

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favor of the bill (only four of its members voted "no") while the majority of the opposition party UMP voted against it (only two of its members voted "yes").

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mostly voted in favor. Members of the Socialist Party stated that legalisation of same-sex marriage would become a priority should they gain a majority in the

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In 2022, a court of appeal ruled that a transgender woman should be considered the mother of the child she conceived with her partner before her sex change.

4079: 4026: 3599: 1775:(Since 2021 for lesbian couples that have accessed IVF, and for same-sex couples who have had access to surrogacy abroad; Not for surrogacy inside France) 1341:, 2 from Réunion and 1 from Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy) voted against, 1 (from French Guiana) abstained and 3 (1 each from Réunion, Guadeloupe and 4099: 3808: 2089: 3517:"France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France / News / Welcome to the ILGA Trans Secretariat / Trans / ilga – ILGA" 4537: 4336: 3543: 2195: 5052: 3993: 3249: 3206: 2770: 5170: 817:

Discrimination on the basis of "sexual identity" has been banned since 2012. In 2016, the term "sexual identity" was replaced by "gender identity".

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Up until 2015, France refused to recognise surrogate children as French citizens. This left many such children in legal limbo. On 5 July 2017, the

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A less known discriminative law was adopted in 1960, inserting into the Penal Code (article 330, 2nd alinea) a clause that doubled the penalty for

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A report published in 2022 by ILGA-Europe found significant issues with the provision of gender affirming healthcare in France, including lack of

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people were still subjected to legal harassment under various laws concerning public morality and order. Some LGBTQ people from the regions of

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was adopted by the executive after it was authorised by Parliament to take legislative measures against national scourges such as alcoholism.

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France has frequently been named one of the most gay-friendly countries in the world. Recent polls have indicated that a majority of the

3147: 2885: 1018: 154: 4753: 3275: 3029: 2717:"Première adoption des enfants du conjoint dans une famille homoparentale ("First time adoption of stepchildren in a same-sex family")" 2459: 1148:

and the Paris Techno Parade, and includes about 60 associations, various human rights groups, political parties and several companies.

5935: 5219: 4835: 4186: 3490: 3402: 3120: 3047: 5904: 5797: 5610: 1957: 1071: 4677: 3927:"2023 Annual Review of the Human Rights Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Iintersex People in Europe and Central Asia" 3840: 3472: 4617: 4239: 797: 685:

In January 2019, the Ministry of Education launched a new campaign to tackle anti-LGBTQ bullying in schools. The campaign, called

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ruled that a child born to a surrogate abroad can be adopted by the partner of his or her biological father. That same year, the

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En réalité, ce décret n'a été rien d'autre qu'un coup médiatique, un très bel effet d'annonce. Sur le terrain, rien n'a changé.

4358: 909: 5984: 5878: 5830: 5722: 5717: 741:, became the first person to be convicted under the law in January 2006 although this conviction was later cancelled by the 4889: 5963: 5928: 5448: 1439: 1431: 964: 466: 4853: 6036: 5835: 5682: 5163: 4482: 1411: 528: 485: 2499: 5840: 5802: 5384: 5237: 4512: 3165: 2965: 1937: 742: 737:

pointed to a rise in anti-gay violence as justification for the measure. Ironically, an MP in Chirac's own UMP party,

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on 4 April 1981 at the Place Maubert. It was organised by CUARH, and saw the participation of around 10,000 people.

904: 6000: 5782: 4439:"Don du sang : autorisation pour homosexuels et bisexuels sous condition de quatre mois d'abstinence sexuelle" 4359:"France to lift ban on gay men giving blood, health minister says - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)" 3716: 600: 301: 5304: 5290: 5034: 4118:"Eau bénite, électrochocs... Le projet de loi interdisant les thérapies de conversion en France attendu pour 2020" 3677:"L'Assemblée nationale adopte l'amendement visant à faciliter le changement d'état civil pour les personnes trans" 6078: 5752: 5712: 5692: 5672: 5575: 5252: 5247: 1927: 1869: 1601: 1334: 1003: 952: 923: 811: 730: 512: 231:. Additionally, since 2017, transgender people have been allowed to change their legal gender without undergoing 223:

were enacted in 1985 and 2012, respectively. In 2010, France became the first country in the world to declassify

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the treatment of intersex people in February 2017. A legal challenge by Gaëtan Schmitt to obtain "neutral sex" (

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made no mention of same-sex relations in private. This policy on private sexual conduct was retained in the

103: 4214:"Interdiction des pratiques visant à modifier l'orientation sexuelle ou l'identité de genre d'une personne" 3926: 3873:"LOI n° 2017-86 du 27 janvier 2017 relative à l'égalité et à la citoyenneté (1) - Article 171 | Legifrance" 2661:"LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe | Legifrance" 2314: 2199: 820:

On 6 November 2015, a bill to allow transgender people to legally change their gender without the need for

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for students and staff to use, and requires all French schools to provide guidance about LGBTQ issues. The

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has been named by many publications as one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world, with a thriving

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The Gay Happiness Index. The very first worldwide country ranking, based on the input of 115,000 gay men

2362:"Loi n°80-1041 du 23 décembre 1980 RELATIVE A LA REPRESSION DU VIOL ET DE CERTAINS ATTENTATS AUX MOEURS" 1952: 1947: 1365: 1353: 1084: 592:

introduced a bill to legalise assisted reproduction for lesbian couples and single women. In June 2019,

446: 437: 204: 127: 4272: 3653: 3443:"Homophobie : dénonçant des violences "indignes", Emmanuel Macron annonce des "mesures concrètes"" 1471: 1467: 3841:"LOI n° 2016-1547 du 18 novembre 2016 de modernisation de la justice du XXIe siècle | Legifrance" 2595: 515:, won a majority of seats in the National Assembly. In October, a marriage bill was introduced by the 6062: 5772: 5697: 5667: 5326: 2411: 500: 456: 305: 200: 5341: 4385: 3403:"Cour de cassation, criminelle, Chambre criminelle, 12 novembre 2008, 07–83.398, Publié au bulletin" 1430:

are widely accepted, and enjoy a large nightlife and dating scene. This is much more notable in the

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announced that the deferral period would be reduced to four months of abstinence from 2 April 2020.

6057: 3738: 3385:"Le gouvernement veut que les personnes trans puissent utiliser leur prenom d'usage à l'université" 1454:

proposed a "family code", which sought to ban homosexuality and foresee punishments of eviction or

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September, the French Senate discussed the bill. The National Assembly then met on 12 October in a

771: 623:, to a same-sex couple (both French citizens). However, it refused to register the children in the 596: 574: 337: 193: 40: 3958:"Transgender minors: Families and health workers concerned about French senators' threats to care" 3786: 3003: 412: 6031: 6026: 6021: 5494: 5453: 5283: 5131: 4836:"Gay Life in French West Indies (Gaudeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barts, Saint Martin) - GlobalGayz" 2621:

Communiqué de presse – 2013-669 DC – Loi ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe

1942: 1011: 948: 866: 738: 641: 504: 459:, were enacted in 1999 for both same-sex and unmarried opposite-sex couples by the Government of 313: 216: 57: 4555: 1040:

men donating blood. The new policy applies to all individuals regardless of sexual orientation.

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Article 330 alinea 2 was repealed in 1980 as part of an act redefining several sexual offenses.

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was approved by the French Senate. On 24 May 2016, the National Assembly approved the bill. MP

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from the Directorate General of Health, which dates back to 20 June 1983 at the height of the

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estimated that around 3% to 4% of its helpline calls dealt with the issue. In summer 2019, MP

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for same-sex sexual activity was altered more than once before being equalised in 1982 under

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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) rights in France are some of the most

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law that often targeted LGBTQ people was introduced in 1960, before being repealed in 1980.

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Outside Paris, pride events are also held in numerous cities around the country, including

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Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)

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people supported the extension of assisted reproduction to lesbian couples. In 2024, the

1337:) voted in favor of same-sex marriage, 11 (2 from Guadeloupe, 3 from Martinique, 3 from 403:. The clause against homosexuality was adopted due to a wish of Parliament, as follows: 283: 5478: 5415: 5201: 4736:"La haine anti-LGBT, plus virulente en Outre-mer que dans l'Hexagone, selon un rapport" 4678:"Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU" 4624: 4100:"LGBT : les "thérapies de conversion", ces pratiques bientôt interdites en France" 3757:"It's official – France adopts a new legal gender recognition procedure! - ILGA-Europe" 1145: 1106: 1094: 1026: 1007: 829: 734: 366: 325: 260: 228: 189: 53: 4595: 3102:"Le projet de loi de bioéthique et l'ouverture de la PMA adoptés de justesse au Sénat" 2033: 982:

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals are allowed to serve openly in the

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orientation of the victim, the law increases the penalties that are normally given.

369:. This law remained valid until 4 August 1982, when it was repealed under President 5440: 5262: 4704:"Discrimination in the EU_sp535_volumeA.xlsx [QB15_2] and [QB15_3]" 4538:"Des dizaines de milliers de personnes défilent à Paris pour la Marche des fiertés" 2638: 2481: 2142: 1900: 1536: 1479: 1451: 1447: 1435: 1399: 1302: 1277: 1129: 484:

voted 293–222 against legalising same-sex marriage. Deputies of the majority party

373:

to equalise the age of consent at 15 years of age, despite the vocal opposition of

349: 341: 3294:

LOI n° 2016-1547 du 18 novembre 2016 de modernisation de la justice du XXIe siècle

1876: 1847: 1834: 1821: 1796: 1784: 1759: 1746: 1733: 1720: 1707: 1694: 1681: 1668: 1655: 1642: 1629: 320:

of 1810 and followed in nations and French colonies that adopted the Code. Still,

1771: 1288:

lesbian and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as heterosexual people.

5403: 1582: 1554: 1514: 1382:) is an LGBTQ organization active in the French Caribbean. Other groups include 1273: 1253:

publicly revealed his homosexuality in 1998, before his first election in 2001.

1164: 1137: 1064: 786: 778:

heart of our culture", without specifying the content of these future measures.

558:

foreign child. Between May 2013 and May 2019, 10 same-sex adoptions occurred in

543: 5119:, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Apr. 2002), 4908:"La Réunion: la première Marche pour l'égalité et la légalité aura lieu samedi" 2929:"PMA pour toutes : un député LREM espère une adoption "avant la fin 2018"" 1048: 5468: 5336: 3084:"Coronavirus: la loi sur la PMA pour toutes ne sera pas adoptée avant cet été" 2221: 1890: 1568: 1462: 1407: 1403: 1361: 1357: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1216: 995: 767: 395: 374: 317: 4298:"Une militaire transgenre doit prouver son changement de sexe "irréversible"" 4057: 3276:"L'"identité sexuelle" devient un motif de discrimination dans le code pénal" 2170:"Paris The city of Proust and Piaf is a natural environment for a flourishin" 1860: 1809: 1531: 5473: 4316:"Ministerial decree of 2009, Jan 12th fixing blood donor selection criteria" 1767:

Automatic parenthood on birth certificates for children of same-sex couples

1419: 1281: 1156: 1076: 903:), was a member of the anti-trans group L’Observatoire de la Petite Sirene ( 264: 5085: 5020: 4012:"Mineurs trans : Des groupuscules conservateurs passent à l'offensive" 2138:"Who is Gabriel Attal, the French PM who climbed the ranks in record time?" 542:. The first official same-sex ceremony took place on 29 May in the city of 3425:"Agressions homophobes: des violences "indignes de la France" pour Macron" 3066:"PMA pour toutes: l'Assemblée adopte a loi bioéthique en deuxième lecture" 1614:. The first same-sex marriage in Wallis and Futuna was performed in 2016. 1032:

On 16 March 2022, France removed the four-month deferral period policy on

5510: 5373: 5359: 5257: 4080:"Hollande prône l'interdiction des chirurgies sur les enfants intersexes" 1455: 1244: 1208: 1200: 1184: 1180: 1168: 1067:

is held annually at the end of June, and attracts thousands of attendees.

1053: 1037: 999: 956: 928: 697:(17 May) will also be a special day to promote actions of sensitisation. 690: 4027:"La Cour de cassation refuse la mention "sexe neutre" pour un intersexe" 3574:"La transsexualité ne sera plus classée comme affectation psychiatrique" 5920: 5423: 5120: 3600:"La France est très en retard dans la prise en charge des transsexuels" 2847: 2064: 1483: 1372:

are the second group of Caribbean islands to perform same-sex weddings.

1310: 1232: 1220: 616: 400: 5128:

The Elastic Closet: A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942-present

5011: 4994: 4772:"Saint-Martin. Un premier mariage gay pour la presque Friendly Island" 4240:"France Passed Law To Protect LGBTQ+ People From "Conversion Therapy"" 3898:"French court recognises transgender woman as the mother of her child" 503:

won the election, and the Socialist Party and its coalition partners,

32: 5458: 5366: 5098: 2236:"Loi n°74-631 du 5 juillet 1974 FIXANT A 18 ANS L'AGE DE LA MAJORITE" 1564: 1486:, on the other hand, is overwhelmingly Muslim and possesses a strong 1204: 1188: 1160: 1152: 1090: 932: 620: 333: 297: 208: 174: 47: 23: 3030:"France: l'Assemblée nationale vote en faveur de la PMA pour toutes" 2843:"France eyes legalizing assisted reproduction for gay women in 2018" 2566:"France gay marriage faces constitution threat but activists upbeat" 750:

Haute autorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l'égalité

585:

was amended to include express protections for reproductive rights.

4958:"En Guyane, la souffrance de jeunes LGBT, rejetés par leur famille" 3855:"J21 : La loi de modernisation de la Justice entre en vigueur" 3787:"Assemblée nationale ~ Première séance du mercredi 12 octobre 2016" 2522:"Le projet de loi sur le mariage homosexuel adopté par l'Assemblée" 2394:"Filiation et adoption couple homosexuel - Avocat à Lille, Roubaix" 470:

Two protesters supporting same-sex marriage, waving a sign reading

4890:"Réunion: a gay-friendly stop in the Indian Ocean - misterb&b" 4337:"Les homosexuels pourront donner leur sang, c'est un symbole fort" 2985:"La PMA pour toutes les femmes examinée au Parlement en septembre" 2771:"L'adoption par les couples homosexuels à Paris va être facilitée" 2034:"The 203 Worst (& Safest) Countries for LGBTQ+ Travel in 2023" 1546: 1487: 1347: 1224: 1196: 1176: 1133: 1070: 1059: 796: 615:

granted French citizenship to twin boys born through surrogacy in

559: 476:("better a gay marriage than a sad marriage"), January 2013, Paris 465: 329: 256: 5148: 5117:

The Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Couples: The French Perspective

4187:"France moves closer to banning so-called gay conversion therapy" 4162:"France's parliament has voted to ban gay 'conversion' practices" 3148:"La PMA pour toutes les femmes est désormais autorisée en France" 2966:"Fin du suspense pour la PMA pour toutes, examinée fin septembre" 2500:"France's parliament passes gay marriage bill – World – CBC News" 1309:

Of the 27 overseas deputies in the French Parliament, 11 (2 from

88:

Transgender people allowed to change legal gender without surgery

3976:"Thousands rally for trans rights in France after Senate report" 3739:"Séance du 28 septembre 2016 (compte rendu intégral des débats)" 3166:"French high court grants new rights to gay parents - France 24" 2911:"PMA pour toutes. Un député LREM annonce une proposition de loi" 2548:"Le Sénat adopte l'article qui ouvre le mariage aux homosexuels" 2460:"Same-sex marriage bill to be introduced in France this October" 2196:"Comment rejoindre l'association Les "Oublié(e)s" de la Mémoire" 1664:

Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services

1377: 1228: 1212: 1172: 968: 5924: 5514: 5152: 5053:"Premier mariage pour tous célébré à la Mairie de Saint-Pierre" 3944:"Medicine and gender transidentity in children and adolescents" 2948:"France to end ban on IVF for lesbian couples and single women" 2886:"France makes abortion a constitutional right in historic vote" 1121:, ("Trans Aid Association", established in September 2004) and 733:

as a serious infringement on free speech. But the conservative

3473:"Macron juge les violences homophobes "indignes de la France"" 3125: 2807:"La PMA, victime de l'opposition au mariage homosexuel ?" 2639:"BBC News – France gay marriage: Hollande signs bill into law" 1033: 783:

International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia

4266:"Countries that Allow Military Service by Openly Gay People" 4754:"Polynésie française : le premier mariage gay dérange" 3368:"'Mother' and 'Father' banned from French school documents" 3048:"France OKs bill legalizing IVF for lesbians, single women" 2115:"The 20 most and least gay-friendly countries in the world" 1171:

organised their first pride festivals in 1995, followed by

352:, despite there being no laws criminalizing homosexuality. 3351:

France combats anti-LGBT bullying with new school campaign

4574:"Le "Gay Cirkus" cherche sa place dans la Cité des papes" 4513:"France ends ban on gay & bisexual male blood donors" 3207:"Mercredi 18 décembre 2019, Arrêt n°1111 et Arrêt n°1112" 2825:"France to legislate on assisted reproduction: spokesman" 1301:

these societies are very family and tribe-oriented where

756:). Title 3 and articles 20 and 21 of the law amended the 215:

in 2013. Laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of

4384:

Susannah Cullinane; Saskya Vandoorne (4 November 2015).

3823:"Le Conseil constitutionnel valide le projet de loi J21" 1563:

would hold important positions among nobles, and unlike

488:

voted mostly against the measure, while deputies of the

4872:"Practical Information : Gay friendly destination" 4483:"France lifts 'absurd' barrier to gay men giving blood" 3491:"Homophobic crimes rise by more than a third in France" 2675:"French couple ties the knot in first same-sex wedding" 211:

became the thirteenth country in the world to legalise

2021:

French parliament allows gay marriage despite protests

754:

High Authority against Discrimination and for Equality

640:

In 1985, national legislation was enacted to prohibit

5035:""Vivre gay à Wallis et Futuna?" sur VoyageForum.com" 1780:

LGBTQ people allowed to serve openly in the military

4995:"[RaeRae and Mahu: third polynesian gender]" 4940:"Mariage pour tous, la Guyane semble plus tolérante" 4818:"Mariage pour tous: le vote des députés d'Outre-mer" 3338:

Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Jeunesse

2863:"PMA pour toutes: les Français largement favorables" 1800:(Surgery and sterilization not required since 2016) 1690:

Anti-discrimination laws concerning gender identity

1496: 108:

Sexual orientation and gender identity protections (

6071: 6050: 6009: 5993: 5977: 5956: 5897: 5849: 5811: 5548: 5487: 5433: 5320: 5271: 5228: 5184: 4506: 4504: 4458:"Gay men will soon be able to give blood in France" 3625:"Qu'est-ce qu'une affection de longue durée ?" 3269: 3267: 3240: 3238: 781:A report released on 16 May 2020, right before the 137: 121: 116: 102: 92: 82: 67: 20: 4618:"Les Français et la perception de l'homosexualité" 2482:"France's parliament approve gay marriage article" 2438:"French parliament rejects same-sex marriage bill" 3334:"Contre l'homophobie et la transphobie à l'École" 2596:"French lawmakers approve same-sex marriage bill" 2080: 2078: 1585:who undergo medical operations to change gender. 1535:, and are perceived by society as belonging to a 1458:for LGBTQ people. The proposal was not approved. 4854:"La Gay Pride attire des adeptes et des curieux" 3713:"Transgender people win major victory in France" 3119:Bradpiece, Sam; Vanier, Cyril (2 October 2021). 709:having been legal in the country for six years. 680:Fédération Indépendante et Démocratique Lycéenne 4408:"France to end 12-month gay blood donation ban" 3648: 3646: 2440:. France 24. Agence France-Presse. 14 June 2011 1609: 854:for all crimes that can be punished by prison. 759:Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881 662: 109: 4594:. 365gay.com. 14 December 2006. Archived from 1592: 1586: 1576: 1558: 879:In March 2024, senators from the centre-right 473:Mieux vaut un mariage gay qu'un mariage triste 348:. LGBTQ people were also persecuted under the 5936: 5526: 5164: 4386:"France lifts ban on gay men as blood donors" 3805:"Décision n° 2016-739 DC du 17 novembre 2016" 3519:. Trans.ilga.org. 16 May 2009. Archived from 2412:"French parliament rejects gay marriage bill" 1423:than the other French Caribbean territories. 1115:Comité d'urgence anti-répression homosexuelle 1089:LGBTQ rights organisations in France include 766:In October 2018, after a rise in a series of 363:Provisional Government of the French Republic 8: 3449:(in French). 29 October 2018. Archived from 471: 450: 166: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4730: 4728: 3287: 3285: 2088:. Tetu.com. 24 January 2013. Archived from 565:Lesbian couples used to not have access to 527:A challenge to the law by the conservative 253:openly gay heads of government in the world 5943: 5929: 5921: 5533: 5519: 5511: 5171: 5157: 5149: 2016: 2014: 1856:Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples 1581:, on the other hand, refers to modern-day 157:. Although same-sex sexual activity was a 31: 17: 5195:Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire 5097: 5010: 2294:(in French). Legifrance. 27 November 1960 2292:"Fac-similé JO du 27/11/1960, page 10603" 2258:"Fac-similé JO du 05/08/1982, page 02502" 2059: 2057: 2055: 1843:Homosexuality declassified as an illness 1103:Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire 344:in 1940, were persecuted and interned in 1621: 1047: 1017:On 3 April 2015, a deputy member of the 282: 50: (light green & dark grey) 3921: 3919: 3610:from the original on 30 November 2014. 2698:"First Gay Adoption Approved in France" 2010: 1969: 1729:Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples 1651:Anti-discrimination laws in employment 850:In 2017, transphobia became a cause of 801:Transgender rights protest, Paris, 2005 328:were widely seen as being immoral, and 56: (light green) – [ 5445:Central Region Lesbian & Gay Pride 4922:"Mayotte: premier mariage gay célébré" 2109: 2107: 1450:reported a lower acceptance. In 2006, 312:decriminalised homosexuality when the 279:Law regarding same-sex sexual activity 177:laws were repealed in 1791 during the 5102:– via journals.openedition.org. 5084:Marmouch, Maroua (15 December 2017). 3580:from the original on 26 February 2018 3379: 3377: 2946:Chrisafis, Angelique (12 June 2019). 2813:. 25 April 2013 – via Le Monde. 2554:. 10 April 2013 – via Le Monde. 2198:. Devoiretmemoire.org. Archived from 748:The law of December 2004 created the 432:Recognition of same-sex relationships 7: 5969:Women's sexuality in Francoist Spain 5090:Journal de la Société des Océanistes 4964:. 19 June 2018 – via Le Monde. 4592:"French Public Endorse Gay Marriage" 2279:Proceedings of the National assembly 1345:) were not present during the vote. 1296:Overseas departments and territories 695:International Day Against Homophobia 613:Tribunal de grande instance de Paris 235:or receiving any medical diagnosis. 78:age of consent (re)equalised in 1982 3542:Atwill, Nicole (17 February 2010). 2150:from the original on 9 January 2024 1742:Joint adoption by same-sex couples 1376:The group Let's go (French Creole: 1364:and the overseas collectivities of 98:LGBT people allowed to serve openly 4456:Migdon, Brooke (12 January 2022). 4078:Ballet, Virginie (17 March 2017). 4044:Cavelier, Jeanne (21 March 2017). 4025:Mallaval, Catherine (4 May 2017). 2983:Mateus, Christine (12 June 2019). 1958:LGBTQ rights in the European Union 1830:Conversion therapy legally banned 1817:Access to IVF for lesbian couples 1755:Adoption by a single LGBTQ person 1159:, which held their first in 1994. 199:. After granting same-sex couples 14: 5910:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 4976:"Tahiti découvre l'homosexualité" 3274:Le Corre, Maëlle (25 July 2012). 2342:. Archives.assemblee-nationale.fr 2337:"Constitution Du 4 Octobbre 1958" 2281:, 2nd sitting of 20 December 1981 1509:The gay scene is more limited in 1111:Groupe de libération homosexuelle 571:procréation médicalement assistée 4684:. European Commission. p. 2 3675:Le Corre, Maëlle (19 May 2016). 3554:from the original on 11 May 2017 3187:Chatelin, Marion (3 June 2019). 2696:Sarah Begley (18 October 2013). 2625:Constitutional Council of France 2462:. Pinknews.co.uk. 26 August 2012 2136:Willsher, Kim (9 January 2024). 1907: 1893: 1875: 1859: 1846: 1833: 1820: 1808: 1795: 1783: 1770: 1758: 1745: 1732: 1719: 1706: 1693: 1680: 1667: 1654: 1641: 1628: 1010:. However, it was recalled by a 567:assisted reproductive technology 128:Civil solidarity pact since 1999 6084:Homosexuality in ancient Greece 4758:Egalité & Réconciliation.fr 4124:(in French). 12 September 2019. 3715:. Gay Star News. Archived from 3154:(in French). 30 September 2021. 3036:(in French). 27 September 2019. 2572:. 25 April 2013. Archived from 1716:Recognition of same-sex unions 1625:Same-sex sexual activity legal 1245:Bill 344 § Public reaction 1044:LGBTQ rights movement in France 143:Full adoption rights since 2013 5985:Sexuality in the United States 4414:. 17 July 2019. Archived from 4106:(in French). 3 September 2019. 2715:LeMonde.fr (18 October 2013). 2637:Hugh Schofield (18 May 2013). 2528:. Lemonde.fr. 12 February 2013 2315:"1960 sous amendement Mirguet" 1805:Non-binary gender recognition 905:The Little Mermaid Observatory 874:Académie Nationale de Médecine 652:Chapter 2 of the Labour Code ( 393:for homosexual activity. This 296:Before the French Revolution, 1: 5449:Collectif intersexe activiste 3479:(in French). 29 October 2018. 3431:(in French). 29 October 2018. 3248:. ILGA Europe. Archived from 3108:(in French). 4 February 2020. 2777:(in French). 8 February 2019. 1792:Right to change legal gender 1478:organised the island's first 965:Laurence Vanceunebrock-Mialon 810:) and treatment is funded by 785:, showed that homophobic and 6037:Sexuality in the Philippines 5464:Homosexualités et Socialisme 5126:Gunther, Scott Eric (2009). 4437:Félix, Eric (2 April 2020). 1356:, the French departments of 550:Adoption and family planning 486:Union for a Popular Movement 423:Compensation and Article 330 132:Same-sex marriage since 2013 123:Recognition of relationships 3391:(in French). 29 March 2019. 3216:(in French). Archived from 3072:(in French). 1 August 2020. 2759:(in French). 23 April 2018. 2741:(in French). 23 April 2018. 1938:Same-sex marriage in France 1384:AIDES Territoire Martinique 1142:Marche des Fiertés de Paris 509:Europe Ecology - The Greens 482:National Assembly of France 442:Same-sex marriage in France 161:that often resulted in the 6121: 6001:Sexuality in South America 4580:(in French). 28 June 2009. 4544:(in French). 29 June 2019. 3791:www.assemblee-nationale.fr 3711:Fae, Jane (13 July 2016). 3627:. Ameli.fr. Archived from 3606:(in French). 17 May 2011. 2972:(in French). 12 June 2019. 2627:, retrieved on 17 May 2013 2502:. Cbc.ca. 12 February 2013 2117:. GlobalPost. 26 June 2013 1638:Equal age of consent (15) 1284:, with a GHI score of 63. 1242: 1219:in 2001. Others including 1082: 921: 636:Discrimination protections 435: 308:on 6 July 1750. The first 302:Jean Diot and Bruno Lenoir 181:. However, a lesser-known 104:Discrimination protections 76:decriminalized since 1791, 6079:Sexuality in ancient Rome 5253:French Penal Code of 1791 3576:. Le Monde. 16 May 2009. 3090:(in French). 22 May 2020. 1928:Intersex rights in France 1602:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1539:. This is similar to the 1335:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1075:Participants at the 2015 1004:men who have sex with men 953:electroconvulsive therapy 924:Intersex rights in France 731:Reporters Without Borders 670:Discrimination in schools 531:party was filed with the 513:Radical Party of the Left 452:pacte civil de solidarité 304:were the last gay people 30: 6042:Sexuality in South Korea 4980:We are all made of stars 1872:allowed to donate blood 1235:also hold pride events. 1119:L'Association Trans Aide 822:sex reassignment surgery 745:after a refused appeal. 629:Court of Appeal of Paris 455:), a form of registered 399:was intended to repress 379:French National Assembly 340:, which were annexed by 6017:Sexuality in Bangladesh 4999:Santé Mentale au Québec 4876:www.newcaledonia.travel 4556:"Gay Pride de Biarritz" 3405:(in French). Legifrance 2364:(in French). Legifrance 2260:(in French). Legifrance 2238:(in French). Legifrance 1933:LGBTQ history in France 1610: 1497: 1378: 687:Tous égaux, tous alliés 6105:LGBTQ rights in France 5591:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5542:LGBTQ rights in Europe 5500:Human rights in France 5214:In Search of Lost Time 4798:Nationale, Assemblée. 4212:Nationale, Assemblée. 3877:www.legifrance.gouv.fr 3002:Nationale, Assemblée. 2023:Reuters, 23 April 2013 1996: 1988: 1980: 1953:LGBTQ rights in Europe 1948:LGBTQ culture in Paris 1923:Human rights in France 1593: 1587: 1577: 1559: 1373: 1132:in France was held in 1080: 1068: 1057: 802: 667: 657: 583:Constitution of France 533:Constitutional Council 477: 472: 451: 447:Civil solidarity pacts 417: 288: 287:Gay Pride, Paris, 2008 203:benefits known as the 167: 5243:Civil solidarity pact 3656:. Assemblée Nationale 3152:Gouvernement français 2398:www.lebel-avocats.com 1997:Codice di u travagliu 1392:Tjenbé Rèd Prévention 1354:Caribbean Netherlands 1351: 1085:LGBT social movements 1074: 1063: 1051: 800: 480:On 14 June 2011, the 469: 457:domestic partnerships 438:Civil solidarity pact 405: 356:Higher age of consent 300:was a serious crime. 286: 251:, was one of the few 205:civil solidarity pact 6063:Sexuality in Somalia 5964:Sexuality in Germany 5951:Sexuality by country 5092:(144–145): 185–194. 5065:on 11 September 2017 4661:Religion and society 4630:on 24 September 2015 3811:on 23 November 2016. 3523:on 10 September 2013 2884:Niewiarowski, Erik. 2851:. 12 September 2017. 1557:. Historically, the 1052:Gay pride parade in 1014:on 12 January 2009. 826:forced sterilisation 660:) reads as follows: 201:domestic partnership 6058:Sexuality in Africa 5812:States with limited 5115:Claudina Richards, 4894:www.misterbandb.com 4804:Assemblée nationale 4665:Pew Research Center 4418:on 28 December 2021 4218:Assemblée nationale 4140:Assemblée Nationale 3631:on 22 November 2013 3453:on 22 November 2018 3370:. 18 February 2019. 3214:courtdecassation.fr 3008:Assemblée nationale 2865:. 26 September 2017 2313:Olivier Jablonski. 2176:. 17 September 2008 2092:on 2 September 2011 1266:Pew Research Center 984:French Armed Forces 888:DILCRAH controversy 627:. In May 2019, the 371:François Mitterrand 346:concentration camps 197:François Mitterrand 41:Metropolitan France 6032:Sexuality in Japan 6027:Sexuality in India 6022:Sexuality in China 5495:Feminism in France 5305:Transgender people 5291:Lesbian immigrants 5132:Palgrave Macmillan 4910:. 18 October 2012. 4858:Martinique la 1ère 4840:www.globalgayz.com 4774:. 14 October 2013. 4713:. 22 December 2023 4304:. 11 October 2010. 4278:on 26 October 2016 3904:. 10 February 2022 3679:(in French). Yagg. 3654:"AMENDEMENT N°282" 3320:legifrance.gouv.fr 3297:, 18 November 2016 3278:(in French). Yagg. 3252:on 3 February 2014 3054:. 15 October 2019. 2576:on 15 January 2016 2488:. 2 February 2013. 2202:on 11 October 2017 2069:rainbow-europe.org 1943:Feminism in France 1703:Same-sex marriage 1474:. The association 1374: 1081: 1069: 1058: 1012:ministerial decree 949:Conversion therapy 944:Conversion therapy 867:self-determination 803: 793:Transgender rights 768:homophobic attacks 743:Court of Cassation 739:Christian Vanneste 642:sexual orientation 609:Court of Cassation 505:Miscellaneous Left 478: 314:Penal Code of 1791 289: 217:sexual orientation 44: (dark green) 6092: 6091: 5918: 5917: 5508: 5507: 5454:LGBTI+ Federation 5238:Same-sex marriage 5141:978-0-230-59510-1 5012:10.7202/1034918ar 4822:Outre-mer la 1ère 4598:on 8 January 2007 4511:Bollinger, Alex. 4489:. 12 January 2022 4365:. 4 November 2015 4246:. 3 February 2022 3357:, 28 January 2019 3316:"Code du travail" 2600:CNN International 2038:Asher & Lyric 1884: 1883: 1606:Wallis and Futuna 1482:in October 2012. 1398:(originally from 1343:Wallis and Futuna 1002:epidemic, banned 735:Chirac Government 703:same-sex marriage 601:National Assembly 588:In July 2018, MP 501:François Hollande 391:indecent exposure 385:Indecent exposure 310:French Revolution 263:and nightlife in 213:same-sex marriage 183:indecent exposure 179:French Revolution 147: 146: 38:Location of 6112: 5945: 5938: 5931: 5922: 5850:Dependencies and 5549:Sovereign states 5535: 5528: 5521: 5512: 5400: 5388: 5350: 5330: 5313: 5299: 5287: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5150: 5145: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099:10.4000/jso.7822 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5058:. Archived from 5057: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5014: 4993:Stip, E (2015). 4990: 4984: 4983: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4795: 4776: 4775: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4674: 4668: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4629: 4623:. Archived from 4622: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4487:The Local France 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4271:. Archived from 4270: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4193:. 6 October 2021 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3923: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3807:. Archived from 3801: 3795: 3794: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3767:on 2 August 2017 3763:. Archived from 3753: 3747: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3719:on 2 August 2017 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3650: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3223:on 3 August 2020 3222: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2704:. Time Magazine. 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2634: 2628: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2390: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2358: 2352: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2341: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2317:. Semgai.free.fr 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2232: 2226: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2111: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2065:"Rainbow Europe" 2061: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2030: 2024: 2018: 1999: 1981:Còde del trabalh 1974: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1879: 1863: 1850: 1837: 1824: 1812: 1799: 1787: 1774: 1762: 1749: 1736: 1723: 1710: 1697: 1684: 1671: 1658: 1645: 1632: 1622: 1613: 1596: 1590: 1580: 1562: 1527:Cousins Cousines 1523:French Polynesia 1500: 1426:LGBTQ people in 1416:Saint Barthélemy 1381: 1370:Saint Barthélemy 1339:French Polynesia 1251:Bertrand Delanoë 1023:Marisol Touraine 978:Military service 913: 902: 881:Republican Party 844:Journal Officiel 812:Sécurité Sociale 714:Frédérique Vidal 597:Édouard Philippe 590:Guillaume Chiche 575:French President 539:Journal Officiel 475: 454: 273:Bois de Boulogne 269:Quartier Pigalle 247:, the country's 225:gender dysphoria 172: 35: 22:LGBTQ rights in 18: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6067: 6046: 6005: 5989: 5973: 5952: 5949: 5919: 5914: 5893: 5851: 5845: 5831:Northern Cyprus 5813: 5807: 5723:North Macedonia 5544: 5539: 5509: 5504: 5483: 5429: 5394: 5382: 5344: 5324: 5316: 5307: 5293: 5281: 5267: 5224: 5180: 5177: 5142: 5125: 5112: 5110:Further reading 5107: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5039:VoyageForum.com 5033: 5032: 5028: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4797: 4796: 4779: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4742:. 19 June 2018. 4734: 4733: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4599: 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ILGA-Europe. 3915: 3889: 3864: 3846: 3832: 3814: 3796: 3778: 3748: 3730: 3703: 3682: 3667: 3642: 3616: 3591: 3565: 3534: 3508: 3482: 3464: 3434: 3416: 3394: 3373: 3359: 3343: 3325: 3307: 3281: 3263: 3234: 3198: 3179: 3157: 3139: 3111: 3093: 3075: 3057: 3039: 3021: 2994: 2975: 2957: 2938: 2920: 2902: 2876: 2854: 2834: 2816: 2798: 2780: 2762: 2744: 2739:France Culture 2726: 2707: 2688: 2666: 2652: 2629: 2613: 2587: 2557: 2539: 2513: 2491: 2473: 2451: 2429: 2418:. 15 June 2011 2403: 2385: 2375: 2353: 2328: 2305: 2283: 2271: 2249: 2227: 2213: 2187: 2161: 2128: 2103: 2074: 2051: 2025: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1904: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1873: 1866: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1691: 1687: 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3380: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3296: 3295: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3180: 3168:. 5 July 2017 3167: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2575: 2571: 2570:Gay Star News 2567: 2561: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2129: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2040:. 5 June 2023 2039: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2005: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989:Kod al labour 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1915:France portal 1905: 1902: 1891: 1886: 1880:(Since 2022) 1878: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1851:(Since 1981) 1849: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1838:(Since 2022) 1836: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825:(Since 2021) 1823: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1750:(Since 2013) 1748: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1737:(Since 2013) 1735: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1724:(Since 1999) 1722: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711:(Since 2013) 1709: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1698:(Since 2012) 1696: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685:(Since 2004) 1683: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1672:(Since 1985) 1670: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659:(Since 1985) 1657: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1646:(Since 1982) 1644: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1633:(Since 1791) 1631: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1618:Summary table 1617: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1511:French Guiana 1507: 1504: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476:LGBTQ Réunion 1473: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428:New Caledonia 1424: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:New Caledonia 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:French Guiana 1316: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272:In May 2015, 1270: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1252: 1246: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211:in 2000, and 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1078: 1073: 1066: 1062: 1055: 1050: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 989: 987: 985: 977: 975: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 943: 941: 939: 934: 930: 925: 917: 915: 911: 906: 900: 895: 887: 885: 882: 877: 875: 870: 868: 860: 858: 855: 853: 848: 845: 840: 835: 834:joint session 831: 827: 823: 818: 815: 813: 809: 799: 792: 790: 788: 784: 779: 776: 773: 769: 764: 761: 760: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:civil liberty 719: 717: 715: 710: 708: 704: 698: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 676:Xavier Darcos 669: 666: 661: 659: 655: 650: 648: 643: 635: 633: 630: 626: 625:vital records 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 602: 598: 595: 591: 586: 584: 579: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 555: 549: 547: 545: 541: 540: 534: 530: 525: 521: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 474: 468: 464: 462: 461:Lionel Jospin 458: 453: 448: 443: 439: 431: 429: 422: 420: 416: 414: 410: 404: 402: 398: 397: 392: 384: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 355: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 322:homosexuality 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 291: 285: 278: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 245:Gabriel Attal 241: 240:French people 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 195: 191: 186: 184: 180: 176: 171: 170: 169:Ancien Régime 164: 163:death penalty 160: 159:capital crime 156: 152: 142: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 124: 120: 117:Family rights 115: 111: 107: 105: 101: 97: 95: 91: 87: 85: 81: 75: 74:Homosexuality 72: 70: 66: 61: 59: 55: 49: 43: 42: 34: 29: 25: 19: 16: 5841:Transnistria 5803:Vatican City 5441:Beit Haverim 5422: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5263:Law 2013-404 5212: 5200: 5193: 5130:. New York: 5127: 5116: 5089: 5079: 5067:. Retrieved 5060:the original 5047: 5038: 5029: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4916: 4902: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4715:. Retrieved 4710: 4698: 4688:23 September 4686:. Retrieved 4681: 4672: 4664: 4656: 4651:Planet Romeo 4644: 4632:. Retrieved 4625:the original 4612: 4600:. Retrieved 4596:the original 4586: 4577: 4568: 4562:(in French). 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4520:. Retrieved 4517:LGBTQ Nation 4516: 4491:. Retrieved 4486: 4477: 4465:. Retrieved 4461: 4451: 4445:(in French). 4442: 4432: 4420:. Retrieved 4416:the original 4411: 4402: 4390:. Retrieved 4379: 4367:. Retrieved 4362: 4353: 4341:. Retrieved 4331: 4319:. Retrieved 4310: 4301: 4292: 4280:. Retrieved 4273:the original 4260: 4248:. Retrieved 4243: 4234: 4222:. Retrieved 4217: 4207: 4195:. Retrieved 4190: 4181: 4169:. Retrieved 4165: 4156: 4144:. 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Retrieved 2143:The Guardian 2141: 2131: 2119:. Retrieved 2094:. Retrieved 2090:the original 2068: 2042:. Retrieved 2037: 2028: 1972: 1901:LGBTQ portal 1599: 1583:transsexuals 1550: 1540: 1537:third gender 1530: 1526: 1520: 1508: 1480:pride parade 1475: 1472:L'Étang-Salé 1460: 1452:Lifou Island 1448:Kanak people 1425: 1412:Saint Martin 1400:Sint Maarten 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1366:Saint Martin 1308: 1303:family honor 1299: 1290: 1286: 1278:South Africa 1271: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1249:Paris Mayor 1248: 1150: 1141: 1130:pride parade 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1088: 1079:Pride parade 1056:in June 2011 1031: 1016: 993: 981: 973: 960: 947: 937: 927: 891: 878: 871: 864: 856: 849: 843: 819: 816: 804: 780: 765: 757: 749: 747: 723: 711: 699: 686: 684: 679: 673: 663: 651: 639: 606: 587: 570: 564: 556: 553: 537: 526: 522: 498: 479: 445: 426: 418: 413:Paul Mirguet 408: 406: 394: 388: 359: 350:Vichy Regime 342:Nazi Germany 295: 237: 187: 148: 45: 39: 15: 5879:Isle of Man 5814:recognition 5783:Switzerland 5718:Netherlands 5395: [ 5383: [ 5345: [ 5325: [ 5308: [ 5294: [ 5282: [ 5220:Politicians 5121:pp. 305–324 4962:Le Monde.fr 4740:LExpress.fr 4717:29 December 4602:12 November 4250:24 February 4220:(in French) 4142:(in French) 4050:Le Monde.fr 3635:21 November 3548:www.loc.gov 3527:21 November 3457:21 November 3409:21 November 3256:21 November 3088:France Bleu 3070:Le Parisien 3010:(in French) 2989:Le Parisien 2811:Le Monde.fr 2757:France Info 2723:. Le Monde. 2721:Le Monde.fr 2681:21 November 2645:21 November 2641:. 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