154:
31:
247:
487:
629:
Cooper, Jerrold S., Sumerian and
Semitic Writing in Most Ancient Syro-Mesopotamia. P.63-65. In: "Languages and Cultures in Contact. At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm." Proceedings of the 42nd RAI - Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 96, K. Van Lerberghe and G. Voet
661:
Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State
Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen.,
597:
Glassner, Jean-Jacques, 2000: Les petits etats Mésopotamiens à la fin du 4e et au cours du 3e millénaire. In: Hansen, Mogens Herman (ed.) A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State
Cultures. The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Copenhagen.,
582:
Plamen Rusev, Mesalim, Lugal Na Kish: Politicheska
Istoriia Na Ranen Shumer (XXVIII-XXVI V. Pr. N. E.), Faber, 2001 (in Bulgarian) Mesalim, Lugal of Kish. Political History of Early Sumer (XXVIII–XXVI century
568:
Westenholz, Aage (2002), Hansen, Morgens Herman (ed.), "The
Sumerian city-state: A comparative study of six city-state cultures: an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Center",
339:(as well as most of the rest of Sumer), although the various terms may have expressed different aspects of the Mesopotamian concept of kingship. A
282:
would include certain ceremonial and cultic activities, arbitration in border disputes, military defence against external enemies, and once the
549:
522:
153:
678:
270:, and a ruler who headed a confederacy or larger dominion composed of several cities, perhaps even the whole of Sumer, was a
652:
Jacobsen, Thorkild, 1970: "Early political development in
Mesopotamia", ZA 52: 91-140; repr. in TIT 132-156, 366-396.
345:
at that time is assumed to have been "normally a young man of outstanding qualities from a rich landowning family."
42:– as stated in the inscription of circa mid-3rd millennium BC, inscription including the Sumerian cuneiform sign of
191:), indicating that the following word is the name of a king. In Akkadian orthography, it may also be a syllabogram
30:
683:
415:, for addressing kings or pharaohs, and elsewhere in speaking about various kings. One common address, in the
246:
105:, the exact difference being a subject of debate). The sign eventually became the predominant logograph for "
327:
to have been merely three local designations for the sovereign, accepted respectively in the city-states of
266:
in 3rd-millennium Sumer. Some scholars believe that a ruler of an individual city-state was usually called
142:
688:
416:
302:("master"). All of the above is connected to the possibly priestly or sacral character of the titles
387:
486:
59:
349:
theorized that he was originally an (elected) war leader, as opposed to the (likewise elected)
545:
539:
518:
512:
346:
184:
180:
134:
110:
67:
119:
is used to mean an owner (e.g. of a boat or a field) or a head (of a unit such as a family).
508:
188:
412:
95:
672:
176:
371:
363:
492:
379:
375:
610:"The Mortal Kings of Ur: A Short Century of Divine Rule in Ancient Mesopotamia"
482:
472:
456:
164:
130:
35:
172:
126:
123:
138:
70:
term for "king, ruler". Literally, the term means "big man." In
Sumerian,
293:
83:
75:
310:(the latter term continuing to designate priests in subsequent times).
424:
367:
101:
609:
420:
328:
17:
617:
Religion and Power: Divine
Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond
245:
152:
90:
29:
332:
260:
There are different theories regarding the meaning of the title
106:
356:
Among the earliest rulers whose inscriptions describe them as
396:
was used to designate a contemporary sovereign in
Sumerian.
292:
of Lagash would sometimes refer to the city's patron deity,
175:
sign LUGAL 𒈗 (Borger nr. 151, Unicode U+12217) serves as a
383:
336:
93:
titles that a ruler of a city-state could bear (alongside
357:
63:
572:(27), Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzels Forlag, 23-42.: 34–35
195:, acrophonically based on the Akkadian for "king",
538:Mills, Watson E.; Roger Aubrey Bullard (1990).
202:Unicode also includes the cuneiform characters
391:
340:
322:
297:
283:
277:
271:
261:
251:
158:
114:
52:
43:
643:University of Oklahoma Press (1995), page 54.
608:Michalowski, Piotr (2008), Brisch, N. (ed.),
288:has died, the eldest son must take over. The
8:
563:
561:
593:
591:
589:
250:Evolution of anthropomorphic cuneiforms,
544:. Mercer University Press. p. 975.
463:being the Akkadian phonetic supplement.
163:" in archaic and early cuneiform on the
500:
619:, Chicago: The Oriental Institute: 33
7:
382:and several of their successors at
353:, who dealt with internal issues.
226:CUNEIFORM SIGN LUGAL OPPOSING LUGAL
25:
34:Detail of the Sumerian statue of
485:
213:CUNEIFORM SIGN LUGAL OVER LUGAL
570:Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter
541:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
1:
256:appears in the right columns.
358:
411:is used extensively in the
705:
517:. Routledge. p. 283.
443:+ the first person suffix
419:of many letters, from the
276:. The functions of such a
159:
53:
679:Cuneiform determinatives
313:Other scholars consider
86:" is "great", or "big."
27:Sumerian term for rulers
439:the construct state of
392:
341:
323:
298:
284:
278:
272:
262:
252:
115:
44:
257:
168:
89:It was one of several
48:
455:, with LUGAL written
447:); they used Lugal +
403:in the Amarna letters
249:
156:
109:" in general. In the
33:
386:. At least from the
179:in cuneiform texts (
388:Third Dynasty of Ur
514:The Sumerian World
511:(29 August 2013).
258:
169:
49:
551:978-0-86554-373-7
524:978-1-136-21912-2
509:Crawford, Harriet
457:Sumerographically
347:Thorkild Jacobsen
111:Sumerian language
16:(Redirected from
696:
663:
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227:
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219:
214:
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162:
161:
118:
65:
56:
55:
47:
21:
704:
703:
699:
698:
697:
695:
694:
693:
684:Sumerian titles
669:
668:
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666:
660:
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651:
647:
638:
634:
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581:
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566:
559:
552:
537:
536:
532:
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507:
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491:
484:
481:
469:
423:writing to the
405:
306:and especially
244:
225:
222:
217:
216:
212:
209:
204:
203:
151:
78:" is "man" and
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
702:
700:
692:
691:
686:
681:
671:
670:
665:
664:
654:
645:
639:H.W.F. Saggs,
632:
630:(eds.), Leuven
622:
600:
585:
575:
557:
550:
530:
523:
499:
498:
497:
496:
480:
477:
476:
475:
468:
465:
413:Amarna letters
404:
398:
390:onwards, only
243:
230:
150:
147:
141:, rendered in
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
701:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
674:
658:
655:
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642:
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633:
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623:
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542:
534:
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200:
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182:
178:
177:determinative
174:
166:
155:
148:
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144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
120:
117:
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108:
104:
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98:
97:
92:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
57:
46:
41:
37:
32:
19:
689:Royal titles
657:
648:
641:Babylonians,
640:
635:
625:
616:
603:
578:
569:
540:
533:
513:
503:
460:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:was to use:
417:introduction
408:
406:
400:
364:Enmebaragesi
355:
350:
318:
314:
312:
307:
303:
289:
267:
259:
240:
236:
232:
201:
196:
192:
170:
143:Neo Assyrian
121:
100:
94:
88:
79:
71:
51:
50:
40:King of Adab
39:
493:Asia portal
435:"my king":
380:Mesannepada
376:Meskalamdug
296:, as their
673:Categories
473:Lugalbanda
165:Lugal-dalu
131:Sumerogram
36:Lugal-dalu
407:The term
223:𒈙
210:𒈘
173:cuneiform
149:Cuneiform
133:) LUGAL (
127:logograph
124:cuneiform
66:) is the
467:See also
294:Ningirsu
185:Akkadian
181:Sumerian
91:Sumerian
68:Sumerian
60:Sumerian
425:pharaoh
421:vassals
368:Mesilim
218:U+12219
205:U+12218
189:Hittite
135:Unicode
548:
521:
459:while
453:Šàr-ri
441:šarrum
429:Šàr-ri
374:, and
359:lugals
329:Lagash
220:
215:, and
207:
197:šarrum
167:statue
613:(PDF)
479:Notes
433:šarri
409:Lugal
401:Lugal
393:lugal
342:lugal
324:lugal
299:lugal
290:ensis
285:lugal
279:lugal
273:lugal
263:lugal
253:Lugal
233:Lugal
160:Lugal
122:As a
116:lugal
54:Lugal
45:lugal
18:LUGAL
662:P.47
598:P.48
583:BC.)
546:ISBN
519:ISBN
372:Kish
366:and
362:are
335:and
333:Uruk
321:and
315:ensi
304:ensi
268:ensi
239:and
237:ensi
187:and
171:The
107:King
102:ensi
99:and
437:šar
431:, (
370:at
193:šàr
145:).
80:gal
675::
615:,
588:^
560:^
461:ri
451:=
449:ri
445:-i
384:Ur
378:,
351:en
337:Ur
331:,
319:en
317:,
308:en
241:en
235:,
228:.
199:.
183:,
139:𒈗
137::
113:,
96:en
84:𒃲
76:𒇽
72:lú
64:𒈗
62::
38:,
554:.
527:.
157:"
129:(
82:"
74:"
58:(
20:)
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