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Master of Laws

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788:), and its research masters either MPhil (Master of Philosophy) or MSt (Master of Studies). Oxford continues to name its principal postgraduate law degree the B.C.L. for largely historic reasons, as the B.C.L. is one of the oldest and most senior degrees, having been conferred since the sixteenth century. The M.Jur. was introduced in 1991. At present there is no LL.M. degree conferred by the university. Oxford claims that the B.C.L. is "the most highly regarded taught masters-level qualification in the common law world". Additionally, the University of Oxford introduced the MSc in Law and Finance (MLF) and the MSc in Taxation in 2010 and 2016, respectively. 226:, where students who have completed the Graduate Diploma of Legal Practice (which law graduates must obtain before being able to be admitted as a solicitor/barrister), will be granted some credit towards the Master qualification. Other variants of the LL.M. are more similar to the LL.M. available in the wider Commonwealth but under a different title, for example Master of Commercial Law, Master of International Law or Master of Human Rights Law. These courses are usually more specialised than a standard LL.M. 615: 808: 503:
five-year professional Norwegian law degree program is thus considered to correspond to a LL.M specialization. In addition, the universities with legal faculties at the masters level offers several LL.M programmes. For example, Universitetet i Oslo offers tuition-free LL.M courses in Public International Law, Maritime Law, Information and Communication Technology (ICT Law), as well as distinct specializations in human rights.
255:(CESL) in Beijing is a Double Master Programme including a Master of Chinese Law and a Master of European and International Law. The Master of European and International Law is taught in English, open for international students and can be studied as a single master programme. CESL also offers an International Master of Chinese Law (IMCL) which is an LL.M. in Chinese law taught entirely in English. 239:
foreign law graduates would then have to obtain articles with a law firm, take the professional legal training course, and pass the professional exams to be called to the bar in a province. The University of British Columbia's LLM in Common Law is an example of one of a few LLM courses that help to prepare students for the professional exams.
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others offer the degree through online study. Some LL.M. programs feature a general study of American law. Degree requirements vary by school, and they often differ for LL.M. students who previously earned a J.D. from an American law school and LL.M. students who previously earned a law degree from a non-American law school.
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thesis that makes a significant contribution to their field of research. Course-based LL.M. degrees do not require a significant research paper. An LL.M. can be studied part-time, and at some schools, through distance learning. LL.M. degrees can be general, or students can choose to pursue a specialized area of research.
71:) is an advanced postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree, a professional law degree, or an undergraduate degree in a related subject. In most jurisdictions, the LL.M. is the advanced professional degree for those usually already admitted into legal practice. 489:
To be allowed to practice law in the Netherlands, one needs an LL.M. degree with a specific set of courses in litigation law. The Dutch Order of Lawyers (NOVA) require these courses for every potential candidate lawyer who wants to be conditionally written in the district court for three years. After
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has a taught postgraduate law course, which formerly conferred an LL.B. on successful candidates (undergraduates studying law at Cambridge received a B.A.). In 1982 the LL.B. for postgraduate students was replaced with a more conventional LL.M. to avoid confusion with undergraduate degrees in other
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are LL.M. degree awarding institutions. Completing a LL.M. qualification in Pakistan consists of studying eight subjects in four semesters. This spans over a period of two years and also requires the student to write a thesis on a proposed topic. A student has to pass in each of the subject in order
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Foreign trained lawyers who wish to practice in Canada will first need to have their education and experience assessed by the Federation of Law Societies of Canada's National Committee on Accreditation. Upon having received a certificate of accreditation from the National Committee on Accreditation,
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In Canada, the LL.M. is generally open to law graduates holding an LL.B., LL.L., B.C.L., or a J.D. as a first degree. Students can choose to take research-based LL.M. degrees or course-based LL.M. degrees. Research-based LL.M. degrees are one- or two-year programs that require students to write a
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The length of time to study an LL.M. program depends on the mode of study. Most full-time on-campus courses take one academic year to complete. Other students may complete their LL.M. program on a part-time basis over two years, and courses are increasingly available online. Part-time online courses
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Masters degree (LL.M) is the standard graduate degree among law practitioners in Sweden. The masters programme takes four and half years to complete. At most universities, the last one and a half years are specialization at advanced level (advanced level courses and thesis). It is possible to get a
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countries face more lenient restrictions and may not need to study at an ABA-approved law school. Foreign lawyers from both civil law and common law jurisdictions, however, are required to demonstrate that they have successfully completed a course of law studies of at least three years that would
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In Taiwan, law can be studied as a postgraduate degree resulting in an LL.M. Some LL.M. programs in Taiwan are offered to students with or without a legal background. However, the graduation requirements for students with a legal background are lower than for those students who do not have a legal
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has launched an online LLM for international professionals. The course is taken over two years, with the first covering online lessons through video and assignments, the second year is for the dissertation and an online defense is required at the end. Students are required to attend Beijing for an
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offers an LL.M. in Sustainable International Development, the first program of its kind to focus on international development law. LL.M. students in this program are also able to elect for a concentration in Indigenous Rights Law. Similarly, the school offers a separate LL.M. degree in Asian and
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The Norwegian legal degrees master i rettsvitenskap (English for master in jurisprudence) are officially translated to English as Master of Laws (LL.M.), as these degrees are more comprehensive than the basic graduate law degree in common law countries (e.g., J.D. and LL.B). The last year in the
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LL.M. degrees are often earned by students wishing to develop more concentrated expertise in a particular area of law. Pursuing an LL.M. degree may also allow law students to build a professional network. Some associations provide LL.M. degree holders with structures designed to strengthen their
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In the United States, the acquisition of an LL.M. degree is often a way to specialize in an area of law such as tax law, business law, international business law, health law, trial advocacy, environmental law or intellectual property. A number of schools have combined J.D.-LL.M. programs, while
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The LL.M. is available at China University of Political Science and Law, and the entrance requirements are: native English competency, or near native English, with any bachelor's degree. The program is flexible and allows students to study Mandarin and assists with organizing work experience in
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Universities in Pakistan teach comparative constitutional law, comparative human rights law and comparative jurisprudence as mandatory subjects. The programs also include research methodology and four elective subjects, which may include company law, taxation law, intellectual property law and
190:, typically an LL.B. or J.D. Some programs are exceptions to this, requiring only an undergraduate degree or extensive experience in a related field. Full-time LL.M. programs usually last one year and vary in their graduation requirements. Most programs require or allow students to write a 696:, an LL.M. programme is open to those holding a recognised legal qualification, generally an undergraduate degree in Laws or equivalent. They do not have to be or intend to be legal practitioners. An LL.M. is not required, nor is it a sufficient qualification in itself to practise as a 468:
In Italy the term "master" often refers to a vocational master, 6 or 12 months long, on specific areas, such as "law and internet security", or "law of administrative management", is often taught part-time to allow professionals already working in the field to improve their skills.
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offers both master programs in Italian and in English, depending on the school. They are often called "laurea specialistica", that is, the second step of the Bologna plan (European curriculum), and in this case they last two years. For example, the
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A wide range of LL.M. programs are available worldwide, allowing students to focus on almost any area of the law. Most universities offer only a small number of LL.M. programs. One of the most popular LL.M. degrees in the United States is in
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Similar to the United Kingdom, a master's degree in law in India is basically opted to specialize in particular areas of law. Traditionally the most popular areas of specialization in these master's degrees in law in India have been
219:, the LL.M. is generally only open to law graduates. However, some universities permit non-law graduates to undertake variants of the degree. There are nearly 100 LLM courses in Australia across 25 institutions taught in English. 743:
simply offer one program. Some institutions allow those without a first degree in law onto their LL.M. programme. Examples of such programmes include the Master of Studies in Legal Research at Oxford, the LL.M. degrees at the
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background (to account for fundamental legal subjects that were taken during undergraduate studies). Students studying in an LL.M. program normally take three years to earn the necessary credits and finish a master's thesis.
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degree. In the former case, the degree comprises advanced coursework in a specific area of law as well as limited related research, usually in the form of a short dissertation, while in the latter, the degree is entirely
351:. An LL.B. degree is usually required for admission, but for some specialised programmes, such as the LL.M. in Human Rights programme offered by HKU, require an undergraduate degree in laws or any related discipline. 1068:(usually but not necessarily in an LL.M. program) at an ABA-approved law school involving at least two basic subjects tested on the New York bar exam, including 12 credits in specific areas of law. Lawyers from 265:
LL.M degree programs are available at many other universities in Mainland China, such as at Peking University, Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, and Shanghai International Studies University.
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offers an approach to the LL.M. qualification by starting the master's programme as undergraduates. Students completing this four-year programme graduate with a combined LL.M. and
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universities. Additionally in 2012 the University of Cambridge introduced the M.C.L. (Masters of Corporate Law) aimed at postgraduate students with interests in corporate law.
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In addition, legal practice in the home jurisdiction plus a certain amount of coursework at an accredited law school qualifies a foreign legal graduate to take the bar exam in
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provides an LL.M. in Space, Cyber & Telecommunications Law, the only program providing focused study in these three areas. The program was established using a grant from
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offers an LL.M. suite, accessible to legal and social science graduates, leading to specialisms in sustainable development, corporate governance, devolution or human rights.
1147: 445:, an advanced two-year programme for non-law graduates. The degree is a qualifying law degree for admittance to the entrance exams of the Honorable Society of King's Inns. 2372: 2334: 2297: 2260: 923: 1089:, the oldest school of international affairs in the United States. Given that the degree specializes in international law, the program has not sought ABA accreditation. 1319:
Report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.
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offers an LL.M. in American Indian and Indigenous Peoples Law to JD graduates from ABA-accredited US schools or LL.B or equivalent from accredited non-US schools.
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introductory week in September to enroll and meet students and staff. Students also have the opportunity to take work experience at a top five law firm in China.
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Some LL.M. programs, particularly in the United States, and also in China, focus on teaching foreign lawyers the basic legal principles of the host country.
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The Master of Laws programmes offered in Portugal are extremely varied but do not, for the most part, use the designation LL.M., being more commonly called
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Beijing and other cities in China. It normally takes two years, but can be completed in one and a half years if students take the required credits in time.
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and means "of the laws". When used in the plural, it signifies a specific body of laws, as opposed to the general collective concept embodied in the word
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Historically, the LL.M. degree is an element particular to the education system of English speaking countries, which is based on a distinction between
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offers an LL.M in International Human Rights Law to JD graduates from ABA-accredited US schools or LL.B or equivalent from accredited non-US schools.
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The LL.M. program is a postgraduate program, typically for individuals who either possess a law degree or have qualified as a lawyer. The word
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offers the LL.M. in International and Comparative Law, with students having the option to complete both it and their J.D. simultaneously.
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offers an officer's resident graduate course, a specialized program beyond the first degree in law, leading to an LL.M. in Military Law.
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with an international theme have specifically adopted the LL.M designation: the LL.M in European and Transglobal Business Law at the
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Government Decree on University Degrees (794/2004) section 31. Candidate of Laws was the pre-Bologna name for the graduate degree.
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A further 11 institutions in France offer almost 20 other LLM programs taught in English, with specialisms including European Law.
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and the LL.M. Law in a European and Global Context and the Advanced LL.M. in International Business Law, both at the
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In Finland, an LL.M. is the standard graduate degree required to practice law. No other qualifications are required.
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degrees. Over the past years, however, specialized LL.M. programs have been introduced in many European countries.
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offers a 2 years LLM on Sustainable Development. In South Tyrol programmes are also taught in German, as in
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There is one institution that offers an ABA-approved LL.M, that does not offer a J.D. degree: The U.S. Army
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offer J.D. students the opportunity to simultaneously pursue an LL.M. in International and Comparative Law.
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An LL.M. degree from an ABA-approved law school qualifies a foreign legal graduate to take the bar exam in
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An LL.M. is also typically a requirement for entry into the research doctoral programs in law, such as the
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bachelor's degree after three years, but the vast majority of legal practitioners in Sweden have a LL.M.
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etc. LL.M programs in India were previously two years in duration but presently typically last one year.
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also allow the student to gain an LL.M. qualification on top of these professional courses by writing a
725: 705: 516: 1940: 1241: 2578: 2500: 2456: 2362: 2348: 2306: 2251: 1043: 1003: 957: 777: 494:", a lawyer is eligible to have his own practice and is unconditionally written in a court for life. 133: 31: 2514: 2491: 2476: 630: 222:
Unique variants of the LL.M. exist, such as the Master of Legal Practice (M.L.P.) available at the
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and practice law in most states and countries, a person must first obtain a law degree. In most
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takes two years to finish and involves a dissertation, there are some shorter variants. A few
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graduates, although holders of other law degrees, such as the BProc, may be able to apply if
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only recognize J.D. degrees from accredited law schools as qualification to take the bar.
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to qualify for LL.M. degree, and the passing mark is set at 60%. The program is taught in
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connections among peers and to access a competitive business environment, much like an
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countries to sit for the New York bar exam once they have completed a minimum of 24
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Under "Data notes" this article mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.
1160: 1019: 1015: 837: 832: 729: 626: 369: 328: 286:, the LL.M. is in English. The LL.M. in International Business Law is available at 157: 92: 1850: 956:-approved law school also allows a foreign lawyer to become eligible to apply for 2145: 2020: 1879: 1297:"U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education" 186:
LL.M. programs are usually only open to those students who have first obtained a
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based. The first type, typically, comprises "practice-oriented" topics (e.g. in
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A number of universities and colleges in Ireland offer LL.M. programs, such as
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fulfill the educational requirements to bar admission in their home country.
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receiving all the diplomas prescribed by NOVA and under supervision of a "
17: 1011: 1825: 1201:"So, You Want to Become a Lawyer – University of Toronto Faculty of Law" 592:, the LL.M. is in English. The LL.M. in International Business Law from 301:
Very good English level, with master's degree in law (or equivalent); or
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As of 2008, there is one LL.M. degree in International Law offered by
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The UK offers over 1000 different LL.Ms. Large law faculties such as
639: 491: 283: 191: 80: 1603:"Beijing Foreign Studies University Announces Online LL.M. Programs" 1345:"USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels" 1655: 557: 992: 988: 655: 651: 613: 453: 291: 52: 2079: 1802:"LLM Degree in the United Kingdom (1015 courses) | LLMStudy.com" 1518: 1119: 1027: 416: 153:, sometimes referred to as an MLT (Master of Laws in Taxation). 117:(S.J.D or J.S.D.), the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D. or DPhil) or 2215: 1427: 167:
In the Netherlands and its former colonies, the title used was
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and a partnership with the U.S. Air Force Strategic Command.
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by Margaret O'Brien, Sunday Business Post, 4 September 2011.
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LL.M. degree programmes are offered by the law faculties of
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Alternative diploma and four years' professional experience.
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unconventionally names its taught masters of laws B.C.L. (
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is also available in Mauritius in Medine Village campus.
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offer multiple different programs, whilst other such as
125:(in Germany), the Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.), and the 1964:"Foreign Lawyers Can Now Practice in Texas - JDJournal" 748:
and LL.M.s at the University of Leicester In addition,
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and/or by completing supplementary LL.B. coursework.
110:, from which the words "juris" and "justice" derive. 1660:
Paris-Panthéon-Assas University | International
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Association of American Universities Data Exchange.
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The course is flexible and allows students to study
2528: 2447: 2406: 2399: 2371: 2333: 2324: 2296: 2259: 2250: 1681:"LLM Degree in France (18 courses) | LLMStudy.com" 633:offered both as a course-based and research-based 596:is also available in Singapore in Insead campus. 178:can take between two and five years to complete. 1148:Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School 2005:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 91:(LL.B.) is required. In the United States, the 2549:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) 2021:http://www.nybarexam.org/Rules/Rules.htm#520.6 1705:Hibernia moves to meet the demand for teachers 658:programmes. Admission is generally limited to 102:is the genitive plural form of the Latin word 2227: 2102:"Sustainable International Development LL.M." 1983:. Archived from the original on 31 March 2010 1836: 1834: 1116:University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Law 924: 521:Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto University of Law 419:), National University of Ireland, Maynooth ( 160:are popular, often referred to as LL.M. Eur ( 8: 991:, as well as in the independent republic of 441:also offers the Masters in Common Law (MCL/ 30:"LL.M." redirects here. For other uses, see 556:(Master's Degree in Law), like the ones at 525:International Islamic University, Islamabad 477:The LLM in International Business Law from 65: 57: 2403: 2330: 2256: 2234: 2220: 2212: 1220:"Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education" 1077:International law and other LL.M. programs 931: 917: 795: 415:, National University of Ireland, Galway ( 375:With the establishment of the specialized 123:Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften (Dr. iur.) 1853:. University of Cambridge, Faculty of Law 1845: 1843: 1267:San Diego County Bar Association (1969). 1034:. However, a number of states, including 529:Government College University, Faisalabad 2126:. University of Washington School of Law 1899: 1897: 1083:The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy 704:, since this requires completion of the 574:School of Law of the University of Minho 1870: 1868: 1413:"North Carolina Board of Law Examiners" 1192: 881: 855: 814: 798: 381:National Law School of India University 294:), the oldest school of law in France. 2148:University of Washington School of Law 2104:University of Washington School of Law 2001:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1994: 1905:"BCL/MJUR Profile, Class of 2013/2014" 1878:. University of Oxford. Archived from 1372:Degrees Offered by College and Subject 1295:German Federal Ministry of Education. 1246:InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics 1140:University of Washington School of Law 443:Magisterii in Jure Communi, M.Jur.Com) 2124:"Indigenous Rights Law Concentration" 1563:"International Master of Chinese Law" 1343:U.S. Department of Education (2008). 7: 1781:"This website was recently revamped" 1760:"This website was recently revamped" 1517:. Lawschoolchina.com. Archived from 1332:. Vol. 3. 2002. p. 962:1a. 1240:National Science Foundation (2006). 948:Programs for foreign legal graduates 800:Legal education in the United States 760:professional qualification or BPTC. 2146:"Asian & Comparative Law LL.M." 1374:. 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Archived from 806: 722:Bar Professional Training Course 710:Bar Professional Training Course 2288:Certificate of Higher Education 1182:List of Master of Laws programs 737:Queen Mary University of London 606:Legal education in South Africa 377:autonomous law schools in India 297:The entrance requirements are: 1541:"China-EU School of Law, CUPL" 1387:"About Use – The Melbourne JD" 224:Australian National University 1: 1585:"Online Chinese Law Programs" 1105:Duke University School of Law 578:CatĂłlica Global School of Law 156:In Europe, LL.M. programs in 1060:allows foreign lawyers from 890:Law School Admission Council 349:City University of Hong Kong 2284:Diploma of Higher Education 848:Doctor of Juridical Science 562:LusĂ­ada University of Porto 379:in 1987 (the first was the 341:The University of Hong Kong 115:Doctor of Juridical Science 2595: 1370:College Blue Book (1999). 874:Continuing legal education 750:Queen's University Belfast 712:, or, if in Scotland, the 603: 29: 27:Postgraduate degree in law 2019:22 NYCRR §520.6(b)(3)(vi) 1937:"Post-graduate ebrochure" 1605:. Llm Guide. 22 June 2012 1385:University of Melbourne. 714:Diploma in Legal Practice 594:PanthĂ©on-Assas University 564:. Although the classical 479:PanthĂ©on-Assas University 439:University College Dublin 389:intellectual property law 288:PanthĂ©on-Assas University 206:LL.M. programs by country 1565:. China-EU School of Law 1446:"Admission Requirements" 1177:Master of Studies in Law 1098:University of Notre Dame 952:An LL.M. degree from an 905:Practising Law Institute 900:American Bar Association 720:. Some providers of the 513:University of the Punjab 2280:Higher National Diploma 1826:University of Leicester 1330:Encyclopædia Britannica 1269:"Ethics Opinion 1969-5" 770:University of Cambridge 746:University of Edinburgh 619:University of Fort Hare 413:University College Cork 393:international trade law 2080:"Master of Laws (LLM)" 966:state bar associations 754:Northumbria University 622: 533:University of Sargodha 429:Northumbria University 425:Law Society of Ireland 409:Trinity College Dublin 405:Dublin City University 253:China-EU School of Law 162:Master of European Law 144:Types of LL.M. degrees 66: 58: 2387:Candidate of Sciences 2082:. University of Tulsa 1126:St. Mary's University 1094:Notre Dame Law School 782:Bachelor of Civil Law 758:Legal Practice Course 726:Legal Practice Course 706:Legal Practice Course 664:admitted as attorneys 617: 517:University of Karachi 169:Meester in de Rechten 2457:Academic certificate 2349:Postgraduate diploma 1876:"Postgraduate Study" 1452:on 14 September 2010 1432:barexam.virginia.gov 1004:District of Columbia 958:admission to the bar 869:Admission to the bar 778:University of Oxford 427:in partnership with 251:The flagship of the 32:LLM (disambiguation) 2492:Professional degree 1393:on 17 December 2007 1351:on 14 December 2007 856:Exams and licensure 631:postgraduate degree 566:Mestrado em Direito 554:Mestrado em Direito 459:University of Milan 2419:Doctor of Sciences 2192:. Jagcnet.army.mil 1851:"Postgraduate Law" 1109:Cornell Law School 623: 362:constitutional law 2561: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2511:Specialist degree 2395: 2394: 2363:Engineer's degree 2320: 2319: 2307:Bachelor's degree 2275:Foundation degree 1943:on 22 August 2015 1143:Comparative Law. 941: 940: 718:distance learning 629:, the LL.M. is a 511:In Pakistan, the 119:doctorat en droit 16:(Redirected from 2586: 2574:Master's degrees 2497:Graduate diploma 2414:Higher doctorate 2404: 2331: 2270:Associate degree 2257: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2213: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2039:on 11 April 2010 2035:. 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Index

LLM degree
LLM (disambiguation)
Latin
lawyer
common law
Bachelor of Laws
Juris Doctor
Doctor of Juridical Science
doctorat en droit
Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften (Dr. iur.)
Doctor of Laws
bachelor's
master's
tax law
European law
Master of European Law
Meester in de Rechten
degree in law
thesis
MBA degree
Australia
Australian National University
China-EU School of Law
Beijing Foreign Studies University
France
Panthéon-Assas University
Paris
French
Germany
Staatsexamen

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