1860:
1835:. From this, the term "Lakhmid" has been applied by historians to the Nasrids and their subjects, ruled from al-Hirah. However, as historian Greg Fisher points out, there is "very little information about who made up the people who lived in or around al-Hirah, and there is no reason to suppose that any connection between Nasrid leaders and Lakhm that may have existed in the third century was still present in the sixth, or that the Nasrids ruled over a homogeneous Lakhmid kingdom". This situation is exacerbated by the fact that the historical sourcesâmostly
163:
355:
1848:
36:
2009: 824), Khosrow II was angry with the king, al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir, for refusing to give him his daughter in marriage, and therefore imprisoned him. Subsequently, Khosrow sent troops to recover the Nu'man family armor, but Hani ibn Mas'ud (Nu'man's friend) refused, and the Arab forces of the Sasanian Empire were defeated at the
1936:
Imru' al-Qais' funerary inscription is written in an extremely difficult type of script. Recently there has been a revival of interest in the inscription, and controversy has arisen over its precise implications. It is now certain that Imru' al-Qais claimed the title "King of all the Arabs" and also
2623:
The
Persians were soon to discover their fatal mistake in not continuing to govern Arabs by Arabs when they sustained a crushing defeat from the nomad army of the Bakr tribes at the battle of Dhu Qar about 610 AD This victory roused the self-consciousness of the
2365:
Poets described al-Hira as paradise on earth; an Arab poet described the city's pleasant climate and beauty thus: "One day in al-Hirah is better than a year of treatment". The ruins of al-Hirah are located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of
3308:
3303:
1669:
2716:
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth
Century, Irfan ShahĂźd. p. 32. Although Imru' al-Qays was considered christian there is not a single christian formula or symbol in the (Namarah) inscription
1944:
Two years after his death, in the year 330, a revolt took place where Aws ibn Qallam was killed and succeeded by the son of Imru' al-Qais, 'Amr. Thereafter, the
Lakhmids' main rivals were the
162:
2662:
Despite the small number of troops involved, the decisive victory of the Arabs is seen as the beginning of a new era, since it gave the Arab tribes a new confidence and enthusiasm.
1811:, which led to the Sasanians losing their control over Eastern Arabia. The victory at Dhi Qar roused confidence and enthusiasm among the Arabs seen as the beginning of a new era.
1662:
2976:
2793:
1655:
3173:
1839:âstart dealing with the Lakhmids in greater detail only from the late 5th century, as well as by the relative lack of archaeological work at al-Hirah.
2475:
Some of the Arab poets of the
Lakhmid court, including ÊżAdÄ« b. Zayd and AÊżĆĄÄ, were well versed in Middle Persian and acquainted with Iranian culture.
3313:
3082:
2878:
2148:
1780:. While the term "Lakhmids" has also been applied to the ruling dynasty, more recent scholarship prefers to refer to the latter as the
3034:
3010:
1937:
claimed in the inscription to have campaigned successfully over the entire north and centre of the peninsula, as far as the border of
1859:
3141:
2931:
2854:
2548:
2496:
119:
1918:- which at that time was in civil war, due to a dispute as to the succession - even raiding the birthplace of the Sasanian kings,
1910:. He then formed a large army and developed the Kingdom as a naval power, which consisted of a fleet of ships operating along the
1887:
who lived in the sixth century) is claimed to have converted to
Christianity. However, there is debate on his religious affinity.
3166:
53:
1895:
noted a possible
Christian affiliation, suggesting that Imru'al Qays' Christianity may have been "orthodox, heretical or of the
2290:
2227:
1964:
1800:
621:
2135:
2108:
1974:
Coupled with increasing instability in Persia proper after the downfall of
Khosrow in 628, these events heralded the decisive
329:
100:
1933:
which never materialized, so he stayed there until he died. When he died he was entombed at al-Nimarah in the Syrian desert.
1301:
233:
57:
72:
3323:
2637:
2161:
866:
2277:
2200:
2095:
1906:
Imru' al-Qais dreamt of a unified and independent Arab kingdom and, following that dream, he seized many cities in the
79:
3338:
3159:
1983:
2303:
796:
3207:
3133:
3068:
2958:
2846:
2240:
2187:
46:
3343:
3328:
3055:
2329:
1979:
1957:
86:
3318:
2962:
1545:
2543:. Vol. 14: Late antiquity: empire and successors, A.D. 425â600. Cambridge University Press. p. 692.
2213:
1819:
The nature and identity of the
Lakhmid Kingdom remains mostly unclear. The ruling Nasrid family emerges with "
3151:
2174:
1963:
The
Lakhmids remained influential throughout the sixth century. Nevertheless, in 602, the last Lakhmid king,
3333:
3247:
3242:
3119:
1291:
68:
2921:
1777:
2987:
Die
Dynastie der Lahmiden in al-HĂźra. Ein Versuch zur arabisch-persichen Geschichte zur Zeit der Sasaniden
2026:
1880:
1696:
1396:
1341:
167:
Map of the Lakhmid Kingdom in the 6th-century. Light green is Sasanian territory governed by the Lakhmids
2002:
1386:
3267:
2253:
2047:
1530:
1411:
2992:
The Dynasty of the Lakhmids at al-Hira. An Essay on ArabâPersian History at the Time of the Sasanids
3252:
3232:
1991:
1975:
1828:
1620:
936:
631:
1982:. Some believed that the annexation of the Lakhmid Kingdom was one of the main factors behind the
1925:
Imru' al-Qais escaped to Bahrain, taking his dream of a unified Arab nation with him, and then to
3277:
3182:
3059:
2917:
2905:
2607:
1953:
1900:
1326:
1091:
976:
836:
561:
496:
228:
2950:
2309:
1888:
916:
2013:, near al-Hirah, the capital of the Lakhmids, in 609. Hira stood just south of what is now the
3298:
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3006:
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2927:
2874:
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2801:
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2544:
2538:
2492:
2010:
1907:
1867:
manuscript from the 15th century describing the constructing of al-Khornaq Castle in al-Hirah.
1808:
1436:
1281:
886:
526:
516:
506:
391:
3000:
2873:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
93:
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906:
816:
741:
731:
681:
651:
591:
581:
411:
322:
284:
205:
177:
3020:
2888:
Fisher, Greg (2011). "Kingdoms or Dynasties? Arabs, History, and Identity before Islam".
2870:
The History of al-áčŹabarÄ«, Volume V: The SÄsÄnids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen
2082:
1892:
721:
3272:
3051:
2864:
2842:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
2832:
2489:
Arabs in the Shadow of Israel: The Unfolding of God's Prophetic Plan for Ishmael's Line
2121:
1987:
1930:
1788:
1753:
1601:
1511:
1455:
1231:
1121:
1051:
751:
224:
211:
3292:
1919:
1481:
986:
846:
2909:
2031:
The founder and most of the rulers of the kingdom were from the Banu Lakhm dynasty.
1994:. At that point, the city was abandoned and its materials were used to reconstruct
3046:
2512:
2398:
2054:
1949:
1485:
956:
711:
241:
2458:
3127:
3024:
2868:
2840:
1896:
1847:
1820:
1765:
1761:
1345:
1111:
1021:
806:
661:
611:
237:
35:
2646:
3129:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
3111:
2354:
1971:
because of a false suspicion of treason, and the Lakhmid Kingdom was annexed.
1968:
1945:
1872:
1824:
1796:
1631:
1271:
1241:
1071:
876:
441:
2813:
2441:
2424:
3202:
3197:
2946:
2388:
2371:
2035:
1792:
1616:
1571:
1541:
1466:
1451:
856:
826:
671:
431:
371:
2901:
3257:
1757:
1400:
1171:
1131:
1081:
1041:
946:
601:
551:
451:
187:
2611:
2595:
1986:
and the Muslim conquest of Persia as the Sasanians were defeated in the
3237:
3212:
2323:
1911:
1852:
1560:
1470:
1440:
1375:
1221:
1211:
1191:
1151:
1061:
996:
786:
401:
2702:
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Irfan Shahid. pp. 33â34
1879:
in the second century. The founder of the dynasty was 'Amr, whose son
3222:
2038:" dynasties claim descent from the Lakhmids such as the Mandharis of
1938:
1635:
1515:
1371:
381:
199:
17:
1772:
and were generally but intermittently the allies and clients of the
3094:
2923:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume III, AD 527â641
2645:(Master's thesis). University of Glasgow. p. 2. Archived from
1787:
The Nasrid dynasty authority extended over to their Arab allies in
2051:
1926:
1876:
1858:
1846:
1749:
1745:
1605:
1360:
1330:
2949:(ca. 896â956), Abu al-កasan ÊżAlÄ« ibn al-កusayn ibn ÊżAlÄ« (1871) ,
3227:
2367:
2043:
2039:
2014:
1995:
1915:
1903:
of Imru' al Qays ibn 'Amr lacks Christian formulas and symbols.
1804:
1500:
3155:
2955:
Kitab Muruj adh-Dhahab wa-Ma'adin al-Jawhar (Les Prairies d'or)
2459:"ARABIC LANGUAGE ii. Iranian loanwords â Encyclopaedia Iranica"
29:
1891:
noted that Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr was not a Christian, while
1952:. The Lakhmid Kingdom could have been a major centre of the
1914:
coast. From this position he attacked the coastal cities of
3122:(1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath". In
1956:, which was nurtured by the Sasanians, as it opposed the
3309:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
3002:
Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia
3095:"Late Antique Iran and the Arabs: The Case of al-Hira*"
2688:
Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden
2562:
2560:
2965:, Pavet, Paris: Imprimerie imperiale, pp. 181â213
2577:
2575:
3304:
States and territories established in the 3rd century
2769:, Vol. 1. (Beirut: Dar Sader, 2003 ed.), pp. 286-293.
1948:, who were vassals of the Sasanians' arch-enemy, the
2782:(Beirut: Maktaba al-Asriyya, 2009 ed.), pp. 339-334.
1739:
1720:
1701:
3005:. London and New York: Edinburgh University Press.
1760:as their capital, from the late 3rd century to 602
281:
268:
256:
248:
220:
193:
183:
172:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3093:
3045:
2994:] (in German). Berlin: Reuther & Reichard.
1871:The Lakhmid Kingdom was founded and ruled by the
1807:rose in arms and defeated the Sasanians at the
2835:(1983). "Iran and the Arabs Before Islam". In
3167:
3026:Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century
2357:in the 11th century, was of Lakhmid descent.
1663:
8:
1815:Nomenclature and problems of Lakhmid history
1803:, the last Nasrid ruler, his Arab allies in
1730:
1711:
139:
2975:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2537:Bryan Ward-Perkins; Michael Whitby (2000).
1967:, was put to death by the Sasanian emperor
3174:
3160:
3152:
3069:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2050:, the Na'amanis of Oman, and the Lebanese
1670:
1656:
344:
161:
131:
3077:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 119â120.
2926:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2765:Abu Jaâfar Muhammad ibn Jarir Al-Tabari,
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2740:
2443:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 3
2426:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 3
2064:
1899:". Furthermore, Shahid asserts that the
2415:
347:
2968:
2728:
2673:
2606:(7). Messenger Publications: 204â221.
2566:
2581:
1929:seeking the promised assistance from
1827:", mentioned in the late 3rd-century
280:
267:
263:
7:
2440:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2003). "កIRA".
2423:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2003). "កIRA".
348:Historical Arab states and dynasties
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2021:Lakhmid dynasty and its descendants
1731:
1712:
1691:
140:
2940:History of the kings of Hirah, in
2752:Iraq After the Muslim Conquest By
2600:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review
1883:(not to be confused with the poet
25:
3047:"al-NuÊżman (III) b. al-MundÌČhÌČir"
1706:), also referred to in Arabic as
2800:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2794:"ÊżAbbÄdids (search results)"
2001:According to the Arab historian
769:Western dynasties and caliphates
353:
327:
34:
2957:, vol. III, translated by
2491:. Kregel Academic. p. 23.
45:needs additional citations for
3092:Toral-Niehoff, Isabel (2013).
2808:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
202:(Dynastic, Spoken, Literature)
1:
3314:Political families of Lebanon
3100:Journal of Persianate Studies
2540:The Cambridge ancient history
2149:al-Nu'man I ibn Imru' al-Qays
1855:, the Lakhmids' capital city,
1768:. The state was ruled by the
274:
149:
2291:al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir
2278:al-Mundhir IV ibn al-Mundhir
2228:al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man
2188:al-Mundhir II ibn al-Mundhir
2006:
1965:al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir
2767:Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk
1998:, its exhausted twin city.
1984:fall of the Sasanian Empire
1851:The ruins of a building in
1740:
1721:
1702:
489:Arab empires and caliphates
3360:
3134:Cambridge University Press
2984:Rothstein, Gustav (1899).
2847:Cambridge University Press
2162:al-Mundhir I ibn al-Nu'man
2024:
1875:tribe that emigrated from
27:Arab monarchy (c. 268â602)
3193:
3112:10.1163/18747167-12341252
2890:Journal of Late Antiquity
2596:"The Prehistory of Islam"
2330:Muslim conquest of Persia
2266:Suhrab (Persian governor)
2216:(non-dynastic, uncertain)
2201:al-Nu'man II ibn al-Aswad
2136:Imru' al-Qays II ibn 'Amr
2109:'Amr II ibn Imru' al-Qays
1980:Muslim conquest of Persia
1958:Chalcedonian Christianity
1831:among the vassals of the
1776:, and participant in the
302:
298:
264:
160:
148:
2999:Sauer, Eberhard (2017).
2370:on the west bank of the
2304:Iyas ibn Qabisah al-Ta'i
2096:Imru' al-Qays I ibn 'Amr
797:Umayyad state of CĂłrdoba
3185:established around the
3120:Zarrinkub, Abdolhossein
3106:(1â2). Brill: 115â126.
2792:Soravia, Bruna (2011).
2639:Arab Unity and Disunity
2517:Encyclopedia Britannica
2241:'Amr III ibn al-Mundhir
2175:al-Aswad ibn al-Mundhir
3044:ShahĂźd, Irfan (1995).
2806:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2636:Ahmad, Nawawi (1976).
2594:Power, Edmond (1913).
2487:Maalouf, Tony (2005).
2465:. Encyclopedia Iranica
2027:8th century in Lebanon
1868:
1856:
283:âą Annexed by the
2902:10.1353/jla.2011.0024
2780:Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh
2463:www.iranicaonline.org
2214:Abu Ya'fur ibn Alqama
1862:
1850:
1799:deposed and executed
1387:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1302:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
194:Common languages
3324:Ancient Arab peoples
3243:Kingdom of the AurĂšs
3203:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
2849:. pp. 593â612.
2254:Qabus ibn al-Mundhir
2048:United Arab Emirates
1901:funerary inscription
208:(Spoken, Literature)
54:improve this article
3253:Ostrogothic kingdom
2961:, Charles Barbier;
2918:Martindale, John R.
2676:, pp. 258â259.
2446:. pp. 322â323.
2429:. pp. 322â323.
1992:Khalid ibn al-Walid
1976:Battle of Qadisiyya
1829:Paikuli inscription
364:Ancient Arab states
270:âą Established
3339:Barbarian kingdoms
3278:Visigothic kingdom
3238:Kingdom of Odoacer
3208:Burgundian kingdom
3198:Alamannian kingdom
3183:Barbarian kingdoms
3029:. Dumbarton Oaks.
2942:The Fields of Gold
2796:. In Fleet, Kate;
2778:Ali ibn Al-Athir,
2686:Nöldeke, Theodor.
2349:, which ruled the
2326:(Persian governor)
2312:(Persian governor)
1954:Church of the East
1869:
1857:
1778:RomanâPersian Wars
1429:Current monarchies
1092:Sharifate of Mecca
562:Emirate of Tbilisi
552:Emirate of Armenia
402:Kingdom of Osroene
229:Church of the East
176:Dependency of the
3286:
3285:
3263:Sub-Roman Britain
3233:Kingdom of Altava
3136:. pp. 1â57.
3084:978-90-04-09834-3
2880:978-0-7914-4355-2
2754:Michael G. Morony
2513:"Lakhmid dynasty"
2338:
2337:
2011:Battle of Dhi Qar
1908:Arabian Peninsula
1809:battle of Dhi Qar
1738:
1719:
1700:
1680:
1679:
1645:
1644:
1420:
1419:
1412:Tippu Tip's State
1310:
1309:
1282:Emirate of Beihan
1014:Arabian Peninsula
1005:
1004:
760:
759:
544:Eastern dynasties
535:
534:
480:
479:
392:Nabataean Kingdom
382:Kingdom of Lihyan
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
244:
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Lakhmid kingdom"
16:(Redirected from
3351:
3344:Christian states
3329:Tribes of Arabia
3213:Frankish kingdom
3187:Migration Period
3176:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3147:
3124:Frye, Richard N.
3115:
3097:
3088:
3060:Heinrichs, W. P.
3049:
3040:
3016:
2995:
2980:
2974:
2966:
2937:
2913:
2884:
2860:
2837:Yarshater, Ehsan
2818:
2817:
2789:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2763:
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2523:
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2502:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2384:Kingdom of Hatra
2351:Taifa of Seville
2328:followed by the
2065:
2008:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1433:
1432:
1397:Nabahani dynasty
1342:Nabahani dynasty
1327:Makhzumi dynasty
1323:
1322:
1018:
1017:
773:
772:
572:Emirate of Crete
548:
547:
493:
492:
472:Kingdom of Kinda
422:Kingdom of Hatra
372:Kingdom of Qedar
368:
367:
357:
345:
331:
330:
319:
318:
304:
303:
293:
276:
231:
165:
155:
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125:
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103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3319:Sasanian Empire
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3268:Suebian kingdom
3248:Lombard kingdom
3218:Frisian kingdom
3189:
3180:
3150:
3144:
3118:
3091:
3085:
3052:Bosworth, C. E.
3043:
3037:
3019:
3013:
2998:
2983:
2967:
2945:
2934:
2916:
2887:
2881:
2865:Bosworth, C. E.
2863:
2857:
2833:Bosworth, C. E.
2831:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2802:Rowson, Everett
2791:
2790:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2743:, pp. 3â4.
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
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2713:
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2700:
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2695:
2685:
2684:
2680:
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2466:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2394:Christian Arabs
2380:
2363:
2347:Abbadid dynasty
2343:
2341:Abbadid dynasty
2327:
2307:
2063:
2029:
2023:
1978:in 636 and the
1960:of the Romans.
1897:Manichaean type
1889:Theodor Nöldeke
1881:Imru' al-Qais I
1845:
1833:Sasanian Empire
1817:
1774:Sasanian Empire
1770:Lakhmid dynasty
1684:Lakhmid Kingdom
1676:
1647:
1646:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1357:Mahdali dynasty
1320:
1312:
1311:
1252:Muscat and Oman
1022:Imamate of Oman
1015:
1007:
1006:
770:
762:
761:
545:
537:
536:
490:
482:
481:
412:Emesene Dynasty
365:
328:
323:Sasanian Empire
291:
287:
285:Sasanian Empire
271:
240:
236:
178:Sasanian Empire
168:
153:
144:
137:
136:Lakhmid Kingdom
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:Arab dynasties
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3273:Vandal kingdom
3270:
3265:
3260:
3258:Rugian kingdom
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3116:
3089:
3083:
3056:van Donzel, E.
3041:
3036:978-0884021162
3035:
3017:
3012:978-1474401012
3011:
2996:
2981:
2938:
2932:
2920:, ed. (1992).
2914:
2896:(2): 245â267.
2885:
2879:
2867:, ed. (1999).
2861:
2855:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2798:KrÀmer, Gudrun
2784:
2771:
2758:
2745:
2733:
2731:, p. 120.
2721:
2707:
2693:
2678:
2666:
2628:
2586:
2584:, p. 275.
2571:
2569:, p. 258.
2556:
2549:
2529:
2504:
2497:
2479:
2457:TafaĆŒĆŒolÄ«, A.
2449:
2432:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2362:
2359:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2306:(non-dynastic)
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:(non-dynastic)
2122:Aws ibn Qallam
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2083:'Amr I ibn Adi
2080:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2062:
2061:Lakhmid rulers
2059:
2057:royal family.
2025:Main article:
2022:
2019:
2017:city of Kufa.
1988:Battle of Hira
1931:Constantius II
1844:
1841:
1816:
1813:
1754:Eastern Arabia
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1628:
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1583:
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1579:
1568:
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1534:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:Ras al Khaymah
1448:
1447:
1444:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1372:Mazrui dynasty
1368:
1367:
1364:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
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1304:
1298:
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1287:
1284:
1278:
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1274:
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1258:
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1254:
1248:
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1238:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1218:
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1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1188:
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1174:
1168:
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1164:
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1128:
1127:
1124:
1118:
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1114:
1108:
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1088:
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1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
989:
983:
982:
979:
973:
972:
969:
963:
962:
959:
953:
952:
949:
943:
942:
939:
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929:
923:
922:
919:
913:
912:
909:
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902:
899:
893:
892:
889:
883:
882:
879:
873:
872:
869:
863:
862:
859:
853:
852:
849:
843:
842:
839:
833:
832:
829:
823:
822:
819:
813:
812:
809:
803:
802:
799:
793:
792:
789:
787:Fihrid Emirate
783:
782:
779:
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
758:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
738:
737:
734:
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
708:
707:
704:
698:
697:
694:
688:
687:
684:
678:
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664:
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628:
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614:
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598:
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584:
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568:
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458:
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428:
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398:
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388:
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366:
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316:
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307:
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288:
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279:
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272:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
254:
253:
250:
246:
245:
222:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:(court poetry)
212:Middle Persian
209:
203:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
174:
170:
169:
166:
158:
157:
146:
145:
138:
135:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3356:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Hunnic empire
3226:
3224:
3223:Gepid kingdom
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3145:
3143:0-521-20093-8
3139:
3135:
3132:. Cambridge:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3021:ShahĂźd, Irfan
3018:
3014:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2964:
2963:de Courteille
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2933:0-521-20160-8
2929:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2856:0-521-20092-X
2852:
2848:
2845:. Cambridge:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:Bosworth 1983
2737:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2690:. p. 47.
2689:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2652:on 2020-06-02
2648:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2550:9780521325912
2546:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2530:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2498:9780825493638
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2361:In literature
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2311:
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2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:Many modern "
2032:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1920:Fars Province
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:Imru' al-Qais
1882:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:Al-Nu'man III
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:Southern Iraq
1747:
1742:
1737:romanized as:
1728:
1723:
1718:romanized as:
1709:
1708:al-ManÄdhirah
1704:
1703:al-Lakhmiyyƫn
1698:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1668:
1666:
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1558:
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1547:
1546:Umm al-Quwain
1543:
1540:
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1535:
1532:
1528:
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855:
854:
850:
848:
847:Muslim Sicily
845:
844:
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838:
835:
834:
830:
828:
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815:
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524:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:
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498:
495:
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486:
485:
476:450 ADâ550 AD
475:
473:
470:
469:
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463:
460:
459:
455:
453:
450:
449:
445:
443:
440:
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435:
433:
430:
429:
425:
423:
420:
419:
416:64 BCâ300s AD
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:132 BCâ244 AD
405:
403:
400:
399:
396:400 BCâ106 AD
395:
393:
390:
389:
386:600 BCâ100 BC
385:
383:
380:
379:
376:800 BCâ300 BC
375:
373:
370:
369:
361:
360:
356:
352:
351:
346:
326:
324:
321:
320:
317:
315:
314:
311:
308:
306:
305:
301:
297:
289:
286:
273:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Arab Paganism
230:
226:
223:
219:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
196:
192:
189:
186:
182:
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147:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2011
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3128:
3103:
3099:
3074:
3073:Volume VIII:
3067:
3025:
3001:
2991:
2986:
2954:
2941:
2922:
2893:
2889:
2869:
2841:
2805:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2715:
2710:
2701:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2669:
2661:
2654:. Retrieved
2647:the original
2638:
2631:
2622:
2615:. Retrieved
2603:
2599:
2589:
2539:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2516:
2507:
2488:
2482:
2474:
2467:. Retrieved
2462:
2452:
2442:
2435:
2425:
2418:
2399:Zayd ibn Amr
2364:
2344:
2334:617/618â633
2315:602â617/618
2033:
2030:
2003:Abu ÊżUbaidah
2000:
1973:
1962:
1950:Roman Empire
1943:
1935:
1924:
1905:
1893:Irfan ShahĂźd
1870:
1818:
1786:
1781:
1726:
1722:al-ManÄdhira
1707:
1683:
1681:
1641:1921âpresent
1626:1900âpresent
1611:1868âpresent
1596:1833âpresent
1581:1810âpresent
1566:1783âpresent
1551:1775âpresent
1536:1761âpresent
1521:1752âpresent
1506:1749âpresent
1491:1744âpresent
1486:Saudi Arabia
1476:1727âpresent
1461:1727âpresent
1446:1631âpresent
461:
456:300sâ500s AD
310:Succeeded by
309:
242:Christianity
232:Unofficial:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3064:Lecomte, G.
2729:ShahĂźd 1995
2674:Fisher 2011
2567:Fisher 2011
1748:kingdom in
1346:Pate Island
1319:East Africa
1112:Sulaymanids
1052:Ukhaidhirds
837:Sulaymanids
807:Muhallabids
712:Munqidhites
612:Shirvanshah
466:300sâ602 AD
436:196â1100 AD
426:100sâ241 AD
238:Manichaeism
3293:Categories
2959:de Meynard
2582:Sauer 2017
2522:8 February
2469:8 February
2410:References
2355:al-Andalus
2310:Nakhiragan
2232:503/5â554
2046:, and the
1969:Khosrow II
1946:Ghassanids
1873:Banu Lakhm
1797:Khosrow II
1789:Al-Bahrain
1741:Banƫ Lakhm
1727:Banu Lakhm
1632:Hashemites
1587:Al Maktoum
1557:Al Khalifa
1242:Upper Yafa
1232:Ya'arubids
1072:Qarmatians
957:Sumadihids
446:220â638 AD
442:Ghassanids
249:Government
80:newspapers
2947:Al-Masudi
2814:1873-9830
2756:, pg. 233
2389:Tanukhids
2372:Euphrates
2036:Qahtanite
1837:Byzantine
1793:Al-Yamama
1744:) was an
1697:romanized
1617:Al Sharqi
1572:Al Nuaimi
1542:Al Mualla
1531:Abu Dhabi
1527:Al Nahyan
1467:Al Qasimi
1452:Al Qasimi
1416:1860â1887
1406:1858â1895
1391:1856â1964
1381:1746â1828
1366:1277â1495
1351:1203â1894
1306:1926â1970
1296:1906â1934
1286:1903â1967
1276:1858â1967
1272:Qu'aitids
1266:1836â1921
1262:Rashidids
1256:1820â1970
1246:1800â1967
1236:1624â1742
1226:1597â1872
1216:1463â1521
1206:1454â1526
1196:1395â1967
1192:Kathirids
1186:1305â1487
1182:Jarwanids
1176:1253â1320
1166:1229â1454
1156:1159â1174
1146:1154â1624
1142:Nabhanids
1136:1083â1174
1126:1076â1253
1116:1063â1174
1106:1047â1138
1102:Sulayhids
1001:1837â1969
997:Senussids
991:1554â1659
981:1230â1492
971:1049â1078
961:1041â1091
951:1039â1110
941:1031â1091
937:Jawharids
931:1027â1063
927:Muzaynids
921:1026â1057
917:Hammudids
911:1023â1062
907:Yahsubids
901:1023â1091
891:1020â1086
881:1013â1039
871:1012â1051
861:1004â1412
827:Aghlabids
756:1697â1842
746:1517â1865
736:1480â1677
726:1517â1697
716:1025â1157
706:1024â1080
702:Mirdasids
692:Numayrids
672:Jarrahids
662:Mazyadids
642:Hamdanids
632:Hashimids
592:Habbarids
582:Dulafids
432:Tanukhids
221:Religion
3299:Lakhmids
3066:(eds.).
3023:(1984).
2971:citation
2910:56136927
2804:(eds.).
2612:30082945
2378:See also
2295:580â602
2282:574â580
2269:573â574
2258:569â573
2245:554â569
2219:503â505
2205:497â503
2192:490â497
2179:462â490
2166:418â462
2153:390â418
2140:368â390
2127:363â368
2113:328â363
2100:295â328
2087:268â295
1912:Bahraini
1758:al-Hirah
1713:ۧÙÙ
Ùۧ۰۱۩
1692:ۧÙÙŰźÙ
ÙÙÙ
1621:Fujairah
1602:Al Thani
1512:Al Sabah
1401:Wituland
1336:896â1279
1292:Idrisids
1222:Qasimids
1202:Tahirids
1172:Usfurids
1162:Rasulids
1132:Zurayids
1096:968â1925
1082:Wajihids
1076:899â1077
1066:897â1962
1056:865â1066
1042:Yufirids
1036:819â1138
1032:Ziyadids
1026:751â1970
967:Tahirids
897:Abbadids
877:Tujibids
851:831â1091
817:Idrisids
801:756â1031
781:710â1019
777:Salihids
742:Harfushs
732:Turabays
696:990â1081
686:990â1096
682:Uqaylids
676:970â1107
666:961â1150
656:955â1071
652:Rawadids
646:890â1004
636:869â1075
616:861â1538
602:Kaysites
596:854â1011
566:736â1122
531:909â1171
527:Fatimids
521:750â1258
517:Abbasids
507:Umayyads
497:Rashidun
462:Lakhmids
452:Salihids
252:Monarchy
225:Official
188:Al-Hirah
141:ۧÙÙ
Ùۧ۰۱۩
3126:(ed.).
3075:NedâSam
2839:(ed.).
2825:Sources
2324:Azadbeh
1865:Persian
1853:al-Hira
1843:History
1823:of the
1795:. When
1782:NaáčŁrids
1756:, with
1732:ŰšÙÙ ÙŰźÙ
1699::
1561:Bahrain
1497:Al Said
1482:Al Saud
1471:Sharjah
1441:Morocco
1437:'Alawis
1376:Mombasa
1212:Jabrids
1152:Mahdids
1122:Uyunids
1086:926â965
1062:Rassids
1046:847â997
987:Saadids
977:Nasrids
887:Amirids
867:Bakrids
857:Kanzids
841:814â922
831:800â909
821:788â974
811:771â793
791:745-757
752:Shihabs
722:Ma'nids
626:864â928
622:Alavids
606:860â964
586:840â897
576:824â961
556:654â884
511:661â750
501:632â661
257:History
184:Capital
152:268â602
94:scholar
3140:
3081:
3062:&
3033:
3009:
2930:
2908:
2877:
2853:
2812:
2656:10 May
2624:Arabs.
2617:10 May
2610:
2547:
2495:
2074:Reign
2071:Ruler
2055:Arslan
1939:Najran
1688:Arabic
1636:Jordan
1516:Kuwait
947:Hudids
292:
260:
206:Syriac
200:Arabic
173:Status
154:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3050:. In
2990:[
2906:S2CID
2650:(PDF)
2643:(PDF)
2608:JSTOR
2405:Notes
2308:with
2052:Druze
2015:Iraqi
1927:Syria
1877:Yemen
1825:Lakhm
1725:) or
1606:Qatar
1591:Dubai
1576:Ajman
1361:Kilwa
1331:Shewa
101:JSTOR
87:books
18:Lakhm
3138:ISBN
3079:ISBN
3031:ISBN
3007:ISBN
2977:link
2951:"44"
2928:ISBN
2875:ISBN
2851:ISBN
2810:ISSN
2658:2021
2619:2021
2545:ISBN
2524:2023
2493:ISBN
2471:2017
2368:Kufa
2345:The
2044:Iraq
2040:Oman
1996:Kufa
1916:Iran
1805:Najd
1791:and
1752:and
1746:Arab
1682:The
1501:Oman
73:news
3108:doi
2944:by
2898:doi
2353:in
1990:by
1821:Amr
290:602
277:268
56:by
3295::
3102:.
3098:.
3058:;
3054:;
2973:}}
2969:{{
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2892:.
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2602:.
2598:.
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2300:18
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2224:12
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2197:10
2068:#
2042:,
2007:d.
1941:.
1922:.
1863:A
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1766:CE
1762:AD
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1716:,
1694:,
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294:AD
275:c.
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3087:.
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