393:. The lake whitefish is sometimes referred to as a "humpback" fish due to the small size of the head in relation to the length of the body. It is a valuable commercial fish, and also occasionally taken by sport fishermen. Smoked, refrigerated, vacuum-packed lake whitefish fillets are available in North American grocery stores. Other vernacular names used for this fish include Otsego bass, Sault whitefish, gizzard fish, common whitefish, eastern whitefish, Great Lakes whitefish, humpback whitefish, inland whitefish and whitefish.
195:
73:
453:. In early life stages however, the cisco and lake whitefish are indistinguishable based on morphological characters alone with genetic analyses being necessary to reliably identify species. Another notable feature of the lake whitefish is the presence of two small flaps in each nostril. Their coloration is typically silver to white with an olive to pale-green or brown dorsal hues. The ventral fins are white and the tail has a dark posterior edge.
445:, the lake whitefish has a snout which overhangs the short lower jaw, so that the mouth opens in a slightly inferior position. Thus the fish can feed on the bottom of lake beds or grab food particulates out of the water or from the surface of a water body. The cisco in turn has a short snout with a lower jaw that extends beyond the snout. Both the cisco and lake whitefish are discernible from the
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50:
31:
1757:
583:
Lake whitefish is the prime commercial species of the upper Great Lakes fishery, because this delicately flavored fresh fish has high local consumer acceptance. An average of 11 million pounds was harvested from the Great Lakes annually from 1981 to 1999. Although the harvest has declined from 9.5 to
494:
Lake whitefish spawn from
September through January in water two to four metres in depth during the night. In the autumn, mature lake whitefish enter the shallows to lay their eggs on shoals of rubble and gravel. There is no parental care of the young. In the following spring the young will hatch. In
592:
Many amateur anglers also enjoy hooking this fish in the months of June, July and early August. A simple line and jig system is enough to catch the fish as they feast on mayflies and midges. In winter months, catching whitefish through the ice is very popular, particularly in northern
Wisconsin,
456:
Lake whitefish from inland lakes can reach a weight upwards of 5 pounds (2,300 g); the largest Lake
Whitefish caught on rod and reel weighted 15 pounds 6 oz, from Clear Lake Ontario Canada on May 21, 1983, by Chris T. D. Webster according to the Fresh Water Fishing Hall of Fame, in Hayward
584:
8 million pounds in recent years, prices have not increased. Instead, the price for Great Lakes lake whitefish, which once reached as high as $ 1.04/lb., currently averages $ .75/lb. and has dropped to as low as $ .40/lb during periods of high production.
593:
with many fishing guides specializing in this species. Successful icefishing techniques include using a jigging spoon, with at least one "slider hook" above and separated from the spoon with a barrel swivel, and all hooks tipped with wax worms.
576:
Lake whitefish is one of the most important species for commercial inland fisheries in North
America. The total annual catch in 1999 from Canada was 8 328 t and USA 5 353 t reported by the
754:, yet are reproductively isolated. The fact that they are young species makes them prime candidate to study the evolutionary forces driving their ecological divergence and reproductive isolation.
543:) which they will consume for the remainder of their lives. In late June and July, some inland lake populations of ciscoes and lake whitefish leave the deep, cool waters to feast on emerging
735:
that represent genetically diverged stocks or races. After the invasions, the whitefish have also diversified into different populations locally, such that now in many lakes two main
470:
Lake whitefish are cool water fish. They are found in a large number of inland lakes, and they have been known to enter brackish waters. The lake whitefish is distributed from
621:) aggressively attacked by sea lamprey. In Lake Michigan the sea lamprey began to decimate indigenous fish populations in the 1930s and 1940s. It may have entered the
1986:
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Wisconsin. On average, the lake whitefish weighs only 4 pounds. They can grow to 31 inches (79 cm) and commonly reach 20 inches (51 cm).
1999:
1088:
2125:
2061:
527:
and postlarval stages feed on plankton. Once the larvae reach 3–4 inches (76–102 mm) they switch to feeding on bottom-dwelling animals (
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881:
622:
1023:
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are recognized within the species: a normal and a dwarf ecotype. These normal and dwarf ecotypes are mainly differentiated by the
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57:
692:
2004:
1084:
2035:
732:
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1934:
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934:"Comparison of genetic and visual identification of cisco and lake whitefish larvae from Chaumont Bay, Lake Ontario"
747:
zone they occupy, respectively. Normal whitefish also grow much bigger and live much longer than the dwarf ecotype.
1912:
72:
2053:
696:
681:
731:(about 12,000 years ago), whitefish have re-colonized many North American lakes, from different directions, from
1472:
932:
George, Ellen M.; Hare, Matthew P.; Crabtree, Darran L.; Lantry, Brian F.; Rudstam, Lars G. (26 October 2017).
1669:
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has allowed for the spread of this fish into many different markets, restaurants, and grocery store shelves.
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503:. The longest single movement of a tagged whitefish ever recorded was 388 km (241 mi), from
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U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Nonindigenous
Aquatic Species Program (NAS). Retrieved on 2007-08-04.
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NatureServe
Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer
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which opened in 1825. and spread even further in 1919 with improvements to the
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Minnesota
Department of Natural Resources Species Profile. 19 April. 2012
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Lake whitefish are similar in appearance to other whitefishes in the
382:
94:
1868:
1836:
1297:
528:
524:
475:
405:(co-regg'-on-us) means "angle eye" in Greek, and the species name
1014:
A Field Guide to
Freshwater Fishes: North America North of Mexico
381:
from North
America. Lake whitefish are found throughout much of
2066:
1756:
1507:
1427:
1872:
1116:
660:
577:
1061:
Nonindigenous
Aquatic Species Factsheet: Petromyzon marinus
495:
northwestern Canada, a large spawning migration enters the
922:
Michigan Department of Natural Resources. 19 April. 2012.
1109:
Government of Alberta, Sustainable Resources Department.
907:
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 19 April 2012
613:. It is one of a number of species (in addition to the
474:
and western Canada to the Atlantic coastal drainage of
1042:(Report). Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (FAO)
1881:
1822:
1764:
1150:
1011:
938:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
551:. The lake whitefish's natural predators include
859:
857:
855:
986:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
1128:
8:
1040:Species Fact Sheets: Coregonus clupaeformis
1005:
1003:
695:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
605:A major threat to the lake whitefish is an
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1113:
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29:
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715:Learn how and when to remove this message
838:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
1089:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
789:
763:
499:in late summer, moving upstream in the
437:). As with all salmonids, they have an
223:
1018:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
1010:Page, Lawrence; Burr, Brooks (1991).
7:
2136:Freshwater fish of the United States
693:adding citations to reliable sources
809:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe
750:Many of these populations live in
449:due to the small posterior dorsal
14:
2146:Fish of the Western United States
2141:Fish of the Eastern United States
1610:(humpback whitefish or pidschian)
2131:Freshwater fish of North America
1755:
665:
71:
425:subfamily of the salmon family
984:Fishes of the Minnesota Region
905:Lake Whitefish Identification.
1:
2126:Freshwater fish of the Arctic
797:NatureServe (7 April 2023).
1176:(European cisco or vendace)
2172:
2116:NatureServe secure species
1353:(Lake Constance whitefish)
441:. To the distinction from
401:The scientific genus name
385:and parts of the northern
1856:
1753:
776:, the humpback whitefish.
314:Coregonus neohantoniensis
216:
209:
201:
192:
173:
166:
68:Scientific classification
66:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1085:"Coregonus clupeaformis"
880:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
863:Roland Sigurdson (2011)
770:Not to be confused with
2151:Fish of the Great Lakes
982:Phillips, Gary (1982).
950:10.1139/cjfas-2017-0186
919:Coregonus clupeaformis
389:, including all of the
2156:Fish described in 1818
1927:Coregonus_clupeaformis
1913:Coregonus clupeaformis
1883:Coregonus clupeaformis
1806:(Bonneville whitefish)
1704:C. vandesius (vendace)
1105:Coregonus clupeaformis
884:Coregonus clupeaformis
831:Coregonus clupeaformis
801:Coregonus clupeaformis
609:parasite species, the
507:to the north shore of
374:Coregonus clupeaformis
330:Coregonus sapidissimus
298:Coregonus labradoricus
290:Coregonus clupeiformis
278:Coregonus clupeaformis
266:Coregonus clupeaformis
254:Coregonus clupeaformis
242:Coregonus clupeaformis
177:Coregonus clupeaformis
1782:(Bear Lake whitefish)
727:Since the end of the
1814:(mountain whitefish)
1407:(Atlantic whitefish)
1144:Freshwater whitefish
689:improve this section
379:freshwater whitefish
322:Coregonus odonoghuei
159:C. clupeaformis
894:. May 2012 version.
773:Coregonus pidschian
413:-shaped" in Latin.
40:Conservation status
1840:(nelma or inconnu)
1535:(Alaska whitefish)
1489:(Peipsi whitefish)
1168:(autumn brienzlig)
1166:Coregonus albellus
1066:2009-05-11 at the
623:Great Lakes region
595:Commercial fishing
572:Commercial fishing
377:) is a species of
346:Salmo labradoricus
338:Salmo clupeaformis
301:(Richardson, 1836)
234:Coregonus atikameg
2103:
2102:
2075:Open Tree of Life
1875:Taxon identifiers
1866:
1865:
1798:(round whitefish)
1790:(pygmy whitefish)
1633:(shortnose cisco)
1527:(broad whitefish)
1473:C. macrophthalmus
1416:(deepwater cisco)
1399:(Ives Lake cisco)
833:(Mitchill, 1818)"
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1733:(shortjaw cisco)
1670:C. subautumnalis
1543:(blackfin cisco)
1293:(lake whitefish)
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1103:Lake Whitefish (
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1796:P. cylindraceum
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1739:C. zuerichensis
1656:(sardine cisco)
1624:C. pravdinellus
1291:C. clupeaformis
1185:(longjaw cisco)
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429:, such as the
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1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1495:C. maxillaris
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1459:C. lucinensis
1456:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1405:C. huntsmanni
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1351:C. gutturosus
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:C. clupeoides
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1234:C. autumnalis
1231:
1229:
1228:
1227:C. austriacus
1224:
1222:
1221:
1220:C. atterensis
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1205:C. arenicolus
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1025:0-395-91091-9
1021:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:0-8166-0982-9
989:
985:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
925:
921:
920:
913:
910:
906:
901:
898:
893:
892:
887:
885:
879:
873:
870:
866:
860:
858:
856:
852:
840:
839:
834:
832:
824:
821:
808:
804:
802:
793:
790:
783:
775:
774:
767:
764:
757:
755:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
719:
716:
708:
698:
694:
690:
684:
683:
679:
674:This section
672:
668:
663:
662:
656:
654:
652:
651:Lake Superior
648:
644:
643:Lake Michigan
640:
636:
632:
631:Welland Canal
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
600:
598:
596:
587:
585:
581:
579:
571:
566:
564:
562:
561:northern pike
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:zebra mussels
534:
530:
526:
518:
516:
514:
510:
506:
505:Fort McMurray
502:
498:
489:
487:
485:
481:
480:New Brunswick
477:
473:
465:
460:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
414:
412:
408:
404:
396:
394:
392:
388:
387:United States
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
357:Clinton, 1822
355:
352:
347:
344:
339:
336:
333:Agassiz, 1850
331:
328:
323:
320:
315:
312:
309:Agassiz, 1850
307:
304:
299:
296:
291:
288:
283:
279:
276:
271:
267:
264:
259:
255:
252:
247:
243:
240:
235:
232:
229:Lesueur, 1818
227:
224:
215:
212:
208:
205:
200:
196:
191:
186:
180:
178:
172:
169:
168:Binomial name
165:
161:
160:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:Salmoniformes
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
74:
69:
65:
59:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1882:
1845:
1837:
1826:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1788:P. coulterii
1787:
1779:
1768:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1724:C. widegreni
1722:
1717:C. wartmanni
1715:
1708:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1631:C. reighardi
1630:
1622:
1615:
1608:C. pidschian
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1452:C. lavaretus
1450:
1444:C. laurettae
1443:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:C. heglingus
1357:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1263:C. bavaricus
1261:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1198:C. anaulorum
1196:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1165:
1154:
1104:
1092:. Retrieved
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1034:
1013:
983:
941:
937:
927:
918:
912:
900:
889:
883:
872:
842:. Retrieved
836:
830:
823:
811:. Retrieved
806:
800:
792:
771:
766:
749:
726:
711:
705:January 2024
702:
687:Please help
675:
635:Lake Ontario
625:through the
619:lake herring
604:
601:Conservation
591:
582:
575:
522:
493:
490:Reproduction
469:
461:Life history
455:
434:
420:
407:clupeaformis
406:
402:
400:
373:
372:
368:
366:
354:Salmo otsego
353:
345:
337:
329:
325:Bajkov, 1929
321:
313:
305:
297:
289:
281:
277:
269:
265:
257:
253:
245:
241:
237:Bajkov, 1933
233:
225:
203:
176:
174:
158:
157:
145:
18:
2023:NatureServe
1974:iNaturalist
1907:Wikispecies
1746:C. zugensis
1710:C. vessicus
1677:C. suidteri
1600:C. pennatii
1585:C. pallasii
1549:C. nilssoni
1533:C. nelsonii
1502:C. megalops
1414:C. johannae
1369:(gravenche)
1367:C. hiemalis
1343:C. fontanae
1337:(true fera)
1306:C. confusus
1277:C. candidus
611:sea lamprey
451:adipose fin
439:adipose fin
423:Coregoninae
417:Description
391:Great Lakes
285:Koelz, 1931
273:Koelz, 1931
261:Koelz, 1931
249:Koelz, 1931
58:NatureServe
2110:Categories
1860:Salmonidae
1823:Members of
1765:Members of
1684:C. trybomi
1563:C. nobilis
1556:C. nipigon
1480:C. maraena
1466:C. lutokka
1437:C. ladogae
1382:C. holsata
1313:C. danneri
1284:C. chadary
1191:C. alpinus
1183:C. alpenae
1151:Members of
784:References
647:Lake Huron
627:Erie Canal
615:lake trout
557:lake trout
515:, Canada.
427:Salmonidae
135:Salmonidae
2121:Coregonus
1770:Prosopium
1664:(schelly)
1616:C. pollan
1602:(gwyniad)
1578:C. palaea
1572:(houting)
1517:C. muksun
1422:C. kiletz
1397:C. hubbsi
1391:(bloater)
1375:C. hoferi
1327:C. fatioi
1320:C. duplex
1270:C. bezola
1256:C. baunti
1242:C. baerii
1212:C. artedi
1174:C. albula
1156:Coregonus
958:0706-652X
676:does not
657:Evolution
639:Lake Erie
535:larvae,
482:north to
403:Coregonus
397:Etymology
258:gulliveri
202:Range of
153:Species:
146:Coregonus
91:Kingdom:
85:Eukaryota
2028:2.105498
1992:11328077
1948:FishBase
1892:Wikidata
1838:S. nelma
1828:Stenodus
1691:C. tugun
1639:C. renke
1618:(pollan)
1592:C. peled
1525:C. nasus
1519:(muksun)
1094:18 April
1064:Archived
1046:28 April
891:FishBase
752:sympatry
737:ecotypes
607:invasive
545:mayflies
523:Fish of
484:Labrador
211:Synonyms
185:Mitchill
131:Family:
105:Chordata
101:Phylum:
95:Animalia
81:Domain:
1966:2351119
1898:Q110577
1858:Family
1594:(peled)
1429:C. kiyi
1389:C. hoyi
1335:C. fera
1214:(cisco)
745:pelagic
741:benthic
733:refugia
697:removed
682:sources
567:Fishing
513:Alberta
478:and in
466:Habitat
447:mooneye
411:herring
409:means "
282:medorae
280:subsp.
268:subsp.
256:subsp.
246:dustini
244:subsp.
187:, 1818)
141:Genus:
121:Order:
111:Class:
56: (
54:Secure
2093:158726
2080:629345
2067:158726
2005:161941
1825:genus
1767:genus
1511:(omul)
1431:(kiyi)
1153:genus
1022:
990:
956:
649:, and
559:, and
553:burbot
549:midges
539:, and
533:insect
525:larval
472:Alaska
383:Canada
2088:WoRMS
2054:59861
2012:NAS:
1987:IRMNG
1979:98445
1940:10571
844:1 May
813:1 May
758:Notes
633:from
529:snail
476:Maine
443:cisco
270:latus
2062:OBIS
2049:NCBI
2000:ITIS
1961:GBIF
1935:BOLD
1096:2006
1048:2013
1020:ISBN
988:ISBN
954:ISSN
846:2023
815:2023
743:and
680:any
678:cite
617:and
547:and
519:Diet
367:The
220:List
2036:NBN
2015:887
1953:234
1922:ADW
946:doi
691:by
637:to
578:FAO
511:in
2112::
2090::
2077::
2064::
2051::
2038::
2025::
2002::
1989::
1976::
1963::
1950::
1937::
1924::
1909::
1894::
1087:.
1002:^
966:^
952:.
942:75
940:.
936:.
888:.
854:^
835:.
805:.
653:.
645:,
641:,
580:.
563:.
555:,
531:,
486:.
1644:†
1411:†
1364:†
1348:†
1332:†
1180:†
1136:e
1129:t
1122:v
1107:)
1098:.
1050:.
1028:.
996:.
960:.
948::
886:"
882:"
848:.
829:"
817:.
803:"
799:"
718:)
712:(
707:)
703:(
699:.
685:.
433:(
371:(
183:(
60:)
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