655:. The amount of oxygen present in standing waters depends upon: 1) the area of transparent water exposed to the air, 2) the circulation of water within the system and 3) the amount of oxygen generated and used by organisms present. In shallow, plant-rich pools there may be great fluctuations of oxygen, with extremely high concentrations occurring during the day due to photosynthesis and very low values at night when respiration is the dominant process of primary producers. Thermal stratification in larger systems can also affect the amount of oxygen present in different zones. The epilimnion is oxygen rich because it circulates quickly, gaining oxygen via contact with the air. The hypolimnion, however, circulates very slowly and has no atmospheric contact. Additionally, fewer green plants exist in the hypolimnion, so there is less oxygen released from photosynthesis. In spring and fall when the epilimnion and hypolimnion mix, oxygen becomes more evenly distributed in the system. Low oxygen levels are characteristic of the profundal zone due to the accumulation of decaying vegetation and animal matter that “rains” down from the pelagic and benthic zones and the inability to support primary producers.
634:. Exactly how these currents become established is still not well understood, but it is evident that it involves some interaction between horizontal surface currents and surface gravity waves. The visible result of these rotations, which can be seen in any lake, are the surface foamlines that run parallel to the wind direction. Positively buoyant particles and small organisms concentrate in the foamline at the surface and negatively buoyant objects are found in the upwelling current between the two rotations. Objects with neutral buoyancy tend to be evenly distributed in the water column. This turbulence circulates nutrients in the water column, making it crucial for many pelagic species, however its effect on benthic and profundal organisms is minimal to non-existent, respectively. The degree of nutrient circulation is system specific, as it depends upon such factors as wind strength and duration, as well as lake or pool depth and productivity.
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1203:. Lakes and ponds that contain bedrock that is rich in carbonates have a natural buffer, resulting in no alteration of pH. Systems without this bedrock, however, are very sensitive to acid inputs because they have a low neutralizing capacity, resulting in pH declines even with only small inputs of acid. At a pH of 5–6 algal species diversity and biomass decrease considerably, leading to an increase in water transparency – a characteristic feature of acidified lakes. As the pH continues lower, all fauna becomes less diverse. The most significant feature is the disruption of fish reproduction. Thus, the population is eventually composed of few, old individuals that eventually die and leave the systems without fishes. Acid rain has been especially harmful to lakes in
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include energy availability, climatic variability, disturbance, competition, etc. Despite this global diversity gradient, this pattern can be weak for freshwater systems compared to global marine and terrestrial systems. This may be related to size, as
Hillebrand and Azovsky found that smaller organisms (protozoa and plankton) did not follow the expected trend strongly, while larger species (vertebrates) did. They attributed this to better dispersal ability by smaller organisms, which may result in high distributions globally.
1238:." This bloom decreases water transparency, leading to the loss of submerged plants. The resultant reduction in habitat structure has negative impacts on the species that utilize it for spawning, maturation, and general survival. Additionally, the large number of short-lived phytoplankton result in a massive amount of dead biomass settling into the sediment. Bacteria need large amounts of oxygen to decompose this material, thus reducing the oxygen concentration of the water. This is especially pronounced in
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system production. The phosphorus cycle is complex, but the model outlined below describes the basic pathways. Phosphorus mainly enters a pond or lake through runoff from the watershed or by atmospheric deposition. Upon entering the system, a reactive form of phosphorus is usually taken up by algae and macrophytes, which release a non-reactive phosphorus compound as a byproduct of photosynthesis. This phosphorus can drift downwards and become part of the benthic or profundal sediment, or it can be
512:, is the shallow zone near the shore. This is where rooted wetland plants occur. The offshore is divided into two further zones, an open water zone and a deep water zone. In the open water zone (or photic zone) sunlight supports photosynthetic algae and the species that feed upon them. In the deep water zone, sunlight is not available and the food web is based on detritus entering from the littoral and photic zones. Some systems use other names. The off shore areas may be called the
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with unsuitable abiotic factors in one zone by simply moving to another. A detrital feeder in the profundal zone, for example, that finds the oxygen concentration has dropped too low may feed closer to the benthic zone. A fish might also alter its residence during different parts of its life history: hatching in a sediment nest, then moving to the weedy benthic zone to develop in a protected environment with food resources, and finally into the pelagic zone as an adult.
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woody tissue, investing that energy into fast growth instead. In order to contend with stresses induced by the wind and waves, plants must be both flexible and tough. Light, water depth, and substrate types are the most important factors controlling the distribution of submerged aquatic plants. Macrophytes are sources of food, oxygen, and habitat structure in the benthic zone, but cannot penetrate the depths of the euphotic zone, and hence are not found there.
561:, the major energy source of lentic systems. The amount of light received depends upon a combination of several factors. Small ponds may experience shading by surrounding trees, while cloud cover may affect light availability in all systems, regardless of size. Seasonal and diurnal considerations also play a role in light availability because the shallower the angle at which light strikes water, the more light is lost by reflection. This is known as
709:
846:), and numerous types of insects. These organisms are mostly found in the areas of macrophyte growth, where the richest resources, highly-oxygenated water, and warmest portion of the ecosystem are found. The structurally diverse macrophyte beds are important sites for the accumulation of organic matter, and provide an ideal area for colonization. The sediments and plants also offer a great deal of protection from predatory fishes.
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31:
1178:, which reaches a depth of 1500 m and has a sedimentation rate of 0.5 mm/yr. Assuming that sedimentation is not influenced by anthropogenic factors, this system should go extinct in approximately 3 million years. Shallow lentic systems might also fill in as swamps encroach inward from the edges. These processes operate on a much shorter timescale, taking hundreds to thousands of years to complete the extinction process.
586:, where internal body temperatures are defined by the surrounding system. Water can be heated or cooled through radiation at the surface and conduction to or from the air and surrounding substrate. Shallow ponds often have a continuous temperature gradient from warmer waters at the surface to cooler waters at the bottom. In addition, temperature fluctuations can vary greatly in these systems, both diurnally and seasonally.
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season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense. The deeper waters remain cool and dense due to reduced light penetration. As the summer begins, two distinct layers become established, with such a large temperature difference between them that they remain stratified. The lowest zone in the lake is the coldest and is called the
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millimeters of the surface, likely due to inhibition by ultraviolet light. The exact depth and photosynthetic rate measurements of this curve are system-specific and depend upon: 1) the total biomass of photosynthesizing cells, 2) the amount of light attenuating materials, and 3) the abundance and frequency range of light absorbing pigments (i.e.
771:= not rooted in the substrate, and floating on the surface. These various forms of macrophytes generally occur in different areas of the benthic zone, with emergent vegetation nearest the shoreline, then floating-leaved macrophytes, followed by submersed vegetation. Free-floating macrophytes can occur anywhere on the system's surface.
857:, which greatly increases the amount of oxygen carried to cells. Because the concentration of oxygen within this zone is low, most species construct tunnels or burrows in which they can hide, and utilize the minimum amount of movements necessary to circulate water through, drawing oxygen to them without expending too much energy.
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818:, or dormancy period, that should allow the zooplankton to encounter conditions that are more favorable to survival when they finally hatch. The invertebrates that inhabit the benthic zone are numerically dominated by small species, and are species-rich compared to the zooplankton of the open water. They include:
122:, which has a maximum depth of 1642 m. The general distinction between pools/ponds and lakes is vague, but Brown states that ponds and pools have their entire bottom surfaces exposed to light, while lakes do not. In addition, some lakes become seasonally stratified. Ponds and pools have two regions: the
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There is a well-documented global pattern that correlates decreasing plant and animal diversity with increasing latitude, that is to say, there are fewer species as one moves towards the poles. The cause of this pattern is one of the greatest puzzles for ecologists today. Theories for its explanation
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to the reactive form by microbes in the water column. Similarly, non-reactive phosphorus in the sediment can be remineralized into the reactive form. Sediments are generally richer in phosphorus than lake water, however, indicating that this nutrient may have a long residency time there before it is
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use scraping, rasping, and shredding adaptations to feed on periphytic algae and macrophytes. Members of the collector guild browse the sediments, picking out specific particles with raptorial appendages. Deposit feeding invertebrates indiscriminately consume sediment, digesting any organic material
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are tiny animals suspended in the water column. Like phytoplankton, these species have developed mechanisms that keep them from sinking to deeper waters, including drag-inducing body forms, and the active flicking of appendages (such as antennae or spines). Remaining in the water column may have its
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input of litterfall are examples of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM>1 mm). Bacteria degrade these into fine particulate organic matter (FPOM<1 mm) and then further into usable nutrients. Small organisms such as plankton are also characterized as FPOM. Very low concentrations
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Fish have a range of physiological tolerances that are dependent upon which species they belong to. They have different lethal temperatures, dissolved oxygen requirements, and spawning needs that are based on their activity levels and behaviors. Because fish are highly mobile, they are able to deal
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can be part of the lentic system, as they form naturally along most lake shores, the width of the wetland and littoral zone being dependent upon the slope of the shoreline and the amount of natural change in water levels, within and among years. Often dead trees accumulate in this zone, either from
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All lakes and ponds receive sediment inputs. Since these systems are not really expanding, it is logical to assume that they will become increasingly shallower in depth, eventually becoming wetlands or terrestrial vegetation. The length of this process should depend upon a combination of depth and
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sp., make daily vertical migrations in the water column by passively sinking to the darker lower depths during the day, and actively moving towards the surface during the night. Also, because conditions in a lentic system can be quite variable across seasons, zooplankton have the ability to switch
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which has plants still affected by the presence of the lake—this can include effects from windfalls, spring flooding, and winter ice damage. The production of the lake as a whole is the result of production from plants growing in the littoral zone, combined with production from plankton growing in
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guild, capturing and consuming living animals. The profundal zone is home to a unique group of filter feeders that use small body movements to draw a current through burrows that they have created in the sediment. This mode of feeding requires the least amount of motion, allowing these species to
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are more buoyant than their terrestrial counterparts because freshwater has a higher density than air. This makes structural rigidity unimportant in lakes and ponds (except in the aerial stems and leaves). Thus, the leaves and stems of most aquatic plants use less energy to construct and maintain
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is important for all organisms because it is a component of DNA and RNA and is involved in cell metabolism as a component of ATP and ADP. Also, phosphorus is not found in large quantities in freshwater systems, limiting photosynthesis in primary producers, making it the main determinant of lentic
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regions, the prior receiving sunlight and latter being below the depths of light penetration, making it void of photosynthetic capacity. In relation to lake zonation, the pelagic and benthic zones are considered to lie within the photic region, while the profundal zone is in the aphotic region.
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The decomposition of organic materials can continue in the benthic and profundal zones if the matter falls through the water column before being completely digested by the pelagic bacteria. Bacteria are found in the greatest abundance here in sediments, where they are typically 2-1000 times more
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are naturally released from volcanoes, organic compounds in the soil, wetlands, and marine systems, but the majority of these compounds come from the combustion of coal, oil, gasoline, and the smelting of ores containing sulfur. These substances dissolve in atmospheric moisture and enter lentic
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The biodiversity of a lentic system increases with the surface area of the lake or pond. This is attributable to the higher likelihood of partly terrestrial species of finding a larger system. Also, because larger systems typically have larger populations, the chance of extinction is decreased.
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guild acquire nutrition from a host species, usually another fish or large vertebrate. Fish taxa are flexible in their feeding roles, varying their diets with environmental conditions and prey availability. Many species also undergo a diet shift as they develop. Therefore, it is likely that any
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Temperature regimes are very different in large lakes. In temperate regions, for example, as air temperatures increase, the icy layer formed on the surface of the lake breaks up, leaving the water at approximately 4 °C. This is the temperature at which water has the highest density. As the
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conserve energy. A small number of invertebrate taxa are predators in the profundal zone. These species are likely from other regions and only come to these depths to feed. The vast majority of invertebrates in this zone are deposit feeders, getting their energy from the surrounding sediments.
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As noted in the previous sections, the lentic biota are linked in complex web of trophic relationships. These organisms can be considered to loosely be associated with specific trophic groups (e.g. primary producers, herbivores, primary carnivores, secondary carnivores, etc.). Scientists have
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process involves the combination of carbon dioxide, water, and solar energy to produce carbohydrates and dissolved oxygen. Within a lake or pond, the potential rate of photosynthesis generally decreases with depth due to light attenuation. Photosynthesis, however, is often low at the top few
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processes are functioning when the abundance or diversity of members of higher trophic levels is dependent upon the availability or quality of resources from lower levels. Finally, a combined regulating theory, bottom-up:top-down, combines the predicted influences of consumers and resource
1265:, or the introduction of harmful diseases and parasites. With regard to native species, invaders may cause changes in size and age structure, distribution, density, population growth, and may even drive populations to extinction. Examples of prominent invaders of lentic systems include the
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1. Increased nutrient and light availability result in rapid phytoplankton growth towards the end of winter. The dominant species, such as diatoms, are small and have quick growth capabilities. 2. These plankton are consumed by zooplankton, which become the dominant plankton taxa.
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species. Most of these vertebrates spend part of their time in terrestrial habitats, and thus, are not directly affected by abiotic factors in the lake or pond. Many fish species are important both as consumers and as prey species to the larger vertebrates mentioned above.
949:. Elements other than carbon, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, are regenerated when protozoa feed on bacterial prey and this way, nutrients become once more available for use in the water column. This regeneration cycle is known as the
729:, are the principle photosynthesizers in ponds and lakes. Phytoplankton are found drifting in the water column of the pelagic zone. Many species have a higher density than water, which should cause them to sink inadvertently down into the
1069:) model, with 24 statements constructed from the analysis of numerous systems. The following includes a subset of these statements, as explained by Brönmark and Hansson illustrating succession through a single seasonal cycle:
602:. During the colder fall season, heat is lost at the surface and the epilimnion cools. When the temperatures of the two zones are close enough, the waters begin to mix again to create a uniform temperature, an event termed
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9. Cold temperatures and decreased light availability result in lower rates of primary production and decreased phytoplankton populations. 10. Reproduction in zooplankton decreases due to lower temperatures and less prey.
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Fish size, mobility, and sensory capabilities allow them to exploit a broad prey base, covering multiple zonation regions. Like invertebrates, fish feeding habits can be categorized into guilds. In the pelagic zone,
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Additional factors, including temperature regime, pH, nutrient availability, habitat complexity, speciation rates, competition, and predation, have been linked to the number of species present within systems.
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on the surfaces of rocks and plants, suspended in the water column, and in the sediments of the benthic and profundal zones. Other forms are also associated with the guts of lentic animals as parasites or in
565:. Once light has penetrated the surface, it may also be scattered by particles suspended in the water column. This scattering decreases the total amount of light as depth increases. Lakes are divided into
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749:. Periphytic algae, on the other hand, are attached to a substrate. In lakes and ponds, they can cover all benthic surfaces. Both types of plankton are important as food sources and as oxygen providers.
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606:. In the winter, inverse stratification occurs as water near the surface cools freezes, while warmer, but denser water remains near the bottom. A thermocline is established, and the cycle repeats.
145:. Over long periods of time, lakes, or bays within them, may gradually become enriched by nutrients and slowly fill in with organic sediments, a process called succession. When humans use the
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prevents oxygen-rich water from the surface to mix with lower levels. Low or anoxic conditions preclude the existence of many taxa that are not physiologically tolerant of these conditions.
544:
windfalls on the shore or logs transported to the site during floods. This woody debris provides important habitat for fish and nesting birds, as well as protecting shorelines from erosion.
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availability. It predicts that trophic levels close to the lowest trophic levels will be most influenced by bottom-up forces, while top-down effects should be strongest at top levels.
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from runoff or leaching and subsequent groundwater flow. This increase in nutrients required for primary producers results in a massive increase of phytoplankton growth, termed a "
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activities. The rift lakes in Africa, for example are the result of seismic activity along the site of separation of two tectonic plates. Ice-formed lakes are created when
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from laying regular eggs to resting eggs when there is a lack of food, temperatures fall below 2 °C, or if predator abundance is high. These resting eggs have a
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The vast majority of bacteria in lakes and ponds obtain their energy by decomposing vegetation and animal matter. In the pelagic zone, dead fish and the occasional
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that can adjust vertical position, and allow movement in any direction. Phytoplankton can also maintain their presence in the water column by being circulated in
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Phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in lake systems undergo seasonal succession in relation to nutrient availability, predation, and competition. Sommer
741:, or by changing their shapes to induce drag, thus slowing their descent. A very sophisticated adaptation utilized by a small number of species is a tail-like
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Shimoda, Yuko; Azim, M. Ekram; Perhar, Gurbir; Ramin, Maryam; Kenney, Melissa A.; Sadraddini, Somayeh; Gudimov, Alex; Arhonditsis, George B. (1 March 2011).
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include fishes that feed on zooplankton in the water column (zooplanktivores), insects at the water's surface, on benthic structures, or in the sediment (
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1030:. Typically, these processes operate only between two trophic levels, with no effect on the others. In some cases, however, aquatic systems experience a
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relationships. Bacteria play an important role in system metabolism through nutrient recycling, which is discussed in the
Trophic Relationships section.
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of nutrients are released during decomposition because the bacteria are utilizing them to build their own biomass. Bacteria, however, are consumed by
924:) inside of photosynthesizing cells. The energy created by these primary producers is important for the community because it is transferred to higher
130:, which comprises the bottom and shore regions. Since lakes have deep bottom regions not exposed to light, these systems have an additional zone, the
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have been introduced to lentic systems through both purposeful events (e.g. stocking game and food species) as well as unintentional events (e.g. in
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1034:; for example, this might occur if primary producers experience less grazing by herbivores because these herbivores are suppressed by carnivores.
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advantages in terms of feeding, but this zone's lack of refugia leaves zooplankton vulnerable to predation. In response, some species, especially
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Browne, R. A. (1981). "Lakes as islands: biogeographic distribution, turnover rates, and species composition in the lakes of central New York".
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developed several theories in order to understand the mechanisms that control the abundance and diversity within these groups. Very generally,
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systems contain a high concentration of phosphorus (~30 ÎĽg/L), nitrogen (~1500 ÎĽg/L), or both. Phosphorus enters lentic waters from
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Lakes can be formed in a variety of ways, but the most common are discussed briefly below. The oldest and largest systems are the result of
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1853:"Our current understanding of lake ecosystem response to climate change: What have we really learned from the north temperate deep lakes?"
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to walk on top of water. They live on the surface of ponds, marshes, and other quiet waters. They can move very quickly, up to 1.5
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149:, the volumes of sediment entering the lake can accelerate this process. The addition of sediments and nutrients to a lake is known as
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Sommer, U.; Z. M. Gliwicz; W. Lampert; A. Duncan (1986). "The PEG-model of seasonal succession of planktonic events in freshwaters".
134:. These three areas can have very different abiotic conditions and, hence, host species that are specifically adapted to live there.
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The PEG model presents an idealized version of this succession pattern, while natural systems are known for their variation.
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5. With increased nutrient availability and decreased predation from zooplankton, a diverse phytoplankton community develops.
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create currents via siphons or beating cilia, to pull water and its nutritional contents, towards themselves for straining.
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Keddy, P.A. (2010). Wetland
Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
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Bacteria are present in all regions of lentic waters. Free-living forms are associated with decomposing organic material,
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Illustration of
Langmuir rotations; open circles=positively buoyant particles, closed circles=negatively buoyant particles
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4. Zooplankton abundance declines as a result of decreased phytoplankton prey and increased predation by juvenile fishes.
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7. Small-sized zooplankton become the dominant type of zooplankton because they are less vulnerable to fish predation.
1008:. Omnivores ingest a wide variety of prey, encompassing floral, faunal, and detrital material. Finally, members of the
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1758:"Freshwater lake ecosystem shift caused by social-economic transitions in Yangtze River Basin over the past century"
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occurs, as phytoplankton populations become depleted due to increased predation by growing numbers of zooplankton.
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Hillebrand, H.; A. I. Azovsky (2001). "Body size determines the strength of the latitudinal diversity gradient".
1107:. The abundance of various phytoplankton species varies in relation to their biological need for these nutrients.
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Birk, Sapriya; Miller, J. David; MacMullin, Aidan; Patterson, R. Timothy; Villeneuve, Paul J. (February 2023).
1822:"Seasonal aspects of photosynthesis in Posidonia oceanica: Influence of depth, temperature and light intensity"
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8. Predation by fishes is reduced due to lower temperatures and zooplankton of all sizes increase in number.
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Lake ecosystems can be divided into zones. One common system divides lakes into three zones. The first, the
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99:, and much of this article applies to lentic ecosystems in general. Lentic ecosystems can be compared with
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1261:). These organisms can affect natives via competition for prey or habitat, predation, habitat alteration,
2172:"Perceptions of Freshwater Algal Blooms, Causes and Health among New Brunswick Lakefront Property Owners"
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processes dictate that the abundance of prey taxa is dependent upon the actions of consumers from higher
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Lentic systems gain most of their energy from photosynthesis performed by aquatic plants and algae. This
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Benthic invertebrates, due to their high level of species richness, have many methods of prey capture.
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recede, leaving behind abnormalities in the landscape shape that are then filled with water. Finally,
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live in both the benthic and pelagic zones, and can be grouped according to their manner of growth: â‘´
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Lentic systems are diverse, ranging from a small, temporary rainwater pool a few inches deep to
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Temperature is an important abiotic factor in lentic ecosystems because most of the biota are
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effluents, discharge from raw sewage, or from runoff of farmland. Nitrogen mostly comes from
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1004:). Fish that consume detritus and gain energy by processing its organic material are called
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3234:
3201:
3062:
3014:
2890:
2865:
2674:
2627:
2552:
2397:
2382:
1195:
1175:
1099:
6. As the summer continues, nutrients become depleted in a predictable order: phosphorus,
1031:
794:
437:
424:
402:
391:
68:(non-living) physical and chemical interactions. Lake ecosystems are a prime example of
1972:
1165:
in origin, resulting when a meandering river bend is pinched off from the main channel.
786:
30:
5372:
5299:
5064:
5059:
5004:
4954:
4906:
4848:
4672:
4625:
4555:
4550:
4445:
4312:
4185:
3992:
3982:
3962:
3765:
3730:
3669:
3546:
3501:
3393:
3098:
3052:
3047:
3019:
2986:
2855:
2714:
2632:
2482:
2427:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2206:
2171:
1953:
1290:
1223:
1191:
950:
850:
774:
752:
733:. To combat this, phytoplankton have developed density-changing mechanisms, by forming
558:
529:
469:
301:
150:
146:
61:
2156:
916:
5405:
5367:
5314:
5250:
5169:
5134:
4873:
3849:
3823:
3780:
3770:
3725:
3712:
3692:
3584:
3418:
3373:
3312:
3206:
3171:
3072:
3067:
3042:
2572:
2537:
2512:
2362:
2325:
1837:
1757:
1317:
1258:
1027:
966:
946:
937:
925:
722:
630:
In exposed systems, wind can create turbulent, spiral-formed surface currents called
603:
562:
533:
521:
509:
413:
290:
279:
2079:
5377:
5304:
5139:
5039:
4969:
4959:
4858:
4843:
4500:
4470:
4415:
4298:
4263:
4140:
3639:
3307:
3298:
3077:
3057:
2961:
2699:
2582:
2502:
2462:
2452:
2422:
2129:
1304:
1266:
992:
graze on periphyton and macrophytes or pick phytoplankton out of the water column.
921:
583:
525:
513:
448:
312:
127:
123:
1938:
609:
2233:
853:. Those that can are often red in color, due to the presence of large amounts of
759:= rooted in the substrate, but with leaves and flowers extending into the air; ⑵
5329:
5179:
5164:
5149:
5089:
4994:
4150:
3879:
3697:
3659:
3634:
3624:
3589:
3536:
3516:
3211:
3186:
3181:
3151:
2934:
2910:
2875:
2684:
2587:
2507:
2467:
2320:
1756:
Zhang, Ke; Yang, Xiangdong; Kattel, Giri; Lin, Qi; Shen, Ji (21 November 2018).
1270:
1243:
1235:
1204:
1005:
997:
805:
738:
599:
591:
566:
517:
358:
347:
166:
119:
2188:
1952:
Azam, F; Fenchel, T; Field, Jg; Gray, Js; Meyer-Reil, La; Thingstad, F (1983).
1868:
1773:
1676:
1659:
5344:
5334:
5235:
5144:
5129:
5094:
5069:
4863:
4440:
4405:
4045:
3997:
3942:
3912:
3818:
3735:
3679:
3556:
3506:
3191:
3126:
2915:
2895:
2679:
2652:
2437:
2350:
1899:"Predation on prokaryotes in the water column and its ecological implications"
1898:
1280:
1231:
1158:
989:
874:
854:
819:
726:
658:
595:
336:
77:
2197:
1988:
1922:
1876:
1791:
1685:
5324:
5265:
5245:
5240:
5197:
5174:
5079:
5029:
5024:
4898:
4768:
4722:
4450:
3894:
3864:
3664:
3619:
3594:
3531:
3521:
3496:
3488:
3433:
3216:
3121:
2905:
2669:
2662:
2637:
2547:
1560:
1322:
1200:
1009:
1001:
993:
898:
894:
870:
742:
697:
142:
131:
17:
2925:
2215:
2121:
2013:
Winfield, I. J. "Fish
Population Ecology", pp. 517–537 in O'Sullivan (2005)
1930:
1799:
849:
Very few invertebrates are able to inhabit the cold, dark, and oxygen-poor
141:, which typically are small lakes that intergrade with wetlands, and water
5255:
5084:
5074:
5049:
5019:
4999:
4979:
4949:
4823:
4752:
4283:
3790:
3702:
3649:
3604:
3166:
2976:
2522:
2517:
2442:
2004:
JĂłnasson, P. M. "Benthic
Invertebrates", pp. 341–416 in O'Sullivan (2005)
1208:
1154:
1150:
1104:
975:
942:
835:
827:
815:
790:
1914:
1782:
5349:
4813:
4620:
4490:
4485:
4112:
4060:
3720:
3365:
3176:
3136:
3106:
3084:
2704:
2492:
2392:
2044:
1980:
1162:
970:
882:
810:
734:
730:
692:
598:. Between these zones is a band of rapid temperature change called the
570:
540:
191: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
96:
622:
5207:
5189:
4933:
3161:
2487:
2252:
1100:
945:, which are in turn consumed by zooplankton, and then further up the
890:
831:
648:
108:
57:
2036:
869:
Other vertebrate taxa inhabit lentic systems as well. These include
532:. Inland from the littoral zone, one can also frequently identify a
2113:
5227:
1212:
1013:
single fish occupies multiple feeding guilds within its lifetime.
886:
843:
785:
707:
674:
621:
608:
104:
81:
53:
557:
Light provides the solar energy required to drive the process of
5390:
4964:
4941:
4929:
2657:
1065:
described these patterns as part of the
Plankton Ecology Group (
878:
839:
823:
138:
92:
88:
4902:
4085:
3338:
2810:
2294:
2256:
2719:
2709:
1746:
Gliwicz, Z. M. "Zooplankton", pp. 461–516 in O'Sullivan (2005)
160:
1057:
Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model
2095:"On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient"
1954:"The Ecological Role of Water-Column Microbes in the Sea"
1660:"How does lake primary production scale with lake size?"
2235:
The Lakes
Handbook: Lake Restoration and Rehabilitation
974:
it contains. Finally, some invertebrates belong to the
763:= rooted in the substrate, but with floating leaves; ⑶
1630:
1381:. Heinimann Educational Books, London. p. 163.
5292:
5264:
5226:
5188:
5117:
4940:
4761:
4661:
4586:
4459:
4396:
4256:
4124:
4026:
3905:
3832:
3789:
3711:
3678:
3575:
3487:
3381:
3225:
3097:
3033:
2995:
2933:
2823:
2740:
2605:
2308:
103:, which involve flowing terrestrial waters such as
111:. Together, these two ecosystems are examples of
2000:
1998:
1593:. Oxford University Press, Oxford. p. 296.
1501:. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle, NJ. p. 592.
1455:. Oxford University Press, Oxford. p. 285.
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1742:
1740:
1701:"Adaptation of Phytoplankton to Float in Water"
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
667:remineralized and re-introduced to the system.
1551:John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, ed. (2001-05-30).
1174:sedimentation rate. Moss gives the example of
4914:
4097:
3350:
2558:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
2268:
2232:O'Sullivan, Patrick; Reynolds, C. S. (2005).
1584:
1582:
1580:
1492:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
489:
8:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
953:and is a key component of lentic food webs.
2623:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1328:Man-made lentic water bodies of Maharashtra
1313:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
4921:
4907:
4899:
4318:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
4104:
4090:
4082:
3839:
3357:
3343:
3335:
2939:
2820:
2807:
2305:
2291:
2275:
2261:
2253:
613:Seasonal stratification in temperate lakes
496:
482:
262:
2205:
2187:
1781:
1675:
251:Learn how and when to remove this message
87:, which means "sluggish"), which include
76:refers to stationary or relatively still
4216:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
3855:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
1722:
1720:
29:
4248:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
1658:Cael, B. B.; Seekell, David A. (2023).
1338:
456:
377:
320:
265:
4056:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
1000:), and those that feed on other fish (
137:Two important subclasses of lakes are
2072:10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/106/1986/433
1633:. Blackwell Science, London. p.
1524:Encyclopedia of Environmental Science
1215:and the north eastern United States.
7:
4071:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
1451:Brönmark, C.; L. A. Hansson (2005).
957:prevalent than in the water column.
793:are predatory insects which rely on
594:. The upper warm zone is called the
189:adding citations to reliable sources
4521:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
2886:Oceanic physical-biological process
2748:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
1699:Smriti, Saifun Nahar (2023-10-05).
4274:Ecological effects of biodiversity
1664:Frontiers in Environmental Science
1522:Alexander, David E. (1 May 1999).
682:of a bacterial community in a lake
25:
3610:Generalist and specialist species
2157:10.1034/j.1600-0587.2001.240302.x
1591:The Biology of Streams and Rivers
1589:Giller, S.; B. Malmqvist (1998).
767:= growing beneath the surface; â‘·
35:The three primary zones of a lake
5108:
4333:Occupancy–abundance relationship
3319:
3318:
3306:
3292:
2924:
2596:
2413:Colored dissolved organic matter
1297:
1283:
1043:Community patterns and diversity
165:
4353:Relative abundance distribution
4066:Plant defense against herbivory
3933:Competitive exclusion principle
3645:Mesopredator release hypothesis
2758:Latin America and the Caribbean
1897:Pernthaler, Jakob (July 2005).
1857:Journal of Great Lakes Research
176:needs additional citations for
3938:Consumer–resource interactions
3240:Ecological values of mangroves
2783:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1961:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1453:The Biology of Lakes and Ponds
1:
4784:Biological data visualization
4611:Environmental niche modelling
4338:Population viability analysis
1820:Pirc, Helmut (January 1986).
4269:Density-dependent inhibition
3260:Marine conservation activism
3245:Fisheries and climate change
1838:10.1016/0304-3770(86)90021-5
651:is essential for organismal
4738:Liebig's law of the minimum
4573:Resource selection function
3464:Metabolic theory of ecology
3255:Human impact on marine life
3132:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2368:Aquatic population dynamics
1903:Nature Reviews Microbiology
5438:
4638:Niche apportionment models
4358:Relative species abundance
3562:Primary nutritional groups
3459:List of feeding behaviours
2189:10.1007/s00267-022-01736-2
1869:10.1016/j.jglr.2010.10.004
1774:10.1038/s41598-018-35482-5
1677:10.3389/fenvs.2023.1103068
861:Fish and other vertebrates
641:
5106:
4887:
4819:Ecosystem based fisheries
4431:Interspecific competition
4323:Minimum viable population
4181:Maximum sustainable yield
4166:Intraspecific competition
4161:Effective population size
4041:Anti-predator adaptations
3552:Photosynthetic efficiency
3286:
2942:
2922:
2871:Marine primary production
2819:
2806:
2765:List of marine ecoregions
2594:
2304:
2290:
897:), and a large number of
769:free-floating macrophytes
126:open water zone, and the
5100:Waste stabilization pond
4809:Ecological stoichiometry
4774:Alternative stable state
3117:Coastal biogeomorphology
3112:Marine coastal ecosystem
2176:Environmental Management
2060:Archiv fĂĽr Hydrobiologie
1232:agricultural fertilizers
4653:Ontogenetic niche shift
4516:Ideal free distribution
4426:Ecological facilitation
4176:Malthusian growth model
4146:Consumer-resource model
4003:Paradox of the plankton
3968:Energy systems language
3688:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
3655:Optimal foraging theory
3630:Heterotrophic nutrition
3025:Paradox of the plankton
2836:Diel vertical migration
2730:Freshwater swamp forest
2448:GIS and aquatic science
2296:General components and
2093:Hillebrand, H. (2004).
2025:Journal of Biogeography
1561:10.1038/npg.els.0003191
1140:Natural lake lifecycles
4799:Ecological forecasting
4743:Marginal value theorem
4541:Landscape epidemiology
4476:Cross-boundary subsidy
4411:Biological interaction
3761:Microbial intelligence
3449:Green world hypothesis
2851:Large marine ecosystem
2543:Shoaling and schooling
1048:Local species richness
802:
721:Algae, including both
718:
683:
627:
614:
37:
5055:Salt evaporation pond
4804:Ecological humanities
4703:Ecological energetics
4648:Niche differentiation
4511:Habitat fragmentation
4279:Ecological extinction
4226:Small population size
3978:Feed conversion ratio
3958:Ecological succession
3890:San Francisco Estuary
3804:Ecological efficiency
3746:Microbial cooperation
3270:Marine protected area
3197:Salt pannes and pools
2972:Marine larval ecology
2947:Census of Marine Life
2831:Deep scattering layer
2788:San Francisco Estuary
2753:Africa and Madagascar
2578:Underwater camouflage
2358:Aquatic biomonitoring
2298:freshwater ecosystems
1555:(1 ed.). Wiley.
1377:Brown, A. L. (1987).
961:Benthic invertebrates
906:Trophic relationships
789:
711:
680:Co-occurrence network
678:
632:Langmuir circulations
625:
612:
113:freshwater ecosystems
33:
5310:Big fish–little pond
5279:Freshwater ecosystem
5213:Puddles on a surface
4829:Evolutionary ecology
4794:Ecological footprint
4789:Ecological economics
4713:Ecological threshold
4708:Ecological indicator
4578:Source–sink dynamics
4531:Land change modeling
4526:Insular biogeography
4378:Species distribution
4117:Modelling ecosystems
3776:Microbial metabolism
3615:Intraguild predation
3404:Biogeochemical cycle
3370:Modelling ecosystems
3005:Marine bacteriophage
2967:Marine invertebrates
1273:in the Great Lakes.
1131:Latitudinal patterns
185:improve this article
46:lacustrine ecosystem
5320:Constructed wetland
4879:Theoretical ecology
4854:Natural environment
4718:Ecosystem diversity
4688:Ecological collapse
4678:Bateman's principle
4633:Limiting similarity
4546:Landscape limnology
4368:Species homogeneity
4206:Population modeling
4201:Population dynamics
4018:Trophic state index
2881:Ocean fertilization
2690:Trophic state index
2648:Lake stratification
2378:Aquatic respiration
2102:American Naturalist
1973:1983MEPS...10..257A
1915:10.1038/nrmicro1180
717:, an aquatic plant.
644:Aquatic respiration
322:Lake stratification
5203:Coffee ring effect
5010:Infiltration basin
4990:Facultative lagoon
4890:Outline of ecology
4839:Industrial ecology
4834:Functional ecology
4698:Ecological deficit
4643:Niche construction
4606:Ecosystem engineer
4383:Species–area curve
4304:Introduced species
4119:: Other components
4051:Deimatic behaviour
3953:Ecological network
3885:North Pacific Gyre
3870:hydrothermal vents
3809:Ecological pyramid
3756:Microbial food web
3567:Primary production
3512:Foundation species
3147:Intertidal wetland
3142:Intertidal ecology
3010:Marine prokaryotes
2952:Deep-sea community
2846:Iron fertilization
2769:Specific examples
2695:Upland and lowland
2613:Freshwater biology
2478:Microbial food web
2388:Aquatic toxicology
2331:Aquatic adaptation
2284:Aquatic ecosystems
1981:10.3354/meps010257
1762:Scientific Reports
1497:Kalff, J. (2002).
1379:Freshwater Ecology
1169:Natural extinction
803:
747:Langmuir rotations
719:
684:
628:
615:
548:Abiotic components
528:may be called the
520:may be called the
465:Aquatic ecosystems
38:
5399:
5398:
5340:Pond of Abundance
5274:Aquatic ecosystem
4896:
4895:
4779:Balance of nature
4536:Landscape ecology
4421:Community ecology
4363:Species diversity
4299:Indicator species
4294:Gradient analysis
4171:Logistic function
4079:
4078:
4036:Animal coloration
4013:Trophic mutualism
3751:Microbial ecology
3542:Photoheterotrophs
3527:Myco-heterotrophy
3439:Ecosystem ecology
3424:Carrying capacity
3389:Abiotic component
3332:
3331:
3313:Oceans portal
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3157:Hydrothermal vent
3093:
3092:
2982:Seashore wildlife
2813:Marine ecosystems
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2568:Thermal pollution
2533:Ramsar Convention
2473:Microbial ecology
2433:Fisheries science
2373:Aquatic predation
2245:978-0-632-04795-6
1627:Moss, B. (1998).
1570:978-0-470-01617-6
1086:clear water phase
928:via consumption.
911:Primary producers
704:Primary producers
671:Biotic components
506:
505:
261:
260:
253:
235:
70:lentic ecosystems
27:Type of ecosystem
16:(Redirected from
5429:
5112:
4985:Evaporation pond
4923:
4916:
4909:
4900:
4596:Ecological niche
4568:selection theory
4388:Umbrella species
4373:Species richness
4309:Invasive species
4289:Flagship species
4196:Population cycle
4191:Overexploitation
4156:Ecological yield
4106:
4099:
4092:
4083:
3988:Mesotrophic soil
3928:Climax community
3860:Marine food webs
3799:Biomagnification
3600:Chemoorganotroph
3454:Keystone species
3414:Biotic component
3359:
3352:
3345:
3336:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3301:
3299:Lakes portal
3297:
3296:
3295:
3265:Marine pollution
2957:Deep-water coral
2940:
2928:
2861:Marine chemistry
2821:
2808:
2725:Freshwater marsh
2618:Freshwater biome
2600:
2316:Acoustic ecology
2306:
2292:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2249:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2191:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2099:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1785:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1735:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1624:
1605:
1604:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1494:
1467:
1466:
1448:
1393:
1392:
1374:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1255:Invasive species
1250:Invasive species
1240:stratified lakes
1228:sewage treatment
1017:Lentic food webs
714:Nelumbo nucifera
537:the open water.
498:
491:
484:
447:
445:
436:
434:
423:
421:
412:
410:
401:
399:
390:
388:
370:Destratification
368:
366:
357:
355:
346:
344:
335:
333:
311:
309:
300:
298:
289:
287:
278:
276:
263:
256:
249:
245:
242:
236:
234:
200:"Lake ecosystem"
193:
169:
161:
101:lotic ecosystems
21:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5417:Aquatic ecology
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5288:
5260:
5222:
5184:
5160:Spent fuel pool
5155:Reflecting pool
5125:Anchialine pool
5113:
5104:
4936:
4927:
4897:
4892:
4883:
4869:Systems ecology
4757:
4728:Extinction debt
4693:Ecological debt
4683:Bioluminescence
4664:
4657:
4626:marine habitats
4601:Ecological trap
4582:
4462:
4455:
4398:
4392:
4348:Rapoport's rule
4343:Priority effect
4284:Endemic species
4252:
4211:Population size
4127:
4120:
4110:
4080:
4075:
4028:
4022:
4008:Trophic cascade
3918:Bioaccumulation
3901:
3828:
3785:
3707:
3674:
3571:
3483:
3444:Ecosystem model
3377:
3363:
3333:
3328:
3305:
3304:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3274:
3235:Coral bleaching
3221:
3202:Seagrass meadow
3099:Marine habitats
3089:
3063:Coral reef fish
3029:
3015:Marine protists
2991:
2929:
2920:
2891:Ocean turbidity
2866:Marine food web
2815:
2794:
2736:
2675:River ecosystem
2628:Freshwater fish
2601:
2592:
2398:Bioluminescence
2383:Aquatic science
2300:
2286:
2281:
2246:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2037:10.2307/2844594
2022:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1626:
1625:
1608:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1571:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1470:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1396:
1389:
1376:
1375:
1340:
1336:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1252:
1221:
1196:nitrogen oxides
1189:
1184:
1176:Lake Tanganyika
1171:
1147:
1142:
1133:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1083:
1075:
1059:
1050:
1045:
1032:trophic cascade
1019:
985:
963:
934:
913:
908:
863:
795:surface tension
784:
761:floating-leaved
706:
689:
673:
646:
640:
620:
580:
555:
550:
502:
443:
442:
438:Meromictic lake
432:
431:
425:Polymictic lake
419:
418:
408:
407:
403:Monomictic lake
397:
396:
392:Holomictic lake
386:
385:
364:
363:
353:
352:
342:
341:
331:
330:
307:
306:
296:
295:
285:
284:
274:
273:
257:
246:
240:
237:
194:
192:
182:
170:
159:
62:micro-organisms
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5435:
5433:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5412:Aquatic biomes
5404:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5380:
5375:
5373:Water aeration
5370:
5365:
5360:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5300:Aerated lagoon
5296:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5284:Lake ecosystem
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5045:Retention pond
5042:
5037:
5035:Polishing pond
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5005:Immersion pond
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4975:Detention pond
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4955:Balancing lake
4952:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4849:Microecosystem
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4748:Thorson's rule
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:Assembly rules
4669:
4667:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4558:
4556:Patch dynamics
4553:
4551:Metapopulation
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4446:Storage effect
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4328:Neutral theory
4325:
4320:
4315:
4313:Native species
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4186:Overpopulation
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Nutrient cycle
3990:
3985:
3983:Feeding frenzy
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3963:Energy quality
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:Cascade effect
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3766:Microbial loop
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:Lithoautotroph
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3713:Microorganisms
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3670:Prey switching
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:Photosynthesis
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3502:Chemosynthesis
3499:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3394:Abiotic stress
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3302:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3053:Saltwater fish
3050:
3048:Marine reptile
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3020:Marine viruses
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2997:Microorganisms
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2987:Wild fisheries
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2901:Thorson's rule
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:Marine biology
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Brackish marsh
2712:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Lake ecosystem
2640:
2635:
2633:Hyporheic zone
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:Microbial loop
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Eutrophication
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Cascade effect
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2336:Aquatic animal
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2244:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2182:(2): 249–259.
2162:
2151:(3): 251–256.
2135:
2114:10.1086/381004
2108:(2): 192–211.
2085:
2066:(4): 433–471.
2050:
2015:
2006:
1994:
1944:
1909:(7): 537–546.
1889:
1863:(1): 173–193.
1843:
1826:Aquatic Botany
1812:
1748:
1736:
1716:
1691:
1650:
1643:
1606:
1599:
1576:
1569:
1543:
1536:
1514:
1507:
1468:
1461:
1394:
1387:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1291:Ecology portal
1278:
1275:
1251:
1248:
1236:plankton bloom
1220:
1219:Eutrophication
1217:
1192:Sulfur dioxide
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1170:
1167:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1028:trophic levels
1018:
1015:
984:
981:
967:Filter feeders
962:
959:
951:microbial loop
947:trophic levels
933:
930:
926:trophic levels
912:
909:
907:
904:
862:
859:
851:profundal zone
791:Water striders
783:
780:
775:Aquatic plants
753:Aquatic plants
705:
702:
688:
685:
672:
669:
639:
636:
619:
616:
584:poikilothermic
579:
576:
559:photosynthesis
554:
551:
549:
546:
530:profundal zone
504:
503:
501:
500:
493:
486:
478:
475:
474:
473:
472:
470:Wild fisheries
467:
459:
458:
454:
453:
452:
451:
440:
429:
428:
427:
416:
405:
380:
379:
375:
374:
373:
372:
361:
350:
339:
325:
324:
318:
317:
316:
315:
304:
302:Profundal zone
293:
282:
268:
267:
259:
258:
173:
171:
164:
158:
155:
151:eutrophication
147:drainage basin
42:lake ecosystem
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5434:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5368:Swimming hole
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5315:Body of water
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5251:Goldfish pond
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5170:Swimming pool
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:Infinity pool
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5111:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Settling pond
5063:
5061:
5060:Sediment pond
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4932:, pools, and
4931:
4924:
4919:
4917:
4912:
4910:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4874:Urban ecology
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4733:Kleiber's law
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Foster's rule
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
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4280:
4277:
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4270:
4267:
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4209:
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4199:
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4025:
4019:
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4009:
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3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
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3863:
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3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3825:
3824:Trophic level
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3781:Phage ecology
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Microbial mat
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3726:Bacteriophage
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Decomposition
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3640:Mesopredators
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Apex predator
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3419:Biotic stress
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3325:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Sponge ground
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Marine biomes
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Demersal fish
3071:
3069:
3068:Deep-sea fish
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Marine mammal
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
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2948:
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2944:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
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2889:
2887:
2884:
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2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
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2688:
2686:
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2681:
2678:
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2673:
2671:
2668:
2664:
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2660:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:Trophic level
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Sediment trap
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Phytoplankton
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
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2431:
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2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:Aquatic plant
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Anoxic waters
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2285:
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2273:
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2259:
2258:
2255:
2247:
2241:
2237:
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2230:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
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2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
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1854:
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1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1801:
1797:
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1779:
1775:
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1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1706:
1705:GreenLeen.Com
1702:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
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1613:
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1596:
1592:
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1583:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1537:0-412-74050-8
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
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1369:
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1361:
1359:
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1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Lake aeration
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1295:
1292:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:hybridization
1260:
1259:ballast water
1256:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1187:Acidification
1186:
1182:Human impacts
1181:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:Lake creation
1144:
1139:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
982:
980:
977:
972:
968:
960:
958:
954:
952:
948:
944:
939:
938:allochthonous
931:
929:
927:
923:
918:
917:autochthonous
910:
905:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
860:
858:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
807:
800:
796:
792:
788:
782:Invertebrates
781:
779:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:phytoplankton
716:
715:
710:
703:
701:
699:
694:
686:
681:
677:
670:
668:
665:
664:remineralized
660:
656:
654:
650:
645:
637:
635:
633:
624:
617:
611:
607:
605:
604:lake turnover
601:
597:
593:
587:
585:
577:
575:
572:
568:
564:
560:
552:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
534:riparian zone
531:
527:
523:
522:limnetic zone
519:
515:
511:
510:littoral zone
499:
494:
492:
487:
485:
480:
479:
477:
476:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
460:
455:
450:
441:
439:
430:
426:
417:
415:
414:Dimictic lake
406:
404:
395:
394:
393:
384:
383:
382:
381:
376:
371:
362:
360:
351:
349:
340:
338:
329:
328:
327:
326:
323:
319:
314:
305:
303:
294:
292:
291:Limnetic zone
283:
281:
280:Littoral zone
272:
271:
270:
269:
264:
255:
252:
244:
233:
230:
226:
223:
219:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202: –
201:
197:
196:Find sources:
190:
186:
180:
179:
174:This section
172:
168:
163:
162:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:, as well as
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
32:
19:
5384:Water Lilies
5383:
5378:Water garden
5358:(M C Escher)
5355:
5305:Bakki shower
5283:
5140:Natural pool
5040:Raceway pond
4970:Cooling pond
4960:Ballast pond
4859:Regime shift
4844:Macroecology
4565:
4561:
4501:Edge effects
4471:Biogeography
4416:Commensalism
4264:Biodiversity
4141:Allee effect
3880:kelp forests
3833:Example webs
3698:Detritivores
3537:Organotrophs
3517:Kinetotrophs
3469:Productivity
3227:Conservation
3078:Pelagic fish
3058:Coastal fish
2962:Marine fungi
2700:Water garden
2642:
2583:Water column
2528:Productivity
2503:Pelagic zone
2463:Macrobenthos
2453:Hydrobiology
2423:Ecohydrology
2234:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2105:
2101:
2088:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2031:(1): 75–83.
2028:
2024:
2018:
2009:
1964:
1960:
1947:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1860:
1856:
1846:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1783:11343/219728
1768:(1): 17146.
1765:
1761:
1751:
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1694:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1629:
1590:
1552:
1546:
1523:
1517:
1498:
1452:
1378:
1305:Lakes portal
1267:zebra mussel
1253:
1222:
1190:
1172:
1148:
1134:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1020:
1006:detritivores
998:insectivores
986:
964:
955:
935:
922:chlorophylls
914:
868:
864:
848:
804:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
739:gas vesicles
720:
712:
690:
657:
647:
629:
588:
581:
556:
539:
526:aphotic zone
514:pelagic zone
507:
449:Amictic lake
313:Benthic zone
247:
238:
228:
221:
214:
207:
195:
183:Please help
178:verification
175:
136:
128:benthic zone
117:
84:
73:
69:
45:
41:
39:
18:Lake ecology
5330:Hydric soil
5218:Seep puddle
5180:Vernal pool
5165:Stream pool
5150:Plunge pool
5015:Kettle pond
4995:Garden pond
4496:Disturbance
4399:interaction
4221:Recruitment
4151:Depensation
3943:Copiotrophs
3814:Energy flow
3736:Lithotrophy
3680:Decomposers
3660:Planktivore
3635:Insectivore
3625:Heterotroph
3590:Bacterivore
3557:Phototrophs
3507:Chemotrophs
3479:Restoration
3429:Competition
3212:Sponge reef
3187:Rocky shore
3182:Oyster reef
3152:Kelp forest
3035:Vertebrates
2935:Marine life
2911:Viral shunt
2876:Marine snow
2778:Maharashtra
2685:Stream pool
2588:Zooplankton
2508:Photic zone
2468:Meiobenthos
2321:Algal bloom
1967:: 257–263.
1832:: 203–212.
1271:sea lamprey
1244:thermocline
1242:, when the
1205:Scandinavia
1199:systems as
1159:oxbow lakes
1103:, and then
875:salamanders
820:Crustaceans
806:Zooplankton
653:respiration
600:thermocline
592:hypolimnion
578:Temperature
518:photic zone
359:Hypolimnion
348:Metalimnion
241:August 2021
120:Lake Baikal
80:, from the
5422:Ecosystems
5406:Categories
5345:Pond liner
5335:Phytotelma
5266:Ecosystems
5236:Beaver dam
5145:Ocean pool
5130:Brine pool
5095:Waste pond
5070:Solar pond
4864:Sexecology
4441:Parasitism
4406:Antibiosis
4241:Resistance
4236:Resilience
4126:Population
4046:Camouflage
3998:Oligotroph
3913:Ascendency
3875:intertidal
3865:cold seeps
3819:Food chain
3620:Herbivores
3595:Carnivores
3522:Mixotrophs
3497:Autotrophs
3376:components
3192:Salt marsh
3127:Coral reef
2916:Whale fall
2896:Photophore
2773:Everglades
2741:Ecoregions
2680:Stream bed
2653:Macrophyte
2606:Freshwater
2438:Food chain
2351:Water bird
1882:13 January
1805:13 January
1732:0521739675
1710:2023-10-05
1644:0632035129
1600:0198549776
1508:0130337757
1462:0198516134
1388:0435606220
1334:References
1207:, western
1002:piscivores
994:Carnivores
990:herbivores
895:alligators
871:amphibians
855:hemoglobin
727:periphyton
659:Phosphorus
642:See also:
596:epilimnion
563:Beer's law
378:Lake types
337:Epilimnion
266:Lake zones
211:newspapers
143:reservoirs
78:freshwater
5325:Full pond
5246:Fish pond
5241:Duck pond
5198:Bird bath
5175:Tide pool
5080:Stew pond
5030:Mill pond
5025:Melt pond
4769:Allometry
4723:Emergence
4451:Symbiosis
4436:Mutualism
4231:Stability
4136:Abundance
3948:Dominance
3906:Processes
3895:tide pool
3791:Food webs
3665:Predation
3650:Omnivores
3577:Consumers
3532:Mycotroph
3489:Producers
3434:Ecosystem
3399:Behaviour
3217:Tide pool
3122:Cold seep
2906:Upwelling
2670:Rheotaxis
2663:Fish pond
2638:Limnology
2563:Substrate
2548:Siltation
2418:Dead zone
2238:. Wiley.
2198:0364-152X
2145:Ecography
1989:0171-8630
1923:1740-1534
1877:0380-1330
1792:2045-2322
1686:2296-665X
1499:Limnology
1323:Limnology
1224:Eutrophic
1201:acid rain
1036:Bottom-up
1010:parasitic
899:waterfowl
765:submersed
743:flagellum
698:commensal
638:Chemistry
132:profundal
52:(living)
48:includes
5256:Koi pond
5085:Tailings
5075:Stepwell
5050:Sag pond
5020:Log pond
5000:Ice pond
4980:Dew pond
4950:Ash pond
4824:Endolith
4753:Xerosere
4665:networks
4481:Ecocline
4027:Defense,
3703:Detritus
3605:Foraging
3474:Resource
3324:Category
3250:HERMIONE
3167:Mangrove
2977:Seagrass
2523:Pleuston
2518:Plankton
2498:Particle
2443:Food web
2216:36318287
2122:14970922
2080:84069604
1931:15953930
1800:30464220
1528:Springer
1277:See also
1209:Scotland
1155:glaciers
1151:tectonic
1105:nitrogen
1024:top-down
976:predator
943:protozoa
932:Bacteria
883:reptiles
836:molluscs
828:crayfish
816:diapause
757:emergent
735:vacuoles
687:Bacteria
541:Wetlands
524:and the
457:See also
97:wetlands
5386:(Monet)
5350:Ponding
5293:Related
5190:Puddles
4934:puddles
4814:Ecopath
4621:Habitat
4491:Ecotype
4486:Ecotone
4463:ecology
4461:Spatial
4397:Species
4257:Species
4128:ecology
4113:Ecology
4061:Mimicry
4029:counter
3973:f-ratio
3721:Archaea
3409:Biomass
3382:General
3374:Trophic
3366:Ecology
3177:Mudflat
3137:Estuary
3107:Bay mud
3085:Seabird
2841:f-ratio
2824:General
2705:Wetland
2493:Neuston
2458:Hypoxia
2403:Biomass
2393:Benthos
2309:General
2226:Sources
2207:9628596
2130:9886026
2045:2844594
1969:Bibcode
1211:, west
1163:fluvial
971:Grazers
891:turtles
811:Daphnia
731:benthos
693:biofilm
571:aphotic
225:scholar
124:pelagic
109:streams
66:abiotic
58:animals
5363:Spring
5356:Puddle
5208:Puddle
3845:Rivers
3741:Marine
3162:Lagoon
2488:Nekton
2346:Mammal
2341:Insect
2242:
2214:
2204:
2196:
2128:
2120:
2078:
2043:
1987:
1939:336473
1937:
1929:
1921:
1875:
1798:
1790:
1730:
1684:
1641:
1597:
1567:
1534:
1505:
1459:
1385:
1120:Winter
1101:silica
1092:Summer
1081:Spring
1073:Winter
1063:et al.
893:, and
887:snakes
885:(e.g.
873:(e.g.
844:snails
838:(e.g.
832:shrimp
830:, and
822:(e.g.
649:Oxygen
567:photic
516:, the
446:
444:
435:
433:
422:
420:
411:
409:
400:
398:
389:
387:
367:
365:
356:
354:
345:
343:
334:
332:
310:
308:
299:
297:
288:
286:
277:
275:
227:
220:
213:
206:
198:
105:rivers
85:lentus
74:lentic
54:plants
50:biotic
5228:Biome
5118:Pools
4942:Ponds
4930:Ponds
4762:Other
4663:Other
4616:Guild
4588:Niche
3840:Lakes
2553:Spawn
2126:S2CID
2098:(PDF)
2076:S2CID
2041:JSTOR
1957:(PDF)
1935:S2CID
1213:Wales
1084:3. A
879:frogs
840:clams
824:crabs
553:Light
232:JSTOR
218:books
157:Zones
139:ponds
93:lakes
89:ponds
82:Latin
5391:Well
5090:Tarn
4965:Beel
3850:Soil
2658:Pond
2240:ISBN
2212:PMID
2194:ISSN
2118:PMID
1985:ISSN
1927:PMID
1919:ISSN
1884:2024
1873:ISSN
1807:2024
1796:PMID
1788:ISSN
1728:ISBN
1682:ISSN
1639:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1269:and
1194:and
1161:are
1113:Fall
983:Fish
877:and
842:and
737:and
725:and
618:Wind
569:and
204:news
107:and
95:and
60:and
2720:Fen
2710:Bog
2202:PMC
2184:doi
2153:doi
2110:doi
2106:163
2068:doi
2064:106
2033:doi
2029:8 1
1977:doi
1911:doi
1865:doi
1834:doi
1778:hdl
1770:doi
1672:doi
1635:557
1557:doi
1553:eLS
1067:PEG
881:),
834:),
799:m/s
187:by
44:or
5408::
4311:/
4115::
3372::
3368::
2210:.
2200:.
2192:.
2180:71
2178:.
2174:.
2149:24
2147:.
2124:.
2116:.
2104:.
2100:.
2074:.
2062:.
2039:.
2027:.
1997:^
1983:.
1975:.
1965:10
1963:.
1959:.
1933:.
1925:.
1917:.
1905:.
1901:.
1871:.
1861:37
1859:.
1855:.
1830:26
1828:.
1824:.
1794:.
1786:.
1776:.
1764:.
1760:.
1739:^
1719:^
1703:.
1680:.
1670:.
1668:11
1666:.
1662:.
1637:.
1609:^
1579:^
1563:.
1530:.
1526:.
1471:^
1397:^
1341:^
889:,
826:,
153:.
115:.
91:,
56:,
40:A
4922:e
4915:t
4908:v
4566:K
4564:/
4562:r
4105:e
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4091:v
3358:e
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3344:v
2276:e
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2262:v
2248:.
2218:.
2186::
2159:.
2155::
2132:.
2112::
2082:.
2070::
2047:.
2035::
1991:.
1979::
1971::
1941:.
1913::
1907:3
1886:.
1867::
1840:.
1836::
1809:.
1780::
1772::
1766:8
1734:.
1713:.
1688:.
1674::
1647:.
1603:.
1573:.
1559::
1540:.
1511:.
1465:.
1391:.
801:.
497:e
490:t
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248:(
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239:(
229:·
222:·
215:·
208:·
181:.
72:(
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