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number as "relatively low". Drag performances used male-to-female transsexuals because the police did not allow cisgender males to perform in drag. Gay bar raids occurred during the 1950s and 1960s; there were occasions when the owners of the bars were involved in facilitating the raids. Many lesbians did not visit gay bars and instead socialized in circles of friends. Lesbians who did go to bars often originated from the working class; other women sometimes had internalized self-loathing and/or did not want to damage their reputations.
701:
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390:, Berlin, and London all had more meeting places and organizations than Paris; this was due to the "flamboyance" of LGBT quarters and "visibility" of LGBT celebrities. When the Nazis cracked down on Berlin in the 1930s, Paris became an even more important center for LGBT life. Tamagne stated that in the 1930s the LGBT populations socialized with migrant groups, some youth groups, criminal groups, and other groups who were "marginalized" in society.
881:
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38:
30:
762:, who originated from Algeria, stated that he wished to open a mosque in Paris that was LGBT friendly. He planned to open the mosque in an undisclosed Buddhist temple in the east side of Paris. The mosque opened in 2012. This mosque also aimed to welcome transgender and transsexual individuals. The director of the
472:
law was introduced which caused more police harassment of gay men and women. In the 1960s, gay males received more harassment from police than lesbians. Between the years of 1953 and 1978 the annual numbers of women convicted of homosexuality ranged between one and twelve. Tamagne characterized this
112:
and other same-sex activities. Historian
Maurice Lever notes that by the eighteenth century, various subcultures had developed into a "homosexual world" in Paris, "with its own language, rules, codes, rivalries and clans." There is also historical evidence that lesbian relationships occurred
715:
In
October 1966 Coutrot, a socialist counselor, criticized LGBT persons for being open with their sexuality, stating that this was "shocking" the "honest citizens" and damaging Paris's international image, "notably regarding the tourists." In May of the following year Edouard Frédéric-Dupont, a
410:
from 13 to 15 for heterosexuals, and to 21 for homosexuals. Penalties for the 'unnatural' practice of homosexual acts with minors were a fine and a prison term of six months to three years. This homosexual consent law was kept in place after the war, lowered to 18 in 1974 and to 15 in 1982.
212:
during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries brought Paris a reputation as the bohemian and erotic capital of the West, which allowed queer cultures in Paris to flourish. A network of still relatively underground venues for LGBT people emerged, including, salons, bars, cafes and
318:, performed lesbian theatrical scenes in Paris cabarets that drew outrage and censorship. Descriptions of lesbian salons, cafes and restaurants were included in tourist guides and journalism of the era, as well as mention of houses of prostitution that were uniquely for lesbians.
207:
decriminalized sodomy in 1791 and as a result increasingly robust queer cultures began to emerge in Paris in the late 18th and 19th centuries. They were allowed to continue on condition that they remain private and discreet. The booming economic expansion of the
799:
385:
being a popular spot for women in tuxedos and Clair de Lune, Chez Ma
Cousine, La Petite Chaumiere, and other clubs drawing men in male and female attire. Tamagne wrote that during the early 20th century Paris was seen as a "queer" capital, even though
108:, according to Michael D. Sibalis, who notes a twelfth-century poet's description of the city as full of "the vice of Sodom". Throughout the Middle Ages however, poor Parisian artisans were regularly convicted and sometimes executed for engaging in
158:
appeared publicly as a man for 49 years, while successfully infiltrating the court of
Empress Elizabeth of Russia by presenting as a woman. For 33 years, from 1777 on, d'Éon dressed as a woman, identifying as female. The character of
711:
Tamagne wrote that Paris "is not the trendiest LGBT city" and "cannot compare with cities like San
Francisco, New York or Sydney, or even its nearer former rivals London and Berlin" in regards to nightlife and LGBT activism.
70:
lived in the city. As of 2004, Paris had 140 LGBT bars, clubs, hotels, restaurants, shops, and other commercial businesses. Florence
Tamagne, author of "Paris: 'Resting on its Laurels'?", wrote that there is a
310:, published a best-selling novel based on their romance called l’Idylle Saphique (1901). Many of the more visible lesbians and bisexual women were entertainers and actresses. Some, like the writer
2060:
2020:
Barry D. Adam, Jan Willem
Duyvendak, Andre Krouwel, The Global Emergence of Gay and Lesbian Politics: National Imprints of a Worldwide Movement, Temple University Press, Mar 16, 2009, p. 186
75:"; she added that Paris "competes with Berlin for the title of LGBT capital of Europe, and ranks only second behind New York for the title of LGBT capital of the world." It has France's only
418:, a vagabond, prostitute and petty criminal, published five autobiographical novels that were explicit in their depictions of homosexuality and criminality, and were celebrated by Cocteau,
2312:
350:
Tamagne stated that beginning in the 19th century Paris became known as a centre for LGBT culture. Foreign expats continued to be drawn to the more open society that existed in Paris.
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2378:
370:, who drew inspiration from his many relationships with men, was an important member of the intellectual and artistic society of Paris in the early 20th century. Writer
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support same-sex marriage and another poll indicated that 77% of the French viewed that homosexuality should be accepted by society, one of the highest in the world.
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509:
493:
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2647:
1774:
731:, a night of festivities in Paris, while mingling with the public. His assailant told police that "he hated politicians, the Socialist Party, and homosexuals."
243:
Lesbians and bisexual women in particular saw increased visibility during this period, both in the public sphere and in representations in art and literature.
820:
121:
2011:
Julian
Jackson, Living in Arcadia: Homosexuality, Politics, and Morality in France from the Liberation to AIDS, University of Chicago Press, Dec 15, 2009
1595:
2715:
2064:
147:, that were burned to death in front of the Hotel de Ville in 1750 for being gay are memorialized with a stone that has been laid at the intersection of
374:
has been described as homosexual by his biographers, but denied it during his lifetime, although his books often dealt with gay themes and characters.
1946:
592:
were meeting places of the LGBT community. Pigalle was also where Chez Moune, the "longest-running lesbian bar and cabaret in Paris", opened in 1937.
516:" of French LGBT history, when activists developed a view of the world "In opposition to what had gone on before." Some lesbians, including author
2086:
2041:
2033:
573:
2308:
635:
LGBT businesses in Paris include bars, clubs, restaurants, and shops. Stéphane Leroy stated that 70% of these businesses are in arrondissements
1570:
Nicole G. Albert, "De la topographie invisible à l'espace public et littéraire :les lieux de plaisir lesbien dans le Paris de la Belle Époque"
426:
and others in the
Parisian literary scene. Foreign LGBT artists and writers continued to seek the relative tolerance of France's capital city;
92:
1620:
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45:
1840:
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778:
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brought another wave of French LGBT activism to Paris in the late 1980s and early 90s, though historians have noted that traditional
2263:
1555:
611:
577:
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In the 1950s and 1960s the police and authorities tolerated homosexuals as long as the conduct was private and out of view. The
2948:
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1987:
221:. Gay men would also meet in the gardens by the Carrousel du Louvre, along the Champs Elysées, by the Bourse, and elsewhere.
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815:
803:
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By the 1970s police files on gays and lesbians were destroyed, and many laws against LGBT conduct and people were repealed.
117:
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1686:
1221:
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853:
832:
129:
125:
774:
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640:
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140:, was a popular 18th-century actress until her affairs with women scandalized Paris and her career took a nosedive.
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When marriage was legalized for French LGBT couples in 2013, it was met with hostility by some
Parisians. An anti-
144:
868:
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508:, some Parisian LGBT residents became more radicalized in their approach, resulting in the 1971 creation of the
2751:
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512:(Homosexual Revolutionary Action Front). Historian Julian Jackson defined the creation of this group as the "
2872:
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2741:
2736:
1881:
1480:
1269:
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1144:
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366:, could be seen drinking absinthe in late 19th century Parisian cafes in his final years. Writer and artist
2676:
1859:
1789:"Homophobia, Vichy France, and the "Crime of Homosexuality": The Origins of the Ordinance of 6 August 1942"
2910:
2887:
2859:
2847:
2819:
2797:
2707:
2683:
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2515:
Tamagne, Florence. "Paris: 'Resting on its Laurels'?" (Chapter 12). In: Evans, Jennifer V. and Matt Cook.
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conservative councillor, requested that the police increase levels of surveillance in an area bounded by
414:
According to Tamagne, Paris retained the LGBT capital image after the end of World War II. In the 1940s,
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among aristocratic women of that century, as well as lesbian subcultures among the city's prostitutes.
97:
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became the first openly gay man to be elected mayor of Paris. He was stabbed the same year during the
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478:
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2917:
2587:
1316:
1288:
1203:
1197:
1010:
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704:
657:, which carries materials in French and English, as "Paris's largest, best-stocked gay bookstore".
254:
164:
1304:
770:, stated that it is not possible to have an LGBT-friendly mosque that follows the rules of Islam.
1808:
1328:
1101:
1028:
505:
453:
2444:
2255:
1640:
965:
431:
247:
society in Paris included bars, restaurants and cafes frequented and owned by lesbians, such as
184:
1963:
627:
336:
322:
portrayed Parisian lesbian and bisexual entertainers in many of his paintings, such as dancers
266:. Private salons in the early 20th century, like the ones hosted by the American expatriates
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1933:
1913:
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Stéphanie Bee, Montmartre fin de siècle un repaire de lesbiennes, L'Univers, 1 November, 2010
1551:
1520:
1419:
1182:
1059:
937:
888:
717:
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539:
469:
444:, whose novels featured homosexual themes, was widely acclaimed in the Parisian literary scene
315:
204:
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and Saint-Germain-de-Pres square. The police complied with his request and arrests resulted.
456:
organization in France, and a magazine by the same name, was established in Paris in 1954 by
1800:
1547:
The Chevalier d'Éon and his worlds: gender, espionage and politics in the eighteenth century
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As a result, Baudry was prosecuted and fined for 'indecent morals' in 1955. In 1960, an
457:
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209:
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1200:, nobleman whose wife replied when asked if he liked men or women, "He likes flowers."
880:
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17:
1621:"Flânerie and the Lesbian Gaze: FemaleSpectatorship in the Work of Toulouse-Lautrec"
1544:
Burrows, Simon; Russell Goulbourne; Jonathan Conlin; Valerie Mainz (23 April 2010).
1254:, art historian and member of the French Resistance, captain in the French military,
918:
2604:
2340:
2202:
1358:
1334:
1251:
1227:
1053:
1041:
1037:
989:
971:
728:
602:
546:
461:
367:
341:
323:
287:
236:
188:
1653:
Out of the past, Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the present (Miller 1995:87)
1596:"Looking at Toulouse-Lautrec's Lesbians Today | the Art Institute of Chicago"
1167:, author whose work was censored in the 1950s because of explicit lesbian passages
788:
Beit Haverim was established in 1977 for Jewish LGBTQ+ people and their friends.
650:
2556:
2542:
1947:
New Moon : comment un cabaret de Pigalle est devenu le QG du rock alternatif
1545:
1212:, 20th century writer and activist who was once called "The Pope of Homosexuals".
2317:
1095:
1000:
914:
739:
568:, where areas are officially named in memory of LGBT leaders and events such as
351:
260:
105:
49:
1737:
2243:
1769:
1436:
1348:
1117:
1107:
1071:
585:
581:
474:
441:
415:
327:
218:
214:
76:
2543:
Urban Space and Homosexuality: The Example of the Marais, Paris' 'Gay Ghetto'
1804:
773:
LGBT-affirming churches in Paris that perform same-sex marriages include the
2391:
2224:
1158:
644:
615:
565:
387:
354:
spent his last years in a hotel in Paris, where he befriended French author
331:
239:
was one of several lesbians who hosted 20th century artistic salons in Paris
192:
2625:
1521:"The Founder of America's Earliest Lesbian Bar Was Deported for Obscenity"
553:
that same year. However, 2013 polls have indicated that a majority of the
488:
37:
29:
2142:"Gay Paris Guide: The Essential Guide To Gay Travel In Paris France 2018"
2108:
1338:
857:
836:
133:
1186:
1065:
884:
689:
449:
423:
358:, who wrote openly about his own homosexuality. Celebrated French poet
311:
283:
67:
1827:
The Elastic Closet: A History of Homosexuality in France, 1942-present
104:
Paris' reputation as a center for queer life dates back as far as the
1788:
274:
drew LGBT and heterosexual artists and writers of the era, including
109:
59:
791:
The Rainbow Sangha holds LGBTQ-friendly Buddhist meetings in Paris.
485:; both of them converted to mixed music clubs in the 21st century.
879:
867:
798:
699:
626:
601:
599:. For gay men, the Rue St. Anne was popular in the 1960s and 70s.
487:
436:
335:
223:
91:
63:
55:
44:
36:
28:
531:
2629:
2046:
992:, owner of the bookstore Shakespeare and Co, and publisher of
2031:
Protesters against same-sex marriage fill central Paris plaza
1988:"A lire : Chez Moune, chic lesbien et lutte des classes"
2576:
2572:- City of Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau Official Site
1272:, Baroness, international motor racer, lover of Renee Vivien
844:, actress who scandalized Paris with her affairs with women
2087:"The 20 most and least gay-friendly countries in the world"
1711:"Jean Cocteau and Jean Marais, the First Modern Gay Couple"
677:
are in Paris. These three magazines include English texts.
2344:. Monday 25 November 2012. Retrieved on 24 September 2014.
1242:, novelist, journalist and member of the French resistance
917:, 19th century English writer, spent his last days at the
1285:, activist, business and life partner of Yves St. Laurent
1157:
in New York, whose refuge was Paris before her murder at
151:
and Rue Bachaumont, where the two were caught by police.
684:, which was published in 1959 from May to November, and
381:
balls flourished during the jazz age of the 1920s, with
2376:‘Europe’s first gay-friendly mosque’ sparks controversy
2050:. Monday May 17, 2013. Retrieved on September 24, 2014.
1953:
Publié le 05/10/2015. Mis à jour le 07/10/2015 à 18h59.
124:
were known to have relationships with men. Gay writers
1086:, nightclub impresario, known as "Prince of the Night"
986:, seminarian, philosophy professor, homophile activist
344:
drew inspiration from his many relationships with men.
100:
dressed half in women's clothes, half in men's clothes
1683:"Le Nouvelliste - Paul Verlaine, le poète homosexuel"
1457:
1455:
958:, 1920s American jazz singer, became a French citizen
492:
May 1968 slogan. Paris. "It is forbidden to forbid."
2898:
2811:
2726:
2664:
2555:. August 2004 vol. 41 no. 9 p. 1739-1758. DOI
2365:. 28 November 2011. Retrieved on 26 September 2014.
1641:"Montmartre fin de siècle un repaire de lesbiennes"
2395:. 5 December 2014. Retrieved on 26 September 2014.
2247:
1705:
1703:
1430:
1428:
952:, expatriate writer, held a salon at 20 Rue Jacob.
2471:"'Letters of Sylvia Beach,' Edited by Keri Walsh"
2355:Gay Mosque to Open in Paris, Address to Be Secret
2332:Why I want to open a gay-friendly mosque in Paris
2321:. 13 August 2014. Retrieved on 26 September 2014.
2109:"Paris marks Pride Month with honors for US gays"
974:, American writer who lived in Paris in the 1920s
643:. Of the businesses in all of Paris, 40% are in
362:, who had had an intense relationship with poet
2517:Queer Cities, Queer Cultures: Europe since 1945
856:, writer, politician, revolutionary, friend of
785:is known for its openness towards LGBT people.
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1727:; Vols. 1 & 2. London: Chatto & Windus
1665:"Decadence and despair in Oscar Wilde's Paris"
1461:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Raucourt, Mlle".
1044:, artists and members of the French resistance
538:has sometimes conflicted with American style "
520:, eventually broke away from Le Front to form
481:were 20th century lesbian cabarets located in
66:community. In the 1990s, 46% of the country's
2641:
2577:Interassociative lesbienne, gaie, bi et trans
1775:Provisional Government of the French Republic
1475:
1473:
1471:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1301:, writer, President of Gay and Lesbian Center
1110:, 20th century writer, prisoner, and activist
946:, painter and member of the French resistance
8:
1481:"Ten things you didn't know about gay Paris"
2309:Suras and Tolerance: Meet Europe's Gay Imam
2194:
2192:
2063:. Tetu.com. 24 January 2013. Archived from
1031:, writer, feminist and scholar, partner of
887:'s 1907 cabaret performance with her lover
434:, was based on time he had spent in Paris.
2648:
2634:
2626:
2519:. Bloomsbury Publishing, August 28, 2014.
595:By the 1950s the meeting place shifted to
1793:GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies
1572:Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine
510:Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire
502:student and worker uprisings of May, 1968
494:The Homosexual Revolutionary Action Front
171:, referring also to the popular gay-icon
116:Among the 17th century male aristocracy,
2490:Alexis: The Memoirs of the Baron de Rédé
1841:"Jean Genet, the Playwright, Dies at 75"
821:Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme
584:of Paris but in the early 20th century,
306:. One of Barney's lovers, the courtesan
122:Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme
1465:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1396:
707:was the first openly gay mayor of Paris
496:was created after the ferment of May 68
1206:, feminist, physician and psychiatrist
891:in Rève d'Égypte was censored in Paris
653:described Les Mots à la Bouche in the
542:" in French LGBT political movements.
2199:Paris Side Trips: Frommer's ShortCuts
163:is popularized in Europe by the song
7:
835:, writer, wit and correspondent to
2406:"The Ultimate LGBTQ Guide to Paris"
905:, 19th century writer and courtesan
804:Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans
744:La Marche des Fiértes LGBT de Paris
430:'s 1956 novel about homosexuality,
2208:. Retrieved on September 24, 2014.
2113:The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc
1663:Mount, Harry (28 September 2016).
1116:Beat generation poet who shared a
899:, transgender courtesan and singer
779:United Protestant Church of France
179:, dressed as a man in New York at
25:
1887:. Archives.assemblee-nationale.fr
1882:"Constitution Du 4 Octobbre 1958"
1550:. Continuum. pp. 272 pages.
1495:"LGBTQ History: MacDougal Street"
1185:, artist, transgender partner of
199:French Revolution to World War II
1365:
1351:
1194:, cabaret artist and entertainer
680:Historical publications include
213:bathhouses, particularly in the
88:Middle Ages to French Revolution
2280:Fodor's Paris' Twenty-five Best
1307:, columnist and media presenter
79:that are officially organized.
2488:Redé, Alexis Baron de (2005).
2218:Rapp, Linda (13 August 2007).
1860:"1960 sous amendement Mirguet"
1787:Sibalis, Michael (June 2002).
964:, American author whose novel
850:, transgender diplomat and spy
612:Place des Émeutes-de-Stonewall
549:demonstration occurred in the
330:and May Milton, and the clown
1:
2469:Garner, Dwight (2010-04-18).
1519:Gattuso, Reina (2019-09-03).
1120:with other poets in the 1950s
688:, which was published by the
1994:(in French). 6 November 2019
1074:, actress and cabaret artist
854:Charles, marquis de Villette
833:Henri-Lambert de Thibouville
606:French official Memorial to
130:Charles, marquis de Villette
126:Henri-Lambert de Thibouville
2557:10.1080/0042098042000243138
2284:Fodor's Travel Publications
1248:, partner of Gertrude Stein
1009:, painter, and her partner
816:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
669:and the gay male magazines
118:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans
2965:
2547:Wilfrid Laurier University
2527:, 9781441148407. Start p.
2445:"Meditation LGBTQI+ Paris"
2089:. GlobalPost. 26 June 2013
1839:Gussow, Mel (1986-04-16).
1725:Marcel Proust: a biography
1723:Painter, George D. (1959)
145:Jean Diot and Bruno Lenoir
2330:Zahed, Ludovic-Mohamed. "
1337:, activist and member of
1132:, writer and photographer
402:during World War II, the
400:Nazi occupation of France
2449:Meditation LGBTQI+ Paris
2254:. Regnery Pub. pp.
1805:10.1215/10642684-8-3-301
1007:Louise Catherine Breslau
231:,(l) pictured here with
191:and was assassinated at
154:French diplomat and spy
33:Gay village in Le Marais
2201:. Frommer's ShortCuts.
1463:Encyclopædia Britannica
551:Esplanade des Invalides
477:, opened in 1936, and
460:, with assistance from
452:Association, the first
394:World War II to present
2949:LGBTQ culture in Paris
2944:LGBT history in France
1386:LGBT history in France
1171:Françoise Mallet-Joris
1118:hotel in the Left Bank
1062:, television presenter
892:
877:
806:
783:Church of St. Eustache
708:
632:
619:
597:Saint-Germain-des-Prés
578:Stonewall Riots Square
497:
445:
345:
240:
101:
52:
42:
34:
2353:Jovanovic, Dragana. "
1992:Barbi(e)turix !!
1829:, Nov 12, 2008, p. 28
1825:S. Gunther Springer,
1381:LGBT rights in France
1311:Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed
1138:, composer, lover of
1080:, activist and writer
944:Marie-Thérèse Auffray
883:
871:
802:
764:Grand Mosque of Paris
760:Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed
703:
665:The lesbian magazine
630:
605:
491:
440:
408:age of sexual consent
339:
227:
175:, whose nickname was
132:were both friends of
95:
48:
40:
32:
18:LGBT culture in Paris
2598:Les Mots à la Bouche
2294:, 9780307928122. p.
2029:Morgenstein, Mark. "
1964:"Lost Womyn's Space"
1499:Village Preservation
1145:Bernard-Marie Koltès
1098:, actress and dancer
1078:Françoise d'Eaubonne
781:. Additionally, the
631:Les Mots à la Bouche
177:Queen of the 3rd sex
2541:Sibalis, Michael. "
2232:on 11 October 2007.
2220:"Delanoë, Bertrand"
2067:on 2 September 2011
1945:Laurent Jézéquel, "
1858:Olivier Jablonski.
1317:Thierry Schaffauser
1204:Madeleine Pelletier
1198:Charles de Noailles
1179:, editor and writer
1011:Madeleine Zillhardt
911:, 19th century poet
876:by Frédéric Bazille
723:In 2002, Socialist
536:French universalism
167:by French rockstar
2492:. pp. 62–63.
2475:The New York Times
2381:2014-10-09 at the
2146:Queer In The World
2036:2013-12-22 at the
1845:The New York Times
1329:Virginie Despentes
1319:activist and actor
1224:, fashion designer
1104:, fashion designer
1102:Jean-Paul Gaultier
1029:Simone de Beauvoir
940:, fashion designer
893:
878:
807:
775:American Cathedral
709:
655:4th arrondissement
633:
620:
574:Mark Ashton Garden
570:Harvey Milk Square
522:Les Gouines Rouges
504:, and the rise of
498:
446:
377:Gay nightlife and
346:
340:Writer and artist
241:
102:
53:
43:
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2926:
2925:
2499:978-1-904349-03-7
2420:"Paris Je t'Aime"
2131:Sibalis, p. 1740.
1574:2006 /4 (no 53-4)
1270:Hélène van Zuylen
1266:, feminist author
1183:Mathilde de Morny
1060:Jean-Pierre Coffe
1056:writer and artist
889:Mathilde de Morny
872:Painting of poet
795:Notable residents
718:boulevard Raspail
580:, is the current
540:identity politics
524:, the Red Dykes.
470:indecent exposure
404:French government
316:Mathilde de Morny
205:French Revolution
58:, the capital of
16:(Redirected from
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1299:Caroline Fourest
1289:Bertrand Delanoë
1222:Yves St. Laurent
1210:Roger Peyrefitte
1177:Adrienne Monnier
1033:Jean-Paul Sartre
748:gay pride parade
725:Bertrand Delanoë
705:Bertrand Delanoë
466:Roger Peyrefitte
420:Jean-Paul Sartre
320:Toulouse Lautrec
183:and in Paris at
165:Sans contrefaçon
73:Gaité parisienne
62:, has an active
41:Le Marais, Paris
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1153:, owner of the
1090:Michel Foucault
968:is set in Paris
966:Giovanni's Room
956:Josephine Baker
932:Berenice Abbott
928:
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500:Following the
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314:and her lover
308:Liane de Pougy
304:Radclyffe Hall
276:Romaine Brooks
272:Gertrude Stein
229:Natalie Barney
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1738:"Queer Paris"
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1501:. 2014-10-30
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1443:. Retrieved
1418:Tamagne, p.
1359:LGBTQ portal
1335:Alice Coffin
1283:Pierre Bergé
1277:21st century
1258:Renée Vivien
1252:Rose Valland
1240:Édith Thomas
1228:Susan Sontag
1054:Jean Cocteau
1048:Marcel Carné
1042:Marcel Moore
1038:Claude Cahun
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990:Sylvia Beach
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296:Pierre Louÿs
288:Djuna Barnes
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189:World War II
185:Le Dôme Café
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2918:New Zealand
2829: [
2793:Philippines
2687: [
2675: [
2621:(in French)
2610:(in French)
2592:(in French)
2582:(in French)
2318:Der Spiegel
2244:Steyn, Mark
2093:21 November
2071:21 November
1891:21 November
1866:21 November
1147:, dramatist
1096:Loie Fuller
1050:, filmmaker
1001:Paul Bowles
915:Oscar Wilde
740:Paris Pride
406:raised the
398:During the
352:Oscar Wilde
250:Le Hanneton
106:Middle Ages
77:gayborhoods
50:Paris Pride
2933:Categories
2619:(Archive)
2608:(Archive)
2525:144114840X
2510:References
2292:0307928128
2152:2018-05-24
2118:2021-07-15
1998:2021-07-15
1973:2021-07-15
1770:Ordonnance
1693:2017-01-07
1626:2021-07-15
1606:2017-01-07
1530:2021-07-15
1505:2021-07-15
1445:2021-07-15
1124:André Gide
1108:Jean Genet
1072:Coccinelle
1068:, novelist
750:in Paris.
735:Recreation
586:Montmartre
582:gayborhood
475:Chez Moune
442:Jean Genet
416:Jean Genet
383:Le Monocle
356:André Gide
328:Jane Avril
292:André Gide
219:Les Halles
215:Montmartre
2906:Australia
2883:Liverpool
2818:Austria (
2803:Singapore
2774:Hyderabad
2764:Bangalore
2747:Hong Kong
2701:Vancouver
2672:Argentina
2659:worldwide
2570:Gay Paris
2392:France 24
2225:glbtq.com
1813:144595325
1159:Auschwitz
1025:, painter
1019:, painter
651:Frommer's
645:Le Marais
618:, France.
616:Le Marais
614:. Paris,
566:Le Marais
561:Geography
514:Stonewall
454:homophile
388:Amsterdam
332:Cha-U-Kao
256:La Souris
193:Auschwitz
2868:Brighton
2844:Germany
2752:Shanghai
2665:Americas
2379:Archived
2363:ABC News
2286:, 2012.
2246:(2006).
2034:Archived
1951:Telerama
1345:See also
1339:La Barbe
1331:, writer
1325:, writer
1291:(former
1260:, writer
1236:, writer
1230:, writer
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1173:, writer
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1013:, writer
1003:, writer
858:Voltaire
837:Voltaire
777:and the
758:In 2012
754:Religion
696:Politics
682:Juventus
639:through
506:feminism
479:New Moon
263:Rat Mort
134:Voltaire
2899:Oceania
2873:Cardiff
2855:Ireland
2769:Chennai
2742:Chengdu
2737:Beijing
2716:By city
2387:Archive
2359:Archive
2336:Archive
2313:Archive
2256:120–121
2042:Archive
1437:"Paris"
1187:Colette
1066:Colette
995:Ulysses
885:Colette
746:is the
690:Arcadie
686:Arcadie
623:Economy
590:Pigalle
450:Arcadie
424:Picasso
312:Colette
302:, and
284:Colette
187:before
83:History
68:gay men
2911:Sydney
2888:London
2860:Russia
2848:Berlin
2826:France
2820:Vienna
2812:Europe
2798:Russia
2733:China
2708:Mexico
2696:Canada
2684:Brazil
2523:
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2061:"Yagg"
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1313:, imam
1192:Michou
555:French
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110:sodomy
60:France
2878:Leeds
2838:Paris
2833:]
2786:Tokyo
2781:Japan
2759:India
2691:]
2679:]
1885:(PDF)
1809:S2CID
1440:(PDF)
1392:Notes
661:Media
259:,and
64:LGBTQ
56:Paris
2727:Asia
2605:Pref
2588:Têtu
2521:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2456:2023
2431:2023
2288:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2206:PT90
2095:2013
2073:2013
1893:2013
1868:2013
1552:ISBN
1040:and
675:Préf
673:and
671:Têtu
641:four
588:and
532:AIDS
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