2575:
175:
2077:
135:
2587:
6585:
2175:
2811:
33:
2765:: "manual labourer") were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in South East Asia. Only 52,000 were repatriated to Java, meaning that there was a death rate of 80%. Also, 6.87 million Koreans were forcefully put into slave labour from 1939 to 1945 in both Japan and Japanese-occupied Korea.
2848:– are examples of the state use of convict labour. Australia received thousands of convict labourers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who were given sentences for crimes ranging from those now considered to be minor misdemeanours to such serious offences as murder, rape and incest. A considerable number of Irish convicts were sentenced to transportation for
2458:
Europe, governments throughout human history have imposed regular short stints of unpaid labour upon lower social classes. These might be annual obligations of a few weeks or something similarly regular that lasted for the labourer's entire working life. As the system developed in the
Philippines and
2134:
However, recent contributions to this debate have attempted to exclude
Marxism from the discussion. These contributions maintain that, because Marxist theory failed to understand the centrality of unfreedom to modern capitalism, a new explanation of this link is needed. This claim has been questioned
2102:
Unfree labour is often more easily instituted and enforced on migrant workers, who have travelled far from their homelands and who are easily identified because of their physical, ethnic, linguistic, or cultural differences from the general population, since they are unable or unlikely to report
2126:
During the 1960s and 1970s, unfree labour was regarded as incompatible with capitalist accumulation, and thus an obstacle to economic growth, an interpretation advanced by exponents of the then-dominant semi-feudal thesis. From the 1980s onwards, however, another and very different
Marxist view
3106:
is a non-paying job performed by one person or a group of people for the benefit of their community or its institutions. Community service is distinct from volunteering, since it is not always performed on a voluntary basis. Although personal benefits may be realised, it may be performed for a
2171:(SAP-FL), global profits from forced trafficked labour exploited by private agents are estimated at US$ 44.3 billion per year. About 70% of this value (US$ 31.6 billion) comes from trafficked victims. At least the half of this sum (more than US$ 15 billion) comes from industrialised countries.
2207:
2369:
society. Serfs typically have no legal right to leave, change employers, or seek paid work, though depending on economic conditions many did so anyway. Unlike chattel slaves, they typically cannot be sold separately from the land, and have rights such as the military protection of the lord.
2952:, during wartime or economic crisis, to provide basic services like medical care, food supply or supply of the defence industry. On the other hand, this service can be obligatory to provide recurring and inevitable services to the population, like fire services, due to lack of volunteers.
2893:, under which workers sign contracts to work for a specific period of time, for which they are paid only with accommodation and sustenance, or these essentials in addition to limited benefits such as cancellation of a debt, or transportation to a desired country.
2193:
Trafficking is a term to define the recruiting, harbouring, obtaining and transportation of a person by use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjecting them to involuntary acts, such as acts related to commercial sexual exploitation (including
1673:
2859:
More than 165,000 convicts were transported to
Australian colonies from 1788 to 1868. Most British or Irish convicts who were sentenced to transportation, however, completed their sentences in British jails and were not transported at all.
2416:, or by selling items to workers at inflated prices. Others argue that truck wages were a convenient way for isolated communities, such as during the early colonial settlement of North America, to operate when official currency was scarce.
2229:, in which individual workers are legally owned throughout their lives, and may be bought, sold or otherwise exchanged by owners, while never or rarely receiving any personal benefit from their labour. Slavery was common in many
2411:
Many scholars have suggested that employers use such systems to exploit workers and/or indebt them. This could occur, for example, if employers were able to pay workers with goods which had a market value below the level of
2907:
While historically unfree labour was frequently sanctioned by law, in the present day most unfree labour now revolves around illegal control rather than legal ownership, as all countries have made slavery illegal.
2353:
involves kidnapping or trickery to transport people to another country or far away from home, to work as a slave or low-paid involuntary worker. In some cases, workers were returned home after a period of time.
2139:. He argues that many of these new characteristics are in fact no different from those identified earlier by Marxist theory and that the exclusion of the latter approach from the debate is thus unwarranted.
2300:), from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century. In the latter case, workers were rarely or never paid, and were restricted by regulations and/or police intervention to regions around their places of work.
4178:
143:
3473:
2473:
A form of forced labour in which peasants and members of lower castes were required to work for free existed in India before independence. This form of labour was known by several names, including
1794:
3107:
variety of reasons including citizenship requirements, a substitution of criminal justice sanctions, requirements of a school or class, and requisites for the receipt of certain benefits.
2269:. Being sold into slavery was a common fate of populations that were conquered in wars. Perhaps the most prominent example of chattel slavery was the enslavement of many millions of
5728:
1658:
1189:
2332:
1543:
915:
652:
3364:
2146:(ILO) estimates that at least 12.3 million people are victims of forced labour worldwide; of these, 9.8 million are exploited by private agents and more than 2.4 million are
1279:
920:
3304:
612:
4152:
3082:
are often met with severe punishment. Even in countries which prohibit other forms of unfree labour, conscription is generally justified as being necessary in the
2273:
in Africa, as well as their forced transportation to the
Americas, Asia, or Europe, where their status as slaves was almost always inherited by their descendants.
2111:
Unfree labour re-emerged as an issue in the debate about rural development during the years following the end of the Second World War, when a political concern of
6753:
967:
4613:
Eradication of forced labour—General Survey concerning the Forced Labour
Convention, 1930 (No. 29), and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)
3417:
2123:). A crucial aspect of the ensuing discussion concerned the extent to which different relational forms constituted obstacles to capitalist development, and why.
2574:
2276:
The term "slavery" is often applied to situations which do not meet the above definitions, but which are other, closely related forms of unfree labour, such as
3032:
can not be provided, due to lack of volunteers. In 2018 this regulation is executed only in a handful of communities in
Germany and currently none in Austria.
1513:
3240:
1663:
4182:
994:
3469:
5566:
5544:
3902:
3280:
3245:
2678:) were employed in the German war economy inside Nazi Germany. More than 2000 German companies profited from slave labour during the Nazi era, including
2643:
for several years after the German surrender; this was permitted under the Third Geneva
Convention provided they were accorded proper treatment. China's
2565:
1740:
492:
2825:
or prison labour is another classic form of unfree labour. The forced labour of convicts has often been regarded with lack of sympathy, because of the
6470:
942:
6314:
5876:
4991:
4122:
2307:
was officially banned; but forms of contract and indentured labour persisted alongside the period's penal codes' forced labour. Somewhat later, the
1713:
1533:
706:
6661:
6495:
1871:
4374:
6366:
5812:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5105:
4606:
4600:
3275:
2738:
2258:
977:
395:
4567:
3495:
2934:
Some countries practise forms of civil conscription for different major occupational groups or inhabitants under different denominations like
4559:
4517:
4502:
4487:
4468:
4460:
4443:
4428:
4420:
4405:
4367:
4359:
4344:
4336:
4071:
3741:
3672:
1555:
1232:
1004:
2404:, owned by their employers. A specific kind of truck system, in which credit advances are made against future work, is known in the U.S. as
2388:, refers to an unpopular or even exploitative form of payment associated with small, isolated and/or rural communities, in which workers or
6371:
5259:
4741:
1747:
1708:
1351:
3809:
4624:
4618:
4595:
4590:
4585:
3964:
3547:
1789:
1426:
1086:
937:
733:
642:
4205:
3652:
4043:
2071:
1809:
1503:
1257:
6608:
5783:
5571:
5539:
4577:
4545:
4388:
4271:
3706:
2143:
2076:
1958:
1951:
1631:
1508:
932:
701:
568:
116:
2569:
1478:
174:
6593:
3952:
Library of
Congress, 1992, "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"
3766:
2098:
The payment wholly or mostly consists of cancellation of a debt or liability that was itself coerced, or belongs to someone else.
1762:
972:
957:
903:
588:
578:
573:
402:
258:
6603:
5683:
4479:
3127:
1757:
1528:
334:
4966:
2053:, and in general any circumstance that would endanger the existence or the well-being of the whole or part of the population";
1668:
134:
6613:
6376:
5748:
5700:
4914:
4450:
4380:
3942:
Zhifen Ju, "Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the
Pacific war", 2002.
3368:
2155:
1227:
1215:
795:
607:
253:
54:
50:
4049:
3991:
3459:(2014), 'Debating Capitalist Dynamics and Unfree Labour: A Missing Link?', The Journal of Development Studies, 50:4, 570–82.
97:
6464:
6356:
5768:
5316:
4654:
3870:
3526:
3512:
3013:
3009:
1799:
1582:
443:
69:
6758:
6545:
5718:
4769:
2985:
1804:
1648:
1518:
1179:
947:
927:
487:
455:
6654:
6530:
5743:
3586:
3324:
2902:
1864:
1814:
1538:
1456:
583:
364:
184:
4961:
3409:
3187:
76:
4684:
3501:. Anti-Slavery International. November 2006. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012 – via Child Centre.
6459:
6341:
5817:
5269:
4869:
3175:
3000:
in most communities for all inhabitants, no matter if they are Swiss or not, it is mandatory to join the so-called
2385:
1723:
1575:
1560:
1451:
647:
317:
6697:
4674:
43:
6623:
6618:
6439:
6113:
6024:
5903:
4089:
3029:
2311:'s penal laws prescribed "non-free labour" for the immediate families of executed criminals in Article 17 of the
2280:
or debt-bondage (although not all repayment of debts through labour constitutes unfree labour). Examples are the
2246:
2158:
as set forth in the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (C105), one of the fundamental conventions of the ILO.
1819:
1718:
1249:
1237:
827:
800:
305:
4554:(The Enslaved Grandmother Syndrome: a 21st-century Pandemic). Grupo Editorial Universitario. Granada, oct 2001.
6628:
6598:
6289:
6091:
5850:
5773:
5274:
5264:
4946:
4734:
4612:
3197:
3192:
3087:
2561:
2234:
1961:
1904:
1599:
1468:
1021:
810:
295:
196:
83:
6086:
5807:
3496:"Trafficking for Forced Labour in Europe—Report on a study in the UK, Ireland the Czech Republic and Portugal"
475:
4015:
6555:
6434:
6336:
6274:
5713:
5600:
5534:
5447:
3399:
Andrees and Belser, "Forced labor: Coercion and exploitation in the private economy", 2009. Rienner and ILO.
3329:
3025:
2853:
2250:
2116:
1784:
1523:
1473:
1401:
1174:
952:
896:
879:
310:
2131:
enterprises, commercial farmers and rich peasants reproduced, introduced or reintroduced unfree relations.
2095:
The payment is in goods which are not desirable and/or cannot be exchanged or are difficult to exchange; or
1072:
6748:
6647:
6409:
6361:
6331:
6168:
6136:
6126:
5943:
5928:
5908:
5790:
5561:
5556:
4831:
4695:
3235:
2640:
2586:
2289:
1857:
1826:
1331:
984:
832:
556:
522:
517:
65:
4531:
4130:
2733:, Toru Kubo, and Mitsuyoshi Himeta, more than 10 million Chinese were mobilised by the Japanese army and
6351:
6346:
6284:
6229:
6178:
5800:
5331:
5304:
4976:
4904:
3888:
3255:
2726:. In particular, Germany's Jewish population was subject to slave labour prior to their extermination.
2508:
2067:
1911:, including death or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families.
1693:
1548:
1461:
1446:
1128:
1116:
862:
847:
632:
407:
329:
3951:
2423:
countries, as exploitative; perhaps the most well-known example of this view was a 1947 U.S. hit song "
3202:
6419:
6195:
6148:
5968:
5963:
5738:
5733:
5708:
5648:
5492:
5472:
5424:
5294:
5209:
5047:
3260:
3220:
2841:
2340:
2162:
1831:
1735:
1698:
1626:
1570:
1439:
1396:
1210:
1140:
815:
595:
497:
381:
288:
4641:
2988:, a system of civil mobilisation was implemented to provide public services as a national interest.
6324:
6319:
6257:
6205:
5923:
5891:
5881:
5763:
5753:
5284:
5279:
5100:
5080:
5001:
4921:
4899:
4879:
4727:
4495:
Labour Regime Change in the Twenty-First Century: Unfreedom, Capitalism and Primitive Accumulation.
2537:
2195:
1896:
1319:
1299:
1184:
1169:
1038:
1009:
999:
889:
837:
805:
602:
460:
428:
423:
376:
233:
4075:
2206:
6424:
6388:
6252:
6141:
6121:
5994:
5958:
5845:
5827:
5758:
5394:
5254:
5234:
5189:
5090:
5075:
3907:
3285:
2940:
2929:
2795:
2734:
2610:
2602:
2590:
2293:
2120:
2038:
1565:
1411:
1386:
1376:
1341:
1336:
1304:
1269:
1262:
1203:
1196:
1053:
872:
867:
857:
627:
480:
438:
433:
386:
354:
344:
281:
4664:
3178:. This mandatory service is still executed to maintain the infrastructure of small communities.
2863:
It is estimated that in the last 50 years more than 50 million people have been sent to Chinese
502:
448:
6639:
3806:
3004:, as well as the obligatory service in Swiss civil defence and protection force. Conscripts in
1990:, provided that the said work or service is carried out under the supervision and control of a
6535:
6515:
6247:
6212:
6044:
5938:
5918:
5837:
5690:
5625:
5299:
5249:
5224:
5184:
5179:
5110:
4956:
4555:
4541:
4513:
4498:
4483:
4464:
4456:
4439:
4424:
4416:
4401:
4384:
4363:
4355:
4340:
4332:
4267:
4097:
4039:
3929:
3747:
3737:
3712:
3702:
3668:
3506:
3171:
3167:
3103:
3059:
2916:
As mentioned above, there are several exceptions of unfree or forced labour recognised by the
2845:
2791:
2780:
2762:
2516:
2188:
2151:
2147:
1976:
1653:
1371:
1366:
1309:
1294:
1274:
1096:
1091:
1026:
989:
822:
788:
617:
470:
359:
238:
3601:
6505:
6294:
6262:
6222:
6217:
6014:
6004:
5822:
5653:
5610:
5583:
5578:
5432:
5399:
5389:
5239:
5167:
4971:
4909:
4889:
4874:
4709:
4008:
3660:
3270:
3225:
2606:
2541:
2304:
2254:
2174:
2063:
2034:
1991:
1843:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1381:
1346:
1314:
1284:
1157:
1145:
1123:
1101:
1048:
884:
852:
154:
3848:
3664:
3560:
2150:. Another 2.5 million are forced to work by the state or by rebel military groups. From an
90:
6565:
6500:
6309:
6279:
6267:
6131:
6029:
5896:
5229:
4996:
4799:
4774:
4764:
4658:
4645:
4393:
4019:
3995:
3826:
3813:
3790:
3295:
3063:
2837:
2628:
2459:
elsewhere, the labourer could pay an appropriate fee and be exempted from the obligation.
2242:
2230:
1752:
1643:
1638:
1391:
1361:
1356:
1079:
1043:
842:
760:
465:
211:
139:
4153:"Greek gov't to issue 86,000 'civil mobilization' orders for teachers …before the strike"
2794:
by depopulating cities and forcing the urban population ("New People") into agricultural
4712:
investigation of the international Pacific fishing fleet, 2015–2016, winner of the 2016
4696:
Migrant Workers as Non-Citizens: The Case against Citizenship as a Social Policy Concept
4685:
Alleging Captive Labor, Foreign Students Walk Out of Work-Study Program at Hershey Plant
6550:
6299:
6200:
6153:
5855:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5514:
5442:
5199:
5157:
4841:
4809:
4713:
4688:
3309:
2961:
2833:
2420:
2285:
1995:
1980:
1892:
1836:
1730:
622:
300:
263:
221:
2948:
etc. This obligatory service on the one hand has been implemented due to long-lasting
6742:
6670:
6525:
6444:
6429:
6414:
6185:
6163:
6069:
5953:
5886:
5860:
5795:
5638:
5595:
5590:
5437:
5321:
5219:
4941:
4794:
4779:
3075:
2949:
2884:
2826:
2699:
2683:
2636:
2605:, people from conquered or occupied countries, members of persecuted minorities, and
2533:
2389:
2281:
2003:
1774:
1150:
1133:
908:
738:
728:
512:
4301:
3174:
states it is feasible for communities to draft citizens for public services, called
2009:"any work or service exacted in cases of emergency, that is to say, in the event of
6712:
6682:
6560:
6540:
6520:
6510:
6485:
6239:
6074:
6054:
6039:
6009:
5999:
5778:
5633:
5615:
5551:
5529:
5487:
5477:
5374:
5364:
5336:
5067:
5057:
4884:
4824:
4452:
Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates.
3372:
3334:
3230:
3215:
3135:
3131:
3067:
3055:
3051:
3041:
2730:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2624:
2614:
2557:
2502:
2468:
2424:
2405:
2393:
2379:
2350:
2277:
2270:
2128:
2050:
1987:
1986:"any work or service exacted from any person as a consequence of a conviction in a
1969:
1923:
1919:
1779:
1616:
1592:
1498:
1491:
1222:
750:
723:
686:
664:
551:
268:
248:
226:
216:
206:
201:
191:
4986:
4705:
4669:
3988:
1031:
4352:
The Invention of the White Race: The Origin of Racial Oppression in Anglo-America
4033:
2323:
was compiled from over 600 statutes that were promulgated between 1597 and 1696.
17:
6727:
6173:
6096:
6064:
5524:
5467:
5085:
5042:
5017:
4981:
4936:
4861:
4851:
4836:
4789:
4328:
3314:
3083:
3045:
2997:
2810:
2787:
2652:
2632:
2527:
2413:
2327:
2089:
1999:
1954:(ILO) as all involuntary work or service exacted under the menace of a penalty.
1621:
1609:
962:
765:
755:
713:
527:
32:
4651:
4263:
Monitoring International Labor Standards: Techniques and Sources of Information
3874:
6702:
6692:
6383:
6190:
6103:
6081:
6049:
5948:
5933:
5913:
5678:
5643:
5605:
5519:
5482:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5369:
5326:
5311:
5289:
5214:
5052:
5032:
4951:
4819:
4814:
4784:
4750:
4679:
3751:
3432:
3265:
2965:
2815:
2799:
2695:
2691:
2308:
2030:
1935:
1769:
1066:
770:
637:
4568:
Foreign Workers in the Second World War. The Ordeal of Slovenians in Germany.
4101:
2768:
2609:, especially during the 20th century. The best-known example of this are the
6570:
6490:
6304:
5989:
5343:
5244:
5204:
5174:
5095:
4931:
4894:
4537:
4224:
3716:
3456:
3344:
3319:
3290:
3140:
3123:
3079:
3005:
2969:
2880:
2776:
2746:
2428:
2136:
2112:
1899:
history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of
1014:
679:
541:
6687:
4525:
The Truck System, including a History of the British Truck Acts, 1465-1960.
4261:
3731:
2445:
1931:
696:
4287:
2639:). Roughly 4,000,000 German POWs were used as "reparations labour" by the
6707:
6404:
5462:
5452:
5384:
5379:
5348:
5194:
5149:
5027:
5022:
4926:
4804:
4510:
Labour Markets, Identities, Controversies: Reviews and Essays, 1982-2016.
4398:
The Making of New World Slavery From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492–1800
3696:
3628:
3623:
3339:
3150:
3119:
3008:
are providing the personnel of the country's fire service as part of the
2977:
2658:
2553:
2455:
2266:
2014:
1908:
1604:
1162:
1106:
1058:
718:
563:
418:
324:
1996:
placed at the disposal of private individuals, companies or associations
6722:
6717:
6034:
5984:
5723:
5673:
5457:
5162:
4846:
3074:. While sometimes paid, conscripts are not free to decline enlistment.
3021:
3017:
2973:
2849:
2822:
2756:
2742:
2729:
In Asia, according to a joint study of historians featuring Zhifen Ju,
2723:
2707:
2687:
2579:
2512:
2362:
2238:
2226:
2220:
1927:
1915:
1900:
1587:
669:
349:
166:
4325:
The Invention of the White Race: Racial Oppression and Social Control.
2601:
Another historically significant example of forced labour was that of
2392:
small producers are paid in either: goods, a form of payment known as
2317:(Tokugawa House Laws), but the practice never became common. The 1711
2127:
emerged, arguing that evidence from Latin America and India suggested
6158:
5506:
5145:
3300:
3071:
2981:
2866:
2646:
2549:
2449:
2431:
legislation that outlaws truck systems and requires payment in cash.
2366:
2262:
2046:
2042:
2026:
1289:
1111:
691:
674:
536:
371:
339:
2818:" labourers, 2006. Notice the shackles on the feet of the prisoners.
2084:
If payment occurs, it may be in one or more of the following forms:
3138:
the originally voluntary work on Saturday for the community called
2384:
A truck system, in the specific sense in which the term is used by
2336:(1999), there are now an estimated 27 million slaves in the world.
6019:
4012:
3889:"German Firms That Used Slave Or Forced Labor During the Nazi Era"
3250:
2809:
2715:
2703:
2619:
2594:
2585:
2573:
2545:
2397:
2297:
2205:
2173:
2075:
2022:
546:
532:
507:
133:
4680:
The ILO Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL)
4661:— Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor
4179:"Greek government proceeds with conscription of maritime workers"
6059:
5502:
3891:, webpage of Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved October 21, 2007.
3410:"Convention C029 – Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)"
2750:
2749:
and north China. The U.S. Library of Congress estimates that in
2711:
2018:
1964:
of 1930, the term forced or compulsory labour does not include:
413:
243:
6643:
4723:
4206:"Personalmangel: Pflicht-Feuerwehr für Friedrichstadt – shz.de"
2666:
About 12 million forced labourers, most of whom were Poles and
5037:
3203:
OHCHR "Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)"
2719:
2419:
By the early 20th century, truck systems were widely seen, in
2154:
perspective, countries that allow forced labour are violating
2010:
26:
4719:
4434:
Brass, Tom, Marcel Van Der Linden, and Jan Lucassen. (1993).
2570:
History of Germany (1945–90) § Forced labour reparations
2178:
Freedom from forced labour by country (V-Dem Institute, 2021)
4242:
3903:"German Companies Adopt Fund For Slave Laborers Under Nazis"
3849:"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers"
3871:"Forced Labor at Ford Werke AG during the Second World War"
3548:
Forced Labour and Human trafficking: Estimating the Profits
3193:
ILO "Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)"
4619:
Forced Labour: Definition, Indicators and Measurement 2004
4601:
Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009
4586:
ILO Minimum Estimate of Forced Labour in the World. (2005)
4533:
Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan.
4438:. Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History.
4266:. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. p. 137.
3827:"The original memorandum from 1944, signed by Morgenthau"
3588:
Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan,
1946:
Many forms of unfree labour are also covered by the term
4638:
4552:
El Síndrome de la Abuela Esclava. Pandemia del Siglo XXI
4288:"§ 10 GemO – Rechtsstellung des Einwohners – dejure.org"
3930:"Forced Labor – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
3701:(8th ed.). Quezon City : Garotech Pub. p. 83.
2798:. The entire population was forced to become farmers in
2080:
Convict labourers in Australia in the early 19th century
4607:
Lists of indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009
3733:
Social Movements in India : a Review of Literature
3527:"Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)"
2225:
The archetypal and best-known form of unfree labour is
5729:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
4675:
China's Forced Labour Camps—Laogai Research Foundation
2960:
Between December 1943 and March 1948 young men in the
2889:
A more common form in modern society is indenture, or
2365:
bonds labourers to the land they farm, typically in a
4376:
Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy.
3036:
Conscription for military service and security forces
2627:, and the forced labour used by the military of the
2333:
Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy
2169:
ILO Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour
1975:"any work or service which forms part of the normal
1544:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
6478:
6397:
6238:
6112:
5977:
5869:
5836:
5699:
5624:
5501:
5423:
5357:
5144:
5066:
5010:
4860:
4757:
3365:
forced labour under German rule during World War II
3086:and therefore is one of the five exceptions to the
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2119:(mainly in Europe and Asia) but also planning (in
3807:The Gulag Collection: Paintings of Nikolai Getman
2829:attached to people regarded as common criminals.
3433:"Thailand: Sea Slavery | #TheOutlawOceanProject"
3305:Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour
2578:Jewish forced labourers during the Holocaust in
1659:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
3431:Urbina, Ian; Nascimento, Fábio (6 March 2019).
2303:In late 16th century Japan, "unfree labour" or
4648:— Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking
4474:Brass, Tom and Marcel Van Der Linden. (1997).
4035:Addressing Modern Slavery (Sydney: UNSW Press)
3736:(2nd ed.). New Delhi: Sage Publications.
2754:
2482:
2318:
2312:
1972:laws for work of a purely military character;"
1922:, and the corresponding institutions, such as
6655:
4735:
4476:Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues.
3188:ILO "Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)"
3090:, signed by the most countries in the world.
2864:
2644:
2488:
2210:Illustration of Native woman panning for gold
1865:
8:
4413:The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848
3241:Forced labour in Germany during World War II
3198:ILO "Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)"
3054:services, some countries draft citizens for
2671:
2656:
2400:("scrip") or direct credit, to be used at a
1994:and that the said person is not hired to or
1664:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
3158:obligatory for the members of a community.
129:Work that employs people against their will
6662:
6648:
6640:
4742:
4728:
4720:
3281:List of concentration and internment camps
3246:Forced labor of Germans after World War II
2566:Forced labor of Germans after World War II
1968:"any work or service exacted in virtue of
1872:
1858:
149:
6471:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
4670:Sex trade's reliance on forced labour—BBC
4243:"Home :: Swissfire Feuerwehrverband"
4032:Nolan, Justine; Boersma, Martijn (2019).
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
6315:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
4992:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
4455:London, England: Frank Cass Publishers.
3657:The Oxford Companion to Canadian History
1669:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1534:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1514:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
6496:Credentialism and educational inflation
4596:A global alliance against forced labour
4038:. University of New South Wales Press.
3765:Menon, Amarnath K. (29 December 2007).
3392:
3357:
2968:, had been conscripted for the work in
2435:Mandatory services due to social status
161:
6367:List of countries by unemployment rate
4698:, by Donna Baines and Nandita Sharma.
3504:
3276:Labor trafficking in the United States
1891:, is any work relation, especially in
6754:Ethically disputed working conditions
4527:Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.
3602:"Slavery in the Twenty-First Century"
2912:Permitted exceptions of unfree labour
2103:their conditions to the authorities.
1556:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1233:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
5260:Practice-based professional learning
4052:from the original on 28 October 2020
3829:. Fdrlibrary.marist.edu. 27 May 2004
3665:10.1093/acref/9780195415599.001.0001
2984:from 2010 to 2014 due to the severe
2775:, was the term for forced labour in
2454:Though most closely associated with
2064:Labour economics § Wage slavery
1914:Unfree labour includes all forms of
1748:Slave marriages in the United States
1352:Human trafficking in the Middle East
55:adding citations to reliable sources
5813:Workers' right to access the toilet
4354:, 1997. New York, NY: Verso Books.
3529:. International Labour Organization
3420:from the original on 31 March 2024.
2617:in Europe during World War II, the
1087:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
4260:National Research Council (2004).
3887:American Jewish Committee (2000).
2897:Contemporary illegal forced labour
2790:attempted to turn Cambodia into a
2072:Productive and unproductive labour
1741:last survivors of American slavery
25:
4578:International Labour Organization
4225:"Nachrichten aus Norddeutschland"
4007:Lewis, Aaron (October 5, 2005). "
3414:International Labour Organization
2918:International Labour Organization
2144:International Labour Organization
1952:International Labour Organization
702:Field slaves in the United States
569:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
6584:
6583:
5877:Corporate collapses and scandals
4415:. London, England: Verso Books.
4090:"Belgian Doctors Answer Call-Up"
3901:Roger Cohen (17 February 1999).
3624:"Millions 'forced into slavery'"
2121:developing "Third World" nations
2017:or threatened calamity, such as
579:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
574:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
403:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
173:
31:
4665:Slavery in the 21st century—BBC
3565:Department of Homeland Security
3476:from the original on 7 May 2013
2261:, as well as many societies in
1529:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1080:East, Southeast, and South Asia
42:needs additional citations for
6673:relationships and institutions
6377:Employment-to-population ratio
5749:Occupational health psychology
4512:Leiden, South Holland: Brill.
4381:University of California Press
4181:. 4 March 2016. Archived from
3954:Access date: February 9, 2007.
3698:History of the Filipino people
3695:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1990).
3369:Service du travail obligatoire
2156:international labour standards
1228:Slave raiding in Easter Island
1:
6465:Works Progress Administration
6357:Unemployment Convention, 1919
5769:Personal protective equipment
5317:Occupational Outlook Handbook
4591:The Cost of Coercion ILO 2009
4530:Lewis, James Bryant. (2003).
4074:. 3 July 2009. Archived from
3585:Lewis, James Bryant. (2003).
2651:("labour reform") system and
2296:on sheep or cattle stations (
6546:Psychopathy in the workplace
5719:Human factors and ergonomics
4702:69. Autumn 2002, p. 75.
4700:Studies in Political Economy
4571:, in: aventinus nova Nr. 32
4013:Special Broadcasting Service
3561:"What Is Human Trafficking?"
3050:Beside the conscription for
2992:Recurring civil conscription
2956:Temporary civil conscription
2875:Indentured and bonded labour
2663:camps are current examples.
2088:The payment does not exceed
1519:Temporary Slavery Commission
1180:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
138:Clergy on forced labour, by
6531:Narcissism in the workplace
5744:Occupational exposure limit
4625:Stopping Forced Labour 2001
4350:Allen, Theodore W. (1997).
4323:Allen, Theodore W. (1994).
3659:, Oxford University Press,
3651:Ommer, Rosemary E. (2004),
3325:Trafficking in human beings
3094:Mandatory community service
2903:Slavery in the 21st century
2865:
2755:
2753:, between 4 and 10 million
2657:
2645:
2489:
2483:
2319:
2313:
2259:the pre-modern Muslim world
1979:of the citizens of a fully
1970:compulsory military service
1539:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
584:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
6775:
6460:Civil Works Administration
6342:Technological unemployment
5818:Workplace health promotion
5270:Professional certification
4967:Personality–job fit theory
4523:Hilton, George W. (1960).
4411:Blackburn, Robin. (1988).
4306:www.gesetze-im-internet.de
4022:. Retrieved on 2008-10-16.
3176:hand and hitch-up services
3162:Hand and hitch-up services
3132:German Democratic Republic
3039:
2927:
2900:
2878:
2531:
2525:
2506:
2500:
2466:
2443:
2377:
2338:
2218:
2186:
2160:
2061:
1950:, which is defined by the
1724:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1561:Anti-Slavery International
1326:North Africa and West Asia
6678:
6579:
6440:Guaranteed minimum income
6025:Organizational commitment
3511:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3182:International conventions
3114:obligatory community work
2198:) or involuntary labour.
2058:Payment for unfree labour
1820:Emancipation Proclamation
1492:Opposition and resistance
1250:Sex trafficking in Europe
1238:Blackbirding in Polynesia
801:Trans-Saharan slave trade
6609:Aspects of organizations
6290:Involuntary unemployment
5851:Equal pay for equal work
5774:Repetitive strain injury
5275:Professional development
5265:Professional association
4947:Letter of recommendation
4652:eliminating Forced Labor
4302:"Art 12 GG – Einzelnorm"
3730:Shah, Ghanshyam (2004).
3088:Forced Labour Convention
3024:citizens have to join a
2631:, especially during the
2562:Nazi concentration camps
2107:Modern day unfree labour
1962:Forced Labour Convention
1600:Compensated emancipation
811:Indian Ocean slave trade
6594:Aspects of corporations
6556:Slow movement (culture)
6435:Employer of last resort
6337:Structural unemployment
6275:Frictional unemployment
5714:Epilepsy and employment
5601:Performance-related pay
5535:National average salary
5448:996 working hour system
4400:, London: Verso Books.
4127:www.eurofound.europa.eu
3795:Encyclopædia Britannica
3330:Trafficking of children
3026:compulsory fire brigade
2854:British rule in Ireland
2852:while fighting against
2427:". Many countries have
2117:economic reconstruction
1524:1926 Slavery Convention
1280:Germany in World War II
897:North and South America
419:Contract of manumission
6604:Aspects of occupations
6410:Unemployment insurance
6362:Unemployment extension
6332:Reserve army of labour
6137:Constructive dismissal
5944:Sleeping while on duty
5909:Exploitation of labour
5791:Sick building syndrome
4962:Person–environment fit
4832:Independent contractor
4436:Free and Unfree Labour
4373:Bales, Kevin. (1999).
4123:"Civil Conscription –"
3969:contents.history.go.kr
3236:Exploitation of labour
3030:volunteer fire service
2946:political mobilisation
2819:
2672:
2598:
2583:
2290:Indigenous Australians
2211:
2202:Forms of unfree labour
2179:
2081:
1005:British Virgin Islands
557:Circassian slave trade
523:Safavid imperial harem
518:Ottoman Imperial Harem
147:
6614:Aspects of workplaces
6352:Unemployment benefits
6347:Types of unemployment
6285:Graduate unemployment
6179:Letter of resignation
5808:Workers' compensation
5801:Occupational fatality
5305:Vocational university
4905:Employment counsellor
4550:Guijarro Morales, A.
3256:Involuntary servitude
3002:Militia Fire Brigades
2813:
2589:
2582:, Belarus, July 1941.
2577:
2509:Convicts in Australia
2209:
2177:
2092:or barely exceeds it;
2079:
2068:Labor theory of value
1244:Europe and North Asia
1204:Australia and Oceania
904:Pre-Columbian America
476:Slave raid of Suðuroy
408:Slavery in al-Andalus
330:Black Sea slave trade
259:21st-century jihadism
137:
6420:Job creation program
6196:Mandatory retirement
6149:Employee offboarding
5969:Workplace incivility
5964:Workplace harassment
5739:Occupational disease
5734:Occupational burnout
5649:Disability insurance
5493:Workweek and weekend
5473:Retroactive overtime
5295:Vocational education
5210:Continuing education
5048:Permanent employment
4692:, September 1, 2011.
4493:Brass, Tom. (2011).
4449:Brass, Tom. (1999).
3261:Indentured servitude
3221:Construction soldier
2341:Global Slavery Index
2163:Global Slavery Index
2115:theory was not just
1699:Indentured servitude
1627:Underground Railroad
1427:United Arab Emirates
816:Zanzibar slave trade
783:By country or region
596:Atlantic slave trade
498:Ma malakat aymanukum
382:Venetian slave trade
51:improve this article
6759:Human rights abuses
6325:Recession-proof job
6320:Lists of recessions
6258:Economic depression
6206:Retirement planning
6087:Work–life interface
5924:Employee monitoring
5892:Corporate behaviour
5882:Accounting scandals
5764:Occupational stress
5754:Occupational injury
5285:Reflective practice
5280:Professional school
5002:Work-at-home scheme
4922:Induction programme
4900:Employment contract
4880:Business networking
4706:Seafood from Slaves
4508:Brass, Tom. (2017)
4204:ume (13 May 2022).
4157:Keep Talking Greece
3877:on 14 October 2007.
3014:Civil Defence Force
2814:American prisoner "
2781:Dutch colonial rule
2603:political prisoners
2591:Political prisoners
2538:Japanese war crimes
2196:forced prostitution
1957:However, under the
1785:Slave Route Project
916:Americas indigenous
806:Red Sea slave trade
796:Contemporary Africa
659:Topics and practice
429:Crimean slave trade
424:Bukhara slave trade
377:Genoese slave trade
254:Contemporary Africa
234:Forced prostitution
6588:See also templates
6425:Job creation index
6389:Youth unemployment
6253:Discouraged worker
6142:Wrongful dismissal
6122:At-will employment
5995:Civil conscription
5959:Workplace bullying
5846:Affirmative action
5828:Workplace wellness
5759:Occupational noise
5395:Long service leave
5255:Overspecialization
5235:Induction training
5190:Career development
4716:for Public Service
4657:2016-03-04 at the
4644:2012-12-01 at the
4094:The New York Times
4072:"Bevin Boys – BIS"
4018:2008-09-13 at the
4009:Inside the Lao Gai
3994:2009-05-27 at the
3908:The New York Times
3812:2007-10-31 at the
3286:NKVD labor columns
3099:Community services
2941:civil mobilization
2936:civil conscription
2930:Civil conscription
2924:Civil conscription
2820:
2611:concentration camp
2599:
2593:eating lunch in a
2584:
2294:northern Australia
2212:
2180:
2082:
2039:epizootic diseases
1566:Blockade of Africa
873:Somali slave trade
789:Sub-Saharan Africa
481:Turkish Abductions
439:Khivan slave trade
434:Khazar slave trade
387:Balkan slave trade
345:Prague slave trade
148:
6736:
6735:
6637:
6636:
6536:Post-work society
6516:Kiss up kick down
6248:Barriers to entry
6213:Severance package
6045:Human trafficking
5939:Sexual harassment
5919:Employee handbook
5838:Equal opportunity
5701:Safety and health
5691:Take-home vehicle
5300:Vocational school
5250:Lifelong learning
5225:Further education
5185:Career counseling
5180:Career assessment
4957:Overqualification
4560:978-84-8491-124-1
4536:London, England:
4518:978-90-04-32237-0
4503:978-90-04-20247-4
4488:978-0-8204-3424-7
4469:978-0-7146-4498-1
4461:978-0-7146-4938-2
4444:978-3-906756-87-5
4429:978-0-86091-901-8
4421:978-0-86091-188-3
4406:978-1-85984-195-2
4368:978-1-85984-076-4
4360:978-1-85984-981-1
4345:978-0-86091-660-4
4337:978-0-86091-480-8
4133:on 1 October 2020
4096:. 13 April 1964.
3743:978-81-321-1977-7
3674:978-0-19-541559-9
3104:Community service
3084:national interest
2846:Western Australia
2842:Van Diemen's Land
2792:classless society
2623:camps run by the
2386:labour historians
2288:, or the work of
2231:ancient societies
2189:Human trafficking
2167:According to the
2152:international law
1977:civic obligations
1882:
1881:
1832:Freedmen's Bureau
1654:Third Servile War
1649:International law
1216:Human trafficking
978:Human trafficking
653:Thirteen colonies
471:Sack of Baltimore
239:Human trafficking
127:
126:
119:
101:
18:Labor trafficking
16:(Redirected from
6766:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6641:
6624:Critique of work
6619:Corporate titles
6587:
6586:
6506:Evil corporation
6372:Employment rates
6295:Jobless recovery
6263:Great Depression
6223:Golden parachute
6218:Golden handshake
6015:Job satisfaction
6005:Critique of work
5823:Workplace phobia
5654:Health insurance
5611:Wage compression
5579:Progressive wage
5433:35-hour workweek
5400:No call, no show
5390:Leave of absence
5240:Knowledge worker
5168:Master craftsman
4972:Personality hire
4910:Executive search
4890:Curriculum vitae
4875:Background check
4744:
4737:
4730:
4721:
4710:Associated Press
4310:
4309:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4247:www.swissfire.ch
4239:
4233:
4232:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4129:. Archived from
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4029:
4023:
4005:
3999:
3998:, Ancestry.co.uk
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3898:
3892:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3873:. Archived from
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3823:
3817:
3804:
3798:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3767:"The red revolt"
3762:
3756:
3755:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3692:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3598:
3592:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3375:
3362:
3271:Labour battalion
3226:Critique of work
3010:national service
2964:, the so-called
2870:
2836:in Australia –
2834:British colonies
2760:
2677:
2662:
2650:
2607:prisoners of war
2542:Slavery in Japan
2492:
2486:
2398:private currency
2322:
2316:
2035:violent epidemic
1998:(requiring that
1992:public authority
1874:
1867:
1860:
1844:Emancipation Day
1677:
1644:Slave Trade Acts
335:Byzantine Empire
177:
150:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6674:
6668:
6638:
6633:
6629:Organized labor
6599:Aspects of jobs
6575:
6566:Toxic workplace
6501:Emotional labor
6474:
6398:Public programs
6393:
6310:Great Recession
6280:Full employment
6268:Long Depression
6234:
6132:Banishment room
6108:
6030:Refusal of work
5973:
5897:Corporate crime
5865:
5832:
5695:
5620:
5497:
5419:
5353:
5230:Graduate school
5140:
5062:
5006:
4997:Underemployment
4856:
4800:Self-employment
4775:Contingent work
4765:Academic tenure
4758:Classifications
4753:
4748:
4659:Wayback Machine
4646:Wayback Machine
4635:
4630:
4574:
4565:Ruhs, Florian:
4497:Leiden: Brill.
4319:
4314:
4313:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4185:on 4 March 2016
4177:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4078:on 3 July 2009.
4070:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4046:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4020:Wayback Machine
4006:
4002:
3996:Wayback Machine
3989:Convict Records
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3886:
3882:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3814:Wayback Machine
3805:
3801:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3744:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3709:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3470:"Forced labour"
3468:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3296:Refusal of work
3211:
3184:
3164:
3126:countries like
3116:
3101:
3096:
3064:internal troops
3060:security forces
3048:
3040:Main articles:
3038:
2994:
2986:economic crisis
2958:
2932:
2926:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2887:
2879:Main articles:
2877:
2838:New South Wales
2808:
2629:Empire of Japan
2572:
2530:
2524:
2519:
2505:
2499:
2471:
2465:
2452:
2444:Main articles:
2442:
2437:
2382:
2376:
2360:
2348:
2343:
2227:chattel slavery
2223:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2185:
2165:
2109:
2074:
2060:
2051:vegetable pests
2041:, invasion by:
2004:convict leasing
1944:
1878:
1849:
1848:
1753:Slave narrative
1709:Fugitive slaves
1689:
1681:
1680:
1671:
1639:Slave rebellion
1494:
1484:
1483:
1442:
1432:
1431:
1254:United Kingdom
1190:Yankee princess
784:
776:
775:
503:Avret Pazarları
449:Avret Pazarları
318:Medieval Europe
284:
274:
273:
212:Forced marriage
187:
140:Ivan Vladimirov
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
66:"Forced labour"
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6772:
6770:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6741:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6698:Haruwa–charuwa
6695:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6644:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6551:Sunday scaries
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6302:
6300:Phillips curve
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6201:Retirement age
6198:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6154:Exit interview
6151:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6124:
6118:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5904:Discrimination
5901:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5856:Gender pay gap
5853:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5676:
5671:
5669:Parental leave
5666:
5664:Marriage leave
5661:
5659:Life insurance
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5515:Income bracket
5511:
5509:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5443:Eight-hour day
5440:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5202:
5200:Creative class
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5160:
5158:Apprenticeship
5154:
5152:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5126:Scarlet-collar
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Temporary work
4839:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4810:Skilled worker
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4714:Pulitzer Prize
4703:
4693:
4689:Democracy Now!
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4649:
4634:
4633:External links
4631:
4629:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4572:
4563:
4548:
4528:
4521:
4506:
4491:
4478:New York, NY:
4472:
4447:
4432:
4409:
4391:
4379:Berkeley, CA:
4371:
4348:
4327:New York, NY:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4293:
4279:
4272:
4252:
4234:
4215:
4196:
4170:
4144:
4114:
4081:
4063:
4045:978-1742244631
4044:
4024:
4000:
3981:
3956:
3944:
3935:
3921:
3893:
3880:
3862:
3840:
3818:
3799:
3783:
3757:
3742:
3722:
3707:
3687:
3673:
3653:"truck system"
3643:
3615:
3593:
3578:
3552:
3540:
3518:
3487:
3461:
3449:
3423:
3401:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Sexual slavery
3307:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3163:
3160:
3128:Czechoslovakia
3115:
3109:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3037:
3034:
2993:
2990:
2962:United Kingdom
2957:
2954:
2950:labour strikes
2928:Main article:
2925:
2922:
2913:
2910:
2901:Main article:
2898:
2895:
2876:
2873:
2807:
2804:
2771:Heerendiensten
2613:system run by
2526:Main article:
2523:
2520:
2517:Devil's Island
2501:Main article:
2498:
2495:
2467:Main article:
2464:
2461:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2421:industrialised
2378:Main article:
2375:
2372:
2359:
2356:
2347:
2344:
2286:Spanish Empire
2284:system in the
2247:ancient Greece
2219:Main article:
2216:
2213:
2203:
2200:
2187:Main article:
2184:
2181:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2007:
1984:
1981:self-governing
1973:
1943:
1940:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1731:List of slaves
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
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1678:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:Dutch Republic
1272:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
992:
987:
982:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
925:
924:
923:
913:
912:
911:
900:
899:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
876:
875:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
819:
818:
808:
803:
798:
792:
791:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
747:
746:
742:
741:
736:
734:Child soldiers
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
710:
709:
699:
694:
689:
684:
683:
682:
677:
672:
661:
660:
656:
655:
650:
645:
643:Spanish Empire
640:
635:
630:
625:
623:Middle Passage
620:
615:
610:
605:
599:
598:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
485:
484:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
453:
452:
451:
444:Ottoman Empire
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
405:
399:
398:
392:
391:
390:
389:
379:
374:
369:
368:
367:
362:
357:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
321:
320:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
292:
291:
285:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
266:
264:Sexual slavery
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
230:
229:
224:
222:Child marriage
219:
209:
204:
199:
197:Child soldiers
194:
188:
183:
182:
179:
178:
170:
169:
159:
158:
128:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6771:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6749:Unfree labour
6747:
6746:
6744:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6677:
6672:
6671:Unfree labour
6665:
6660:
6658:
6653:
6651:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6526:Make-work job
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6445:Right to work
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6430:Job guarantee
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6415:Make-work job
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6186:Restructuring
6184:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6164:Notice period
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6070:Unfree labour
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6040:Bonded labour
6038:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5954:Whistleblower
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5887:Control fraud
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5861:Glass ceiling
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5796:Work accident
5794:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5784:United States
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5684:United States
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5639:Casual Friday
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5596:Paid time off
5594:
5592:
5591:Overtime rate
5589:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5572:United States
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Four-day week
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:Practice firm
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5220:Employability
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:Orange-collar
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5068:Working class
5065:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Job interview
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:Part-time job
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Full-time job
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4546:0-7007-1301-8
4543:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:0-520-22463-9
4386:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4273:0-309-52974-3
4269:
4265:
4264:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4197:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4159:. 11 May 2013
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3851:. Dw-world.de
3850:
3844:
3841:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3726:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3708:971-10-2415-2
3704:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3688:
3676:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3644:
3632:. 27 May 2002
3631:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3582:
3579:
3567:. 24 May 2013
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3076:Draft dodging
3073:
3072:police forces
3069:
3068:border guards
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2891:bonded labour
2886:
2885:bonded labour
2882:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2827:social stigma
2824:
2817:
2812:
2806:Prison labour
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2700:Dresdner Bank
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:Deutsche Bank
2681:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2637:Burma Railway
2635:(such as the
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2534:The Holocaust
2529:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2484:vetti-chakiri
2480:
2476:
2470:
2463:Vetti-chakiri
2462:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:company store
2399:
2396:, or tokens,
2395:
2391:
2390:self-employed
2387:
2381:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2326:According to
2324:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:Repartimiento
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:ancient China
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2235:ancient Egypt
2232:
2228:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:no longer do
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:forced labour
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:unfree labour
1886:
1885:Forced labour
1875:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Slave catcher
1773:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Forced labour
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:Abolitionists
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
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1173:
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1160:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:comfort women
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:Chukri System
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1118:
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1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1022:Latin America
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
979:
976:
974:
973:interregional
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:prison labour
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
928:United States
926:
922:
919:
918:
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910:
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906:
905:
902:
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779:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
743:
740:
739:White slavery
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:Slave raiding
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
708:
705:
704:
703:
700:
698:
697:Corvée labour
695:
693:
690:
688:
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681:
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668:
667:
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550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:Abbasid harem
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
456:Barbary Coast
454:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
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200:
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193:
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189:
186:
181:
180:
176:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:Forced labour
160:
156:
152:
151:
145:
144:Soviet Russia
141:
136:
132:
121:
118:
110:
107:February 2023
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
6713:Penal labour
6683:Conscription
6561:Toxic leader
6541:Presenteeism
6521:Labor rights
6511:Going postal
6486:Bullshit job
6469:
6454:
6449:
6240:Unemployment
6092:Downshifting
6075:Wage slavery
6055:Penal labour
6010:Dead-end job
6000:Conscription
5779:Right to sit
5634:Annual leave
5616:Working poor
5552:Minimum wage
5530:Maximum wage
5488:Working time
5478:Six-hour day
5375:Career break
5337:Professional
5131:Black-collar
5101:White-collar
5081:Green-collar
5058:Volunteering
4895:Drug testing
4885:Cover letter
4825:Tradesperson
4699:
4687:
4566:
4551:
4532:
4524:
4509:
4494:
4475:
4451:
4435:
4412:
4397:
4375:
4351:
4324:
4305:
4296:
4282:
4262:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4218:
4209:
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4183:the original
4173:
4161:. Retrieved
4156:
4147:
4135:. Retrieved
4131:the original
4126:
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4093:
4084:
4076:the original
4066:
4054:. Retrieved
4034:
4027:
4003:
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3968:
3959:
3947:
3938:
3924:
3912:. Retrieved
3906:
3896:
3883:
3875:the original
3865:
3853:. Retrieved
3843:
3831:. Retrieved
3821:
3802:
3794:
3786:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:
3760:
3732:
3725:
3697:
3690:
3678:, retrieved
3656:
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3627:
3618:
3606:. Retrieved
3596:
3587:
3581:
3569:. Retrieved
3564:
3555:
3543:
3531:. Retrieved
3521:
3490:
3478:. Retrieved
3464:
3452:
3440:. Retrieved
3436:
3426:
3413:
3404:
3395:
3373:Vichy France
3360:
3335:Wage slavery
3231:Debt bondage
3216:Coolie Trade
3165:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:Soviet Union
3117:
3111:
3102:
3056:paramilitary
3049:
3042:Conscription
3001:
2995:
2976:in 1964, in
2959:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2890:
2888:
2862:
2858:
2831:
2821:
2800:labour camps
2785:
2770:
2769:Kerja rodi (
2767:
2743:slave labour
2731:Mark Peattie
2728:
2674:Ost-Arbeiter
2665:
2625:Soviet Union
2618:
2615:Nazi Germany
2600:
2558:Arbeitslager
2522:Labour camps
2503:Penal labour
2497:Penal labour
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:Veth (India)
2453:
2425:Sixteen Tons
2418:
2410:
2406:debt bondage
2401:
2383:
2380:Truck system
2374:Truck system
2361:
2351:Blackbirding
2349:
2346:Blackbirding
2331:
2325:
2320:Gotōke reijō
2314:Gotōke reijō
2302:
2278:debt slavery
2275:
2271:black people
2267:the Americas
2233:, including
2224:
2192:
2168:
2166:
2141:
2133:
2129:agribusiness
2125:
2110:
2101:
2083:
2000:prison farms
1988:court of law
1956:
1947:
1945:
1936:labour camps
1924:debt slavery
1920:penal labour
1913:
1897:early modern
1888:
1884:
1883:
1780:Slave patrol
1703:
1617:Freedom suit
1593:Sierra Leone
1583:Colonization
1499:Abolitionism
1479:Baháʼí Faith
1452:Christianity
1402:Saudi Arabia
1258:Penal Labour
1223:Blackbirding
1129:Debt bondage
1117:penal system
943:Contemporary
933:Field slaves
921:U.S. Natives
880:South Africa
751:Galley slave
724:Slave market
714:House slaves
687:Blackbirding
665:Conscription
589:21st century
552:Umm al-walad
396:Muslim world
365:Emancipation
269:Wage slavery
249:Penal labour
227:Wife selling
217:Bride buying
202:Conscription
192:Child Labour
185:Contemporary
162:
131:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
6728:Truck wages
6703:Labour camp
6450:Historical:
6174:Resignation
6114:Termination
6097:Slow living
6065:Truck wages
6050:Labour camp
5978:Willingness
5870:Infractions
5525:Living wage
5468:Remote work
5136:Gold-collar
5091:Pink-collar
5086:Grey-collar
5076:Blue-collar
5043:Labour hire
5018:Cooperative
4982:Recruitment
4937:Job hunting
4870:Application
4852:Wage labour
4837:Labour hire
4790:Job sharing
4463:(cloth) --
4423:(cloth) --
4362:(cloth) --
4339:(cloth) --
4329:Verso Books
3771:India Today
3315:Shanghaiing
3118:During the
3046:Impressment
2998:Switzerland
2788:Khmer Rouge
2653:North Korea
2633:Pacific War
2597:camp, 1955.
2528:Labour camp
2414:subsistence
2394:truck wages
2328:Kevin Bales
2183:Trafficking
2090:subsistence
1901:destitution
1795:court cases
1672: [
1622:Slave Power
1610:Manumission
1457:Catholicism
1332:Afghanistan
1073:Puerto Rico
985:The Bahamas
963:Slave codes
766:Shanghaiing
756:Impressment
648:Slave Coast
528:Qajar harem
488:Concubinage
461:slave trade
6743:Categories
6693:Encomienda
6384:Wage curve
6191:Retirement
6104:Workaholic
6082:Work ethic
5949:Wage theft
5934:Labour law
5929:Evaluation
5914:Dress code
5679:Sick leave
5644:Child care
5606:Salary cap
5520:Income tax
5483:Shift work
5415:Time clock
5410:Sick leave
5405:Sabbatical
5370:Break room
5358:Attendance
5327:Profession
5312:Mentorship
5290:Retraining
5215:E-learning
5111:New-collar
5106:Red-collar
5053:Supervisor
5033:Internship
4952:Onboarding
4820:Technician
4815:Journeyman
4785:Gig worker
4751:Employment
4615:— ILO 2007
4609:ILO/SAP-FL
4603:ILO/SAP-FL
4480:Peter Lang
4396:. (1997).
4229:www.ndr.de
4056:1 February
3974:25 October
3752:1101041666
3590:pp. 31–32.
3533:24 October
3442:26 October
3382:References
3303:, the ILO
3266:Labor army
3146:Voskresnik
2970:coal mines
2966:Bevin Boys
2816:chain gang
2692:Volkswagen
2670:citizens (
2532:See also:
2507:See also:
2339:See also:
2309:Edo period
2161:See also:
2148:trafficked
2062:See also:
2031:earthquake
1942:Definition
1810:J.Q. Adams
1800:Washington
1770:Slave name
1719:convention
1694:Common law
1067:Encomienda
863:Seychelles
848:Mauritania
771:Slave ship
638:Panyarring
633:New France
282:Historical
77:newspapers
6571:Workhouse
6491:Busy work
6305:Recession
6169:Pink slip
6127:Dismissal
5990:Careerism
5584:Singapore
5562:Hong Kong
5425:Schedules
5344:Tradesman
5245:Licensure
5205:Education
5175:Avocation
5116:No-collar
5096:Precariat
4977:Probation
4932:Job fraud
4538:Routledge
4394:Blackburn
4102:0362-4331
3457:Tom Brass
3387:Citations
3345:Workhouse
3320:Sweatshop
3291:Orwellian
3141:Subbotnik
3124:communist
3080:desertion
3006:Singapore
2881:Indenture
2777:Indonesia
2747:Manchukuo
2429:Truck Act
2137:Tom Brass
2113:Keynesian
1983:country;"
1905:detention
1805:Jefferson
1462:Mormonism
1397:Palestine
1211:Australia
1141:Indonesia
1032:Lei Áurea
1015:Code Noir
995:Caribbean
968:Treatment
707:Treatment
680:Devshirme
542:Odalisque
360:In Russia
301:Babylonia
289:Antiquity
6479:See also
6405:Workfare
6230:Turnover
5626:Benefits
5507:salaries
5463:Overtime
5453:Flextime
5385:Gap year
5380:Furlough
5349:Vocation
5332:Operator
5195:Coaching
5150:training
5028:Employer
5023:Employee
4927:Job fair
4805:Side job
4655:Archived
4642:Archived
4431:(paper).
4408:(paper).
4347:(paper).
4137:21 March
4050:Archived
4016:Archived
3992:Archived
3914:20 March
3855:20 March
3833:20 March
3810:Archived
3717:29915943
3636:20 March
3629:BBC News
3608:20 March
3604:. Un.org
3507:cite web
3480:20 March
3474:Archived
3418:Archived
3367:through
3340:Workfare
3209:See also
3168:Austrian
3166:In some
3156:de facto
3122:in some
3120:Cold War
3112:De facto
3052:military
2978:Portugal
2796:communes
2763:Japanese
2735:enslaved
2659:kwalliso
2554:Kwalliso
2456:Medieval
2015:calamity
1909:violence
1837:Iron bit
1827:40 acres
1790:breeding
1605:Freedman
1440:Religion
1300:Portugal
1185:Thailand
1175:Maldives
1170:Malaysia
1163:Kwalliso
1107:Booi Aha
1059:Restavek
1039:Colombia
1010:Trinidad
1000:Barbados
890:Zanzibar
838:Ethiopia
719:Saqaliba
613:Database
564:Saqaliba
325:Ancillae
155:a series
153:Part of
6723:Slavery
6718:Serfdom
6455:U.S.A.:
6060:Peonage
6035:Slavery
5985:Boreout
5724:Karoshi
5674:Pension
5458:On-call
5163:Artisan
4847:Laborer
4639:UN.GIFT
4490:(cloth)
4471:(paper)
4370:(paper)
4317:Sources
4189:14 June
4163:14 June
4107:14 June
3965:"우리역사넷"
3776:14 June
3680:10 June
3571:6 March
3472:. ILO.
3437:Youtube
3154:became
3134:or the
3062:, like
3022:Germany
3018:Austria
3012:in the
2980:and in
2974:Belgium
2871:camps.
2850:treason
2823:Convict
2757:romusha
2737:by the
2724:Degussa
2708:Allianz
2696:Hoechst
2688:Siemens
2680:Daimler
2580:Mogilev
2513:Katorga
2363:Serfdom
2358:Serfdom
2305:slavery
2298:ranches
2239:Babylon
2221:Slavery
2215:Slavery
2013:, of a
1928:serfdom
1916:slavery
1815:Lincoln
1688:Related
1588:Liberia
1474:Judaism
1412:Tunisia
1387:Morocco
1377:Lebanon
1342:Bahrain
1337:Algeria
1305:Romania
1270:Denmark
1263:Slavery
1197:Vietnam
868:Somalia
858:Nigeria
833:Comoros
761:Pirates
670:Ghilman
603:Bristol
493:history
466:pirates
355:History
244:Peonage
167:slavery
146:, 1919)
91:scholar
6688:Corvée
6159:Layoff
5709:Crunch
5567:Europe
5557:Canada
5545:Europe
5146:Career
4987:Résumé
4862:Hiring
4770:Casual
4558:
4544:
4516:
4501:
4486:
4467:
4459:
4442:
4427:
4419:
4404:
4387:
4366:
4358:
4343:
4335:
4270:
4100:
4042:
3750:
3740:
3715:
3705:
3671:
3301:SAP-FL
3172:German
3151:Akce Z
3130:, the
3016:. In
2982:Greece
2867:laogai
2832:Three
2779:under
2739:Kōa-in
2722:, and
2668:Soviet
2647:laogai
2641:Allies
2568:, and
2550:Laogai
2515:, and
2450:Socage
2446:Corvée
2440:Corvée
2367:feudal
2263:Africa
2243:Persia
2070:, and
2047:insect
2043:animal
2027:famine
1932:corvée
1893:modern
1736:owners
1372:Kuwait
1367:Jordan
1320:Sweden
1310:Russia
1295:Poland
1290:Norway
1112:Laogai
1097:Brunei
1092:Bhutan
1054:revolt
1027:Brazil
990:Canada
953:partus
938:female
823:Angola
692:Coolie
675:Mamluk
628:Nantes
608:Brazil
537:Cariye
372:Thrall
340:Kholop
306:Greece
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
6708:Mit'a
6020:McJob
5540:World
5503:Wages
5365:Break
5011:Roles
4627:— ILO
4621:— ILO
4223:NDR.
3791:Gulag
3499:(PDF)
3352:Notes
3251:Gulag
3028:if a
2972:. In
2716:Bayer
2704:Krupp
2620:Gulag
2595:Gulag
2546:Gulag
2490:begar
2479:vethi
2023:flood
1907:, or
1887:, or
1763:songs
1758:films
1676:]
1632:songs
1469:Islam
1447:Bible
1422:Yemen
1417:Qatar
1407:Syria
1382:Libya
1347:Egypt
1315:Spain
1285:Malta
1158:Korea
1146:Japan
1124:India
1102:China
1049:Haiti
909:Aztec
885:Sudan
853:Niger
745:Naval
618:Dutch
547:Qiyan
533:Jarya
508:Harem
350:Serfs
296:Egypt
98:JSTOR
84:books
5505:and
5148:and
4915:list
4556:ISBN
4542:ISBN
4514:ISBN
4499:ISBN
4484:ISBN
4465:ISBN
4457:ISBN
4440:ISBN
4425:ISBN
4417:ISBN
4402:ISBN
4385:ISBN
4364:ISBN
4356:ISBN
4341:ISBN
4333:ISBN
4268:ISBN
4191:2022
4165:2022
4139:2017
4109:2022
4098:ISSN
4058:2020
4040:ISBN
3976:2023
3916:2013
3857:2013
3835:2013
3778:2022
3748:OCLC
3738:ISBN
3713:OCLC
3703:ISBN
3682:2022
3669:ISBN
3638:2013
3610:2013
3573:2017
3535:2013
3513:link
3482:2013
3444:2020
3170:and
3148:or
3044:and
3020:and
2883:and
2844:and
2786:The
2751:Java
2741:for
2712:BASF
2487:and
2475:veth
2448:and
2265:and
2251:Rome
2142:The
2019:fire
1934:and
1714:laws
1576:U.S.
1571:U.K.
1509:U.S.
1504:U.K.
1392:Oman
1362:Iraq
1357:Iran
1044:Cuba
948:maps
843:Mali
828:Chad
414:Baqt
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