124:
2231:
2253:
111:
2243:
2248:
2259:
2238:
346:
511:
and
Captorhinids are extremely common in these deposits. All locations have been correlated with each other to be formed in the Lower Permian sometime within the Kungurian. The colored beds with alternating distinctive red-green margins are formed by nonmarine and marine series of sediments that were
469:
The anteroventrally directed premaxillae which contain five long premaxillary teeth that decrease in size posteriorly as is the case in other captorhinids. The maxilla is greatly enlarged medially this constricts the palate and forms a tooth plate that accommodates the 6 parallel rows of teeth. Teeth
643:
based solely on dentition as it also shared multi-rowed teeth ideal for herbivory. More derived captorhinids are usually larger than the more basal groups and this drove the hypothesis that multi row captorhinids were monophyletic group. However more recent complete analysis of cranial anatomy of
449:
shares a general resemblance to the captorhinid pattern however; there are some specializations that come with the presence of multiple rows of teeth. Some of these features include transverse constriction of the palate by medially expanding tooth laminae of the maxillae and the loss of teeth from
630:
in having one less row of teeth in both maxillary and dentary, however, the validity of its classification critiqued in 1959 by R. J. Seltin who thought the size difference between specimens may indicate that the tooth row disparity was an age related developmental difference. In 1988 R.L Carol
427:
although the nasal is slightly broader than those of most other captorhinids and extends ventrolaterally slightly more than half-way down the snout. More posterior features includes post frontals and post orbitals that are comparatively short and differ only slightly in size. The parietals are
531:
Morphology of the dentition shows the tooth plate teeth are relatively small isodonts and have wear facets usually characteristic of grinding. Mandibular tooth rows rest between the maxillary tooth rows and have multiple contact points that could in motion pass one another which is necessary
432:
of several skull roof elements. When examining these overlapping skull roof elements and the dorsal portion of the skull as a whole there is significant dermal sculpturing. Large pits surround the post parietal suture and are deeper than all other pits that occur on the skull.
638:
has had some discrepancy based on the debate of multiple rowed teeth having evolved once or twice independently in captorhinids. Cladistics analysis of the relationships of
Captorhinids originally placed all the large multi-row toothed members in a monophyletic group with
379:. However most anatomical descriptions are limited by the fact that only skulls and cranial and mandible fragments make up the fossil record. Without appendicular skeleton or fragments there cannot be evidence-based description of more morphology aside from the skull.
372:
as this is the proposed species type with the most complete fossil skull and jaw. Estimations of body length come in at about 1.3 meters based on ratios of body length to skull length in other large herbivorous captorhinids like
482:
and other multi rowed genus. In addition the septomaxilla is characteristic of the family group, however it sports a sculptured postero-dorsal process extending onto the skull roof to insert between lacrimal and nasal.
532:
characteristic to shred fibrous plant material. However this would require propalinal jaw motion. Striations on the wear facets of the teeth can normally be used to determine jaw motion however they are not present on
486:
Much like expansion in the maxillae the dentaries expand transversely on the alveolar accommodate multiple rows of teeth. These 6 rows conical peg like teeth occur on medially expanded on both maxillae and dentaries.
288:, where captorhinids are commonly found, as it is a key discovery in the evolution of herbivory in large captorhinids given its multi-row tooth plates. This is a characteristic it does not share with its name-sake
410:
the frontal bones are little more than a third of the total length of the skull and have parallel sided that terminate posteriorly on a connection perpendicular to the antero-posterior axis. In addition
428:
described as arched and the pair of parietals give the skull roof a slightly domed appearance unlike the parietals of other captorhinids. Each one of the parietals is bowed parasaggitally and overlaps
656:, there was striking cranial similarity including but not limited to synapomorphies such as the narrow snout, long and narrow anterior process of the frontal. In combination with another single rowed
893:
Kissel, R.A., Dilkes, D.W. and Reisz, R.R., 2002. Captorhinus magnus, a new captorhinid (Amniota: Eureptilia) from the Lower
Permian of Oklahoma, with new evidence on the homology of the astragalus.
528:
biology and behavior that can be inferred from the limited fossil record is the diet. Morphology of the multi rowed dentition and aspects of the skull support the hypothesis of herbivorous diet.
949:
Throckmorton, G.S., Hopson, J.A. and Parks, P., 1981. A redescription of
Toxolophosaurus cloudi Olson, a Lower Cretaceous herbivorous sphenodontid reptile. Journal of Paleontology, pp.586-597.
936:
Modesto, S.P., Lamb, A.J. and Reisz, R.R., 2014. The captorhinid reptile
Captorhinikos valensis from the lower Permian Vale Formation of Texas, and the evolution of herbivory in eureptiles.
664:
by the presence single row of teeth. New cladistics analysis given this information supported the hypothesis that origin of multiple-tooth-rows in
Captorhinidae is diphyletic and that
993:
Heaton, M.J. and Reisz, R.R., 1980. A skeletal reconstruction of the Early
Permian captorhinid reptile Eocaptorhinus laticeps (Williston). Journal of Paleontology, pp.136-143.
765:
LeBlanc, A.R., Brar, A.K., May, W.J. and Reisz, R.R., 2015. Multiple tooth-rowed captorhinids from the Early
Permian fissure fills of the Bally Mountain Locality of Oklahoma.
875:
Modesto, S.P., Flear, V.J., Dilney, M.M. and Reisz, R.R., 2016. A large moradisaurine tooth plate from the Lower
Permian of Texas and its biostratigraphic implications.
614:
and the species name was a tribute to a Dean at the
University of Oklahoma named E.D Meacham. Everett Claire Olson was believed to have discovered a second species of
599:, however he did not name or introduce it to paleontology until 1950 due to his own sickness. To this day this first skull is one of the best-preserved specimens of
2375:
2439:
309:
as there are no collections of the appendicular skeleton. Captorhinid anatomy and interrelationships are known primarily from other lower Permian genera such as
403:
name sake. The foramens present on the skull include a pineal foramen on dorsal plane and the orbits and external naires that are elliptical in appearance.
516:
inhabited were the margins of the aquatic reservoirs that were plentiful in these areas during early Permian time and were able support substantial flora.
540:
propaliny however the holotype skull provided by Stovall had damaged the articulating surface. Propaliny is evident two other captorhinids, one called
503:
specimens have been found in Permian red beds of North American. Specimens have been found within Hennessey shale in Crescent, Oklahoma as well as the
270:
in 1950, naming it "Labidosaurus like" for the striking similarity of the holotype skull of his specimen to the cranial anatomy of another captorhinid
2362:
1021:
851:
Dodick, J.T. and Modesto, S.P., 1995. The cranial anatomy of the captorhinid reptile Labidosaurikos meachami from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma.
924:
Anderson, G.E., 1941. Origin of line of color change in Red Bed deposition. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 52(2), pp.211-218.
2449:
703:
2444:
583:
at an angle of 45 degrees to horizontal forming an arrangement that supports the lower jaw being drawn posteriorly thus enabling propaliny.
364:) and heavily ornamented, with a hooked snout characteristic of all captorhinids. The consensus on representative species of the genus
391:
fossil collection the largest adult skull specimen was 280 mm (11 in) making it the second largest captorhinid compared to
474:. The lateral surface of the maxilla presents a lateral flexion that is a characteristic cheek swelling seen in the single rowed
504:
281:
714:
692:
123:
1014:
571:, and other more basal captorhinids. This feature is reflected by a posterior expansion of the occipital flange of the
415:
characteristically long and slender Prefrontals with lacrimals that are wide and narrow moving anteriorly towards the
2252:
2230:
423:
was noted. A captorhinid feature, the long hooked snout consists of a long overlapping junction between nasal and
536:
was secondary non-dental evidence is required. The ability of the quadrate to slide antero-posteriorly over the
1119:
2434:
1007:
2242:
2317:
2247:
508:
2429:
2401:
2258:
2113:
580:
399:
skull has broadly flared posterior cheeks that are seen in all other multitoothed taxa as well as its
2349:
2237:
1609:
1936:
2195:
2071:
1873:
424:
2106:
2099:
2000:
1844:
2159:
1985:
1557:
118:
2029:
1858:
2406:
1550:
512:
deposited contemporaneously over time. The alternative sedimentation indicates the environment
2388:
2380:
2037:
1964:
1762:
1743:
1500:
622:, in 1949 in the upper layer of the Clear Fork Group or the "Choza Formation" in North Texas.
596:
595:
skull was discovered around 1939 in Hennessey shale in Crescent Oklahoma and was presented to
361:
2393:
2275:
2015:
1993:
1722:
1522:
429:
294:
whose dentition resembles more basal, mainly single-tooth-rowed forms. The first fossils of
1971:
1880:
1772:
1483:
1407:
1294:
1250:
1104:
395:, a fellow member of the multiple rowed tooth plate captorhinid subfamily Moradisaurinae.
462:
is exceptionally slender, long and smoothly convex anteriorly which is a trait shared by
333:
is a part of a less well known collection of captorhinids from younger Permian deposits,
556:
may have been capable of propaliny because articular fragments show great similarity to
110:
2290:
2285:
2055:
1957:
1866:
1821:
1645:
1507:
1493:
1444:
1375:
1338:
1179:
1157:
1131:
1030:
715:
http://www.paleodatabase.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=37500
455:
191:
2423:
2064:
2022:
1909:
1887:
1835:
1814:
1786:
1736:
1571:
1451:
1423:
1416:
1382:
1313:
1261:
1239:
1079:
451:
285:
178:
68:
30:
2295:
2280:
2092:
2008:
1978:
1929:
1715:
1687:
1615:
1396:
1361:
1272:
1196:
1070:
289:
234:
980:
Gaffney, E.S. and McKenna, M.C., 1979. A late Permian captorhinid from Rhodesia.
2078:
2044:
1950:
1943:
1895:
1851:
1807:
1793:
1678:
1659:
1597:
1465:
1430:
1368:
1354:
374:
252:
43:
2340:
999:
2300:
2177:
1701:
1585:
1536:
1389:
1283:
1229:
407:
88:
53:
603:. This initial specimen and species type introduced and named by Stovall was
2141:
1922:
1800:
1708:
1564:
1543:
1529:
1514:
1458:
1437:
1347:
1327:
1218:
1207:
572:
537:
259:
135:
93:
37:
911:
Olson, E.C., 1951. Vertebrates from the Choza formation, Permian of Texas.
2334:
1779:
1729:
1667:
1578:
1088:
1061:
576:
255:
155:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
2367:
2201:
2128:
1694:
1632:
471:
416:
357:
263:
217:
165:
98:
73:
567:
is vaulted skull roof, a feature that is significantly different from
2165:
1055:
563:
Other osteological evidence for herbivorous feeding via propaliny in
442:
145:
2311:
971:
Carroll, R.L., 1988. Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. Freeman.
345:
749:
Stovall, J.W., 1950. A new cotylosaur from north central Oklahoma.
648:
in 1995 revealed that in addition to being more similar in size to
305:
is based on the cranial anatomy of the only well supported species
505:
Lower Vale, Choza, and Arroyo Formations in northern central Texas
459:
344:
266:. The American paleontologist John Willis Stovall first described
507:. These locations have yielded critical information about early
2354:
2205:
2315:
1048:
1003:
298:
came from Oklahoma and later finds were discovered in Texas.
958:
R. J. Seltin.1959. A review of the family Captorhinidae.
419:
are key characters for which the initial resemblance to
631:
designated parent taxa as identified as Captorhinidae.
544:
shares membership in the subfamily Moradisaurinae with
258:
that lived around 279 to 272 million years ago during
1906:
1832:
1758:
1642:
1480:
1310:
1290:
1279:
1268:
1257:
1246:
1235:
1225:
1214:
1203:
1192:
226:
2324:
2176:
2140:
2127:
2054:
1905:
1831:
1757:
1677:
1641:
1630:
1595:
1479:
1406:
1337:
1309:
1177:
1130:
1103:
704:The Paleobiology Database: Labidosaurikos meachami
356:was a large herbivorous tetrapod. Its skull was
491:Paeloenviornmental information and paleobiology
470:that occur in the maxilla have been considered
1015:
8:
579:. These muscle fibers would insert into the
575:, suggesting muscle fibers originate in the
932:
930:
767:Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology
2312:
2137:
1914:
1651:
1638:
1319:
1306:
1185:
1174:
1109:
1100:
1045:
1022:
1008:
1000:
745:
743:
109:
20:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
761:
759:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
717:The Paleobiology Database: Labidosaurikos
693:The Paleobiology Database: Labidosaurikos
889:
887:
885:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
907:
905:
903:
685:
668:is more closely related to single row
548:. The morphology of the articular for
2440:Cisuralian tetrapods of North America
7:
660:that was only distinguishable from
938:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
895:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
877:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2229:
122:
301:Most information attributed to
560:than more basal captorhinids.
1:
2450:Fossil taxa described in 1950
2445:Fossils of the United States
1158:Reptiliomorpha / Pan-Amniota
587:Discovery and classification
454:and anterior process of the
751:American Journal of Science
2466:
658:Captorhinus, Eocaptorhinus
524:One of the few aspects of
16:Extinct genus of tetrapods
2270:
2226:
1917:
1654:
1322:
1305:
1188:
1173:
1154:
1112:
1099:
1044:
982:American Museum Novitates
569:Labidosaurus, Captorhinus
223:
216:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
23:
280:is an important find in
370:Labidosaurikos meachami
307:Labidosaurikos meachami
913:The Journal of Geology
897:, 39(9), pp.1363-1372.
634:The classification of
350:
251:is a genus of extinct
2402:Paleobiology Database
348:
940:, 34(2), pp.291-302.
915:, 59(2), pp.178-181.
879:, 36(6), p.e1221832.
610:for its likeness to
437:Palate and dentition
291:Labidosaurus hamatus
272:Labidosaurus hamatus
753:, 248(1), pp.46-54.
393:Moradisaurus gandis
1986:Opisthodontosaurus
1614:possibly includes
509:tetrapod evolution
362:temporal fenestrae
351:
2417:
2416:
2389:Open Tree of Life
2318:Taxon identifiers
2309:
2308:
2266:
2265:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2123:
2122:
1763:Protorothyrididae
1753:
1752:
1744:Stephanospondylus
1626:
1625:
1475:
1474:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1150:
1149:
962:, 10, pp.461-509.
960:Fieldiana Geology
674:Captorhinus aguti
662:Captorhinus aguti
641:Captorhinus aguti
480:Captorhinus aguti
376:Captorhinus aguti
262:age of the lower
244:
243:
238:
212:
2457:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2384:
2383:
2371:
2370:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2313:
2276:Labyrinthodontia
2261:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2185:
2181:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2114:Tramuntanasaurus
2016:Rhiodenticulatus
1994:Protocaptorhinus
1915:
1908:
1834:
1760:
1723:Kuwavaatakdectes
1652:
1644:
1639:
1523:Karpinskiosaurus
1482:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1292:
1281:
1270:
1259:
1248:
1237:
1227:
1216:
1205:
1194:
1186:
1175:
1110:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1001:
994:
991:
985:
978:
972:
969:
963:
956:
950:
947:
941:
934:
925:
922:
916:
909:
898:
891:
880:
873:
856:
849:
770:
763:
754:
747:
718:
712:
706:
701:
695:
690:
581:coronoid process
319:Rhiodenticulatus
315:Protocaptorhinus
282:Permian red beds
232:
228:
210:
203:
190:
177:
127:
126:
113:
103:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
2465:
2464:
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2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2400:
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2387:
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2374:
2366:
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2353:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2262:
2228:
2212:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2147:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2119:
2050:
1972:Labidosauriscus
1901:
1881:Petrolacosaurus
1827:
1773:Anthracodromeus
1749:
1673:
1635:
1622:
1591:
1484:Seymouriamorpha
1471:
1408:Chroniosuchidae
1402:
1333:
1301:
1295:Gephyrostegidae
1251:Solenodonsaurus
1182:
1161:
1146:
1126:
1120:Tetrapodomorpha
1105:Tetrapodomorpha
1095:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:Reptiliomorpha
1028:
998:
997:
992:
988:
979:
975:
970:
966:
957:
953:
948:
944:
935:
928:
923:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
859:
855:, 38(3), p.687.
850:
773:
764:
757:
748:
721:
713:
709:
702:
698:
691:
687:
682:
597:John. W Stovall
589:
522:
498:
493:
439:
385:
343:
337:is an example.
237:) Stovall, 1950
209:
201:
188:
175:
121:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Kungurian life
2432:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2359:
2346:
2330:
2328:
2326:Labidosaurikos
2322:
2321:
2316:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Batrachosauria
2288:
2286:Anthracosauria
2283:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2153:
2151:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2086:Labidosaurikos
2082:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2056:Moradisaurinae
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1958:Gecatogomphius
1954:
1947:
1940:
1937:Captorhinoides
1933:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1867:Halgaitosaurus
1863:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1822:Thuringothyris
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1646:Diadectomorpha
1636:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1508:Discosauriscus
1504:
1497:
1494:Ariekanerpeton
1489:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1445:Madygenerpeton
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1376:Hassiacoscutum
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1341:
1339:Bystrowianidae
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1255:
1244:
1233:
1223:
1212:
1201:
1189:
1183:
1180:Reptiliomorpha
1178:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1132:Reptiliomorpha
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1004:
996:
995:
986:
973:
964:
951:
942:
926:
917:
899:
881:
857:
771:
769:, 1, pp.35-49.
755:
719:
707:
696:
684:
683:
681:
678:
666:Labidosaurikos
646:Labidosaurikos
636:Labidosaurikos
616:Labidosaurikos
605:Labidosaurikos
601:Labidosaurikos
593:Labidosaurikos
588:
585:
565:Labidosaurikos
554:Labidosaurikos
552:does indicate
546:Labidosaurikos
534:Labidosaurikos
526:Labidosaurikos
521:
518:
514:Labidosaurikos
501:Labidosaurikos
497:
494:
492:
489:
447:Labidosaurikos
438:
435:
425:lacrimal bones
413:Labidosaurikos
397:Labidosaurikos
389:Labidosaurikos
384:
381:
366:Labidosaurikos
354:Labidosaurikos
342:
339:
331:Labidosaurikos
303:Labidosaurikos
296:Labidosaurikos
278:Labidosaurikos
268:Labidosaurikos
248:Labidosaurikos
242:
241:
240:
239:
221:
220:
214:
213:
206:Labidosaurikos
199:
195:
194:
192:Moradisaurinae
186:
182:
181:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
25:Labidosaurikos
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2462:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2139:
2136:
2133:(crown group)
2130:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:Captorhinikos
2069:
2067:
2066:
2065:Balearosaurus
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2023:Rhodotheratus
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Captorhinidae
1904:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:Spinoaequalis
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1874:Kadaliosaurus
1871:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1836:Araeoscelidia
1830:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1815:Protorothyris
1812:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1787:Cephalerpeton
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1737:Phanerosaurus
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1572:Spinarerpeton
1569:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1452:Phratochronis
1449:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1424:Chroniosuchus
1421:
1419:
1418:
1417:Chroniosaurus
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1383:Jiyuanitectum
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:Chroniosuchia
1308:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:Termonerpeton
1256:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1240:Silvanerpeton
1234:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Sarcopterygii
1077:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1002:
990:
987:
983:
977:
974:
968:
965:
961:
955:
952:
946:
943:
939:
933:
931:
927:
921:
918:
914:
908:
906:
904:
900:
896:
890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
858:
854:
853:Palaeontology
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
772:
768:
762:
760:
756:
752:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
720:
716:
711:
708:
705:
700:
697:
694:
689:
686:
679:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
637:
632:
629:
626:differs from
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
529:
527:
519:
517:
515:
510:
506:
502:
495:
490:
488:
484:
481:
477:
473:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
444:
436:
434:
431:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
378:
377:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
347:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
292:
287:
286:North America
283:
279:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
249:
236:
231:
225:
224:
222:
219:
215:
211:Stovall, 1950
208:
207:
200:
197:
196:
193:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:Captorhinidae
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
112:
107:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
36:279–272
32:
31:Early Permian
26:
22:
19:
2430:Captorhinids
2325:
2296:Cotylosauria
2281:Lepospondyli
2235:
2182:Pan‑Reptilia
2146:Pan‑Mammalia
2112:
2107:Sumidadectes
2105:
2100:Rothianiscus
2098:
2093:Moradisaurus
2091:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2009:Reiszorhinus
2007:
2001:Puercosaurus
1999:
1992:
1984:
1979:Labidosaurus
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1930:Baeotherates
1928:
1921:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1845:Aphelosaurus
1843:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1716:Diasparactus
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1688:Alveusdectes
1686:
1666:
1658:
1616:Lissamphibia
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1397:Yumenerpeton
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1362:Bystrowiella
1360:
1353:
1346:
1326:
1293:
1282:
1273:Westlothiana
1271:
1260:
1249:
1238:
1228:
1217:
1206:
1197:Caerorhachis
1195:
1156:
1084:
1075:
1071:Osteichthyes
1066:
989:
981:
976:
967:
959:
954:
945:
937:
920:
912:
894:
876:
852:
766:
750:
710:
699:
688:
673:
670:Labidosaurus
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:Labidosaurus
649:
645:
640:
635:
633:
627:
623:
619:
615:
612:Labidosaurus
611:
607:
604:
600:
592:
590:
568:
564:
562:
558:Moradisaurus
557:
553:
550:Moradisaurus
549:
545:
542:Moradisaurus
541:
533:
530:
525:
523:
520:Feeding/diet
513:
500:
499:
485:
479:
476:Labidosaurus
475:
468:
464:Moradisaurus
463:
446:
440:
421:Labidosaurus
420:
412:
405:
401:Labidosaurus
400:
396:
392:
388:
386:
375:
369:
365:
353:
352:
335:Moradisaurus
334:
330:
327:Labidosaurus
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
300:
295:
290:
277:
276:
271:
267:
247:
246:
245:
229:
205:
204:
24:
18:
2178:Sauropsida
2079:Gansurhinus
2045:Saurorictus
1951:Euconcordia
1944:Captorhinus
1896:Zarcasaurus
1852:Araeoscelis
1808:Paleothyris
1794:Coelostegus
1679:Diadectidae
1660:Limnoscelis
1610:Microsauria
1598:Microsauria
1558:Nyctiboetus
1466:Uralerpeton
1431:Ingentidens
1369:Dromotectum
1355:Bystrowiana
1035:Pan‑Amniota
984:; no. 2688.
654:Captorhinus
628:L. meachami
496:Environment
349:Restoration
341:Description
323:Captorhinus
253:captorhinid
230:L. meachami
185:Subfamily:
2424:Categories
2301:Eureptilia
2274:See also:
2196:Sauropsida
2142:Synapsida
2030:Riabininus
1859:Dictybolos
1702:Desmatodon
1586:Waggoneria
1537:Leptoropha
1390:Synesuchus
1284:Embolomeri
1230:Romeriscus
1141:see below↓
680:References
624:L. barkeri
620:L. barkeri
591:The first
408:skull roof
2200:includes
2164:includes
2160:Synapsida
1923:Acrodenta
1801:Hylonomus
1709:Diadectes
1565:Seymouria
1551:Microphon
1544:Makowskia
1530:Kotlassia
1515:Enosuchus
1459:Suchonica
1438:Jarilinus
1348:Axitectum
1328:Laosuchus
1219:Eldeceeon
1208:Casineria
1089:Tetrapoda
1054:Kingdom:
573:squamosal
538:articular
456:pterygoid
360:(lacking
260:Kungurian
256:tetrapods
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
2341:Q3178019
2335:Wikidata
2202:reptiles
1965:Kahneria
1780:Brouffia
1730:Orobates
1668:Tseajaia
1579:Utegenia
1501:Biarmica
1062:Chordata
1060:Phylum:
1056:Animalia
608:meachami
577:mandible
472:isodonts
452:palatine
172:Family:
166:Reptilia
156:Chordata
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
2394:4948145
2381:1133542
2368:4818972
2355:4530553
2166:mammals
2129:Amniota
2038:Romeria
1695:Ambedus
1633:Amniota
430:sutures
406:On the
387:Of the
358:anapsid
311:Romeria
264:Permian
218:Species
198:Genus:
162:Class:
458:. The
443:palate
2407:37500
2376:IRMNG
2206:birds
1085:Clade
1076:Clade
1067:Clade
672:than
652:than
460:vomer
417:nares
383:Skull
2363:GBIF
2204:and
2194:see
2158:see
1608:see
1118:see
450:the
441:The
325:and
235:type
44:PreꞒ
2350:EoL
445:of
368:is
284:of
2426::
2404::
2391::
2378::
2365::
2352::
2337::
1600:"?
1087::
1078::
1069::
929:^
902:^
884:^
860:^
774:^
758:^
722:^
676:.
618:,
478:,
466:.
329:.
321:,
317:,
313:,
274:.
94:Pg
38:Ma
33:,
2184:)
2180:(
2148:)
2144:(
2033:?
2004:?
1989:?
1907:†
1891:?
1862:?
1833:†
1765:"
1761:"
1759:†
1663:?
1648:?
1643:†
1596:"
1518:?
1486:?
1481:†
1316:?
1311:†
1298:?
1291:†
1287:?
1280:†
1276:?
1269:†
1265:?
1258:†
1254:?
1247:†
1243:?
1236:†
1226:†
1222:?
1215:†
1211:?
1204:†
1200:?
1193:†
1037:)
1033:(
1023:e
1016:t
1009:v
233:(
227:†
202:†
189:†
176:†
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
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