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to the east and north. The lagerstätten formed in anoxic conditions in the fine carbonate muds that formed in the lakebeds. Lack of oxygen slowed bacterial decomposition and kept scavengers away, so leaves of palms, ferns and sycamores, some showing the insect damage they had sustained during their
750:
The various fossil beds of the Green River
Formation span a 5 million year period, dating to between 53.5 and 48.5 million years old. This span of time includes the transition between the moist early Eocene climate and the slightly drier mid-Eocene. The climate was moist and mild enough to support
969:
in oil shale). However, the estimates of recoverable oil has been questioned, back in 2013, by geophysicist
Raymond T. Pierrehumbert, who argued that the technology for recovering oil from the Green River oil shale deposit had not been developed and had not been profitably implemented at any
858:
The first documented records of (invertebrate) fossils from what is now called the Green River
Formation are in the journals of early missionaries and explorers such as S. A. Parker, 1840, and J. C. Fremont, 1845. Geologist Dr. John Evans collected the first fossil fish, described as
763:) forests. As the lake configurations shifted, each Green River location is distinct in character and time. The lake system formed over underlying river deltas and shifted in the flat landscape with slight tectonic movements, receiving sediments from the Uinta highland and the
564:
885:
Millions of fish fossils have been collected from the area, commercial collectors operating from legal quarries on state and private land have been responsible for the majority of Green River vertebrate fossils in public and private collections all over the world.
781:, sometimes in dense layers, as if a school had wandered into anoxic water levels and were overcome, are familiar to fossil-lovers and are among the most commonly available fossils on the commercial market. There were two genera of indigenous freshwater
661:
lime muds about 6 ft (1.8 m) thick, which contains abundant fish and other fossils. These are easily split along the layers to reveal the fossils. This thin zone represents some 4000 years of deposition. The second fossil zone, the
304:
and represents one year. The sediments of the Green River
Formation present a continuous record of six million years. The mean thickness of a varve here is 0.18 mm, with a minimum thickness of 0.014 mm and maximum of 9.8 mm.
576:
680:
The limestone matrix is so fine-grained that fossils include rare soft parts of complete insects and fallen leaves in spectacular detail. Some 35,000 fossiliferous rocks from the Green River
Formation are housed at the
997:
The unusual chemistry of the lakes in which it was deposited makes the Green River
Formation a major source of sodium carbonate. In southwest Wyoming the formation contains the world's largest deposits of
588:
552:
1029:
570:
Unnamed upper member, saline facies, Green River
Formation, along U.S. Highway 191 in lower Indian Canyon, Duchesne County, Utah. Left: typical exposure; right: exposure in roadcut.
1235:
Smith, M. E., Singer, B., & Carroll, A. (2003). 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Eocene Green River
Formation, Wyoming. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 115(5), 549-565.
666:, is an unlaminated layer about 18 in (46 cm) thick that also contains abundant detailed fossils, but is harder to work because it is not composed of fissile laminae.
538:, with the precession, obliquity, and eccentricity orbital components all clearly detectable. This enables the beds to be internally dated with a high degree of accuracy, and
300:. The sediments are deposited in very fine layers, a dark layer during the growing season and a light-hue inorganic layer in the dry season. Each pair of layers is called a
1752:
1740:
1728:
1309:
Nancy B. Simmons; Kevin L. Seymour; Jorg
Habersetzer; Gregg F. Gunnell (2008), "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation",
797:. Approximately sixty vertebrate taxa in all have been found at Green River. Besides fishes they include at least eleven species of reptiles, and some birds and one
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1583:
669:
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1023:
1856:
1811:
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growth, were covered with fine-grained sediment and preserved. Insects were preserved whole, even delicate wing membranes and spider spinnerets.
1710:
1831:
777:, the crocodile that was an early clue to the mild Eocene climate of Western North America. Fish are common. The fossils of the herring-like
1786:
1147:
1625:
Mason, G. M.; Trudell, L. G.; Branthaver, J. F. (1989). "Review of the stratigraphic distribution and diagenetic history of abelsonite".
582:
Transition facies, unnamed upper member of the Green River
Formation along U.S. Highway 191, lower Indian Canyon, Duschesne County, Utah.
1851:
1704:
1826:
1539:
1836:
1463:
1846:
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1737:
1725:
1412:
879:
653:, a rare place where conditions were right for a rich accumulation of undisturbed fossils. The most productive zone—called the
1092:
645:, two distinct zones of very fine-grained lime muds are particularly noted for preserving a variety of complete and detailed
336:
269:
1006:. Another unusual mineral, currently only known from the Parachute Creek member is the crystalline nickel porphyrin mineral
898:
Oil Shale from the Mahogany Zone of the Green River Formation, Colorado. Weathered surface on right; fresh surface on left.
1841:
1816:
1801:
284:
geologic formation that records the sedimentation in a group of intermountain lakes in three basins along the present-day
1676:
1176:
285:
251:
878:(geologist-in-charge of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, the forerunner of the
1821:
558:
Unnamed middle member, Green River Formation along U.S. Highway 191 near Indian Canyon Summit, Duchesne County, Utah.
1193:
Grande, Lance; Buchheim, Paul (1994), "Paleontological and Sedimentological Variation in Early Eocene Fossil Lake",
1060:
Bradley, W. H. The varves and climate of the Green River epoch: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 158, pp 87–110, 1929.
875:
728:
is uncommon in Lake Uinta but common in certain mass mortality layers of Lake Gosiute and absent from Fossil Lake.
483:
610:
461:
1720:
902:
259:
145:
1806:
1093:"Resolving Milankovitchian controversies: The Triassic Latemar Limestone and the Eocene Green River Formation"
1532:
874:
collected extensively from the area and produced several publications on the fossil fish from 1870 onwards.
682:
487:
465:
340:
128:
1750:
Paleobiology Database: BYU Locality #712, Uintah Basin, Green River Formation, Utah: Eocene - Eocene, Utah
594:
Tranisition facies exposed in road cut along U.S. Highway 191, lower Indian Canyon, Duchesne County, Utah.
511:
1555:
1505:
1427:
394:
360:
1026:), a similarly fossiliferous, but younger freshwater Eocene formation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains.
1726:
Paleobiology Database: Icaronycteris Type Locality: Wasatchian, Wyoming, aka Fossil Lake, Green River
1627:
1318:
1268:
1107:
1039:
950:
386:
1402:"Geology and resources of some world oil shale deposits. Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5294"
739:
519:
381:). Tectonic highlands supplied the Eocene sedimentary basins with sediment from all directions: the
1221:
Lance Grande (1984), "Paleontology of the Green River Formation, with a review of the fish fauna",
962:
871:
535:
402:
1715:
803:
1352:
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942:
746:
fossil from the Eocene Lake Gosuite, Laney Member, Green River Formation of south-western Wyoming
499:
469:
457:
406:
308:
The sedimentary layers were formed in a large area named for the Green River, a tributary of the
264:
917:
718:
507:
491:
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basin / lake environments during the Eocene resulted from mountain building and uplift of the
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are found in Fossil Lake but not in Lake Gosiute. Only Lake Gosiute has fossils of catfish (
378:
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1518:
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the largest area, in northeastern Utah and western Colorado south of the Uintas, known as
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1111:
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are noted for a variety of rare evaporite minerals. The Green River Formation, is the
17:
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1369:
J. Leidy (1856), "Notice of some remains of fishes discovered by Dr. John E. Evans",
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958:
831:
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773:
634:
398:
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80:
38:
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637:) preserved as a mineralized film; Parachute Creek Member in the Uintah Basin, Utah.
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a larger area in the southwest corner of Wyoming just north of the Uintas known as
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625:(right), two fossil fish from one of the lake beds in the Green River Formation
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Within the Green River Formation of southwest Wyoming in the area known as
1700:
Minerals of the Green River Formation, Sweetwater County, Wyoming, Mindat
1339:
978:
922:
882:) first used the name "Green River Shales" for the fossil sites in 1869.
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95:
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60:
1738:
Paleobiology Database Green River Quarry: Kimmeridgian - Tithonian, Utah
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could equal up to 3 trillion barrels (480 billion cubic metres) of
735:
Unidentified bird from the Green River Formation with preserved feathers
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218:
110:
85:
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1119:
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846:
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42:
844:), already full-developed for flight, are found here. Even a snake,
712:). The catfish are found mostly in the deepest parts of the lake.
999:
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1662:, Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 1972, Denver Colorado
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755:, which do not tolerate frost, and the lakes were surrounded by
437:
297:
206:
850:, found its way into a lake and was preserved in the mudstone.
820:
807:, with some scattered vertebrae of others, like the dog-sized
1761:
Green River Formation and Shale Oil, Research Brief by Rand
771:
Vertebrates were preserved too, including the osteoderms of
456:
layers within the various sediments from the then active
347:
because of its abundance of exceptionally well preserved
1533:"NPR's National Strategic Unconventional Resource Model"
1615:, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 820, p. 206.
1259:
Jepsen, G. L. (1966), "Early Eocene bat from Wyoming",
1030:
History of the oil shale industry in the United States
1687:
http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~carroll/green_river.html
941:
deposit in the world. It has been estimated that the
413:
of Utah and the ranges of eastern Idaho to the west.
1002:, and in Colorado, the world's largest deposits of
320:
an area in northwestern Colorado east of the Uintas
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242:
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177:
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164:
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32:
716:relatives are known from all three lakes, however
1071:"Green River Formation locality data from Mindat"
921:Areas of oil shale of the Green River Formation,
906:Green River Formation Oil Gas Fields within the
482:(hydrated sodium bicarbonate carbonate) beds of
1223:Bulletin of the Wyoming State Geological Survey
1195:Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming
1174:Creationist Misuse of the Green River Formation
937:The Green River Formation contains the largest
676:from the Green River Formation Split Fish Layer
316:(north, east, and south) of northeastern Utah:
133:Green River Formation exposed in the cliffs at
1711:Eocene fossils from the Green River Formation
1669:, Revised edition, Princeton University Press
722:is strictly found in Fossil lake only, while
420:of the lake sediments is varied and includes
8:
1487:"Oil Shale: History, Incentives, and Policy"
949:, up to half of which may be recoverable by
1660:Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain Region
312:. The three separate basins lie around the
1385:GAO: Unconventional Oil and Gas Production
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
819:, one of the first primates. The earliest
526:(SiC) and 23 other valid mineral species.
29:
1721:Fossil birds of the Green River Formation
1338:
401:of the Colorado Rockies to the east; the
1716:Fossil fish of the Green River Formation
1409:United States Department of the Interior
1024:Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument
1395:
1393:
1053:
606:Paleobiota of the Green River Formation
548:
343:is in a part of the formation known as
27:Geologic formation in the United States
1797:Green River (Colorado River tributary)
1564:
1553:
1514:
1503:
1436:
1425:
870:), from the Green River beds in 1856.
657:—consists of a series of laminated or
522:. It also has a natural occurrence of
7:
268:(stingray), Green River Formation,
1607:George I. Smith and others (1973)
1540:United States Department of Energy
1152:National Museum of Natural History
444:beds, and a variety of lacustrine
25:
1464:Energy Information Administration
1492:. Congressional Research Service
1485:Andrews, Anthony (13 Apr 2006).
1148:"Green River Fossil Collections"
987:blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
587:
575:
563:
551:
460:to the north in the vicinity of
229:
211:
199:
187:
127:
1782:Geologic formations of Colorado
1613:United States Mineral Resources
1413:United States Geological Survey
880:United States Geological Survey
823:known from complete skeletons (
1857:Eocene Series of North America
1812:Oil shale in the United States
1792:Geologic formations of Wyoming
1777:Geology of the Rocky Mountains
1667:The Evolution of North America
1584:""The Myth of "Saudi America""
1225:, 63 2nd ed., Laramie, Wyoming
534:The beds display a pronounced
409:to the south and finally, the
337:Fossil Butte National Monument
270:Fossil Butte National Monument
1:
1281:10.1126/science.154.3754.1333
649:. These layers are an Eocene
1832:Paleogene geology of Wyoming
1641:10.1016/0146-6380(89)90038-7
1371:Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
854:Discovery of the fossil beds
1787:Geologic formations of Utah
542:dates agree very well with
1873:
1852:Geological type localities
1456:Annual Energy Outlook 2006
876:Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden
603:
484:Sweetwater County, Wyoming
1827:Paleogene geology of Utah
1674:The Green River Formation
1154:. Smithsonian Institution
973:Green River oil shale is
490:for eight rare minerals:
468:to the southeast provide
126:
37:
1837:Paleontology in Colorado
1689:Accessed March 18, 2006.
1678:Accessed March 18, 2006.
1582:Pierrehumbert, Raymond.
1172:Morton, Glenn R., 2003,
993:Notable mineral deposits
1847:Paleontology in Wyoming
1665:King, Philip B., 1977,
1646:(subscription required)
1246:"Green River Formation"
683:Smithsonian Institution
466:San Juan volcanic field
458:Absaroka Volcanic field
355:Lithology and formation
341:Lincoln County, Wyoming
1563:Cite journal requires
1513:Cite journal requires
1466:. Feb 2006. p. 53
1435:Cite journal requires
1400:Dyni, John R. (2006).
1183:, accessed May 2, 2009
1091:Meyers, S. R. (2008),
934:
914:
899:
841:Onychonycteris finneyi
747:
736:
677:
638:
626:
475:within the sediments.
273:
18:Lake Uinta (paleolake)
1707:UCMP Berkeley website
1705:Green River Formation
1609:Evaporites and brines
1043:(with link directory)
920:
905:
897:
804:Brachianodon westorum
761:Platanus wyomingensis
742:
734:
714:Percopsid sand-roller
672:
632:
613:
278:Green River Formation
262:
33:Green River Formation
1842:Paleontology in Utah
1817:Oil shale formations
1802:Eocene United States
1681:Carrol, Alan, 2001,
1628:Organic Geochemistry
1040:List of fossil sites
1020:Florissant Formation
951:shale oil extraction
685:in Washington, D.C.
674:Diplomystus dentatus
387:Wind River Mountains
146:Geological formation
1331:10.1038/nature06549
1323:2008Natur.451..818S
1273:1966Sci...154.1333J
1112:2008Geo....36..319M
970:significant scale.
963:thermal dissolution
872:Edward Drinker Cope
826:Icaronycteris index
512:paralabuntsovite-Mg
403:Uncompahgre Plateau
385:in the center; the
39:Stratigraphic range
1822:Paleogene Colorado
1755:2007-09-30 at the
1743:2007-09-30 at the
1731:2007-09-30 at the
1685:research project,
1179:2009-02-04 at the
943:oil shale reserves
935:
915:
900:
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737:
678:
639:
633:Crocodile lizard (
627:
540:astrochronological
407:San Juan Mountains
389:to the north; the
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265:Heliobatis radians
1120:10.1130/G24423A.1
411:Wasatch Mountains
359:The formation of
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655:split fish layer
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1745:Wayback Machine
1733:Wayback Machine
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1654:Further reading
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1635:(6): 585–594.
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953:technologies (
912:Piceance Basin
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861:Clupea humilis
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810:Meniscotherium
801:-like mammal,
725:Erismatopterus
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1589:
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1541:
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1528:
1525:
1520:
1507:
1488:
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1465:
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1396:
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1386:
1380:
1377:
1372:
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1362:
1358:
1354:
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1346:
1341:
1340:2027.42/62816
1336:
1332:
1328:
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1316:
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1196:
1189:
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1153:
1149:
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1129:on 2008-12-16
1125:
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976:
971:
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959:hydrogenation
956:
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948:
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932:
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869:
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811:
806:
805:
800:
796:
795:
790:
789:
784:
780:
776:
775:
774:Borealosuchus
769:
766:
762:
758:
754:
745:
741:
733:
729:
727:
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721:
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715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:
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686:
684:
675:
671:
667:
665:
664:18 inch layer
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
636:
635:Shinisauridae
631:
624:
623:
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573:
566:
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541:
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529:
527:
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497:
493:
489:
488:type locality
485:
481:
476:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:beds, saline
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Sawatch Range
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
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366:
362:
354:
352:
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346:
342:
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253:
250:
246:
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238:
237:United States
227:
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196:
183:
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167:
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159:
155:
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144:
140:
136:
130:
125:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1807:Lagerstätten
1682:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:
1577:
1556:cite journal
1544:. Retrieved
1527:
1506:cite journal
1494:. Retrieved
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1455:
1449:
1428:cite journal
1416:. Retrieved
1384:
1379:
1370:
1364:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1151:
1142:
1131:, retrieved
1124:the original
1103:
1099:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1065:
1056:
1042:
1019:
996:
972:
936:
884:
864:
860:
857:
845:
839:
830:
824:
814:
808:
802:
794:Asterotrygon
792:
786:
778:
772:
770:
760:
749:
744:Stromatolite
723:
717:
710:Catostomidae
706:Hypsidoridae
695:
689:
687:
679:
673:
663:
654:
642:
640:
620:
614:
600:Fossil zones
533:
477:
454:Volcanic ash
415:
361:intermontane
358:
349:fish fossils
344:
335:
330:
325:Lake Gosiute
324:
307:
277:
275:
263:
243:Type section
135:Fossil Butte
1683:Green River
1593:February 6,
1035:Lagerstätte
908:Uinta Basin
832:I. gunnelli
702:Ictaluridae
691:Diplomystus
651:Lagerstätte
643:Fossil Lake
619:(left) and
616:Diplomystus
544:radiometric
500:loughlinite
462:Yellowstone
391:Front Range
345:Fossil Lake
286:Green River
252:Green River
1771:Categories
1542:. Apr 2006
1158:9 December
1049:References
1008:abelsonite
975:lacustrine
816:Notharctus
788:Heliobatis
753:crocodiles
719:Amphiplaga
524:moissanite
508:norsethite
492:bradleyite
446:limestones
434:oil shales
430:siltstones
422:sandstones
395:Park Range
369:Cretaceous
331:Lake Uinta
1004:nahcolite
955:pyrolysis
947:shale oil
939:oil shale
890:Oil shale
799:armadillo
536:cyclicity
530:Cyclicity
450:dolomites
442:evaporite
426:mudstones
418:lithology
376:Paleogene
248:Named for
152:Lithology
1753:Archived
1741:Archived
1729:Archived
1349:18270539
1297:41617950
1289:17770307
1177:Archived
1014:See also
985:is from
979:lamosite
923:Colorado
866:Knightia
783:stingray
779:Knightia
757:sycamore
697:Knightia
622:Knightia
516:shortite
496:ewaldite
473:horizons
470:dateable
464:and the
405:and the
374:and the
290:Colorado
195:Colorado
173:Location
168:see text
1357:4356708
1319:Bibcode
1269:Bibcode
1261:Science
1108:Bibcode
1100:Geology
967:kerogen
931:Wyoming
868:eocaena
759:( e.g.
647:fossils
294:Wyoming
225:Country
219:Wyoming
157:Primary
117:↓
1496:25 Jun
1470:18 Apr
1355:
1347:
1311:Nature
1295:
1287:
1133:24 Apr
1076:11 Jun
981:. The
933:(USGS)
929:, and
659:varved
546:dates.
367:(late
296:, and
282:Eocene
280:is an
234:
216:
204:
192:
178:Region
160:varied
43:Eocene
1611:, in
1588:Slate
1546:9 Jul
1536:(PDF)
1490:(PDF)
1460:(PDF)
1418:9 Jul
1405:(PDF)
1373:: 256
1353:S2CID
1293:S2CID
1127:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
1000:trona
977:type
961:, or
480:trona
302:varve
165:Other
1595:2013
1569:help
1548:2007
1519:help
1498:2007
1472:2008
1441:help
1420:2007
1345:PMID
1285:PMID
1201:: 45
1160:2021
1135:2008
1078:2009
927:Utah
910:and
838:and
821:bats
813:and
791:and
704:and
694:and
518:and
478:The
448:and
438:coal
416:The
397:and
298:Utah
276:The
207:Utah
142:Type
56:Preęž’
1637:doi
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