323:, he spent about 40 years (1882–1922) and a considerable part of his fortune trying to reproduce the experiments of Moissan and Hannay, but also adapted processes of his own. Parsons was known for his painstakingly accurate approach and methodical record keeping; all his resulting samples were preserved for further analysis by an independent party. He wrote a number of articles—some of the earliest on HPHT diamond—in which he claimed to have produced small diamonds. However, in 1928, he authorized Dr. C. H. Desch to publish an article in which he stated his belief that no synthetic diamonds (including those of Moissan and others) had been produced up to that date. He suggested that most diamonds that had been produced up to that point were likely synthetic
613:
762:. The diamond yield is about 10% of the initial graphite weight. The estimated cost of diamond produced by this method is comparable to that of the HPHT method but the crystalline perfection of the product is significantly worse for the ultrasonic synthesis. This technique requires relatively simple equipment and procedures, and has been reported by two research groups, but had no industrial use as of 2008. Numerous process parameters, such as preparation of the initial graphite powder, the choice of ultrasonic power, synthesis time and the solvent, were not optimized, leaving a window for potential improvement of the efficiency and reduction of the cost of the ultrasonic synthesis.
1287:. The revised guides were substantially contrary to what had been advocated in 2016 by De Beers. The new guidelines remove the word "natural" from the definition of "diamond", thus including lab-grown diamonds within the scope of the definition of "diamond". The revised guide further states that "If a marketer uses 'synthetic' to imply that a competitor's lab-grown diamond is not an actual diamond, ... this would be deceptive." In July 2019, the third party diamond certification lab GIA (Gemological Institute of America) dropped the word 'synthetic' from its certification process and report for lab-grown diamonds, according to the FTC revision.
601:-shaped volume. The cubic press was created shortly thereafter to increase the volume to which pressure could be applied. A cubic press is typically smaller than a belt press and can more rapidly achieve the pressure and temperature necessary to create synthetic diamond. However, cubic presses cannot be easily scaled up to larger volumes: the pressurized volume can be increased by using larger anvils, but this also increases the amount of force needed on the anvils to achieve the same pressure. An alternative is to decrease the surface area to volume ratio of the pressurized volume, by using more anvils to converge upon a higher-order
715:
336:
33:
970:
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industrial applications, the flexibility and simplicity of CVD setups explain the popularity of CVD growth in laboratory research. The advantages of CVD diamond growth include the ability to grow diamond over large areas and on various substrates, and the fine control over the chemical impurities and thus properties of the diamond produced. Unlike HPHT, CVD process does not require high pressures, as the growth typically occurs at pressures under 27 kPa (3.9 psi).
648:
731:
immersed in water, the chamber cools rapidly after the explosion, suppressing conversion of newly produced diamond into more stable graphite. In a variation of this technique, a metal tube filled with graphite powder is placed in the detonation chamber. The explosion heats and compresses the graphite to an extent sufficient for its conversion into diamond. The product is always rich in graphite and other non-diamond carbon forms, and requires prolonged boiling in hot
1197:
258:
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629:(e.g., tungsten carbide or VK10 hard alloy). The outer octahedral cavity is pressed by 8 steel outer anvils. After mounting, the whole assembly is locked in a disc-type barrel with a diameter about 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The barrel is filled with oil, which pressurizes upon heating, and the oil pressure is transferred to the central cell. The synthesis capsule is heated up by a coaxial graphite heater, and the temperature is measured with a
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economic scale. Indeed, by 2023, synthetic diamonds' share had increased to 17% of the overall diamond market. They are available in yellow, pink, green, orange, blue and, to a lesser extent, colorless (or white). The yellow color comes from nitrogen impurities in the manufacturing process, while the blue color comes from boron. Other colors, such as pink or green, are achievable after synthesis using irradiation. Several companies also offer
532:(CVD). William G. Eversole reportedly achieved vapor deposition of diamond over diamond substrate in 1953, but it was not reported until 1962. Diamond film deposition was independently reproduced by Angus and coworkers in 1968 and by Deryagin and Fedoseev in 1970. Whereas Eversole and Angus used large, expensive, single-crystal diamonds as substrates, Deryagin and Fedoseev succeeded in making diamond films on non-diamond materials (
469:
803:). Large, clear and transparent single-crystal diamonds are typically used as gemstones. Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) consists of numerous small grains, which are easily seen by the naked eye through strong light absorption and scattering; it is unsuitable for gems and is used for industrial applications such as mining and cutting tools. Polycrystalline diamond is often described by the average size (or
1146:(at room temperature). Diamond is also distinguished from most other semiconductors by the lack of a stable native oxide. This makes it difficult to fabricate surface MOS devices, but it does create the potential for UV radiation to gain access to the active semiconductor without absorption in a surface layer. Because of these properties, it is employed in applications such as the
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relative lack of universal knowledge for identifying large quantities of melee efficiently, not all dealers have made an effort to test diamond melee to correctly identify whether it is of natural or synthetic origin. However, international laboratories are now beginning to tackle the issue head-on, with significant improvements in synthetic melee identification being made.
269:, played a significant role. His groundbreaking discovery that a diamond's crystal lattice is similar to carbon's crystal structure paved the way for initial attempts to produce diamonds. After it was discovered that diamond was pure carbon in 1797, many attempts were made to convert various cheap forms of carbon into diamond. The earliest successes were reported by
1379:, in which this physicist states that he has, on his part, succeeded in making carbon crystallize by methods different from those of Mr. Gannal, and that a sealed packet which he deposited with the Secretary in 1824 contains the details of his initial procedures. Mr. Arago announced that he knew another person who had arrived at similar results, and
1058:. Those synthetic polycrystalline diamond windows are shaped as disks of large diameters (about 10 cm for gyrotrons) and small thicknesses (to reduce absorption) and can only be produced with the CVD technique. Single crystal slabs of dimensions of length up to approximately 10 mm are becoming increasingly important in several areas of
154:
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seeds. The container was heated and the pressure was raised to about 5.5 GPa (800,000 psi). The crystals grow as they flow from the center to the ends of the tube, and extending the length of the process produces larger crystals. Initially, a week-long growth process produced gem-quality stones of around 5 mm (0.20 in) (1
450:", which both dissolved carbon and accelerated its conversion into diamond. The largest diamond he produced was 0.15 mm (0.0059 in) across; it was too small and visually imperfect for jewelry, but usable in industrial abrasives. Hall's co-workers were able to replicate his work, and the discovery was published in the major journal
1030:. Efficient heat dissipation prolongs the lifetime of those electronic devices, and the devices' high replacement costs justify the use of efficient, though relatively expensive, diamond heat sinks. In semiconductor technology, synthetic diamond heat spreaders prevent silicon and other semiconducting devices from overheating.
791:(luster), and chemical stability (combined with marketing), make it a popular gemstone. High thermal conductivity is also important for technical applications. Whereas high optical dispersion is an intrinsic property of all diamonds, their other properties vary depending on how the diamond was created.
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are grown by HPHT or CVD methods, and represented approximately 2% of the gem-quality diamond market as of 2013. However, there are indications that the market share of synthetic jewelry-quality diamonds may grow as advances in technology allow for larger higher-quality synthetic production on a more
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optimizing the substrate temperature (about 800 °C (1,470 °F)) during the growth through a series of test runs. Moreover, optimizing the gas mixture composition and flow rates is paramount to ensure uniform and high-quality diamond growth. The gases always include a carbon source, typically
659:
The CVD growth involves substrate preparation, feeding varying amounts of gases into a chamber and energizing them. The substrate preparation includes choosing an appropriate material and its crystallographic orientation; cleaning it, often with a diamond powder to abrade a non-diamond substrate; and
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The original GE invention by Tracy Hall uses the belt press wherein the upper and lower anvils supply the pressure load to a cylindrical inner cell. This internal pressure is confined radially by a belt of pre-stressed steel bands. The anvils also serve as electrodes providing electric current to the
476:
Synthetic gem-quality diamond crystals were first produced in 1970 by GE, then reported in 1971. The first successes used a pyrophyllite tube seeded at each end with thin pieces of diamond. The graphite feed material was placed in the center and the metal solvent (nickel) between the graphite and the
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Chemical vapor deposition is a method by which diamond can be grown from a hydrocarbon gas mixture. Since the early 1980s, this method has been the subject of intensive worldwide research. Whereas the mass production of high-quality diamond crystals make the HPHT process the more suitable choice for
359:
Due to questions on the patent process and the reasonable belief that no other serious diamond synthesis research occurred globally, the board of ASEA opted against publicity and patent applications. Thus the announcement of the ASEA results occurred shortly after the GE press conference of
February
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Around 2016, the price of synthetic diamond gemstones (e.g., 1 carat stones) began dropping "precipitously" by roughly 30% in one year, becoming clearly lower than that of mined diamonds. As of 2017, synthetic diamonds sold as jewelry were typically selling for 15–20% less than natural equivalents;
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Gem-quality diamonds grown in a lab can be chemically, physically and optically identical to naturally occurring ones. The mined diamond industry has undertaken legal, marketing and distribution countermeasures to try to protect its market from the emerging presence of synthetic diamonds. Synthetic
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direction (along the longest diagonal of the cubic diamond lattice). Nanocrystalline diamond produced through CVD diamond growth can have a hardness ranging from 30% to 75% of that of single crystal diamond, and the hardness can be controlled for specific applications. Some synthetic single-crystal
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mounted in a fine copper tip. One thermistor functions as a heating device while the other measures the temperature of the copper tip: if the stone being tested is a diamond, it will conduct the tip's thermal energy rapidly enough to produce a measurable temperature drop. This test takes about 2–3
730:
10 in) in diameter) can be formed by detonating certain carbon-containing explosives in a metal chamber. These are called "detonation nanodiamonds". During the explosion, the pressure and temperature in the chamber become high enough to convert the carbon of the explosives into diamond. Being
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is claimed to be the most compact, efficient, and economical of all the diamond-producing presses. In the center of a BARS device, there is a ceramic cylindrical "synthesis capsule" of about 2 cm (0.12 cu in) in size. The cell is placed into a cube of pressure-transmitting material,
520:
Diamond
Research Laboratory has grown stones of up to 25 carats (5.0 g) for research purposes. Stable HPHT conditions were kept for six weeks to grow high-quality diamonds of this size. For economic reasons, the growth of most synthetic diamonds is terminated when they reach a mass of 1 carat
351:(Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget), Sweden's major electrical equipment manufacturing company. Starting in 1942, ASEA employed a team of five scientists and engineers as part of a top-secret diamond-making project code-named QUINTUS. The team used a bulky split-sphere apparatus designed by
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Synthetic diamond transistors have been produced in the laboratory. They remain functional at much higher temperatures than silicon devices, and are resistant to chemical and radiation damage. While no diamond transistors have yet been successfully integrated into commercial electronics, they are
770:
In 2024, scientists announced a method that utilizes injecting methane and hydrogen gases onto a liquid metal alloy of gallium, iron, nickel and silicon (77.25/11.00/11.00/0.25 ratio) at approximately 1,025 °C to crystallize diamond at 1 atmosphere of pressure. The crystallization is a ‘seedless’
426:
container, the finished grit being squeezed out of the container into a gasket. The team recorded diamond synthesis on one occasion, but the experiment could not be reproduced because of uncertain synthesis conditions, and the diamond was later shown to have been a natural diamond used as a seed.
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reactions that cannot ordinarily be studied and in some cases degrade redox-reactive organic contaminants in water supplies. Because diamond is mechanically and chemically stable, it can be used as an electrode under conditions that would destroy traditional materials. As an electrode, synthetic
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Every diamond contains atoms other than carbon in concentrations detectable by analytical techniques. Those atoms can aggregate into macroscopic phases called inclusions. Impurities are generally avoided, but can be introduced intentionally as a way to control certain properties of the diamond.
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According to a report from the Gem & Jewellery Export
Promotional Council, synthetic diamonds accounted for 0.28% of diamond produced for use as gemstones in 2014. In April 2022, CNN Business reported that engagement rings featuring a synthetic or a lab grown diamond jumped 63% compared to
539:
From 2013, reports emerged of a rise in undisclosed synthetic melee diamonds (small round diamonds typically used to frame a central diamond or embellish a band) being found in set jewelry and within diamond parcels sold in the trade. Due to the relatively low cost of diamond melee, as well as
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There are several methods used to produce synthetic diamonds. The original method uses high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) and is still widely used because of its relatively low cost. The process involves large presses that can weigh hundreds of tons to produce a pressure of 5 GPa
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onto the tool. This is typically referred to in industry as polycrystalline diamond (PCD). PCD-tipped tools can be found in mining and cutting applications. For the past fifteen years, work has been done to coat metallic tools with CVD diamond, and though the work shows promise, it has not
827:, the hardest known material on this scale. Diamond is also the hardest known natural material for its resistance to indentation. The hardness of synthetic diamond depends on its purity, crystalline perfection and orientation: hardness is higher for flawless, pure crystals oriented to the
157:
Synthetic diamonds, which have a different shade due to the different content of nitrogen impurities. Yellow diamonds are obtained with a higher nitrogen content in the carbon lattice, and transparent diamonds come only from pure carbon. The smallest yellow diamond size is around 0.3
581:) press. Diamond seeds are placed at the bottom of the press. The internal part of the press is heated above 1,400 °C (2,550 °F) and melts the solvent metal. The molten metal dissolves the high purity carbon source, which is then transported to the small diamond seeds and
2957:
Galimov, É. M.; Kudin, A. M.; Skorobogatskii, V. N.; Plotnichenko, V. G.; Bondarev, O. L.; Zarubin, B. G.; Strazdovskii, V. V.; Aronin, A. S.; Fisenko, A. V.; Bykov, I. V.; Barinov, A. Yu. (2004). "Experimental
Corroboration of the Synthesis of Diamond in the Cavitation Process".
997:. These are by far the largest industrial applications of synthetic diamond. While natural diamond is also used for these purposes, synthetic HPHT diamond is more popular, mostly because of better reproducibility of its mechanical properties. Diamond is not suitable for machining
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Most materials with high thermal conductivity are also electrically conductive, such as metals. In contrast, pure synthetic diamond has high thermal conductivity, but negligible electrical conductivity. This combination is invaluable for electronics where diamond is used as a
456:. He was the first person to grow a synthetic diamond with a reproducible, verifiable and well-documented process. He left GE in 1955, and three years later developed a new apparatus for the synthesis of diamond—a tetrahedral press with four anvils—to avoid violating a
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windows of the growth chamber or from the silicon substrate. Therefore, silica windows are either avoided or moved away from the substrate. Boron-containing species in the chamber, even at very low trace levels, also make it unsuitable for the growth of pure diamond.
850:
Growth processes of synthetic diamond, using solvent-catalysts, generally lead to formation of a number of impurity-related complex centers, involving transition metal atoms (such as nickel, cobalt or iron), which affect the electronic properties of the material.
596:
The second type of press design is the cubic press. A cubic press has six anvils which provide pressure simultaneously onto all faces of a cube-shaped volume. The first multi-anvil press design was a tetrahedral press, using four anvils to converge upon a
293:. The molten iron was then rapidly cooled by immersion in water. The contraction generated by the cooling supposedly produced the high pressure required to transform graphite into diamond. Moissan published his work in a series of articles in the 1890s.
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and Anders Kämpe. Pressure was maintained within the device at an estimated 8.4 GPa (1,220,000 psi) and a temperature of 2,400 °C (4,350 °F) for an hour. A few small diamonds were produced, but not of gem quality or size.
117:
Numerous claims of diamond synthesis were reported between 1879 and 1928; most of these attempts were carefully analyzed but none was confirmed. In the 1940s, systematic research of diamond creation began in the United States, Sweden and the
511:
under short-wavelength ultraviolet light, but were inert under long-wave UV. Among natural diamonds, only the rarer blue gems exhibit these properties. Unlike natural diamonds, all the GE stones showed strong yellow fluorescence under
893:
to more than 2000 W/mK, depending on the defects, grain boundary structures. As the growth of diamond in CVD, the grains grow with the film thickness, leading to a gradient thermal conductivity along the film thickness direction.
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In May 2015, a record was set for an HPHT colorless diamond at 10.02 carats. The faceted jewel was cut from a 32.2-carat stone that was grown in about 300 hours. By 2022, gem-quality diamonds of 16–20 carats were being produced.
1074:. Both the CVD and HPHT processes are also used to create designer optically transparent diamond anvils as a tool for measuring electric and magnetic properties of materials at ultra high pressures using a diamond anvil cell.
4724:
Ueda, K.; Kasu, M.; Yamauchi, Y.; Makimoto, T.; Schwitters, M.; Twitchen, D. J.; Scarsbrook, G. A.; Coe, S. E. (July 1, 2006). "Diamond FET using high-quality polycrystalline diamond with fT of 45 GHz and fmax of 120 GHz".
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Benmoussa, A; Soltani, A; Haenen, K; Kroth, U; Mortet, V; Barkad, H A; Bolsee, D; Hermans, C; Richter, M; De Jaeger, J C; Hochedez, J F (2008). "New developments on diamond photodetector for VUV Solar
Observations".
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and various colors can be produced: clear white, yellow, brown, blue, green and orange. The advent of synthetic gems on the market created major concerns in the diamond trading business, as a result of which special
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Bucciolini, M.; Borchi, E; Bruzzi, M; Casati, M; Cirrone, P; Cuttone, G; Deangelis, C; Lovik, I; Onori, S; Raffaele, L.; Sciortino, S. (2005). "Diamond dosimetry: Outcomes of the CANDIDO and CONRADINFN projects".
989:. As the hardest known naturally occurring material, diamond can be used to polish, cut, or wear away any material, including other diamonds. Common industrial applications of this ability include diamond-tipped
950:
Diamond's thermal conductivity is made use of by jewelers and gemologists who may employ an electronic thermal probe to separate diamonds from their imitations. These probes consist of a pair of battery-powered
4815:
Railkar, T. A.; Kang, W. P.; Windischmann, Henry; Malshe, A. P.; Naseem, H. A.; Davidson, J. L.; Brown, W. D. (2000). "A critical review of chemical vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond for electronic applications".
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of diamond (5.5 eV) gives it excellent dielectric properties. Combined with the high mechanical stability of diamond, those properties are being used in prototype high-power switches for power stations.
5208:
430:
Hall achieved the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond on
December 16, 1954, and this was announced on February 15, 1955. His breakthrough came when he used a press with a hardened steel
3523:
Gong, Yan; Luo, Da; Choe, Myeonggi; Kim, Yongchul; Ram, Babu; Zafari, Mohammad; Seong, Won Kyung; Bakharev, Pavel; Wang, Meihui; Park, In Kee; Lee, Seulyi; Shin, Tae Joo; Lee, Zonghoon; Lee, Geunsik;
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or 0.2 g), and the process conditions had to be as stable as possible. The graphite feed was soon replaced by diamond grit because that allowed much better control of the shape of the final crystal.
4362:
Mildren, Richard P.; Sabella, Alexander; Kitzler, Ondrej; Spence, David J.; McKay, Aaron M. (2013). "Ch. 8 Diamond Raman Laser Design and
Performance". In Mildren, Rich P.; Rabeau, James R. (eds.).
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Pal'Yanov, N.; Sokol, A.G.; Borzdov, M.; Khokhryakov, A.F. (2002). "Fluid-bearing alkaline carbonate melts as the medium for the formation of diamonds in the Earth's mantle: an experimental study".
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Burns, R. C.; Cvetkovic, V.; Dodge, C. N.; Evans, D. J. F.; Rooney, Marie-Line T.; Spear, P. M.; Welbourn, C. M. (1990). "Growth-sector dependence of optical features in large synthetic diamonds".
695:
During the growth, the chamber materials are etched off by the plasma and can incorporate into the growing diamond. In particular, CVD diamond is often contaminated by silicon originating from the
434:"belt" strained to its elastic limit wrapped around the sample, producing pressures above 10 GPa (1,500,000 psi) and temperatures above 2,000 °C (3,630 °F). The press used a
4170:
Coelho, R.T.; Yamada, S.; Aspinwall, D.K.; Wise, M.L.H. (1995). "The application of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tool materials when drilling and reaming aluminum-based alloys including MMC".
577:
In the HPHT method, there are three main press designs used to supply the pressure and temperature necessary to produce synthetic diamond: the belt press, the cubic press and the split-sphere (
5747:
312:
replicated
Moissan's and Ruff's experiments, producing a synthetic diamond. Despite the claims of Moissan, Ruff, and Hershey, other experimenters were unable to reproduce their synthesis.
5801:
16 C.F.R. Part 23: Guides for the
Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries: Federal Trade Commission Letter Declining to Amend the Guides with Respect to Use of the Term "Cultured"
3281:
State-of-the-Art
Program on Compound Semiconductors XXXIX and Nitride and Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Sensors, Photonics and Electronics IV: proceedings of the Electrochemical Society
1066:. Recent advances in the HPHT and CVD synthesis techniques have improved the purity and crystallographic structure perfection of single-crystalline diamond enough to replace silicon as a
5177:
1428:
5526:
4628:
Isberg, J.; Hammersberg, J; Johansson, E; Wikström, T; Twitchen, DJ; Whitehead, AJ; Coe, SE; Scarsbrook, GA (2002). "High Carrier Mobility in Single-Crystal Plasma-Deposited Diamond".
4019:
Cheng, Zhe; Bougher, Thomas; Bai, Tingyu; Wang, Steven Y.; Li, Chao; Yates, Luke; Foley, Brian M.; Goorsky, Mark; Cola, Baratunde A.; Faili, Firooz; Graham, Samuel (February 7, 2018).
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pressure, rather than steel belts, to confine the internal pressure. Belt presses are still used today, but they are built on a much larger scale than those of the original design.
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at high speeds, as carbon is soluble in iron at the high temperatures created by high-speed machining, leading to greatly increased wear on diamond tools compared to alternatives.
5822:
3981:
Catledge, S. A.; Vohra, Yogesh K. (1999). "Effect of nitrogen addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of diamond films grown using high-methane concentrations".
5717:
3460:
Khachatryan, A.Kh.; Aloyan, S.G.; May, P.W.; Sargsyan, R.; Khachatryan, V.A.; Baghdasaryan, V.S. (2008). "Graphite-to-diamond transformation induced by ultrasonic cavitation".
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interrupted the project. It was resumed in 1951 at the Schenectady Laboratories of GE, and a high-pressure diamond group was formed with Francis P. Bundy and H. M. Strong.
1240:-inscribed serial numbers on all of its gemstones. The company web site shows an example of the lettering of one of its laser inscriptions, which includes both the words "
3129:
Loshak, M. G. & Alexandrova, L. I. (2001). "Rise in the efficiency of the use of cemented carbides as a matrix of diamond-containing studs of rock destruction tool".
4679:
Russell, S. A. O.; Sharabi, S.; Tallaire, A.; Moran, D. A. J. (October 1, 2012). "Hydrogen-Terminated Diamond Field-Effect Transistors With Cutoff Frequency of 53 GHz".
3349:
1474:
664:, and hydrogen with a typical ratio of 1:99. Hydrogen is essential because it selectively etches off non-diamond carbon. The gases are ionized into chemically active
3757:
Yan, Chih-Shiue; Mao, Ho-Kwang; Li, Wei; Qian, Jiang; Zhao, Yusheng; Hemley, Russell J. (2005). "Ultrahard diamond single crystals from chemical vapor deposition".
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87:(imitations of diamond made of superficially similar non-diamond materials), synthetic diamonds are composed of the same material as naturally formed diamonds—pure
5691:
4021:"Probing Growth-Induced Anisotropic Thermal Transport in High-Quality CVD Diamond Membranes by Multifrequency and Multiple-Spot-Size Time-Domain Thermoreflectance"
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methods. Injection of methane and hydrogen results in a diamond nucleus after around 15 minutes and eventually a continuous diamond film after around 150 minutes.
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500:
produced blue ones. Removing nitrogen also slowed the growth process and reduced the crystalline quality, so the process was normally run with nitrogen present.
4232:
Sakamoto, M.; Endriz, J. G. & Scifres, D. R. (1992). "120 W CW output power from monolithic AlGaAs (800 nm) laser diode array mounted on diamond heatsink".
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1723:
Royère, C. (1999). "The electric furnace of Henri Moissan at one hundred years: connection with the electric furnace, the solar furnace, the plasma furnace?".
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wavelengths. The DiamondView tester from De Beers uses UV fluorescence to detect trace impurities of nitrogen, nickel or other metals in HPHT or CVD diamonds.
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is considered to be the most important quality of a diamond. Purity and high crystalline perfection make diamonds transparent and clear, whereas its hardness,
5200:
2836:
369:
5593:
3792:
Larico, R.; Justo, J. F.; Machado, W. V. M.; Assali, L. V. C. (2009). "Electronic properties and hyperfine fields of nickel-related complexes in diamond".
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4469:
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Barjon, J.; Rzepka, E.; Jomard, F.; Laroche, J.-M.; Ballutaud, D.; Kociniewski, T.; Chevallier, J. (2005). "Silicon incorporation in CVD diamond layers".
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Although the GE stones and natural diamonds were chemically identical, their physical properties were not the same. The colorless stones produced strong
119:
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Most industrial applications of synthetic diamond have long been associated with their hardness; this property makes diamond the ideal material for
79:
that is produced in a controlled technological process (in contrast to naturally formed diamond, which is created through geological processes and
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Ahmed, W.; Sein, H.; Ali, N.; Gracio, J.; Woodwards, R. (2003). "Diamond films grown on cemented WC-Co dental burs using an improved CVD method".
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Assali, L. V. C.; Machado, W. V. M.; Justo, J. F. (2011). "3d transition metal impurities in diamond: electronic properties and chemical trends".
1451:
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within the crystal. The thermal conductivity of pure diamond is the highest of any known solid. Single crystals of synthetic diamond enriched in
210:
are used at high-energy research facilities and are available commercially. Due to its unique combination of thermal and chemical stability, low
1395:
gave a reading of the minutes of experiments made on November 26, 1828 on the powder presented as artificial diamond by Mr. Cagniard de Latour."
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Abbaschian, Reza; Zhu, Henry; Clarke, Carter (2005). "High pressure-high temperature growth of diamond crystals using split sphere apparatus".
1933:
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of any material, 30 W/cm·K at room temperature, 7.5 times higher than that of copper. Natural diamond's conductivity is reduced by 1.1% by the
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Wei, Lanhua; Kuo, P.; Thomas, R.; Anthony, T.; Banholzer, W. (1993). "Thermal conductivity of isotopically modified single crystal diamond".
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companies to further develop diamond synthesis. They were able to heat carbon to about 3,000 °C (5,430 °F) under a pressure of 3.5
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Nebel, C.E.; Uetsuka, H.; Rezek, B.; Shin, D.; Tokuda, N.; Nakamura, T. (2007). "Inhomogeneous DNA bonding to polycrystalline CVD diamond".
3213:
1114:, which reaches 4500 cm/(V·s) for electrons in single-crystal CVD diamond. High mobility is favorable for high-frequency operation and
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Hall, H. T. (1958). "Ultrahigh-Pressure Research: At ultrahigh pressures new and sometimes unexpected chemical and physical events occur".
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Isberg, J.; Gabrysch, M.; Tajani, A. & Twitchen, D.J. (2006). "High-field Electrical Transport in Single Crystal CVD Diamond Diodes".
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for synthetic diamonds has been increasing, albeit from a small base, as customers look for stones that are ethically sound and cheaper.
1177:, which would interact with DNA thereby changing electrical conductivity of the diamond film. In addition, diamonds can be used to detect
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Collins, A.T.; Connor, A.; Ly, C-H.; Shareef, A.; Spear, P.M. (2005). "High-temperature annealing of optical centers in type-I diamond".
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claimed in 1917 to have produced diamonds up to 7 mm (0.28 in) in diameter, but later retracted his statement. In 1926, Dr.
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approved a substantial revision to its Jewelry Guides, with changes that impose new rules on how the trade can describe diamonds and
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755:
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1955:
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In May 2018, De Beers announced that it would introduce a new jewelry brand called "Lightbox" that features synthetic diamonds.
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of laboratory-grown diamonds has made public statements about being "committed to disclosure" of the nature of its diamonds, and
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to the surface of polycrystalline diamond films produced through CVD. Such DNA-modified films can be used for detecting various
549:(730,000 psi) at 1,500 °C (2,730 °F). The second method, using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), creates a carbon
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3004:
824:
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of hydrocarbon gases at the relatively low temperature of 800 °C (1,470 °F). This low-pressure process is known as
99:
1106:. Making a p–n junction by sequential doping of synthetic diamond with boron and phosphorus produces light-emitting diodes (
2454:
2394:
2345:
1478:
352:
4120:
Wenckus, J. F. (December 18, 1984) "Method and means of rapidly distinguishing a simulated diamond from natural diamond"
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over a substrate onto which the carbon atoms deposit to form diamond. Other methods include explosive formation (forming
5683:
4727:
4681:
492:
were common, especially "plate-like" ones from the nickel. Removing all nitrogen from the process by adding aluminum or
3425:
Dolmatov, V. Yu. (2006). "Development of a rational technology for synthesis of high-quality detonation nanodiamonds".
5971:
5769:
3317:
Iakoubovskii, K.; Baidakova, M.V.; Wouters, B.H.; Stesmans, A.; Adriaenssens, G.J.; Vul', A.Ya.; Grobet, P.J. (2000).
1376:
1151:
457:
5913:
1986:"Further Comments on Attempts by H. Moissan, J. B. Hannay and Sir Charles Parsons to Make Diamonds in the Laboratory"
1352:, and into the product of his experiments, which have presented properties similar to those of particles of diamond."
1165:
Conductive CVD diamond is a useful electrode under many circumstances. Photochemical methods have been developed for
122:, which culminated in the first reproducible synthesis in 1953. Further research activity yielded the discoveries of
5961:
3898:
Ekimov, E. A.; Sidorov, V. A.; Bauer, E. D.; Mel'Nik, N. N.; Curro, N. J.; Thompson, J. D.; Stishov, S. M. (2004).
1597:
2846:
2648:
Angus, John C.; Will, Herbert A.; Stanko, Wayne S. (1968). "Growth of Diamond Seed Crystals by Vapor Deposition".
418:
for his work in 1946. Bundy and Strong made the first improvements, then more were made by Hall. The GE team used
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1269:
previous year, while the number of engagement rings sold with a natural diamond declined 25% in the same period.
920:
772:
642:
582:
529:
135:
5378:
5352:
5057:
Gandini, D. (2000). "Oxidation of carbonylic acids at boron-doped diamond electrodes for wastewater treatment".
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4520:
4465:
1838:
1280:
1004:
The usual form of diamond in cutting tools is micron-sized grains dispersed in a metal matrix (usually cobalt)
986:
862:
316:
215:
5483:
5231:
5100:
Michaud, P.-A. (2000). "Preparation of peroxodisulfuric acid using Boron-Doped Diamond thin film electrodes".
1392:
5647:
1118:
made from diamond have already demonstrated promising high-frequency performance above 50 GHz. The wide
3899:
1380:
1115:
1087:
854:
270:
195:
4577:
Koizumi, S.; Watanabe, K; Hasegawa, M; Kanda, H (2001). "Ultraviolet Emission from a Diamond pn Junction".
335:
5273:
4416:
3648:
1131:
1110:) producing UV light of 235 nm. Another useful property of synthetic diamond for electronics is high
709:
554:
415:
143:
138:, respectively). These two processes still dominate synthetic diamond production. A third method in which
5770:"DPA Petition on Proposed Revisions to the Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals and Pewter Industries"
4985:
Panizza, M. & Cerisola, G. (2005). "Application of diamond electrodes to electrochemical processes".
2750:
1182:
diamond can be used in waste water treatment of organic effluents and the production of strong oxidants.
1308:
1222:
897:
Unlike most electrical insulators, pure diamond is an excellent conductor of heat because of the strong
890:
388:
5401:
4442:
162:
The properties of synthetic diamonds depend on the manufacturing process. Some have properties such as
3722:
Sumiya, H. (2005). "Super-hard diamond indenter prepared from high-purity synthetic diamond crystal".
2295:
Bovenkerk, H. P.; Bundy, F. P.; Chrenko, R. M.; Codella, P. J.; Strong, H. M.; Wentorf, R. H. (1993).
1255:
has led to human rights abuses in Africa and other diamond mining countries. The 2006 Hollywood movie
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2704:
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2596:
2546:
2469:
2409:
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2150:
2101:
1997:
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1103:
1099:
1042:. These properties make diamond superior to any other existing window material used for transmitting
924:
865:), allowing it to be used in electronic applications. Nitrogen impurities hinder movement of lattice
858:
343:
The first known (but initially not reported) diamond synthesis was achieved on February 16, 1953, in
286:
246:
219:
199:
167:
4421:
4395:
Khounsary, Ali M.; Smither, Robert K.; Davey, Steve; Purohit, Ankor (1992). Khounsary, Ali M (ed.).
3653:
2695:
Deryagin, B. V.; Fedoseev, D. V. (1970). "Epitaxial Synthesis of Diamond in the Metastable Region".
1917:
1062:
including heatspreaders inside laser cavities, diffractive optics and as the optical gain medium in
285:
crucible in a furnace. Whereas Hannay used a flame-heated tube, Moissan applied his newly developed
146:
synthesis, entered the market in the late 1990s. A fourth method, treating graphite with high-power
5405:
5278:
2841:
1341:
1233:
1135:
1067:
736:
665:
647:
489:
237:. It is estimated that 98% of industrial-grade diamond demand is supplied with synthetic diamonds.
4146:
5291:
5082:
4967:
4919:
4841:
4797:
4752:
4706:
4661:
4610:
4491:
Jackson, D. D.; Aracne-Ruddle, C.; Malba, V.; Weir, S. T.; Catledge, S. A.; Vohra, Y. K. (2003).
4434:
3948:
3914:
3880:
3854:
3827:
3801:
3442:
3407:
3260:
3197:
3103:
2983:
2898:
2720:
2485:
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promising for use in exceptionally high-power situations and hostile non-oxidizing environments.
874:
788:
407:
305:
111:
5928:
1754:
1657:
1638:
1601:
484:
The first gem-quality stones were always yellow to brown in color because of contamination with
257:
3626:"Ultrahard and superhard phases of fullerite C60: comparison with diamond on hardness and wear"
5966:
5940:
5899:
5893:
5878:
5872:
5857:
4787:
4653:
4602:
4375:
4342:
4319:
4290:
4150:
4103:
4048:
4040:
3940:
3690:
3684:
3666:
3589:
3583:
3552:
3399:
3285:
3279:
3203:
3111:
3058:
2250:
2240:
2194:
2044:
2038:
1923:
1896:
1890:
1869:
1732:
1619:
1527:
1372:
1297:
1111:
870:
754:-sized diamond crystals can be synthesized from a suspension of graphite in organic liquid at
400:
309:
266:
211:
171:
799:
Diamond can be one single, continuous crystal or it can be made up of many smaller crystals (
5326:
5283:
5143:
5131:
5109:
5074:
5039:
5002:
4994:
4959:
4897:
4833:
4779:
4744:
4698:
4645:
4594:
4559:
4512:
4426:
4367:
4249:
4214:
4179:
4095:
4032:
3998:
3932:
3872:
3819:
3774:
3739:
3658:
3544:
3477:
3434:
3391:
3341:
3252:
3175:
3158:
3138:
3095:
2975:
2936:
2890:
2712:
2665:
2604:
2554:
2477:
2417:
2368:
2316:
2182:
2158:
2109:
2005:
1830:
1789:
1689:
1539:
1349:
1313:
1284:
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1095:
771:
process, which further separates it from conventional high-pressure and high-temperature or
626:
550:
451:
419:
396:
384:
380:
373:
218:, synthetic diamond is becoming the most popular material for optical windows in high-power
207:
142:-sized diamond grains are created in a detonation of carbon-containing explosives, known as
84:
4783:
3054:
3047:
2190:
5469:
5450:
4866:
3524:
2873:
Werner, M; Locher, R (1998). "Growth and application of undoped and doped diamond films".
1865:
1664:
1645:
1626:
1608:
1262:
1196:
969:
578:
524:
In the 1950s, research started in the Soviet Union and the US on the growth of diamond by
508:
297:
249:
devices and techniques have been developed to distinguish synthetic and natural diamonds.
2806:
815:, usually referred to as "nanocrystalline" and "microcrystalline" diamond, respectively.
536:
and metals), which led to massive research on inexpensive diamond coatings in the 1980s.
186:. Electronic applications of synthetic diamond are being developed, including high-power
150:, has been demonstrated in the laboratory, but as of 2008 had no commercial application.
36:
Lab-grown diamonds of various colors grown by the high-pressure-and-temperature technique
5322:
5269:
5070:
5035:
4963:
4955:
4893:
4829:
4740:
4694:
4641:
4590:
4555:
4508:
4412:
4245:
4210:
4136:
4091:
3994:
3928:
3868:
3815:
3770:
3735:
3644:
3540:
3473:
3387:
3337:
3248:
3171:
3091:
2971:
2932:
2886:
2708:
2661:
2600:
2550:
2473:
2413:
2364:
2312:
2154:
2105:
2001:
739:
is used primarily in polishing applications. It is mainly produced in China, Russia and
5453:
for Gemesis diamond, International Gemological Institute, 2007. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
1252:
735:(about 1 day at 250 °C (482 °F)) to dissolve them. The recovered nanodiamond
621:
602:
411:
290:
5287:
4218:
3662:
3345:
3179:
3142:
2894:
1959:
569:
5955:
5443:
5402:"DeBeers Pleads to Price-Fixing: Firm Pays $ 10 million, Can Fully Reenter U.S."
5295:
4801:
4493:"Magnetic susceptibility measurements at high pressure using designer diamond anvils"
4438:
4183:
3884:
3831:
3624:
Blank, V.; Popov, M.; Pivovarov, G.; Lvova, N.; Gogolinsky, K.; Reshetov, V. (1998).
2987:
2902:
2724:
2558:
1892:
The Book of Diamonds: Their Curious Lore, Properties, Tests and Synthetic Manufacture
1750:
1709:
1143:
1083:
1047:
1019:
998:
974:
898:
689:
681:
392:
320:
274:
191:
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4998:
4971:
4845:
4756:
4710:
4665:
4614:
3446:
3264:
2716:
2489:
1273:
the relative price was expected to decline further as production economics improve.
5616:
4310:"The diamond window for a milli-wave zone high power electromagnetic wave output".
3952:
3501:
3411:
2453:
Bovenkerk, H. P.; Bundy, F. P.; Hall, H. T.; Strong, H. M.; Wentorf, R. H. (1959).
2429:
2330:
1423:
1218:
982:
832:
828:
677:
673:
630:
606:
504:
478:
435:
324:
265:
In the early stages of diamond synthesis, the founding figure of modern chemistry,
174:
that are superior to those of most naturally formed diamonds. Synthetic diamond is
103:
91:
5043:
4859:
4563:
3481:
3395:
3374:
Decarli, P.; Jamieson, J. (June 1961). "Formation of Diamond by Explosive Shock".
3049:
Multianvil cells and high-pressure experimental methods, in Treatise of Geophysics
3008:
2940:
2608:
2183:
5929:"First Diamond Synthesis: 50 Years Later, A Murky Picture Of Who Deserves Credit"
5851:
3099:
2919:
Osawa, E (2007). "Recent progress and perspectives in single-digit nanodiamond".
17:
4142:
4099:
2493:
2433:
2376:
2089:
1677:
1383:
announced that Mr. Gannal had spoken to him eight years ago about his attempts."
1302:
1174:
1155:
1071:
1063:
1023:
866:
804:
800:
784:
732:
714:
598:
203:
5744:"Orwell's '1984', De Beers' Lobbying, & the New FTC Lab Diamond Guidelines"
4901:
3876:
3823:
3548:
1038:
Diamond is hard, chemically inert, and has high thermal conductivity and a low
5147:
5078:
4837:
4542:
Denisenko, A.; Kohn, E. (2005). "Diamond power devices. Concepts and limits".
4371:
4272:
4122:
3497:"Forget Billions of Years: Scientists Have Grown Diamonds in Just 150 Minutes"
3438:
2635:
1345:
1158:
solar observations). A diamond VUV detector recently was used in the European
1091:
1027:
952:
812:
759:
590:
558:
147:
5944:
4702:
4323:
4044:
2254:
1834:
1046:
and microwave radiation. Therefore, synthetic diamond is starting to replace
422:
anvils within a hydraulic press to squeeze the carbonaceous sample held in a
4748:
4649:
4598:
990:
929:
878:
808:
669:
525:
423:
344:
301:
183:
139:
95:
5201:"Global Rough Diamond Production Estimated to Hit Over 135M Carats in 2015"
4657:
4606:
4107:
4052:
4036:
3944:
3778:
3556:
3403:
3256:
3115:
2114:
1736:
1693:
1544:
289:, in which an electric arc was struck between carbon rods inside blocks of
32:
4253:
2234:
625:
such as pyrophyllite ceramics, which is pressed by inner anvils made from
5374:
4020:
3919:
3527:(April 24, 2024). "Growth of diamond in liquid metal at 1 atm pressure".
1205:
1166:
1119:
1055:
1043:
1005:
994:
743:, and started reaching the market in bulk quantities by the early 2000s.
517:
493:
485:
447:
278:
261:
Moissan trying to create synthetic diamonds using an electric arc furnace
241:
234:
179:
163:
5007:
3936:
1452:"Introducing the Largest Lab Grown Diamond in the World: Pride of India"
496:
produced colorless "white" stones, and removing the nitrogen and adding
468:
134:, named for their production method (high-pressure high-temperature and
5517:
Murphy, Hannah; Biesheuvel, Thomas; Elmquist, Sonja (August 27, 2015).
3107:
1241:
1139:
740:
661:
609:. However, such a press would be complex and difficult to manufacture.
533:
175:
80:
76:
5330:
5113:
4516:
4430:
3743:
2979:
2669:
2481:
2372:
1701:
1332:
As early as 1828, investigators claimed to have synthesized diamonds:
368:
153:
5256:
Walker, J. (1979). "Optical absorption and luminescence in diamond".
4270:. (August 2, 2005) "Diamond-silicon hybrid integrated heat spreader"
4002:
2421:
2321:
2296:
2163:
2138:
2123:
2010:
1985:
1059:
751:
696:
443:
439:
282:
187:
88:
4492:
4287:
Materials for infrared windows and domes: properties and performance
1818:
319:. A prominent scientist and engineer known for his invention of the
102:. As of 2023 the heaviest synthetic diamond ever made weighs 30.18
4397:"Diamond Monochromator for High Heat Flux Synchrotron X-ray Beams"
3859:
3806:
1237:
1195:
1178:
1147:
968:
947:
naturally present, which acts as an inhomogeneity in the lattice.
713:
685:
646:
611:
568:
513:
497:
467:
431:
367:
334:
256:
152:
2393:
Bundy, F. P.; Hall, H. T.; Strong, H. M.; Wentorf, R. H. (1955).
1200:
Colorless gem cut from diamond grown by chemical vapor deposition
5853:
The diamond formula: diamond synthesis-a gemological perspective
1419:"Lab-grown diamonds: girl's best friend or cut-price sparklers?"
1388:
Procès-verbaux des séances de l'Académie (Académie des sciences)
1368:
Procès-verbaux des séances de l'Académie (Académie des sciences)
1340:, November 3, 1828: "There was given a reading of a letter from
1337:
Procès-verbaux des séances de l'Académie (Académie des sciences)
1159:
612:
348:
107:
1244:
created" and the serial number prefix "LG" (laboratory grown).
315:
The most definitive replication attempts were performed by Sir
5687:
4869:, Vanderbilt University Research News. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
2214:
Liander, H. & Lundblad, E. (1955). "Artificial diamonds".
1170:
1107:
296:
Many other scientists tried to replicate his experiments. Sir
1070:
and window material in high-power radiation sources, such as
5472:. Jckonline.com (May 27, 2015). Retrieved September 1, 2015.
5174:"How High Quality Synthetic Diamonds Will Impact the Market"
2239:. Jan-Erik Pettersson. Stockholm: Sveriges Tekniska Museum.
889:
The thermal conductivity of CVD diamond ranges from tens of
3319:"Structure and defects of detonation synthesis nanodiamond"
1956:"Science: Dr. J. Willard Hershey and the Synthetic Diamond"
395:(510,000 psi) for a few seconds. Soon thereafter, the
5519:"Want to Make a Diamond in Just 10 Weeks? Use a Microwave"
2236:
Daedalus 1988 : Sveriges Tekniska Museums Årsbok 1988
1794:. London and New York's Harper Brothers. pp. 140 ff.
1344:, who communicated some investigations into the action of
807:) of the crystals that make it up. Grain sizes range from
281:
at up to 3,500 °C (6,330 °F) with iron inside a
2090:"Some notes on carbon at high temperatures and pressures"
2040:
50 years progress in crystal growth: a reprint collection
1532:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
5815:"How GIA Is Changing Its Reports for Lab-Grown Diamonds"
5482:
Wang, Wuyi; Persaud, Stephanie; Myagkaya, Elina (2022).
2633:
Eversole, W. G. (April 17, 1962) "Synthesis of diamond"
438:
container in which graphite was dissolved within molten
4915:
4818:
Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences
4172:
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture
1755:"Nouvelles expériences sur la reproduction du diamant"
4860:"Designing diamond circuits for extreme environments"
3196:
Koizumi, S.; Nebel, C. E. & Nesladek, M. (2008).
1094:. Since these elements contain one more or one fewer
472:
A scalpel with single-crystal synthetic diamond blade
5874:
Gems: their sources, descriptions and identification
5617:"Why Lab Created Diamonds are a Poor Value Purchase"
5558:. The Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council.
3007:. International Diamond Laboratories. Archived from
2777:"Industry worries about undisclosed synthetic melee"
1501:"Lab Grown Diamonds: A Miracle of Modern Technology"
589:
compressed cell. A variation of the belt press uses
5232:"How 2023 became the year of the lab-grown diamond"
4466:"Diamonds for Modern Synchrotron Radiation Sources"
1637:Academy of Sciences], November 10, 1828, volume 9,
1154:and BOLD (Blind to the Optical Light Detectors for
5484:"New Record Size for CVD Laboratory-Grown Diamond"
3046:
2139:"The Problem of Artificial Production of Diamonds"
1823:Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
1656:Academy of Sciences], December 1, 1828, volume 9,
5737:
5735:
5716:. U.S. Federal Trade Commission. July 24, 2018.
5714:"FTC Approves Final Revisions to Jewelry Guides"
5377:. Associated Press via NBC News. July 13, 2004.
4464:Heartwig, J.; et al. (September 13, 2006).
831:diamonds and HPHT nanocrystalline diamonds (see
5803:, U.S. Federal Trade Commission, July 21, 2008.
5684:"De Beers admits defeat over man-made diamonds"
1922:. Heathside Press, New York. pp. 127–132.
1475:"The state of 2013 global rough diamond supply"
3686:Properties, Growth and Applications of Diamond
1098:than carbon, they turn synthetic diamond into
1009:significantly replaced traditional PCD tools.
993:and saws, and the use of diamond powder as an
5677:
5675:
5375:"De Beers pleads guilty in price fixing case"
4774:. Diamond and Other New Carbon Materials IV.
4014:
4012:
3053:. Vol. 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp.
2952:
2950:
2448:
2446:
835:) are harder than any known natural diamond.
651:Free-standing single-crystal CVD diamond disc
460:secrecy order on the GE patent applications.
8:
3284:. The Electrochemical Society. p. 363.
3131:Int. J. Refractory Metals and Hard Materials
1678:"On the Artificial Formation of the Diamond"
1386:
1366:
1335:
5892:Spear, K. E. & Dismukes, J. P. (1994).
5549:"Synthetic Diamonds – Promoting Fair Trade"
5125:
5123:
4468:. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility.
2751:"Melee Diamonds: Tiny Diamonds, Big Impact"
1979:
1977:
521:(200 mg) to 1.5 carats (300 mg).
379:In 1941, an agreement was made between the
240:Both CVD and HPHT diamonds can be cut into
1895:. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 123–130.
1355:"Artificial production of real diamonds",
1082:Synthetic diamond has potential uses as a
446:or iron. Those metals acted as a "solvent-
5400:Pressler, Margaret Webb (July 14, 2004).
5277:
5006:
4420:
3918:
3858:
3805:
3683:Neves, A. J. & Nazaré, M. H. (2001).
3652:
2320:
2176:
2174:
2162:
2113:
2009:
1543:
756:atmospheric pressure and room temperature
5463:Company Grows 10 Carat Synthetic Diamond
5345:"Memorial Diamonds Deliver Eternal Life"
4339:Introduction to the physics of gyrotrons
3619:
3617:
3191:
3189:
2999:
2997:
2914:
2912:
2532:
2530:
214:and high optical transparency in a wide
182:, in cutting and polishing tools and in
31:
5529:from the original on September 30, 2018
5102:Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters
3199:Physics and Applications of CVD Diamond
2837:"Swiss lab introduces melee identifier"
2582:
2580:
2189:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1769:from the original on September 11, 2017
1409:
1325:
277:in 1893. Their method involved heating
27:Diamond created by controlled processes
5782:from the original on February 22, 2017
5775:. De Beers Technologies UK. May 2016.
5750:from the original on November 27, 2018
5627:from the original on November 20, 2018
5413:from the original on November 12, 2012
5132:"The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds"
4916:"Blind to the Optical Light Detectors"
4025:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
3355:from the original on December 22, 2015
3040:
3038:
2868:
2866:
2864:
1620:Artificial production of real diamonds
783:Traditionally, the absence of crystal
406:The Schenectady group improved on the
372:A belt press produced in the 1980s by
124:high pressure high temperature diamond
5720:from the original on January 12, 2019
5694:from the original on November 9, 2020
5660:from the original on January 13, 2017
5498:from the original on February 8, 2023
5180:from the original on November 3, 2013
5154:from the original on October 28, 2008
4523:from the original on October 20, 2020
2290:
2288:
1936:from the original on November 5, 2012
1841:from the original on October 25, 2020
1798:from the original on November 5, 2012
1581:
1579:
1130:Synthetic diamond is already used as
1050:as the output window of high-power CO
857:, but diamond with boron added is an
823:The hardness of diamond is 10 on the
585:, forming a large synthetic diamond.
403:and others joined the project later.
339:First synthetic diamonds by ASEA 1953
114:ever found weighs 3167 ct (633.4 g).
7:
5381:from the original on January 1, 2015
5199:Zimnisky, Paul (February 10, 2015).
5130:Yarnell, Amanda (February 2, 2004).
4944:Semiconductor Science and Technology
4784:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.48.73
3427:Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry
1431:from the original on October 1, 2022
726:Diamond nanocrystals (5 nm (2.0
5916:. In Daedalus 1988. ISBN 9176160181
5615:Fried, Michael (January 20, 2017).
5584:Kavilanz, Parija (April 27, 2022).
5211:from the original on March 22, 2015
5059:Journal of Applied Electrochemistry
4472:from the original on March 24, 2015
4138:Turning And Mechanical Manipulation
4059:from the original on March 20, 2022
3703:from the original on March 20, 2022
3602:from the original on March 20, 2022
3298:from the original on March 20, 2022
3216:from the original on March 20, 2022
3202:. Wiley VCH. pp. 50, 200–240.
3045:Ito, E. (2007). G. Schubert (ed.).
2261:from the original on March 20, 2022
2057:from the original on March 20, 2022
1552:from the original on April 25, 2016
1477:. Resource Investor. Archived from
1473:Zimnisky, Paul (January 22, 2013).
1450:Suman Tagadiya (February 4, 2023).
845:Crystallographic defects in diamond
766:Crystallization inside liquid metal
5825:from the original on July 11, 2021
5646:Zimnisky, Paul (January 9, 2017).
5565:from the original on July 13, 2014
4922:from the original on June 21, 2009
4858:Salisbury, David (August 4, 2011)
4772:Advances in Science and Technology
2845:. National Jeweler. Archived from
2783:. jckonline.com. January 2, 2014.
2757:from the original on June 12, 2018
1958:. McPherson Museum. Archived from
1725:Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises
877:, thereby increasing hardness and
25:
5813:Graff, Michelle (April 4, 2019).
5682:Kottasová, Ivana (May 29, 2018).
5230:Pearl, Diana (October 26, 2023).
4882:Nuclear Instruments and Methods A
3962:from the original on June 7, 2011
2817:from the original on May 18, 2015
2787:from the original on May 18, 2015
2233:Sveriges Tekniska Museum (1988).
1417:Fisher, Alice (October 1, 2022).
1363:(278): 300–301 (December 6, 1828)
1261:helped to publicize the problem.
1217:diamonds can be distinguished by
853:For instance, pure diamond is an
202:. Synthetic diamond detectors of
5596:from the original on May 5, 2022
4918:. Royal Observatory of Belgium.
4289:. SPIE Press. pp. 303–334.
2094:Proceedings of the Royal Society
1819:"Über die Bildung von Diamanten"
1040:coefficient of thermal expansion
275:Ferdinand Frédéric Henri Moissan
100:chemical and physical properties
5933:Chemical & Engineering News
5444:Laboratory Grown Diamond Report
5351:. June 23, 2009. Archived from
5136:Chemical & Engineering News
4999:10.1016/j.electacta.2005.04.023
2717:10.1070/RC1970v039n09ABEH002022
2346:"Ultra-high pressure apparatus"
1090:with impurities like boron and
565:High pressure, high temperature
5742:Payne, Jason (July 25, 2018).
4403:. High Heat Flux Engineering.
4364:Optical Engineering of Diamond
3900:"Superconductivity in diamond"
3495:David Nield (April 25, 2024).
1600:], November 3, 1828, volume 9,
1528:"On the nature of the diamond"
1305:inspired by Hannay and Moissan
1213:grown using cremated remains.
1204:Synthetic diamonds for use as
1026:, laser arrays and high-power
825:Mohs scale of mineral hardness
1:
5914:Om konsten att göra diamanter
5431:
5044:10.1016/j.diamond.2007.02.015
5024:Diamond and Related Materials
4964:10.1088/0268-1242/23/3/035026
4564:10.1016/j.diamond.2004.12.043
4544:Diamond and Related Materials
4219:10.1016/S0925-9635(03)00074-8
4199:Diamond and Related Materials
3663:10.1016/S0925-9635(97)00232-X
3633:Diamond and Related Materials
3482:10.1016/j.diamond.2008.01.112
3396:10.1126/science.133.3467.1821
3346:10.1016/S0925-9635(99)00354-4
3326:Diamond and Related Materials
3180:10.1016/S0024-4937(01)00079-2
3143:10.1016/S0263-4368(00)00039-1
2941:10.1016/j.diamond.2007.08.008
2921:Diamond and Related Materials
2609:10.1016/j.diamond.2005.09.007
2521:
2297:"Errors in diamond synthesis"
2279:
2024:
5871:O'Donoghue, Michael (2006).
4728:IEEE Electron Device Letters
4682:IEEE Electron Device Letters
4184:10.1016/0890-6955(95)93044-7
3585:Handbook of Electrochemistry
3100:10.1126/science.128.3322.445
3029:
2571:
2559:10.1016/0022-0248(90)90126-6
2509:
2075:
1916:Hershey, J. Willard (1940).
1889:Hershey, J. Willard (2004).
1348:placed in contact with pure
873:) and put the lattice under
668:in the growth chamber using
98:3D form—and share identical
5288:10.1088/0034-4885/42/10/001
4366:. Wiley. pp. 239–276.
4100:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3764
2895:10.1088/0034-4885/61/12/002
1663:September 11, 2017, at the
1644:September 11, 2017, at the
1607:September 11, 2017, at the
1152:Stanford Linear Accelerator
965:Machining and cutting tools
722:) of detonation nanodiamond
458:U.S. Department of Commerce
5988:
5311:Journal of Applied Physics
4902:10.1016/j.nima.2005.06.030
4865:November 18, 2011, at the
4341:. JHU Press. p. 229.
4337:Nusinovich, G. S. (2004).
3983:Journal of Applied Physics
3877:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.155205
3824:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.115202
3582:Zoski, Cynthia G. (2007).
3569:
3549:10.1038/s41586-024-07339-7
2807:"Diamond Melee definition"
2737:
2682:
2621:
1585:
1570:
1526:Tennant, Smithson (1797).
1189:
1132:radiation detection device
842:
707:
640:
616:Schematic of a BARS system
544:Manufacturing technologies
5877:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
5856:. Butterworth-Heinemann.
5449:October 21, 2012, at the
5148:10.1021/cen-v082n005.p026
4838:10.1080/10408430008951119
4372:10.1002/9783527648603.ch8
3689:. IET. pp. 142–147.
3588:. Elsevier. p. 136.
3439:10.1134/S1070427206120019
3278:Kopf, R. F., ed. (2003).
2539:Journal of Crystal Growth
2043:. Elsevier. p. 194.
2037:Feigelson, R. S. (2004).
1788:Crookes, William (1909).
1375:communicated a note from
1301:(1895): a short story by
921:isotopically pure diamond
839:Impurities and inclusions
773:chemical vapor deposition
643:Chemical vapor deposition
637:Chemical vapor deposition
573:Schematic of a belt press
530:chemical vapor deposition
300:claimed success in 1909.
136:chemical vapor deposition
5648:"A New Diamond Industry"
5176:. Kitco. July 12, 2013.
4703:10.1109/LED.2012.2210020
4499:(Submitted manuscript).
4135:Holtzapffel, C. (1856).
2697:Russian Chemical Reviews
2455:"Preparation of diamond"
1835:10.1002/zaac.19170990109
1281:Federal Trade Commission
1116:field-effect transistors
704:Detonation of explosives
317:Charles Algernon Parsons
196:field-effect transistors
112:heaviest natural diamond
5912:Lundblad, Erik (1988).
5850:Barnard, A. S. (2000).
5317:(8): 083517–083517–10.
5079:10.1023/A:1026526729357
4749:10.1109/LED.2006.876325
4650:10.1126/science.1074374
4599:10.1126/science.1060258
3759:Physica Status Solidi A
3237:Physica Status Solidi A
2811:Encyclopædia Britannica
1279:In July 2018, the U.S.
861:(and, in some cases, a
561:of graphite solutions.
555:detonation nanodiamonds
271:James Ballantyne Hannay
5523:Bloomberg Businessweek
4285:Harris, D. C. (1999).
4037:10.1021/acsami.7b16812
3779:10.1002/pssa.200409033
3730:(2): 026112–026112–3.
3257:10.1002/pssa.200561920
2115:10.1098/rspa.1907.0062
2088:Parson, C. A. (1907).
1694:10.1098/rspl.1879.0144
1676:Hannay, J. B. (1879).
1625:June 29, 2014, at the
1545:10.1098/rstl.1797.0005
1387:
1377:Mr. Cagniard de Latour
1371:, November 10, 1828: "
1367:
1336:
1201:
978:
723:
710:Detonation nanodiamond
652:
617:
574:
473:
416:Nobel Prize in Physics
376:
340:
262:
159:
37:
5468:June 1, 2015, at the
4445:on September 17, 2008
4273:U.S. patent 6,924,170
4123:U.S. patent 4,488,821
2849:on September 10, 2015
2636:U.S. patent 3,030,188
2181:Hazen, R. M. (1999).
2137:Desch, C. H. (1928).
1984:Lonsdale, K. (1962).
1391:, December 1, 1828: "
1309:Synthetic alexandrite
1199:
972:
747:Ultrasound cavitation
718:Electron micrograph (
717:
650:
641:Further information:
615:
572:
471:
371:
338:
260:
208:high-energy particles
200:light-emitting diodes
156:
35:
4266:Ravi, Kramadhati V.
2595:(11–12): 1916–1919.
2344:Hall, H. T. (1960).
1688:(200–205): 450–461.
1104:n-type semiconductor
1086:, because it can be
925:thermal conductivity
885:Thermal conductivity
869:(defects within the
859:electrical conductor
855:electrical insulator
287:electric arc furnace
168:thermal conductivity
5819:Nationaljeweler.com
5406:The Washington Post
5355:on October 17, 2012
5323:2005JAP....97h3517C
5270:1979RPPh...42.1605W
5071:1988JApEl..18..410W
5036:2007DRM....16.1648N
4987:Electrochimica Acta
4956:2008SeScT..23c5026B
4894:2005NIMPA.552..189B
4830:2000CRSSM..25..163R
4741:2006IEDL...27..570U
4695:2012IEDL...33.1471R
4642:2002Sci...297.1670I
4636:(5587): 1670–1672.
4591:2001Sci...292.1899K
4585:(5523): 1899–1901.
4556:2005DRM....14..491D
4509:2003RScI...74.2467J
4413:1993SPIE.1739..628K
4254:10.1049/el:19920123
4246:1992ElL....28..197S
4234:Electronics Letters
4211:2003DRM....12.1300A
4092:1993PhRvL..70.3764W
3995:1999JAP....86..698C
3937:10.1038/nature02449
3929:2004Natur.428..542E
3869:2011PhRvB..84o5205A
3816:2009PhRvB..79k5202L
3771:2004PSSAR.201R..25Y
3736:2005RScI...76b6112S
3645:1998DRM.....7..427B
3541:2024Natur.629..348G
3474:2008DRM....17..931K
3388:1961Sci...133.1821D
3382:(3467): 1821–1822.
3338:2000DRM.....9..861I
3249:2005PSSAR.202.2177B
3172:2002Litho..60..145P
3092:1958Sci...128..445H
2972:2004DokPh..49..150G
2933:2007DRM....16.2018O
2887:1998RPPh...61.1665W
2709:1970RuCRv..39..783D
2662:1968JAP....39.2915A
2601:2005DRM....14.1916A
2551:1990JCrGr.104..257B
2499:on January 8, 2014.
2474:1959Natur.184.1094B
2468:(4693): 1094–1098.
2439:on January 8, 2014.
2414:1955Natur.176...51B
2395:"Man-made diamonds"
2382:on January 8, 2014.
2365:1960RScI...31..125H
2313:1993Natur.365...19B
2155:1928Natur.121..799C
2106:1907RSPSA..79..532P
2002:1962Natur.196..104L
1962:on January 12, 2016
1860:Nassau, K. (1980).
1598:Academy of Sciences
1481:on January 28, 2013
1357:Mechanics' Magazine
1068:diffraction grating
923:, have the highest
464:Further development
5972:1953 introductions
5653:The Mining Journal
4497:Rev. Sci. Instrum.
3570:Spear and Dismukes
3462:Diam. Relat. Mater
2753:. April 11, 2017.
2738:Spear and Dismukes
2683:Spear and Dismukes
2622:Spear and Dismukes
2589:Diam. Relat. Mater
2185:The diamond makers
1868:. pp. 12–25.
1682:Proc. R. Soc. Lond
1586:Spear and Dismukes
1571:Spear and Dismukes
1225:, ultraviolet, or
1202:
1192:Diamond (gemstone)
979:
875:compressive stress
789:optical dispersion
724:
692:, or other means.
653:
618:
575:
474:
377:
364:GE diamond project
353:Baltzar von Platen
341:
306:J. Willard Hershey
263:
160:
81:obtained by mining
53:laboratory-created
38:
5962:Synthetic diamond
5927:Schulz, William.
5905:978-0-471-53589-8
5895:Synthetic diamond
5884:978-0-7506-5856-0
5863:978-0-7506-4244-6
5488:Gems and Gemology
5331:10.1063/1.1866501
5264:(10): 1605–1659.
5114:10.1149/1.1390963
5065:(12): 1345–1350.
4793:978-3-03813-096-3
4689:(10): 1471–1473.
4517:10.1063/1.1544084
4431:10.1117/12.140532
4348:978-0-8018-7921-0
4296:978-0-8194-3482-1
4156:978-1-879335-39-4
4086:(24): 3764–3767.
3913:(6982): 542–545.
3744:10.1063/1.1850654
3724:Rev. Sci. Instrum
3696:978-0-85296-785-0
3672:on July 21, 2011.
3595:978-0-444-51958-0
3535:(8011): 348–354.
3433:(12): 1913–1918.
3291:978-1-56677-391-1
3243:(11): 2177–2181.
3209:978-3-527-40801-6
3086:(3322): 445–449.
3064:978-0-8129-2275-2
2980:10.1134/1.1710678
2927:(12): 2018–2022.
2881:(12): 1665–1710.
2670:10.1063/1.1656693
2482:10.1038/1841094a0
2373:10.1063/1.1716907
2353:Rev. Sci. Instrum
2200:978-0-521-65474-6
2149:(3055): 799–800.
2050:978-0-444-51650-3
1996:(4850): 104–106.
1929:978-0-486-41816-2
1902:978-1-4179-7715-4
1875:978-0-8019-6773-3
1817:Ruff, O. (1917).
1588:, pp. 23, 512–513
1298:The Diamond Maker
1285:diamond simulants
1211:memorial diamonds
1013:Thermal conductor
871:crystal structure
758:using ultrasonic
414:, who received a
310:McPherson College
267:Antoine Lavoisier
212:thermal expansion
194:, high-frequency
172:electron mobility
85:diamond simulants
49:lab-grown diamond
18:Lab-grown diamond
16:(Redirected from
5979:
5948:
5909:
5888:
5867:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5781:
5774:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5739:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5679:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5581:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5564:
5553:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5479:
5473:
5460:
5454:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5281:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5205:Kitco Commentary
5196:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5127:
5118:
5117:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5030:(8): 1648–1651.
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4888:(1–2): 189–196.
4876:
4870:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4550:(3–7): 491–498.
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4441:. Archived from
4424:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4205:(8): 1300–1306.
4194:
4188:
4187:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4031:(5): 4808–4815.
4016:
4007:
4006:
4003:10.1063/1.370787
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3922:
3920:cond-mat/0404156
3904:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3862:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3809:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3665:. Archived from
3656:
3639:(2–5): 427–431.
3630:
3621:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3525:Ruoff, Rodney S.
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3332:(3–6): 861–865.
3323:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3166:(3–4): 145–159.
3153:
3147:
3146:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3052:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3005:"HPHT synthesis"
3001:
2992:
2991:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2870:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2842:National Jeweler
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2584:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2534:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2492:. Archived from
2459:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2432:. Archived from
2422:10.1038/176051a0
2399:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2375:. Archived from
2350:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2322:10.1038/365019a0
2292:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2188:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:10.1038/121799a0
2134:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2100:(533): 532–535.
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:10.1038/196104a0
1981:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1919:Book of Diamonds
1913:
1907:
1906:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1862:Gems made by Man
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1673:
1667:
1654:
1648:
1635:
1629:
1617:
1611:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1547:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1507:. April 13, 2023
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1414:
1398:
1390:
1370:
1350:carbon disulfide
1339:
1330:
1314:List of diamonds
1150:detector at the
1112:carrier mobility
1096:valence electron
1034:Optical material
946:
944:
943:
936:
935:
918:
917:
916:
909:
908:
899:covalent bonding
729:
627:cemented carbide
420:tungsten carbide
397:Second World War
381:General Electric
230:
229:
228:
73:cultured diamond
41:Laboratory-grown
21:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5952:
5951:
5926:
5923:
5906:
5891:
5885:
5870:
5864:
5849:
5846:
5840:
5838:
5828:
5826:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5763:
5753:
5751:
5741:
5740:
5733:
5723:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5697:
5695:
5681:
5680:
5673:
5663:
5661:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5621:The Diamond Pro
5614:
5613:
5609:
5599:
5597:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5532:
5530:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5499:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5470:Wayback Machine
5461:
5457:
5451:Wayback Machine
5442:
5438:
5430:
5426:
5416:
5414:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5382:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5358:
5356:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5258:Rep. Prog. Phys
5255:
5254:
5250:
5240:
5238:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5183:
5181:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5157:
5155:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5021:
5020:
5016:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4925:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4867:Wayback Machine
4857:
4853:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4794:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4422:10.1.1.261.1970
4394:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4381:978-352764860-3
4361:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4080:Phys. Rev. Lett
4077:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4018:
4017:
4010:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3706:
3704:
3697:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3669:
3654:10.1.1.520.7265
3628:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3596:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3564:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3292:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3210:
3195:
3194:
3187:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3044:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2960:Doklady Physics
2956:
2955:
2948:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2875:Rep. Prog. Phys
2872:
2871:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2408:(4471): 51–55.
2397:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2247:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1930:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1866:Chilton Book Co
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1665:Wayback Machine
1655:
1651:
1646:Wayback Machine
1636:
1632:
1627:Wayback Machine
1618:
1614:
1609:Wayback Machine
1596:
1592:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1293:
1263:Consumer demand
1194:
1188:
1138:and has a wide
1080:
1053:
1036:
1022:for high-power
1015:
973:Diamonds in an
967:
962:
942:
940:
939:
938:
934:
932:
931:
930:
928:
915:
913:
912:
911:
907:
905:
904:
903:
902:
887:
847:
841:
821:
811:to hundreds of
797:
781:
768:
749:
727:
712:
706:
645:
639:
567:
546:
509:phosphorescence
466:
366:
333:
298:William Crookes
273:in 1879 and by
255:
227:
224:
223:
222:
220:
61:artisan-created
47:), also called
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5985:
5983:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5922:
5921:External links
5919:
5918:
5917:
5910:
5904:
5898:. Wiley-IEEE.
5889:
5883:
5868:
5862:
5845:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5805:
5793:
5761:
5731:
5705:
5671:
5638:
5607:
5586:"CNN Business"
5576:
5540:
5509:
5474:
5455:
5436:
5424:
5392:
5366:
5336:
5301:
5279:10.1.1.467.443
5248:
5222:
5191:
5165:
5119:
5092:
5049:
5014:
4993:(2): 191–199.
4977:
4933:
4907:
4871:
4851:
4824:(3): 163–277.
4807:
4792:
4762:
4735:(7): 570–572.
4716:
4671:
4620:
4569:
4534:
4483:
4456:
4387:
4380:
4354:
4347:
4329:
4302:
4295:
4277:
4259:
4240:(2): 197–199.
4224:
4189:
4178:(5): 761–774.
4162:
4155:
4127:
4113:
4070:
4008:
3973:
3890:
3853:(15): 155205.
3837:
3800:(11): 115202.
3784:
3749:
3714:
3695:
3675:
3613:
3594:
3574:
3562:
3515:
3487:
3468:(6): 931–936.
3452:
3417:
3366:
3309:
3290:
3270:
3227:
3208:
3185:
3148:
3121:
3070:
3063:
3034:
3022:
3011:on May 1, 2009
2993:
2966:(3): 150–153.
2946:
2908:
2860:
2828:
2798:
2768:
2742:
2730:
2703:(9): 783–788.
2687:
2675:
2640:
2626:
2614:
2576:
2564:
2545:(2): 257–279.
2526:
2514:
2502:
2442:
2385:
2336:
2284:
2272:
2245:
2225:
2206:
2199:
2170:
2129:
2080:
2068:
2049:
2029:
2017:
1973:
1947:
1928:
1908:
1901:
1881:
1874:
1852:
1809:
1780:
1759:Comptes Rendus
1751:Moissan, Henri
1742:
1715:
1668:
1649:
1630:
1612:
1590:
1575:
1563:
1518:
1492:
1465:
1454:. Diamondrensu
1442:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1381:Mr. Gay-Lussac
1364:
1353:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1292:
1289:
1253:diamond mining
1190:Main article:
1187:
1184:
1136:radiation hard
1079:
1076:
1051:
1035:
1032:
1014:
1011:
999:ferrous alloys
966:
963:
961:
958:
941:
933:
914:
906:
886:
883:
863:superconductor
843:Main article:
840:
837:
820:
817:
796:
793:
780:
777:
767:
764:
748:
745:
708:Main article:
705:
702:
638:
635:
622:BARS apparatus
603:platonic solid
566:
563:
545:
542:
465:
462:
412:Percy Bridgman
365:
362:
332:
329:
254:
251:
225:
216:spectral range
206:(UV) light or
192:power stations
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5984:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5869:
5865:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5841:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5794:
5778:
5771:
5765:
5762:
5749:
5745:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5706:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5642:
5639:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5611:
5608:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5580:
5577:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5510:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5425:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5393:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5249:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5223:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5195:
5192:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5015:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4950:(3): 035026.
4949:
4945:
4937:
4934:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4720:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4535:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4484:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4457:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4074:
4071:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3578:
3575:
3572:, pp. 308–309
3571:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3228:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2740:, pp. 265–266
2739:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2679:
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2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:J. Appl. Phys
2644:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
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2577:
2573:
2568:
2565:
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2548:
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2531:
2527:
2523:
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2511:
2506:
2503:
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2487:
2483:
2479:
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2463:
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2427:
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2419:
2415:
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2407:
2403:
2396:
2389:
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2374:
2370:
2366:
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2347:
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2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
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2302:
2298:
2291:
2289:
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2281:
2276:
2273:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2246:91-7616-018-1
2242:
2238:
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2229:
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2221:
2217:
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2207:
2202:
2196:
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2177:
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2171:
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2099:
2095:
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2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:(1): 73–104.
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1731:(2): 116–30.
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
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1522:
1519:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
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1378:
1374:
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1358:
1354:
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1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
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1326:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:Blood Diamond
1254:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1198:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:semiconductor
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1048:zinc selenide
1045:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:heat spreader
1012:
1010:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:cutting tools
984:
983:machine tools
976:
975:angle grinder
971:
964:
959:
957:
954:
948:
945:
926:
922:
900:
895:
892:
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
846:
838:
836:
834:
829:
826:
818:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
795:Crystallinity
794:
792:
790:
786:
778:
776:
774:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
746:
744:
742:
738:
734:
721:
716:
711:
703:
701:
698:
693:
691:
690:electron beam
687:
683:
682:welding torch
679:
678:arc discharge
675:
671:
667:
663:
657:
649:
644:
636:
634:
632:
628:
623:
614:
610:
608:
604:
600:
594:
592:
586:
584:
580:
571:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
543:
541:
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535:
531:
527:
522:
519:
515:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
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463:
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449:
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428:
425:
421:
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413:
409:
404:
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398:
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390:
386:
382:
375:
370:
363:
361:
357:
354:
350:
346:
337:
330:
328:
326:
322:
321:steam turbine
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
259:
252:
250:
248:
247:spectroscopic
243:
238:
236:
232:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
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165:
155:
151:
149:
145:
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137:
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129:
125:
121:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
5936:
5932:
5894:
5873:
5852:
5844:Bibliography
5839:
5827:. Retrieved
5818:
5808:
5796:
5784:. Retrieved
5764:
5752:. Retrieved
5722:. Retrieved
5708:
5696:. Retrieved
5662:. Retrieved
5651:
5641:
5631:November 19,
5629:. Retrieved
5620:
5610:
5598:. Retrieved
5590:CNN Business
5589:
5579:
5569:February 12,
5567:. Retrieved
5555:
5543:
5531:. Retrieved
5522:
5512:
5500:. Retrieved
5491:
5487:
5477:
5458:
5439:
5427:
5417:November 26,
5415:. Retrieved
5404:
5395:
5383:. Retrieved
5369:
5357:. Retrieved
5353:the original
5348:
5339:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5239:. Retrieved
5235:
5225:
5213:. Retrieved
5204:
5194:
5182:. Retrieved
5168:
5156:. Retrieved
5142:(5): 26–31.
5139:
5135:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5062:
5058:
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5027:
5023:
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5008:11567/244765
4990:
4986:
4980:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4924:. Retrieved
4910:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4854:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4732:
4726:
4719:
4686:
4680:
4674:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4525:. Retrieved
4500:
4496:
4486:
4474:. Retrieved
4459:
4447:. Retrieved
4443:the original
4404:
4400:
4390:
4363:
4357:
4338:
4332:
4318:: 27. 1999.
4315:
4311:
4305:
4286:
4280:
4267:
4262:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4137:
4130:
4116:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4028:
4024:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3964:. Retrieved
3910:
3906:
3893:
3850:
3847:Phys. Rev. B
3846:
3840:
3797:
3794:Phys. Rev. B
3793:
3787:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3705:. Retrieved
3685:
3678:
3667:the original
3636:
3632:
3604:. Retrieved
3584:
3577:
3565:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3502:ScienceAlert
3500:
3490:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3357:. Retrieved
3329:
3325:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3280:
3273:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3198:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3048:
3025:
3013:. Retrieved
3009:the original
2963:
2959:
2924:
2920:
2878:
2874:
2851:. Retrieved
2847:the original
2840:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2810:
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2780:
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2745:
2733:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2678:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2629:
2617:
2592:
2588:
2567:
2542:
2538:
2517:
2505:
2494:the original
2465:
2461:
2434:the original
2405:
2401:
2388:
2377:the original
2356:
2352:
2339:
2307:(6441): 19.
2304:
2300:
2275:
2265:November 20,
2263:. Retrieved
2235:
2228:
2219:
2216:ASEA Journal
2215:
2209:
2184:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2039:
2032:
2020:
1993:
1989:
1964:. Retrieved
1960:the original
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1918:
1911:
1891:
1884:
1861:
1855:
1843:. Retrieved
1826:
1822:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1790:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1762:
1758:
1745:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1652:
1633:
1615:
1593:
1566:
1556:February 23,
1554:. Retrieved
1535:
1531:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1504:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:the original
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1424:The Guardian
1422:
1412:
1360:
1356:
1328:
1296:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1256:
1251:Traditional
1250:
1246:
1231:
1219:spectroscopy
1215:
1203:
1175:biomolecules
1164:
1129:
1125:
1081:
1072:synchrotrons
1064:Raman lasers
1037:
1024:laser diodes
1016:
1003:
980:
960:Applications
949:
896:
888:
867:dislocations
852:
848:
833:hyperdiamond
822:
798:
782:
769:
750:
725:
694:
674:hot filament
658:
654:
631:thermocouple
619:
607:dodecahedron
605:, such as a
595:
587:
583:precipitates
576:
547:
538:
523:
505:fluorescence
502:
483:
475:
452:
436:pyrophyllite
429:
410:designed by
405:
378:
358:
342:
314:
295:
264:
239:
161:
131:
127:
123:
120:Soviet Union
116:
92:crystallized
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
39:
29:
5664:January 14,
4503:(4): 2467.
4407:: 628–642.
4312:New Diamond
4145:. pp.
4143:Holtzapffel
4063:October 16,
2656:(6): 2915.
2624:, pp. 25–26
2512:, pp. 40–43
1966:January 12,
1765:: 320–326.
1538:: 123–127.
1505:klenota.com
1485:February 4,
1393:Mr. Thenard
1303:H. G. Wells
1078:Electronics
1054:lasers and
1028:transistors
953:thermistors
813:micrometers
801:polycrystal
733:nitric acid
599:tetrahedron
393:gigapascals
389:Carborundum
204:ultraviolet
176:widely used
132:CVD diamond
110:), and the
5956:Categories
5786:August 21,
5724:August 17,
5432:O'Donoghue
4527:August 21,
4401:Proc. SPIE
3989:(1): 698.
3765:(4): R25.
2522:O'Donoghue
2359:(2): 125.
2280:O'Donoghue
2025:O'Donoghue
1940:August 15,
1802:August 18,
1435:October 1,
1405:References
1346:phosphorus
1342:Mr. Gannal
1167:covalently
1092:phosphorus
991:drill bits
809:nanometers
805:grain size
779:Properties
760:cavitation
559:sonication
490:Inclusions
401:Tracy Hall
360:15, 1955.
184:heat sinks
148:ultrasound
144:detonation
83:). Unlike
65:artificial
5945:0009-2347
5556:gjepc.org
5359:August 8,
5296:250857323
5274:CiteSeerX
5207:. Kitco.
5184:August 1,
5108:(2): 77.
4802:137379434
4778:: 73–76.
4439:137212507
4417:CiteSeerX
4324:1340-4792
4045:1944-8244
3966:April 24,
3885:118553722
3860:1307.3278
3832:119227072
3807:1208.3207
3649:CiteSeerX
3508:April 25,
2988:120882885
2903:250878100
2781:JCKOnline
2725:250819894
2255:841614801
2078:, pp. 6–7
1773:March 10,
1710:135789069
1658:page 151:
1639:page 140:
1602:page 137:
1511:April 13,
1373:Mr. Arago
1234:one maker
1232:At least
1206:gemstones
1186:Gemstones
1162:program.
1056:gyrotrons
956:seconds.
919:(99.9%),
879:toughness
672:power, a
670:microwave
591:hydraulic
526:pyrolysis
424:catlinite
345:Stockholm
302:Otto Ruff
235:gyrotrons
180:abrasives
140:nanometer
96:isotropic
69:synthetic
5967:Crystals
5829:July 11,
5823:Archived
5777:Archived
5754:July 29,
5748:Archived
5718:Archived
5692:Archived
5658:Archived
5625:Archived
5594:Archived
5560:Archived
5533:July 19,
5527:Archived
5502:June 21,
5496:Archived
5466:Archived
5447:Archived
5434:, p. 115
5411:Archived
5379:Archived
5215:March 7,
5209:Archived
5178:Archived
5158:March 2,
5152:Archived
5087:97692319
4972:93845703
4920:Archived
4863:Archived
4846:96368363
4757:27756719
4711:15626986
4666:27736134
4658:12215638
4615:10675358
4607:11397942
4521:Archived
4470:Archived
4108:10053956
4057:Archived
4053:29328632
3957:Archived
3945:15057827
3701:Archived
3600:Archived
3557:38658760
3447:96810777
3404:17818997
3359:March 4,
3350:Archived
3296:Archived
3265:93807288
3214:Archived
3116:17834381
3032:, p. 150
2815:Archived
2785:Archived
2755:Archived
2574:, p. 166
2524:, p. 320
2490:44669031
2282:, p. 474
2259:Archived
2055:Archived
2027:, p. 473
1934:Archived
1845:June 29,
1839:Archived
1796:Archived
1791:Diamonds
1767:Archived
1753:(1894).
1737:10365467
1661:Archived
1642:Archived
1623:Archived
1605:Archived
1573:, p. 309
1550:Archived
1458:June 11,
1429:Archived
1291:See also
1223:infrared
1169:linking
1134:. It is
1120:band gap
1044:infrared
1006:sintered
995:abrasive
819:Hardness
666:radicals
518:De Beers
494:titanium
486:nitrogen
448:catalyst
432:toroidal
279:charcoal
188:switches
164:hardness
57:man-made
5698:May 30,
5385:May 27,
5349:Reuters
5319:Bibcode
5266:Bibcode
5241:May 23,
5067:Bibcode
5032:Bibcode
4952:Bibcode
4890:Bibcode
4826:Bibcode
4737:Bibcode
4691:Bibcode
4638:Bibcode
4630:Science
4587:Bibcode
4579:Science
4552:Bibcode
4505:Bibcode
4409:Bibcode
4242:Bibcode
4207:Bibcode
4088:Bibcode
3991:Bibcode
3953:4423950
3925:Bibcode
3865:Bibcode
3812:Bibcode
3767:Bibcode
3732:Bibcode
3641:Bibcode
3537:Bibcode
3470:Bibcode
3412:9805441
3384:Bibcode
3376:Science
3334:Bibcode
3245:Bibcode
3168:Bibcode
3137:: 5–9.
3108:1756408
3088:Bibcode
3080:Science
3055:197–230
3030:Barnard
2968:Bibcode
2929:Bibcode
2883:Bibcode
2853:May 10,
2821:May 10,
2791:May 10,
2761:June 9,
2705:Bibcode
2685:, p. 42
2658:Bibcode
2597:Bibcode
2572:Barnard
2547:Bibcode
2510:Barnard
2470:Bibcode
2430:4266566
2410:Bibcode
2361:Bibcode
2331:4348180
2309:Bibcode
2151:Bibcode
2102:Bibcode
2076:Barnard
1998:Bibcode
1242:Gemesis
1221:in the
1142:of 5.5
1140:bandgap
741:Belarus
662:methane
534:silicon
374:KOBELCO
253:History
77:diamond
5943:
5902:
5881:
5860:
5600:May 5,
5294:
5276:
5085:
4970:
4926:May 5,
4844:
4800:
4790:
4755:
4709:
4664:
4656:
4613:
4605:
4476:May 5,
4449:May 5,
4437:
4419:
4378:
4345:
4322:
4293:
4153:
4149:–178.
4106:
4051:
4043:
3951:
3943:
3907:Nature
3883:
3830:
3707:May 3,
3693:
3651:
3606:May 3,
3592:
3555:
3529:Nature
3445:
3410:
3402:
3302:May 3,
3288:
3263:
3220:May 3,
3206:
3159:Lithos
3114:
3106:
3061:
3015:May 5,
2986:
2901:
2723:
2488:
2462:Nature
2428:
2402:Nature
2329:
2301:Nature
2253:
2243:
2197:
2193:–113.
2143:Nature
2122:
2061:May 3,
2047:
1990:Nature
1926:
1899:
1872:
1735:
1708:
1702:113601
1700:
1100:p-type
1060:optics
752:Micron
737:powder
697:silica
557:) and
551:plasma
516:. The
514:X-rays
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