425:"The sources of all these great rivers are not so distant from each other as our present geographical knowledge would make us believe... Certain it is, that he who reaches the sources of the Nile will have a more than probable chance of reaching the sources of the Tshadda, of the Congo, and of the Kilimani. All of them verge toward the equator—toward the extensive country of Uniamési, and the territories around Uniamési, which could be rendered by the interpretation "Possession of the Moon" ... I will ... simply remark, that the Tshadda, the Congo, the Nile, and the Kilimani rivers, either take their rise from the great lake in Uniamési, or very near to that lake..."
435:
656:
becoming one of the first
Europeans to make an east-west crossing of Equatorial Africa. It was not until Stanley circumnavigated Lake Victoria in 1874–1875 that it was confirmed that the lake was the source of the White Nile. With Stanley's return to Zanzibar in 1877 the last of the main questions surrounding the Great Lakes drainage had been settled. Krapf had conjectured there was one great lake feeding the Congo, Zambezi, Nile and Benue. There had turned out to be three great lakes, feeding the Congo, Zambezi and Nile.
30:
488:
the centre of the continent, and form a most important and impenetrable barrier and water-shed. The northern side of this barrier contains the sources of the Nile, of Lake Tsad, and of the river Chadda, while the south side sends its waters partly to the
Atlantic Ocean, by the river Congo or Zaire, partly to the Indian Ocean by the Jub, Dana and Osi, and also, as I think highly probable, to the great lake of the interior itself.
500:, received and published in 1855, in which he called the lake Uniamesi or Ukerewe. He said that according to accounts by traders, considered trustworthy by the missionaries, the lake extended from latitude 0.5°N to 13.5°S and from longitude 23.5°E to 36°E, and had an area of 13,600 German square miles, as compared to 7,860 German square miles for the Black Sea and 7,400 for the Caspian. The map was first published in the
466:
320:
193:
382:
to be "no doubt that the
Natives of this central land traffic with the western as well as the eastern coast." In 1850 Krapf exclaimed that, "Had we sufficient pecuniary means at our command, and were it not our bounden duty to subordinate all secondary objects to our chief vocation, which consists in the preaching of the Gospel, the map of East Africa would soon wear another aspect."
37:
493:
Rebmann, "at one and the same moment, the problem flashed on both of us solved by the simple supposition that where geographical hypothesis had hitherto supposed an enormous mountain-land, we must now look for an enormous valley and an inland sea." On the map that he and
Rebmann drew the three lakes are shown as one very large S-shaped lake.
447:
565:. Galton was pressed to travel to Africa to confirm the report about Mount Kilimanjaro. He declined on the basis that he had not yet fully recovered his health from his previous expedition. Instead, the Royal Geographical Society persuaded the British government to provide £1,000 for an expedition by
381:
The missionaries were impatient to learn more about "the great central country of Uniamési, whither converge the great rivers which have their embouchures on the western and eastern coasts... from which, according to the native conception, is an outlet to the four quarters of the globe." There seemed
619:
was given consistent information by an Arab trader who had skirted the south of the lake, and a
Swahili traveler also confirmed that the "Taganyika" was not connected to the Niassa to the south. Burton and Speke returned to Kazeh, where Burton was forced to rest while Speke traveled north to explore
492:
Erhardt was struck by the fact that various travelers who had gone inland from different points on the east coast of Africa had all come to an inland sea, and made a map based on available information, including the findings of Krapf and
Rebmann. In November 1854 while talking about the problem to
385:
Krapf wrote, "I have lately perused a paper making the lake Niassa and that of
Uniamesi appear as one and the same volume of water... from other native authorities I know at least that the Natives clearly distinguish between the Niassa and the Uniamesi lakes. But as I have made it a rule to distrust
373:
down the East
African coast from Mombasa. On the journey they met traders from Unyamwezi. Krapf recorded that caravans of three to four thousand men from Unyamwezi would arrive at the coast in December after a three-month journey, and would leave on the return journey in March or April. The Arabs of
487:
They represented to him that the Sea of
Uniamesi was simply a continuation of the Lake Niassa, the latter, according to them, striking out westward from its northerly direction, and then spreading itself out even to a greater expanse than hitherto, so as to approach the mountains which pass through
607:
At Kazeh Burton and Speke found a mixed population of
Nyamwezi, Tutsi and Arabs engaged in cattle farming and cultivation of foods such as rice, cassava, pawpaw and citrus. Burton called Unyamwezi the garden of inter-tropical Africa. The land sloped down from there to Lake Takanyika , or Uniamesi,
655:
was sent in 1873 to assist David Livingstone. Shortly after he left Zanzibar he learned that Livingstone had died, but continued to Ujiji. He circumnavigated Lake Tanganyika and found that it had its outlet to the west, feeding into a tributary of the Congo River. Cameron went on to the Atlantic,
644:
inland and walked to the southern end of Lake Nyasa, which he rounded to the west. He then traveled north to Lake Tanganyika. After lengthy explorations of the country southwest of Lake Tanganyika, with his health broken Livingstone reached Ujiji on the east of Lake Tanganyika, where he had his
306:
negotiating with envoys from Unyamwezi in 1839 for safe passage for caravans to the interior. The Nyamwezi did not sell their own people as slaves, since they needed manpower for the ivory trade, but after the 1850s the slave trade began to become important. Slaves brought from the
600:, once a powerful warrior who had controlled the trade routes to the interior but now extremely old. They left for the interior on 26 June 1858. After travelling through mountainous country they reached the inner plateau of Uniamesi. At the Arab trading post of Kazeh (now
297:
Ivory was not widely used by the Nyamwezi, but at some point they became aware that there was an overseas market for the product, and began to carry ivory along the route from Tabora down to the Indian Ocean coast opposite Zanzibar. There are records of Sultan
516:, but warned that the missionaries may not have accounted sufficiently for exaggeration by their informants. He provided a supplementary sketch showing the lake extending from 7°S to 12°S and 22.5°E to 30.5°E, one third of Rebmann's estimated size.
345:
reported that, "The ultimate object, which our Missionaries had in view, has been to reach Uniamési, that interior country where the roads to East Africa and West Africa diverge." Uniamési was said to lie about 150 to 200 hours to the west of the
234:
moved into the region between the Great Lakes and the Indian Ocean some time after 1000 BC and mingled with the local population. By the first century AD ships from the Arabian peninsula were trading along the East African coast. Muslim
573:
to investigate the great lake, or lakes, and determine if they were the source of the Nile. The map came to be known as the "slug map" from the shape of the Uniamesi or Niassa inland sea. Burton called it the Mombas Mission Map.
228:) to the south. Lake Victoria is the third largest lake in the world, and lies on the plateau between the west and east rifts. Unlike the long, narrow and deep lakes of the rift, Lake Victoria is wide and relatively shallow.
1700:
Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours, During an Eighteen Years' Residence in Eastern Africa: Together with Journeys to Jagga, Usambara, Ukambani, Shoa, Abessinia and Khartum, and a Coasting Voyage from Nombaz to Cape
537:
by a pilgrim from Mecca, who inhabits Central Africa, and who gave Mahmoud Pasha, one of the Viceroy's ministers, particulars corresponding to Mr. Rehman's map. This pilgrim added that he had seen larger vessels on the
631:
between October 1860 and February 1863, traveling from the coast opposite Zanzibar via Tabora and Uganda to Khartoum. However, the question of whether the Nile issued from Lake Victoria was left uncertain. In 1866–73
143:
in the northwest of what is now Tanzania and exaggerated its size to include a large part of the continental interior. They heard of a great lake, and imagined an enormous lake that would be the source of the
624:(also called Lake Ukerewe), reaching it on 3 August 1849. Speke recorded an elevation of 3,788 feet (1,155 m) and was told that a river left the north of the lake and flowed into the Nile.
278:
by outsiders, although this term covered various different groups. Unyamwezi lay at a juncture where a trade route from the coast split, with one branch continuing west to the port of
247:, with a language that combines Bantu, Arabic and Persian elements. The Swahili culture incorporated many Arabic and Islamic aspects, while remaining essentially Bantu in nature.
290:. Coastal traders settled in Unyamwezi, some with hundreds of well-armed retainers. The Nyamwezi provided most of the porters for the caravans organized by the coastal Arabs and
677:"Washenzi" was a derogatory term used by the coastal Arabs for people of the interior who had failed to adopt any elements of Arab culture. It signified "barbaric savage".
136:
was the name given by missionaries in the 1840s and 1850s to a huge lake or inland sea they supposed to lie within a region of Central East Africa with the same name.
1313:
615:, where it was closed by a crescent-shaped mountain range. They were told by the local people that the lake reached down to latitude 8° south. Later
184:
were separate bodies of water. It was not until 1877 that it was confirmed that these lakes did feed the Nile, Congo and Zambezi, albeit separately.
592:
Burton and Speke reached Zanzibar on 20 December 1857, visited Rebmann at his Kisuludini mission station, and paid a visit to Fuga, capital of the
378:
were hostile to Europeans reaching Unyamwezi. In 1847 they arranged for Washenzis to kill a French trader, Mr. Maison, on his way to the interior.
483:, where he heard the stories of ivory traders who had visited the interior. According to Rebmann, whose account was published in Krapf's memoirs,
1932:
1896:
1850:
1823:
1796:
1775:
1748:
1643:
1616:
1589:
1562:
1535:
1508:
1481:
1454:
1434:; Petermann, August (1856). "Mémoire zur Erläuterung der von ihm und Johannes Rebmann zusammengestellten Karte von Ost- und Central-Afrika".
1339:
583:
1888:
A Life of Sir Francis Galton : From African Exploration to the Birth of Eugenics: From African Exploration to the Birth of Eugenics
70:
29:
1356:
712:
Lake Tanganyika has a surface elevation of 2,536 feet (773 m) rather than 1,843 feet (562 m) recorded by Burton and Speke.
386:
all native reports, until they be confirmed by personal observation, I shall say nothing more on this point." Later that year the
627:
There was continued controversy about the Great Lakes and the rivers that fed and drained them. Speke made a long journey with
721:
Lake Victoria has a surface elevation of 3,717 feet (1,133 m), close to Speke's measurement of 3,788 feet (1,155 m).
523:
saw a pen-and-ink version of the map made by "Mr. Rehman of Moubar, on the Zanguebar coast." In a letter of April 1857 to the
196:
German East Africa in 1894, showing lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika and Victoria. "Unjamwesi" is below the "D" in "Deutsch Ostafrika"
1937:
1927:
1922:
243:
began to colonize the coast in the 8th century AD. The coastal Bantu peoples intermarried with the Arabs to form the
160:
rivers. They drew a map showing a huge "Lake Uniamesi" that was published in 1855. The map spurred the expedition of
1581:
Between Five Lines: The Development of Ethnicity in Tanzania with Special Reference to the Western Bagamoyo District
311:
or the Great Lakes region would be held at Tabora, then sent down to the coast in small groups for onward shipment.
558:
1683:
Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine: Being a Continuation of the Arminian Or Methodist Magazine First Publ. by John Wesley
1431:
509:
459:
455:
434:
525:
496:
In 1855 Erhardt was repatriated due to poor health, and took the map with him. Rebmann wrote letters to the
561:'s gold medal in 1853 for his southwest African explorations, had Erhardt's map published in the society's
294:, and also conducted their own caravans. The Nyamwezi were long-distance traders throughout East Africa.
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566:
161:
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which they reached on 3 March 1849 and where they recorded an elevation of 1,843 feet (562 m).
330:
323:
169:
1720:
597:
570:
480:
165:
1608:
Adventures in the Bone Trade: The Race to Discover Human Ancestors in Ethiopia's Afar Depression
686:
Ukambani is a semi-arid region of today's Kenya, inland from Mombasa and to the east of today's
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Lake Ukerewe is another name for Lake Victoria Nyanza. According to Burton the name came from
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Burton and Speke found that the lake extended about 300 miles (480 km) north from
554:
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465:
1916:
621:
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231:
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1316:. The World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities. 5 January 2010
369:. Wagner died on 1 August 1849. In the spring of 1850 Erhardt and Krapf traveled by
641:
319:
970:
968:
341:(1820–1876). On 12 November 1848 Rebmann started a journey into the interior. The
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109:
582:
1396:"Church Missionary Intelligencer: a monthly journal of missionary information"
333:(1810–1881) permission to establish a mission on the coast. Krapf arrived in
85:
72:
533:. He said, "The existence of this sea was certified to me during my stay at
530:
411:
251:
209:
140:
1662:
Flowering Plant Families of East Africa: An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy
593:
534:
458:
dated June 1856, based on the Erhard and Reibmann sketch and on a map by
391:
375:
303:
271:
139:
Three missionaries, confined to the coastal belt, heard of the region of
1357:"Wissenschaft u. Mission soll sich aufs innigste miteinander befreunden"
1473:
Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa
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that he had made in November and December 1849. He speculated that the
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283:
153:
121:
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on Lake Tanganyika while another branch led north to the kingdoms of
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1187:
446:
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of Paris he commented that the inland sea would be larger than the
1100:
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612:
581:
445:
438:
Erhard and Reibmann's map of the Uniamesi Sea as published in the
433:
318:
279:
191:
1021:
1019:
1635:
Visualizing Africa in Nineteenth-Century British Travel Accounts
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959:
947:
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240:
149:
117:
519:
The map was reproduced with commentary in other publications.
329:
Early in 1844 Sultan Sayyid Said gave the German missionary
1443:
Fage, J. D.; Flint, John E.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1976).
553:, near to the equator, caused considerable controversy. Sir
604:) they recorded an elevation of 3,400 feet (1,000 m).
421:
Uniamési was thought to contain a great lake. Krapf said,
258:, between the coast and Lake Tanganyika, and includes the
1380:
The lake regions of Central Africa: A picture exploration
1060:
1058:
1697:
Krapf, Johann Ludwig; Ravenstein, Ernest George (1860).
1331:
Northern Tanzania, 3rd: Serengeti, Kilimanjaro, Zanzibar
1314:"BMMK appeals for famine relief for drought in Ukambani"
1150:
1148:
1135:
1133:
799:
797:
1244:
1242:
498:
Calwer Missionary Intelligencer (Calwer Missionsblatt)
1788:
Paths Without Glory: Richard Francis Burton in Africa
1704:. Trübner and Company, Paternoster Row. p. xxvii
542:
than that in which he had sailed down the Red Sea."
418:) would all provide access to the center of Africa.
101:
62:
54:
18:
274:. In the 19th century the inhabitants were called
986:
63:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1166:
1112:
1025:
863:
839:
827:
815:
485:
423:
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390:published an account by Krapf of a journey to
1527:The Tangled Web: A Life of Sir Richard Burton
200:The Great Lakes of East Africa include lakes
8:
1665:. East African Publishers. GGKEY:YRQ2AK3YL8E
337:on 13 March 1844. He was joined in 1846 by
1476:. University Press of America. p. 46.
1449:. Cambridge University Press. p. 300.
361:(1823–1901) and John Wagner arrived at the
270:districts of the western plateau of modern
224:to the east of this chain and Lake Nyasa (
15:
1743:. African Books Collective. p. 167.
1530:. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 146.
1296:
1272:
1260:
740:
1328:Briggs, Philip; McIntyre, Chris (2013).
1284:
1064:
464:
220:branch of the East African rift system,
1842:The Political Development of Tanganyika
1233:
1124:
1037:
935:
733:
670:
1419:
1408:
1383:. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts
1154:
1139:
1101:The Lake Region in Central Africa 1862
1089:The Lake Region in Central Africa 1862
1076:
1049:
923:
911:
875:
851:
803:
776:
764:
752:
254:region lies around the modern town of
1815:David Livingstone: Mission and Empire
1436:Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen
1010:
216:, all of which lie in the western or
36:
7:
1740:Aspects of Colonial Tanzania History
1334:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 175.
1248:
999:Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850
975:Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850
960:Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850
948:Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850
900:Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850
888:Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850
788:
350:kingdom, which lay on the slopes of
172:region, where they found that lakes
1867:"The Lake Region in Central Africa"
1557:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 68.
1554:The Killing of Dr. Albrecht Roscher
1791:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 64.
1362:. Universität Wien. Archived from
475:Jakob Erhardt spent six months at
14:
442:of the Royal Geographical Society
1891:. Oxford University Press, USA.
1737:Mbogoni, Lawrence E. Y. (2012).
1470:Fyle, C. Magbaily (1999-01-01).
35:
28:
1446:The Cambridge History of Africa
506:Church Missionary intelligencer
504:later in 1855, and then in the
398:and its tributary the Tshadda (
388:Church missionary intelligencer
343:Church Missionary Intelligencer
1839:Taylor, James Clagett (1963).
1770:. HarperCollins. p. 139.
1497:Griffiths, Ieuan L.l. (2013).
545:The reports of snow on mounts
1:
1933:International lakes of Africa
1845:. Stanford University Press.
1210:Fage, Flint & Oliver 1976
864:Fage, Flint & Oliver 1976
840:Fage, Flint & Oliver 1976
828:Fage, Flint & Oliver 1976
816:Fage, Flint & Oliver 1976
53:
1722:Recollections of Forty Years
1500:The Atlas of African Affairs
1584:. Nordic Africa Institute.
1375:Burton, Sir Richard Francis
1222:Krapf & Ravenstein 1860
1198:Krapf & Ravenstein 1860
1167:Krapf & Ravenstein 1860
1113:Cooley & Petermann 1856
1026:Krapf & Ravenstein 1860
414:– near to the mouth of the
1954:
1179:Briggs & McIntyre 2013
559:Royal Geographical Society
1885:Wright, Nicholas (2001).
1785:Newman, James L. (2009).
1725:. D. Appleton. p. 42
1611:. Springer. p. 288.
1355:Bursik, Heinrich (2008).
596:kingdom. Burton met king
512:published the map in his
510:August Heinrich Petermann
460:August Heinrich Petermann
456:Victor Adolphe Malte-Brun
23:
1812:Ross, Andrew C. (2002).
1764:Moorehead, Alan (2000).
1638:. Taylor & Francis.
1632:Koivunen, Leila (2008).
1524:Godsall, Jon R. (2008).
1503:. Taylor & Francis.
1659:Kokwaro, J. O. (1994).
1578:Jerman, Helena (1997).
1551:Heldring, J.W. (2011).
315:Early European contacts
1418:Cite journal requires
589:
567:Richard Francis Burton
490:
472:
462:
443:
427:
326:
197:
1717:Lesseps, Ferdinand de
1432:Cooley, W. Desborough
653:Verney Lovett Cameron
649:on 10 November 1871.
585:
526:Académie des Sciences
468:
449:
437:
365:mission station near
322:
195:
1873:. A. H. Maltby. 1862
987:BMMK appeals... 2010
647:Henry Morton Stanley
645:famous meeting with
629:James Augustus Grant
521:Ferdinand de Lesseps
502:Calwer Missionsblatt
1938:Mythological places
1928:African Great Lakes
1923:Africa in mythology
1677:Krapf, Dr. (1852).
962:, pp. 392–393.
950:, pp. 112–113.
429:
331:Johann Ludwig Krapf
324:Johann Ludwig Krapf
170:African Great Lakes
168:to investigate the
82: /
58:Central East Africa
1605:Kalb, Jon (2001).
1275:, p. 114-117.
636:left the coast at
598:Kimweri ye Nyumbai
590:
571:John Hanning Speke
557:, who had won the
481:Kisambara language
473:
463:
444:
327:
198:
1898:978-0-19-534943-6
1871:The New Englander
1852:978-0-8047-0147-1
1825:978-1-85285-285-6
1798:978-1-59797-596-4
1777:978-0-06-095639-4
1750:978-9987-08-300-8
1679:"Hope for Africa"
1645:978-0-203-88463-8
1618:978-0-387-98742-2
1591:978-91-7106-408-0
1564:978-1-4653-6786-0
1537:978-1-906510-42-8
1510:978-1-135-85559-8
1483:978-0-7618-1456-6
1456:978-0-521-20701-0
1341:978-1-84162-457-0
1200:, p. xxviii.
634:David Livingstone
617:David Livingstone
352:Mount Kilimanjaro
127:
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587:Johannes Rebmann
357:On 10 June 1849
339:Johannes Rebmann
105:
104:Primary outflows
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1784:
1778:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1676:
1668:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1631:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1577:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1430:
1417:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1327:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:, p. xxix.
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
966:
958:
954:
946:
942:
934:
930:
922:
918:
910:
906:
898:
894:
886:
882:
874:
870:
862:
858:
850:
846:
838:
834:
826:
822:
814:
810:
802:
795:
787:
783:
775:
771:
763:
759:
751:
747:
739:
735:
726:
725:
720:
716:
711:
707:
698:
694:
685:
681:
676:
672:
662:
640:, followed the
580:
432:
317:
276:Nyamwezi people
190:
90:
88:
84:
81:
76:
73:
71:
69:
68:
50:
49:
48:
47:
46:
45:
44:
40:
12:
11:
5:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1897:
1882:
1863:
1851:
1836:
1824:
1809:
1797:
1782:
1776:
1767:The White Nile
1761:
1749:
1734:
1713:
1694:
1674:
1656:
1644:
1629:
1617:
1602:
1590:
1575:
1563:
1548:
1536:
1521:
1509:
1494:
1482:
1467:
1455:
1440:
1428:
1420:|journal=
1398:. Seeley. 1850
1392:
1371:
1369:on 2015-02-18.
1352:
1340:
1325:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1299:, p. 139.
1297:Moorehead 2000
1289:
1287:, p. 216.
1277:
1273:Moorehead 2000
1265:
1261:Moorehead 2000
1253:
1251:, p. 288.
1238:
1226:
1214:
1212:, p. 297.
1202:
1183:
1181:, p. 175.
1171:
1159:
1157:, p. 110.
1144:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1079:, p. 214.
1069:
1054:
1042:
1040:, p. 147.
1030:
1028:, p. 486.
1015:
1013:, p. 456.
1003:
1001:, p. 450.
991:
979:
977:, p. 128.
964:
952:
940:
938:, p. 167.
928:
926:, p. 114.
916:
904:
902:, p. 107.
892:
890:, p. 106.
880:
868:
866:, p. 300.
856:
854:, p. 112.
844:
842:, p. 285.
832:
830:, p. 316.
820:
818:, p. 277.
808:
806:, p. 111.
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
741:Griffiths 2013
732:
724:
723:
714:
705:
701:Ukerewe Island
692:
679:
669:
668:
661:
658:
579:
576:
555:Francis Galton
452:Lac d'Uniamési
431:
428:
410:and Kilimani (
316:
313:
245:Swahili people
189:
186:
125:
124:
107:
99:
98:
66:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
42:
41:
34:
33:
27:
26:
25:
24:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1950:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1827:
1821:
1818:. Continuum.
1817:
1816:
1810:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1685:. p. 456
1684:
1680:
1675:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1412:
1397:
1393:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1285:Koivunen 2008
1281:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1263:, p. 98.
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1142:, p. 64.
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1127:, p. 42.
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1103:, p. 18.
1102:
1097:
1094:
1091:, p. 17.
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1067:, p. 68.
1066:
1065:Heldring 2011
1061:
1059:
1055:
1052:, p. 76.
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
983:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
953:
949:
944:
941:
937:
932:
929:
925:
920:
917:
914:, p. 45.
913:
908:
905:
901:
896:
893:
889:
884:
881:
878:, p. 36.
877:
872:
869:
865:
860:
857:
853:
848:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
824:
821:
817:
812:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
791:, p. 46.
790:
785:
782:
778:
773:
770:
766:
761:
758:
754:
749:
746:
742:
737:
734:
731:
730:
718:
715:
709:
706:
702:
696:
693:
689:
683:
680:
674:
671:
667:
666:
659:
657:
654:
650:
648:
643:
639:
635:
630:
625:
623:
622:Lake Victoria
618:
614:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
588:
584:
577:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
517:
515:
514:Mittheilungen
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
489:
484:
482:
479:studying the
478:
471:
470:Jakob Erhardt
467:
461:
457:
453:
448:
441:
436:
430:Erhardt's map
426:
422:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
383:
379:
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Jakob Erhardt
355:
353:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
325:
321:
314:
312:
310:
305:
301:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
232:Bantu peoples
229:
227:
223:
222:Lake Victoria
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
194:
187:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
137:
135:
131:
130:Lake Uniamési
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
106:
100:
95:
67:
61:
57:
43:Lake Uniamési
31:
22:
19:Lake Uniamési
17:
1902:. Retrieved
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1870:
1856:. Retrieved
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1787:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1721:
1706:. Retrieved
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1682:
1667:. Retrieved
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1445:
1435:
1411:cite journal
1400:. Retrieved
1385:. Retrieved
1379:
1364:the original
1345:. Retrieved
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1305:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1236:, p. 3.
1234:Kokwaro 1994
1229:
1217:
1205:
1174:
1162:
1125:Lesseps 1888
1120:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1045:
1038:Godsall 2008
1033:
1006:
994:
982:
955:
943:
936:Mbogoni 2012
931:
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
784:
779:, p. 6.
772:
767:, p. 5.
760:
755:, p. 4.
748:
743:, p. 3.
736:
728:
727:
717:
708:
695:
682:
673:
664:
663:
651:
642:Ruvuma River
626:
610:
606:
591:
562:
544:
539:
524:
518:
513:
505:
501:
497:
495:
491:
486:
474:
451:
439:
424:
420:
387:
384:
380:
356:
342:
328:
296:
249:
230:
199:
138:
134:Uniamesi Sea
133:
129:
128:
1155:Wright 2001
1140:Newman 2009
1077:Burton 1860
1050:Bursik 2008
924:Jerman 1997
912:Bursik 2008
876:Bursik 2008
852:Jerman 1997
804:Jerman 1997
777:Taylor 1963
765:Taylor 1963
753:Taylor 1963
578:Exploration
563:Proceedings
547:Kilimanjaro
440:Proceedings
363:Rabbai Mpia
309:Congo Basin
300:Sayyid Said
89: /
64:Coordinates
1917:Categories
1904:2013-09-11
1877:2013-09-11
1858:2013-09-11
1831:2013-09-11
1804:2013-09-11
1756:2013-09-11
1729:2013-09-11
1708:2013-09-11
1689:2013-09-11
1669:2013-09-11
1651:2013-09-11
1624:2013-09-11
1597:2013-09-11
1570:2013-09-11
1543:2013-09-11
1516:2013-09-11
1489:2013-09-11
1462:2013-09-11
1402:2013-09-11
1387:2013-09-11
1347:2013-09-11
1320:2013-09-11
1011:Krapf 1852
660:References
214:Tanganyika
188:Background
178:Tanganyika
1249:Kalb 2001
789:Fyle 1999
729:Citations
531:Black Sea
508:in 1856.
412:Quelimane
252:Unyamwezi
218:Albertine
141:Unyamwezi
1719:(1888).
1438:. Gotha.
1377:(1860).
594:Usambare
540:Uniamesi
535:Khartoum
392:Ukambani
376:Zanzibar
304:Zanzibar
292:Swahilis
272:Tanzania
174:Victoria
86:6°S 27°E
55:Location
1701:Delgado
1306:Sources
688:Nairobi
450:Map of
416:Zambezi
402:), the
367:Mombasa
335:Mombasa
288:Bunyoro
284:Buganda
154:Zambezi
132:or the
122:Zambezi
1895:
1849:
1822:
1795:
1774:
1747:
1642:
1615:
1588:
1561:
1534:
1507:
1480:
1453:
1338:
602:Tabora
348:Chagga
268:Kahama
260:Tabora
256:Tabora
226:Malawi
206:Edward
202:Albert
162:Burton
91:-6; 27
1367:(PDF)
1360:(PDF)
665:Notes
638:Pemba
613:Ujiji
551:Kenya
477:Tanga
404:Congo
400:Benue
396:Niger
280:Ujiji
264:Nzega
239:from
237:Arabs
182:Nyasa
166:Speke
158:Congo
146:Benue
114:Congo
110:Benue
1893:ISBN
1847:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1451:ISBN
1424:help
1336:ISBN
569:and
549:and
408:Nile
371:dhow
286:and
266:and
250:The
241:Oman
212:and
210:Kivu
180:and
164:and
156:and
150:Nile
118:Nile
77:27°E
454:by
302:of
74:6°S
1919::
1869:.
1681:.
1415::
1413:}}
1409:{{
1241:^
1186:^
1147:^
1132:^
1057:^
1018:^
967:^
796:^
703:.
690:.
406:,
354:.
262:,
208:,
204:,
176:,
152:,
148:,
120:,
116:,
112:,
1907:.
1880:.
1861:.
1834:.
1807:.
1780:.
1759:.
1732:.
1711:.
1692:.
1672:.
1654:.
1627:.
1600:.
1573:.
1546:.
1519:.
1492:.
1465:.
1426:)
1422:(
1405:.
1390:.
1350:.
1323:.
1115:.
989:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
