212:
222:, or what Laban sometimes described as dynamics, is a system for understanding the more subtle characteristics about movement with respect to inner intention. The difference between punching someone in anger and reaching for a glass is slight in terms of body organization – both rely on extension of the arm. The attention to the strength of the movement, the control of the movement and the timing of the movement are very different.
397:"Shape Qualities" describe the way the body is changing (in an active way) toward some point in space. In the simplest form, this describes whether the body is currently Opening (growing larger with more extension) or Closing (growing smaller with more flexion). There are more specific terms – Rising, Sinking, Spreading, Enclosing, Advancing, and Retreating, which refer to specific dimensions of spatial orientations.
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sometimes takes the form of set 'scales' of movement within geometric forms. These scales can be practiced in order to refine the range of movement and reveal individual movement preferences. The abstract and theoretical depth of this part of the system is often considered to be much greater than the
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Flow, on the other hand, is responsible for the continuousness or ongoingness of motions. Without any Flow Effort, movement must be contained in a single initiation and action, which is why there are specific names for the Flow-less Action configurations of Effort. In general it is very difficult to
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Carving: Representing a relationship where the body is actively and three dimensionally interacting with the volume of the environment. Examples include kneading bread dough, wringing out a towel, avoiding laser-beams or miming the shape of an imaginary object. In some cases, and historically, this
415:
One of Laban's primary contributions to Laban
Movement Analysis (LMA) are his theories of Space. This category involves motion in connection with the environment, and with spatial patterns, pathways, and lines of spatial tension. Laban described a complex system of geometry based on crystalline
301:
Laban named the combination of the first three categories (Space, Weight, and Time) the Effort
Actions, or Action Drive. The eight combinations are descriptively named Float, Punch (Thrust), Glide, Slash, Dab, Wring, Flick, and Press. The Action Efforts have been used extensively in some acting
369:
While the Body category primarily develops connections within the body and the body/space intent, the way the body changes shape during movement is further experienced and analyzed through the Shape category. It is important to remember that all categories are related, and Shape is often an
420:, and the structure of the human body. He felt that there were ways of organizing and moving in space that were specifically harmonious, in the same sense as music can be harmonious. Some combinations and organizations were more theoretically and aesthetically pleasing. As with music,
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The body category describes structural and physical characteristics of the human body while moving. This category is responsible for describing which body parts are moving, which parts are connected, which parts are influenced by others, and general statements about body organization.
157:
Other categories, that are occasionally mentioned in some literature, are relationship and phrasing. These are less well defined. Relationship is the interaction between people, body parts or a person and an object. Phrasing is defined as being the personal expression of a movement.
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Laban movement analysis is contemporarily categorised in various way. Originally, these categories were very basic and Laban himself referred mostly to
Eukinetics - which is his effort studies - and Choreutics - which is Spatial Harmony theory. His student
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Shape Flow: Representing a relationship of the body to itself. Essentially a stream of consciousness expressed through movement, this could be amoebic movement or could be mundane habitual actions, like shrugging, shivering, rubbing an injured shoulder,
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later further elaborated these categories in four - Body, Effort, Shape and Space - and this system, known as BESS is commonly taught today. However, BESS is not the only organisation of Laban's theory in use. In the U.K. for example, more influenced by
400:"Shape Flow Support" describes the way the torso (primarily) can change in shape to support movements in the rest of the body. It is often referred to as something which is present or absent, though there are more refined descriptors.
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LMA is used in Human-Computer
Interaction as a means of extracting useful features from a human's movement to be understood by a computer, as well as generating realistic movement animation for virtual agents and robots.
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Directional: Representing a relationship where the body is directed toward some part of the environment. It is divided further into Spoke-like (punching, pointing, etc.) and Arc-like (swinging a tennis racket, painting a
55:. It is used by dancers, actors, musicians and athletes; by health professionals such as physical and occupational therapists and psychotherapists; and in anthropology, business consulting and leadership development.
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While the individual motion factors of Space, Time, Weight and Flow may be observed, usually they will appear in combinations. Combinations of 3 Motion
Factors are known as drives. The drives are:
630:
Foroud, Afra, and Ian Q. Whishaw. "Changes in the kinematic structure and non-kinematic features of movements during skilled reaching after stroke: A laban movement analysis in two case studies."
474:), is an approved training program of ISMETA, and offers Movement Analysis and Somatic Practice training, which qualifies “Certified Movement Analysts & Somatic Practitioners” (CMA-SPs).
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Patterns of body organization and connectivity, called "patterns of total body square connectivity", "developmental hyper movement patterns", or "neuromuscular shape-shifting patterns".
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These categories are in turn occasionally divided into kinematic and non-kinematic categories to distinguish which categories relate to changes to body relations over time and space.
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The Laban Guild, set up by Rudolf Laban in the UK, offers courses in Laban
Movement Analysis and Labannotation and is responsible for preserving and developing the work in the U.K.
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is referred to as
Shaping, though many practitioners feel that all three Modes of Shape Change are "shaping" in some way, and that the term is thus ambiguous and overloaded.
380:"Modes of Shape Change" describe the way the body is interacting with and the relationship the body has to the environment. There are three Modes of Shape Change:
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137:, another student of Laban, the categories are Body, Effort, Space and Relationship with Shape being interwoven into Body, Space and Relationship.
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rest of the system. In practical terms, there is much of the Space category that does not specifically contribute to the ideas of Space
Harmony.
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Other courses offer LMA studies, including
Integrated Movement Studies, which qualifies "Certified Laban/Bartenieff Movement Analysts" (CLMAs).
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The Space category is currently under continuing development, more so since exploration of non-Euclidean geometry and physics has evolved.
27:, is a method and language for describing, visualizing, interpreting and documenting human movement. It is based on the original work of
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Geometrical observations of where the movement is being done, in terms of emphasis of directions, places in space, planar movement, etc.
61:(or Kinetography Laban), a notation system for recording and analyzing movement, is used in LMA, but Labanotation is a separate system.
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Full effort, where all 4 motion factors are equally expressed, is usually considered to be a rare and usually momentary occurrence.
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remove Flow from much movement, and so a full analysis of Effort will typically need to go beyond the Effort
Actions.
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Effort has four subcategories (effort factors), each of which has two opposite polarities (Effort elements).
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This category also describes and notates choices which refer specifically to space, paying attention to:
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377:"Shape Forms" describe static shapes that the body takes, such as Wall-like, Ball-like, and Pin-like.
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Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW), 2012 IEEE Computer Society Conference on
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36:
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Kinesphere: the area that the body is moving within and how the mover is paying attention to it.
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Alongside the drives, combinations of two efforts are known as states. The states are known as:
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Spatial Intention: the directions or points in space that the mover is identifying or using.
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The states and drives are often discussed as having distinct psychological characteristics.
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Organisation of Laban movement analysis categories into kinematic and non-kinematic groups.
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547:
417:
692:
Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
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Parameterizing interpersonal behaviour with laban movement analysis—a bayesian approach
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to train in the ability to change quickly between physical manifestations of emotion.
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The Passion Drive - where Weight, Time and Flow are present but Space is missing
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660:
Laban, Rudolf, and Lawrence, F. C. Effort. (1947). London: MacDonald and Evans.
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The Vision Drive - where Space, Time and Flow are present but Weight is missing
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The Action Drive - where Weight, Space and Time are present but Flow is missing
172:
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Roudposhti, Kamrad Khoshhal, LuĂs Santos, Hadi Aliakbarpour, and Jorge Dias. "
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The Spell Drive - where Weight, Space and Flow are present but Time is missing
52:
544:
Laban for Actors and Dancers: Putting Laban's Movement Theory into Practice
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Making Connections: Total Body Integration through Bartenieff Fundamentals
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integrating factor for combining the categories into meaningful movement.
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Space - where the body is moving and the harmonic relationships in space
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Body - what the body is doing and the interrelationships within the body
767:
Executives in Action: A Guide to Balanced Decision–making in Management
753:
Posture and Gesture; An Introduction to the Study of Physical Behaviour
99: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
44:
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Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Autonomous Systems
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Nakata, Toru, Tomomasa Sato, Taketoshi Mori, and Hiroshi Mizoguchi. "
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Human robot interaction based on bayesian analysis of human movements
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Shape - how the body is changing shape and what motivates it to do so
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Laban movement analysis practitioners and educators who studied at
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offer a 3-year post-graduate diploma in Choreological studies and
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769:. Estover, Plymouth: MacDonald & Evans. (First published as
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schools, including ALRA, Manchester School of Theatre, LIPA and
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694:, pp. 173-182. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 2000.
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Laban/Bartenieff & Somatic Studies International (LSSI)
467:(NASD), are known as "Certified Movement Analysts" (CMAs).
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Example organisation of Laban movement analysis categories.
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Expression of emotion and intention by robot body movement
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Chi, Diane, Monica Costa, Liwei Zhao, and Norman Badler. "
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A Primer for Movement Description Using Effort/Shape,
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Laban/Bartenieff and Somatic Studies International™ (
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Sequencing of movement between parts of the body; and
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Initiation of movement starting from specific bodies;
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and others. LMA draws from multiple fields including
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Laban/Bartenieff & Somatic Studies Canada (LSSC)
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Laban analysis and Labanotation searchable database
651:, pp. 530-541. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007.
649:Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence
215:Laban effort graph with effort elements labeled
776:Moore, Carol Lynne and Kaoru Yamamoto (1988).
484:Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance
583:. New York: International Universities Press.
196:Connection of different bodies to each other;
8:
723:Bartenieff, Irmgard, and Dori Lewis (1980).
463:, an accredited institutional member of the
725:Body Movement; Coping with the Environment
568:Body movement: Coping with the environment
373:There are several subcategories in Shape:
115:Learn how and when to remove this message
465:National Association of Schools of Dance
227:
594:Creative Dance Leadership: Course Notes
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354:Labile/Mobile - combining Time and Flow
348:Near/Rhythm - combining Time and Weight
140:The categories of BESS are as follows:
734:Dance Notation Bureau, New York, 1975.
31:, which was developed and extended by
762:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
758:Lamb, Warren, and Watson, E. (1979).
579:Lamb, Warren, and Turner, D. (1969).
566:Bartenieff, Irmgard, and Dori Lewis.
342:Dreamlike - combining Weight and Flow
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688:The EMOTE model for effort and shape
351:Stabile - combining Space and Weight
97:adding citations to reliable sources
783:Newlove, J. & Dalby, J. (2005)
189:Several subcategories of body are:
16:System for analyzing human movement
760:Body Code; The Meaning in Movement
741:, Routledge Publishers, New York.
345:Distant - combining Space and Flow
147:Effort - the qualities of movement
25:Laban/Bartenieff movement analysis
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446:Use in human–computer interaction
339:Awake - combining Space and Time
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632:Journal of Neuroscience Methods
84:needs additional citations for
831:NYU Movement Lab: Intro to LMA
780:. New York: Gordon and Breach.
727:. New York: Gordon and Breach.
1:
643:Rett, Jörg, and Jorge Dias. "
596:. London: Laban Guild. 2018.
765:Moore, Carol Lynne (1982).
755:. London: Gerald Duckworth.
634:158, no. 1 (2006): 137-149.
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570:. Psychology Press, 1980.
500:Benesh Movement Notation
850:Laban movement analysis
826:What is LMA? (Glossary)
677:, pp. 7-13. IEEE, 2012.
314:Combinations of Efforts
304:London College of Music
21:Laban movement analysis
737:Hackney, Peggy (1998)
520:Laban notation symbols
490:is a course director.
488:Valerie Preston-Dunlop
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65:Categories of movement
751:Lamb, Warren (1965).
612:www.laban-eurolab.org
515:Dance Notation Bureau
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581:Management Behaviour
262:Indirect (flexible)
93:improve this article
542:Newlove, J. (1993)
819:Laban Analyses.org
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130:Irmgard Bartenieff
37:Irmgard Bartenieff
797:978-1-85459-725-0
556:978-1-85459-160-9
525:Motif description
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135:Lisa Ullmann
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91:Please help
86:verification
83:
59:Labanotation
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33:Lisa Ullmann
29:Rudolf Laban
24:
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49:kinesiology
41:Warren Lamb
839:Categories
791:, London.
730:Dell, C.,
617:2017-02-02
550:, London.
531:References
284:Sustained
53:psychology
250:polarity)
248:Indulging
240:polarity)
855:Somatics
773:, 1978.)
608:"Theory"
494:See also
238:Fighting
711:. 1998.
416:forms,
45:anatomy
795:
745:
707:." In
690:." In
673:." In
647:." In
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388:fence)
273:Light
270:Strong
267:Weight
259:Direct
220:Effort
207:Effort
405:Space
365:Shape
295:Free
292:Bound
256:Space
793:ISBN
743:ISBN
552:ISBN
472:LSSI
461:LIMS
384:etc.
289:Flow
278:Time
181:Body
51:and
95:by
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