334:. Other homosexual male relations during early colonial times included love affairs, prostitution, rape, and sexual brutality. Marc Epprecht stated that many Zimbabweans believed that homosexuality was un-African, caused by a disease introduced by white settlers from Europe. Epprecht's review of 250 court cases from 1892 to 1923 found cases from the beginnings of the records. The five 1892 cases all involved black Africans. A defence offered was that "sodomy" was part of local "custom". In one case, a chief was summoned to testify about customary penalties and reported that the penalty was a fine of one cow, which was less than the penalty for adultery. Over the entire period, Epprecht found the balance of black and white defendants proportional to that in the population. He noted, however, only what came to the attention of the courts - most consensual relations in private did not necessarily provoke notice. Some cases were brought by partners who had been dropped or who had not received promised compensation from their former sexual partner. And although the norm was for the younger male to lie supine and not show any enjoyment, let alone expect any sexual mutuality, Epprecht found a case in which a pair of black males had stopped their sexual relationship out of fear of pregnancy, but one wanted to resume taking turns penetrating each other.
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support and adequately cater for the unique healthcare needs of sex workers, men who have sex with men, transgender and non-gender conforming people and people who inject and use drugs. The fact that sex work, drug use and some sexual acts are considered illegal in
Zimbabwe can create a variety of situations that negatively affect members of key populations more than the general populations. This undermines HIV prevention for the whole nation by affecting these individuals' access to healthcare". That same month, it was announced that five new health centres would open in
30:
580:(ZANU-PF), the ruling political party, met with LGBT activists to discuss the situation of LGBT rights in Zimbabwe and to "improve the lives of LGBT people through local governance". Chester Samba, director of GALZ, said: "As an initial meeting it was great that they responded positively and somewhat surprising as this marked a departure from the previous leadership which did not engage with us. A willingness to engage is indeed an important shift."
969:
449:
322:, also known as boy-wife in English) would typically dress as women, perform chores associated with women, such as cooking and fetching water and firewood, and have intercrural sex with their older husbands. In addition, they were not allowed to grow beards or ejaculate. Upon reaching manhood, the relationship would be dissolved, and the boy-wife could take a
760:
289:, which refers to same-sex masturbation usually among friends. Anal intercourse and sexual relations between women also occurred, though more rarely. In these societies, homosexuality was not viewed as an antithesis to heterosexuality. Indeed, there was widespread liberty to move between the two, and engage in sexual activity with both men and women. The
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and meetings began taking place in the late 1980s, with GALZ being officially established in
September 1990. One of the main goals of GALZ is to assist people with HIV/AIDS. Initially being separated from the cause of the HIV/AIDS community of Zimbabwe, GALZ is now one of the largest proponents for rights of those afflicted and their health.
379:, which provides that no person shall import, print, publish, distribute, or keep for sale any publication which is undesirable (defined as "indecent or obscene or is offensive or harmful to public morals or is likely to be contrary to public health") has been used to harass LGBT people and activists.
767:
Gays and
Lesbians of Zimbabwe (GALZ) is a prominent LGBT rights group that was formed in 1990. After Zimbabwean independence was gained on 18 April 1980, there was a flourishing gay scene in urban areas. Many believed that a group with more serious aims for the LGBT community should be established,
750:
has also been working to curb the reach of HIV transmissions from mothers to children, specifically among young girls. In 2016, 98% of HIV-exposed newborns received ARVs to prevent the spread of HIV from mother to child, up from 78% in the previous year. Unicef hopes that their efforts will lead to
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in Harare came out as gay to his students, reportedly to their cheers, following reports of a homophobic climate for gay students. The school later affirmed its commitment to providing a safe and caring environment for "all persons, regardless of race, religious beliefs, gender, sexual orientation,
583:
In July, the Health
Ministry adopted new training manuals to be used by health professionals when dealing with gays and sex workers. The manuals read: "The programme is to educate and equip healthcare providers in Zimbabwe with the knowledge and skills to enable them to provide health services that
493:
It degrades human dignity. It's unnatural, and there is no question ever of allowing these people to behave worse than dogs and pigs. If dogs and pigs do not do it, why must human beings? We have our own culture, and we must re-dedicate ourselves to our traditional values that make us human beings.
502:
of homosexuals under
Zimbabwe's sodomy laws. Mugabe blamed gays for many of Zimbabwe's problems and views homosexuality as an "un-African" and immoral culture brought by colonists and practiced by only "a few whites" in his country. During his 82nd birthday celebrations, Mugabe told supporters to
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I find it extremely outrageous and repugnant to my human conscience that such immoral and repulsive organizations, like those of homosexuals, who offend both against the law of nature and the cultural norms espoused by our society, should have any advocates in our midst and elsewhere in the
774:
set up Trans
Research, Education, Advocacy & Training (TREAT) in 2015. In 2014, she had been arrested for using a women's bathroom under the charge of criminal nuisance. After the charge was thrown out, Nathanson sued for damages and won her case.
375:, defined as the "unlawful and intentional sexual relations per anum between two human males" as well as unnatural offences, defined as the unlawful and intentional commission of an unnatural sexual act by one person with another person. Section 11 of
397:
Laws passed in 2006 criminalized any actions perceived as homosexual. The
Zimbabwean Government has made it a criminal offense for two people of the same sex to hold hands, hug, or kiss. The "sexual deviancy" law was one of 15 additions to Zimbabwe's
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the population of
Zimbabwe; the country has one of the highest prevalence rates in the world as approximately 13.50% of adults aged 15–49 have been infected with the virus. Furthermore, many cannot afford or do not have access to
410:. Before then, laws against sodomy were limited to sexual activity, and the revised law now states that sodomy is any "act involving contact between two males that would be regarded by a reasonable person as an indecent act".
575:
In
January 2018, Mnangagwa spoke on the issue of LGBT rights for the first time, saying: "Those people who want it are the people who should canvass for it, but it's not my duty to campaign for this". In June, the
273:, depicts three men engaging in anal intercourse. It is estimated that the painting dates to roughly 8,000 BC, though some estimates instead state the painting to be about 2,000 years old. In the 18th century, the
1053:
2207:
494:... What we are being persuaded to accept is sub-animal behavior and we will never allow it here. If you see people parading themselves as Lesbians and Gays, arrest them and hand them over to the police!
526:
by government spies and extortion attempts by both strangers and casual acquaintances. LGBT people have been repeatedly bribed, detained, killed, beaten and sometimes raped by the authorities. The
611:
were welcomed by LGBT activists, who called them a "historic win": "We witnessed a reduction in homophobic hate speech and reduction in the politicisation of LGBT individuals as campaign tools."
328:
of his own if he so desired. These marriages are sometimes referred to as "mine marriages" as they were common among miners. Epprecht estimates that about 70% to 80% of
Zimbabwean miners had an
2148:
1919:
707:, was a vocal opponent of gay rights while leader of the Church in the 1980s and 90s, arguing that homosexuality is a sin and non-celibate gay people could never be accepted into the church.
572:
was declared President of Zimbabwe. There are hopes that Mnangagwa would reverse Zimbabwe's decades-long persecution of LGBT people, led by the virulently homophobic former President Mugabe.
2075:
691:. Stating that Kimumwe was not being persecuted for being a homosexual but was being persecuted for being a criminal since homosexuality was illegal and thus was ineligible for asylum.
341:
asserted that the monopolization of women by elderly chiefs was essentially responsible for the "immorality" practised by younger men. Edwin W. Smith and A. Murray Dale mentioned one
577:
1802:
435:
In May 2019, Mnangagwa's Cabinet approved amendments to Zimbabwean marriage law, which would ban both child marriages and same-sex marriages, lining it with the Constitution.
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was arrested based on accusations made during the murder trial of his former bodyguard, Jefta Dube, and found guilty of eleven charges of sodomy, attempted sodomy and
2172:
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1613:
351:, translated as "prophet". They also mentioned that pederasty was not rare, "but was considered dangerous because of the risk that the boy will become pregnant".
1937:
305:
and Ndebele peoples, same-sex sexual activity was historically viewed as a form of spiritual rearmament (i.e. as a source of fresh power for their territories).
465:
Mugabe received worldwide criticism for comments he made on 1 August 1995 after coming across a stall set up by the organisation Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe (
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1995:
680:
2301:
419:
1305:
The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, From 1865 to His Death, 1866-1873 Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings
1318:
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1806:
1706:
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abilities or disabilities or any other real or perceived difference". The teacher resigned the following week because of death threats from parents.
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687:
upheld the immigration judge's decision. A two-judge majority believed Kimumwe's experiences in Zimbabwe were the result of his actions, not his
1640:
2238:
1245:
Epprecht, Marc (1 December 1998). "The 'unsaying' of indigenous homosexualities in Zimbabwe: mapping a blindspot in an African masculinity".
1751:
1462:
523:
1111:
211:
According to a 2018 survey, 50% of gay men in Zimbabwe had been physically assaulted and 64% had been disowned by their families. 27% of
308:
According to Marc Epprecht, homosexuality grew among African men during the colonial era. Even though it was controversial, arranges of
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1677:
345:-speaking man who dressed as a woman, did women's work, lived and slept among, but not with, women. The Ila labelled such individuals
184:, and LGBT people enjoy no legal protections from discrimination, violence and harassment. Members of the LGBT community are heavily
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country and Mugabe's anti-gay stance resonates with many Zimbabweans. Gays and lesbians in Zimbabwe are threatened by violence and
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1371:
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42:
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1724:
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1514:
553:
1442:
456:
651:
2665:
2628:
2162:
2106:
1660:
1518:
1046:"State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition"
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360:
1045:
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1945:
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2003:
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in Zimbabwe with an active AIDS treatment plan. The association intends to have all its registered members take an
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2551:
2471:
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2201:
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2426:
2153:
2131:
1098:
982:
715:
542:
462:, from 1980 to 2017, actively discriminated against LGBT people and spoke out in public against homosexuality.
181:
101:
48:
503:"leave whites to do that". Mugabe instructed journalists, most of whom work for state-owned institutions, to
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159:
143:
139:
2076:"Activists in Focus Ricky "Rikki" Nathanson of Trans Research, Education & Training (TREAT) Zimbabwe"
2521:
2516:
2456:
2411:
2371:
2266:
2247:
2224:
987:
624:
508:
432:. In 2013, the Zimbabwe Constitution was amended to define marriage as being between a man and a woman.
1900:
204:'s forced removal from the presidency in November 2017, LGBT activists have expressed hopes that their
29:
2576:
2496:
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2401:
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1959:
1254:
1211:
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735:
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301:. Effeminate men in Ndebele society would often become healers and spiritual leaders. Among both the
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2506:
2416:
2306:
552:
Mugabe also compared gays and lesbians as "worse than pigs and dogs". In 2015, he stood before the
538:
746:. It also distributes posters warning people about the ways in which gays are vulnerable to AIDS.
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688:
569:
226:
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began to show up in certain cities and labour camps in as early as 1907. The young men (called
200:, with a popular destination being South Africa due to their gay-friendly laws. However, since
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338:
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155:
119:
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used to be accepted and commonplace in Zimbabwe prior to colonisation and post-independence
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1322:
771:
711:
628:
504:
298:
262:
66:
835:
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)
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and declared "we are not gay". Mugabe was finally ousted as president in November 2017.
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1347:
1258:
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Two weeks later, during Zimbabwe's annual independence celebrations, Mugabe proclaimed:
718:
534:
474:
319:
222:
229:, which in turn has spread the erroneous belief that homosexuality is un-African or a
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1886:
1500:
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668:
459:
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383:
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phenomenon brought to the country. Homosexual activity has been documented among the
230:
218:
201:
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150:
is classified as unlawful sexual conduct and defined in the Criminal Code as either
1230:
Hungochani, Second Edition: The History of a Dissident Sexuality in Southern Africa
974:
739:
302:
266:
246:
205:
185:
169:
1446:
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1788:
1598:
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407:
364:
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for thousands of years, were known to engage in homosexual activity. One famous
2158:
1641:"Zimbabwe's LGBT community: why civil rights and health issues go hand in hand"
1551:"State-Sponsored Homophobia in Southern Africa (Human Rights Watch, 14-5-2003)"
1478:
1832:
This brave Zimbabwe teacher just came out to his students to tackle homophobia
1266:
964:
632:
368:
342:
258:
234:
173:
1920:"Rowan Williams is 'lobbying for homosexuality', claims Mugabe-backed bishop"
1274:
1134:"The "politics" of sexual identities in Zimbabwe: A Social Work perspective?"
951:
936:
924:
912:
900:
888:
876:
864:
851:
839:
827:
815:
803:
790:
663:
In 1998, William Kimumwe, a gay man facing sodomy charges, fled Zimbabwe for
337:
Writing in the 19th century about the area of today's southwestern Zimbabwe,
2149:"Worse than dogs and pigs?" Attitudes Toward Homosexual Practice in Zimbabwe
1326:
512:
391:
309:
188:
in both the legal and social spheres. As a result, many choose to remain in
293:
are also known to have engaged in same-sex sexual activity. Before battle,
1977:
1707:
Zimbabwe’s LGBTI group says elections a “historic win” for LGBTI community
477:
and which had not received much attention from the Government beforehand.
1678:"Zim govt adopts manual for treating gays, sex workers at health centres"
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700:
684:
640:
589:
546:
274:
238:
197:
189:
165:
151:
131:
34:
2216:
1424:
1192:
759:
1868:
1614:"Tatchell beaten unconscious as he tries to 'arrest' his old adversary"
721:
of "heresy", and suggested he was "coming to lobby for homosexuality".
403:
212:
193:
283:, which refers to a man who is sexually receptive to another man, and
1019:"Decriminalisation of Consensual Same-Sex Sexual Conduct in Zimbabwe"
747:
636:
601:
597:
585:
372:
270:
147:
1054:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
1864:
738:, commonly referred to as ARVs. At present, GALZ is one of the few
2208:
UK government travel advisory for Zimbabwe: Local laws and customs
758:
664:
620:
593:
447:
359:
Laws against same-sex sexual activity date back to 1891, when the
135:
1996:"Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum"
1292:
Boy-wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities
751:
the eradication of mother-to-child transmissions of HIV by 2021.
823:
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
480:
Mugabe's comments after seeing the stall at the book fair were:
466:
2220:
1372:
Zimbabwe | New hope as ruling party meets with LGBTI community
402:
quietly passed in Parliament. The sections involving gays and
1938:"COUNTRY COMPARISON :: HIV/AIDS - ADULT PREVALENCE RATE"
2050:
253:
History of homosexuality in Zimbabwe in the pre colonial era
1865:"Gay Dating, Personals, News, Local Events and Information"
545:. In 2001, Tatchell again tried to arrest the President in
1179:"The Homosexual Nature of Africa's Past (You Didn't Know)"
1661:
Zim's President Mnangagwa slams door on same-sex marriage
1479:"BBC News - Africa - Zimbabwe gay rights face dim future"
1410:
530:
has reportedly been used to beat and arrest homosexuals.
473:, founded in 1990 to facilitate communication within the
130:
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in
2192:
Official website of Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe (GALZ)
2025:
1340:"The Backlot - Corner of Hollywood and Gay - NewNowNext"
1069:"The Backlot - Corner of Hollywood and Gay - NewNowNext"
763:
Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe marching in Harare in 1998
549:
but was beaten unconscious by Mugabe's security guards.
511:. Some critics believed that Mugabe was using gays as a
2197:
Under African Skies: A Four Part Series on Gay Zimbabwe
1691:
Five gay and bi male health centers to open in Zimbabwe
2132:"Is There Space For The LGBTQI Community In Zimbabwe?"
1099:"Is There Space For The LGBTQI Community In Zimbabwe?"
604:
to cater to the health needs of gay and bisexual men.
1581:"BBC News - UK - Gay activist freed after Mugabe row"
2191:
1112:
Zimbabwe | 50% of gay men assaulted and 64% disowned
884:
LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military
114:
Same-sex marriage constitutionally banned since 2013
2560:
2535:
2254:
1789:"Zimbabwe: Gay Prostitution Hits Streets of Harare"
118:
110:
100:
95:
85:
75:
65:
57:
41:
20:
2107:"Trans Woman Wins Landmark Court Case in Zimbabwe"
1290:Will Roscoe and Stephen O. Murray(Author, Editor,
1443:"Kubatana – Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe (GALZ)"
578:Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front
390:in 1998. He was sentenced to 10 years in prison,
1848:Gay Zimbabwe teacher resigns after death threats
452:Robert Mugabe at an African Union summit in 2008
176:, which have recently enacted LGBT protections.
647:is known to be solicited in some Harare clubs.
491:
482:
1515:"Opinions: Dateline Zimbabwe: Who's to Blame?"
533:In 1999, British gay rights activists, led by
297:men would have sex with each other, typically
284:
278:
2232:
1725:"Gay, lesbian stand at Zim book fair trashed"
377:the Censorship and Entertainments Control Act
134:face legal challenges not experienced by non-
8:
2169:Homosexuality: The reality is that it exists
1128:
1126:
1124:
811:Anti-discrimination laws in employment only
794:(Penalty: 14 years imprisonment with fines)
681:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
643:are tolerant of gay customers, however. Gay
1407:"GALZ | Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe"
1232:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 1 April 2013
498:Since then, President Mugabe increased the
329:
323:
313:
168:stands in sharp contrast with neighbouring
2239:
2225:
2217:
1040:
1038:
997:, a documentary about lesbians in Zimbabwe
920:Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
631:are common among the gay community. A few
420:Recognition of same-sex unions in Zimbabwe
154:intercourse or any "indecent act" between
28:
17:
1883:"NCLR January-February 2006 E-Newsletter"
1367:
1365:
406:are part of an overhaul of the country's
394:, and served 6 months in an open prison.
346:
1656:
1654:
782:
1918:Thornycroft, Peta (30 September 2011).
1639:Chikura, Candice C. (30 January 2018).
1286:
1284:
1012:
1010:
1006:
860:Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
162:against both homosexual men and women.
355:Law regarding same-sex sexual activity
61:Up to 14 years imprisonment with fines
1964:Institute for War and Peace Reporting
1960:"New Blow for Gay Rights in Zimbabwe"
1240:
1238:
1177:Obamwonyi, Hope (16 September 2016).
515:to deflect attention from Zimbabwe's
414:Recognition of same-sex relationships
7:
650:In September 2018, a teacher at the
1754:. 21 September 2004. Archived from
1537:"Zimbabwean drag queen reveals all"
1247:Journal of Southern African Studies
872:Joint adoption by same-sex couples
1901:"Homosexual and hated in Zimbabwe"
1787:Chigonga, Brenna (14 April 2007).
1599:"Tatchell defends Mugabe 'arrest'"
1389:"Same-Sex Marriages Banned in Zim"
566:forced removal from the presidency
14:
2212:Foreign & Commonwealth Office
1212:"Homosexuality is not un-African"
1152:"Gay Sub-Saharan Rock Art in Zim"
528:Central Intelligence Organisation
471:International Book Fair in Harare
158:. Since 1995, the government has
106:No recognition of same-sex unions
2661:LGBT rights in Africa by country
2547:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2317:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2105:Ring, Trudy (19 November 2019).
2082:. 5 January 2018. Archived from
1210:Tamale, Sylvia (20 March 2015).
967:
950:
935:
932:Conversion therapy made illegal
923:
911:
899:
887:
875:
863:
855:(Constitutional ban since 2013)
850:
838:
826:
814:
802:
789:
2157:. Volume 57, Issue 5, 2010 . -
1723:Basildon Peta (8 August 2006).
1425:"Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe"
1193:"Boy-Wives and Female Husbands"
1150:Toomey, Patrick (6 June 2016).
786:Same-sex sexual activity legal
554:United Nations General Assembly
1772:. 12 July 2004. Archived from
1612:Linton, Leyla (6 March 2001).
227:anti-White government policies
1:
2163:National Institutes of Health
2055:Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe
2030:Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe
1519:Center for Global Development
1409:. 10 May 2014. Archived from
896:Right to change legal gender
667:. In 2002, he arrived in the
144:campaigns against LGBT rights
2202:Zimbabwe: Gays talk straight
755:Activism and advocacy groups
522:GALZ has been the target of
424:Zimbabwe does not recognise
363:imposed the law used at the
361:British South Africa Company
277:people recognised the terms
102:Recognition of relationships
47:Male illegal since 1891 (as
1539:. BBC News. 10 August 2006.
908:Access to IVF for lesbians
541:of Mugabe for the crime of
138:residents. Since 1995, the
2687:
469:) at the country's annual
417:
382:In 1996, former President
215:also reported disownment.
87:Discrimination protections
1601:. BBC News. 6 March 2001.
1321:29 September 2006 at the
1267:10.1080/03057079808708594
710:His successor as bishop,
675:, which was denied by an
221:, same-sex relations and
53:Female illegal since 2006
27:
2656:Human rights in Zimbabwe
2302:Central African Republic
2154:Journal of Homosexuality
1803:"Zimbabwe's gays go out"
983:Human rights in Zimbabwe
947:allowed to donate blood
716:Archbishop of Canterbury
619:Homosexuality is highly
560:Mnangagwa Administration
22:LGBTQ rights in Zimbabwe
1497:"Kelvin Ncube: I'm gay"
635:in urban areas such as
517:major economic problems
347:
285:
279:
2248:LGBT rights in Africa
1791:– via AllAfrica.
1216:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung
764:
564:After Robert Mugabe's
496:
487:
453:
330:
324:
314:
140:Government of Zimbabwe
2462:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2322:Republic of the Congo
1758:on 21 September 2004.
988:LGBT rights in Africa
799:Equal age of consent
762:
625:socially conservative
457:President of Zimbabwe
451:
444:Mugabe Administration
371:prohibitions include
182:Zimbabwe Constitution
160:carried out campaigns
2666:Politics of Zimbabwe
2006:on 16 September 2018
736:antiretroviral drugs
679:judge. In 2005, the
500:political repression
261:, who have lived in
2537:States with limited
2159:See abstract at the
2080:MPact Global Action
1854:, 27 September 2018
1838:, 22 September 2018
1303:David Livingstone,
1259:1998JSAfS..24..631E
847:Same-sex marriages
659:2002 asylum attempt
208:will be respected.
2086:on 15 January 2022
2000:www.hrforumzim.org
1942:Cia World Factbook
1889:on 1 October 2006.
1561:on 19 October 2008
1525:on 22 August 2006.
1465:6 May 2006 at the
1197:www.willsworld.org
765:
703:Bishop of Harare,
689:sexual orientation
652:St. John's College
570:Emmerson Mnangagwa
568:in November 2017,
505:report unfavorably
454:
2638:
2637:
2564:other territories
2337:Equatorial Guinea
1667:, 26 January 2018
1449:on 12 April 2006.
1017:Nyathi, Nqobani.
958:
957:
695:Religious leaders
615:Living conditions
509:gay relationships
426:same-sex marriage
365:Cape of Good Hope
339:David Livingstone
267:San rock painting
180:is banned by the
178:Same-sex marriage
156:consenting adults
128:
127:
2678:
2651:LGBT in Zimbabwe
2625:
2624:(United Kingdom)
2620:Tristan da Cunha
2616:Ascension Island
2608:
2595:
2586:
2562:Dependencies and
2255:Sovereign states
2241:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2147:Shoko, Tabona. "
2136:
2135:
2134:. 21 March 2023.
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2002:. Archived from
1992:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1948:on 13 June 2007.
1944:. Archived from
1934:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1885:. Archived from
1879:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1855:
1845:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1813:on 17 April 2007
1809:. Archived from
1799:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1776:on 12 July 2004.
1766:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1720:
1714:
1713:, 20 August 2018
1704:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1645:The Conversation
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1557:. Archived from
1547:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1521:. Archived from
1511:
1505:
1504:
1503:on 29 June 2006.
1499:. Archived from
1493:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1469:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1445:. Archived from
1439:
1433:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1385:
1379:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1346:. Archived from
1336:
1330:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1242:
1233:
1228:Epprecht, Marc,
1226:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1154:. Archived from
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1101:. 21 March 2023.
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1075:. Archived from
1065:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1014:
977:
972:
971:
970:
954:
939:
927:
915:
903:
891:
879:
867:
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
793:
783:
683:in the state of
629:suicide attempts
539:citizen's arrest
388:indecent assault
350:
333:
327:
317:
288:
282:
142:has carried out
32:
18:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2671:Law of Zimbabwe
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2606:
2593:
2584:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2540:
2538:
2531:
2250:
2245:
2188:
2181:. 7 April 2013.
2144:
2142:Further reading
2139:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2049:
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2044:
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2032:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1899:
1898:
1894:
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1880:
1876:
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1846:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1770:"kaiwright.com"
1768:
1767:
1763:
1752:"kaiwright.com"
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
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1722:
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1717:
1705:
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1689:
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1676:
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1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1618:The Independent
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
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1592:
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1549:
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1513:
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1508:
1495:
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1490:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1467:Wayback Machine
1458:
1454:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1413:on 10 May 2014.
1405:
1404:
1400:
1393:newsdzezimbabwe
1387:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1350:on 14 June 2008
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:Wayback Machine
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1209:
1208:
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1122:
1110:
1106:
1097:
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1092:
1082:
1080:
1079:on 14 June 2008
1067:
1066:
1062:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1004:
994:Forbidden Fruit
973:
968:
966:
963:
781:
772:Rikki Nathanson
757:
727:
712:Nolbert Kunonga
697:
661:
617:
562:
446:
441:
422:
416:
367:on the region.
357:
299:intercrural sex
269:, located near
263:Southern Africa
255:
245:people and the
67:Gender identity
52:
37:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:Western Sahara
2626:
2609:
2596:
2587:
2573:Canary Islands
2569:
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2215:
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2199:
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2187:
2186:External links
2184:
2183:
2182:
2165:
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2140:
2138:
2137:
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2097:
2067:
2042:
2017:
1987:
1969:
1951:
1929:
1910:
1892:
1874:
1856:
1840:
1824:
1794:
1779:
1761:
1743:
1715:
1699:
1697:, 19 July 2018
1683:
1680:. 9 July 2018.
1669:
1650:
1631:
1604:
1590:
1585:news.bbc.co.uk
1572:
1542:
1528:
1506:
1488:
1483:news.bbc.co.uk
1470:
1452:
1434:
1429:www.icon.co.za
1416:
1398:
1395:. 10 May 2019.
1380:
1378:, 25 June 2018
1361:
1331:
1316:Gay Zimbabwe –
1308:
1296:
1280:
1253:(4): 631–651.
1234:
1221:
1202:
1184:
1169:
1158:on 5 July 2018
1142:
1120:
1118:, 27 July 2018
1104:
1090:
1060:
1057:. 17 May 2016.
1034:
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723:
719:Rowan Williams
696:
693:
660:
657:
616:
613:
561:
558:
537:, attempted a
535:Peter Tatchell
475:LGBT community
445:
442:
440:
437:
418:Main article:
415:
412:
356:
353:
254:
251:
223:cross-dressing
126:
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2403:
2400:
2398:
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2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:Guinea-Bissau
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
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2355:
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2222:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2171:" (Opinion) (
2170:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1924:The Telegraph
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1812:
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1798:
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1783:
1780:
1775:
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1753:
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1744:
1732:
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1726:
1719:
1716:
1712:
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1703:
1700:
1696:
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1679:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1468:
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1461:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1001:
996:
995:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
976:
965:
960:
953:
949:
946:
943:
942:
938:
934:
931:
930:
926:
922:
919:
918:
914:
910:
907:
906:
902:
898:
895:
894:
890:
886:
883:
882:
878:
874:
871:
870:
866:
862:
859:
858:
853:
849:
846:
845:
841:
837:
834:
833:
829:
825:
822:
821:
817:
813:
810:
809:
805:
801:
798:
797:
792:
788:
785:
784:
779:Summary table
778:
776:
773:
769:
761:
754:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
729:HIV/AIDS has
724:
722:
720:
717:
713:
708:
706:
705:Peter Hatendi
702:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:United States
666:
658:
656:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
614:
612:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
581:
579:
573:
571:
567:
559:
557:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
495:
490:
486:
481:
478:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
460:Robert Mugabe
458:
450:
443:
438:
436:
433:
431:
427:
421:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
400:Criminal Code
395:
393:
389:
385:
384:Canaan Banana
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
354:
352:
349:
344:
340:
335:
332:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Bantu peoples
287:
281:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:Homosexuality
216:
214:
209:
207:
203:
202:Robert Mugabe
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:, as well as
171:
167:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
96:Family rights
94:
90:
88:
84:
80:
78:
74:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
50:
46:
44:
40:
36:
31:
26:
19:
16:
2612:Saint Helena
2583:
2526:
2487:South Africa
2477:Sierra Leone
2282:Burkina Faso
2211:
2204:(mp3 format)
2178:The Standard
2176:
2152:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:the original
2079:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:the original
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1946:the original
1941:
1932:
1923:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1887:the original
1877:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1797:
1782:
1774:the original
1764:
1756:the original
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1728:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1672:
1664:
1644:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1617:
1607:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:the original
1554:
1545:
1531:
1523:the original
1509:
1501:the original
1491:
1482:
1473:
1455:
1447:the original
1437:
1428:
1419:
1411:the original
1401:
1392:
1383:
1375:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1343:
1334:
1325:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1250:
1246:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1145:
1115:
1107:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:the original
1072:
1063:
1052:
1025:. Retrieved
992:
975:LGBTQ portal
770:
766:
740:lobby groups
728:
709:
698:
662:
649:
645:prostitution
618:
606:
582:
574:
563:
551:
532:
524:infiltration
521:
497:
492:
488:
483:
479:
464:
455:
434:
430:civil unions
423:
396:
381:
376:
358:
336:
307:
256:
247:Shona people
241:people, the
217:
210:
206:human rights
186:marginalised
170:South Africa
164:
129:
111:Restrictions
15:
2539:recognition
2492:South Sudan
2382:Ivory Coast
2060:16 November
2035:16 November
2010:16 November
1836:Mambaonline
1817:14 November
1736:14 November
1711:Mambaonline
1695:Mambaonline
1665:Mambaonline
1565:14 November
1376:Mambaonline
1116:Mambaonline
677:immigration
408:sodomy laws
152:anal sexual
2645:Categories
2594:(Portugal)
2552:Somaliland
2472:Seychelles
2437:Mozambique
2422:Mauritania
2407:Madagascar
2362:The Gambia
2297:Cape Verde
2051:"HIV/AIDS"
1978:"HIV/AIDS"
1460:Kai Wright
1002:References
714:, accused
633:nightclubs
369:Common law
259:San people
235:San people
190:the closet
174:Mozambique
2427:Mauritius
1807:ilga.info
1730:iol.co.za
1344:LOGO News
1327:Gay Times
1275:0305-7070
1073:LOGO News
1027:18 August
609:elections
607:The July
513:scapegoat
392:defrocked
331:ngotshana
325:ngotshana
315:ngotshana
310:pederasty
192:, commit
2618: /
2614: /
2607:(France)
2601: /
2579: /
2575: /
2527:Zimbabwe
2502:Tanzania
2352:Ethiopia
2347:Eswatini
2327:Djibouti
2292:Cameroon
2277:Botswana
2111:Advocate
1852:BBC News
1620:. London
1463:Archived
1354:23 March
1319:Archived
1083:23 March
961:See also
744:HIV test
725:HIV/AIDS
701:Anglican
685:Missouri
671:seeking
641:Bulawayo
590:Bulawayo
547:Brussels
439:Politics
404:lesbians
280:koetsire
275:Khoikhoi
239:Khoikhoi
213:lesbians
198:emigrate
166:Zimbabwe
132:Zimbabwe
120:Adoption
77:Military
49:Rhodesia
35:Zimbabwe
2603:RĂ©union
2599:Mayotte
2590:Madeira
2585:(Spain)
2581:Melilla
2512:Tunisia
2482:Somalia
2467:Senegal
2452:Nigeria
2442:Namibia
2432:Morocco
2397:Liberia
2392:Lesotho
2342:Eritrea
2312:Comoros
2287:Burundi
2262:Algeria
2173:Archive
2116:19 July
2090:19 July
1869:gay.com
1555:hrw.org
1255:Bibcode
731:plagued
623:in the
543:torture
295:Ndebele
286:soregus
243:Ndebele
231:Western
194:suicide
58:Penalty
2622:
2605:
2592:
2522:Zambia
2517:Uganda
2457:Rwanda
2412:Malawi
2372:Guinea
2267:Angola
1982:UNICEF
1294:, 2001
1273:
1162:28 May
748:UNICEF
673:asylum
637:Harare
602:Kwekwe
598:Mutare
586:Harare
507:about
485:world.
373:sodomy
348:mwaami
271:Guruve
237:, the
148:Sodomy
43:Status
2577:Ceuta
2497:Sudan
2447:Niger
2402:Libya
2387:Kenya
2367:Ghana
2357:Gabon
2332:Egypt
2272:Benin
2161:U.S.
2026:"FAQ"
1624:7 May
1137:(PDF)
1049:(PDF)
1022:(PDF)
665:Kenya
621:taboo
594:Gweru
320:Shona
303:Shona
196:, or
136:LGBTQ
2507:Togo
2417:Mali
2307:Chad
2118:2020
2092:2020
2062:2017
2037:2017
2012:2017
1819:2007
1738:2007
1626:2010
1567:2007
1356:2007
1271:ISSN
1164:2019
1085:2007
1029:2023
945:MSMs
699:The
639:and
600:and
467:GALZ
257:The
91:None
2175:).
2151:."
1905:BBC
1263:doi
428:or
343:Ila
318:in
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