266:
470:. Volcano scientists play a critical role in effective hazard education by informing officials and the public about realistic hazard probabilities and scenarios (including potential magnitude, timing, and impacts); by helping evaluate the effectiveness of proposed risk-reduction strategies; by helping promote acceptance of (and confidence in) hazards information through participatory engagement with officials and vulnerable communities as partners in risk reduction efforts; and by communicating with emergency managers during extreme events. An example of such a model is
562:
459:'s first lahars in 500 years, a system to monitor and warn of lahars has been in operation. Radio-telemetered rain gauges provide data on rainfall in lahar source regions, acoustic flow monitors on stream banks detect ground vibration as lahars pass, and staffed watchpoints further confirm that lahars are rushing down Pinatubo's slopes. This system has enabled warnings to be sounded for most but not all major lahars at Pinatubo, saving hundreds of lives. Physical preventative measures by the
222: cu mi). A debris-flow lahar can erase virtually any structure in its path, while a hyperconcentrated-flow lahar is capable of carving its own pathway, destroying buildings by undermining their foundations. A hyperconcentrated-flow lahar can leave even frail huts standing, while at the same time burying them in mud, which can harden to near-concrete hardness. A lahar's viscosity decreases the longer it flows and can be further thinned by rain, producing a
39:
494:
193:
place and time within a single event, owing to changes in sediment supply and water supply. Lahars are described as 'primary' or 'syn-eruptive' if they occur simultaneously with or are triggered by primary volcanic activity. 'Secondary' or 'post-eruptive' lahars occur in the absence of primary volcanic activity, e.g. as a result of rainfall during pauses in activity or during dormancy.
374:
157:
1573:
1381:
1001:
229:
Lahars vary in speed. Small lahars less than a few metres wide and several centimetres deep may flow a few metres per second. Large lahars hundreds of metres wide and tens of metres deep can flow several tens of metres per second (22 mph or more), much too fast for people to outrun. On steep slopes,
192:
concentration. Lahars can occur as normal stream flows (sediment concentration of less than 30%), hyper-concentrated stream flows (sediment concentration between 30 and 60%), or debris flows (sediment concentration exceeding 60%). Indeed, the rheology and subsequent behaviour of a lahar may vary in
1611:
Rodgers, M.; Dixon, T. H.; Gallant, E.; López, C. M.; Malservisi, R.; Ordoñez, M.; Richardson, J. A.; Voss, N. K.; Xie, S. (2015). "Terrestrial Radar
Interferometry and Structure-from-Motion Data from Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia for Improved Hazard Assessment and Volcano Monitoring".
643:
On the morning of 1 October 1995, pyroclastic material which clung to the slopes of
Pinatubo and surrounding mountains rushed down because of heavy rain, and turned into an 8-metre (25 ft) lahar. This mudflow killed at least 100 people in Barangay Cabalantian in
1336:
Massey, Christopher I.; Manville, Vernon; Hancox, Graham H.; Keys, Harry J.; Lawrence, Colin; McSaveney, Mauri (September 2010). "Out-burst flood (lahar) triggered by retrogressive landsliding, 18 March 2007 at Mt
Ruapehu, New Zealand—a successful early warning".
343:
In particular, although lahars are typically associated with the effects of volcanic activity, lahars can occur even without any current volcanic activity, as long as the conditions are right to cause the collapse and movement of mud originating from existing
115:
Lahars are often extremely destructive and deadly; they can flow tens of metres per second, they have been known to be up to 140 metres (460 ft) deep, and large flows tend to destroy any structures in their path. Notable lahars include those at
547:, were published around the world. Other photographs of the lahars and the impact of the disaster captured attention worldwide and led to controversy over the degree to which the Colombian government was responsible for the disaster.
1425:
Leone, Frédéric; Gaillard, Jean-Christophe (1999). "Analysis of the institutional and social responses to the eruption and the lahars of Mount
Pinatubo volcano from 1991 to 1998 (Central Luzon, Philippines)".
1094:
589:
and neighbouring cities and towns were damaged by lahars when Sapang Balen Creek and the Abacan River became channels for mudflows and carried them to the heart of the city and surrounding areas.
474:. These models are directed towards future planning: identifying low-risk regions to place community buildings, discovering how to mitigate lahars with dams, and constructing evacuation plans.
1247:
Suryo, I.; Clarke, M. C. G. (February 1985). "The occurrence and mitigation of volcanic hazards in
Indonesia as exemplified at the Mount Merapi, Mount Kelut and Mount Galunggung volcanoes".
968:
Janda, Richard J.; Daag, Arturo S.; Delos Reyes, Perla J.; Newhall, Christopher G.; Pierson, Thomas C.; Punongbayan, Raymundo S.; Rodolfo, Kelvin S.; Solidum, Renato U.; Umbal, Jesse V.
306:
Lava can erupt from open vents and mix with wet soil, mud or snow on the slope of the volcano making a very viscous, high energy lahar. The higher up the slope of the volcano, the more
640:. The Bamban Bridge on the MacArthur Highway, a major north–south transportation route, was destroyed, and temporary bridges erected in its place were inundated by subsequent lahars.
872:"Lahar characteristics as a function of triggering mechanism at a seasonally snow-clad volcano: contrasting lahars following the 2014 phreatic eruption of Ontake Volcano, Japan"
230:
lahar speeds can exceed 200 kilometres per hour (120 mph). A lahar can cause catastrophic destruction along a potential path of more than 300 kilometres (190 mi).
364:
can cause the still-hanging slabs of solidified mud to come rushing down the slopes at a speed of more than 18.64 mph (30.0 km/h), causing devastating results.
1411:
870:
Kataoka, Kyoko S.; Matsumoto, Takane; Saito, Takeshi; Kawashima, Katsuhisa; Nagahashi, Yoshitaka; Iyobe, Tsutomu; Sasaki, Akihiko; Suzuki, Keisuke (December 2018).
1473:
Pitman, E. Bruce; Nichita, C. Camil; Patra, Abani; Bauer, Andy; Sheridan, Michael; Bursik, Marcus (December 2003). "Computing granular avalanches and landslides".
1509:
524:, they melted the mountain's glaciers, sending four enormous lahars down its slopes at 60 kilometers per hour (37 miles per hour). The lahars picked up speed in
1105:
409:, are built on top of lahar deposits that are only about 500 years old. Lahars are predicted to flow through the valley every 500 to 1,000 years, so Orting,
1879:
430:
1101:
1892:
449:
803:
742:
1065:
561:
463:
were not adequate to stop over 6 m (20 ft) of mud from flooding many villages around Mount
Pinatubo from 1992 through 1998.
1767:
771:
277:
265:
1668:
1872:
1589:
1397:
1016:
570:
556:
426:
1222:
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canyon and covered an area of over 330 square kilometres (130 sq mi), for a total volume of 2.3 cubic kilometres (
1837:
725:
Vallance, James W.; Iverson, Richard M. (2015). "Chapter 37 – Lahars and Their
Deposits". In Sigurdsson, Haraldur (ed.).
2241:
1548:
1976:
1312:
31:
1577:
1510:"Evaluation of ASTER and SRTM DEM data for lahar modeling: A case study on lahars from Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico"
1385:
1005:
1865:
1644:
358:
underneath or close to the volcano can shake material loose and cause it to collapse, triggering a lahar avalanche.
249:
under 5 metres (16 ft) of mud and debris and killing an estimated 23,000 people. A lahar caused New
Zealand's
434:
1810:
273:
209:
1197:
1173:
43:
597:
466:
Scientists and governments try to identify areas with a high risk of lahars based on historical events and
184:
is a general term for a flowing mixture of water and pyroclastic debris. It does not refer to a particular
577:
passed over the volcano during its eruption on 15 June 1991, and the resulting rain triggered the flow of
20:
1723:
Martinez, Ma. Mylene L.; Arboleda, Ronaldo A.; Delos Reyes, Perla J.; Gabinete, Elmer; Dolan, Michael T.
791:
1698:"Watershed Disturbance and Lahars on the East Side of Mount Pinatubo During the mid-June 1991 Eruptions"
593:
460:
452:
and hailed as a success after it successfully alerted officials to an impending lahar on 18 March 2007.
1639:
1947:
1621:
1524:
1482:
1346:
1139:
883:
842:
652:
ordered the construction of the FVR Mega Dike in an attempt to protect people from further mudflows.
574:
414:
401:
in
Indonesia – are considered particularly dangerous due to the risk of lahars. Several towns in the
333:
307:
145:
613:
2297:
1540:
1443:
1362:
1264:
1155:
1073:
911:
629:
422:
410:
406:
205:
437:, so that people can flee an approaching debris flow in the event of a Mount Rainier eruption.
2256:
1966:
1900:
1763:
1508:
Huggel, C.; Schneider, D.; Miranda, P. Julio; Delgado
Granados, H.; Kääb, A. (February 2008).
1405:
799:
767:
759:
738:
645:
601:
540:
517:
300:
250:
141:
81:
2188:
2182:
1984:
1888:
1755:
1532:
1490:
1435:
1354:
1291:
1256:
1147:
1045:
945:
901:
891:
887:
850:
730:
682:
418:
101:
57:
1784:
573:. The initial eruption killed six people, but the lahars killed more than 1500. The eye of
2292:
2087:
929:
667:
609:
544:
521:
513:
498:
254:
234:
121:
38:
1857:
1842:
1625:
1528:
1486:
1350:
1143:
846:
701:
2040:
1956:
1759:
1130:
Tanguy, J.; et al. (1998). "Victims from volcanic eruptions: a revised database".
734:
655:
649:
633:
565:
A before-and-after photograph of a river valley filled in by lahars from Mount Pinatubo
502:
493:
488:
467:
456:
441:
402:
242:
125:
117:
1847:
1038:"Volcanic hazards with regard to siting nuclear-power plants in the Pacific northwest"
2286:
2251:
2049:
1536:
1447:
1366:
1268:
1159:
1010:
915:
625:
445:
390:
386:
326:
318:
201:
197:
27:
1544:
1260:
831:"Reducing risk from lahar hazards: concepts, case studies, and roles for scientists"
528:
and coursed into the six major rivers at the base of the volcano; they engulfed the
226:-like mixture that can remain fluidized for weeks and complicate search and rescue.
2246:
2168:
2163:
1996:
1961:
1909:
672:
582:
578:
394:
345:
208:
some 5600 years ago resulted in a wall of mud 140 metres (460 ft) deep in the
196:
In addition to their variable rheology, lahars vary considerably in magnitude. The
173:
1853:
USGS fact sheet – "Mount Rainier – Living Safely With a Volcano in Your Back Yard"
536:
257:
in 1953. Lahars have caused 17% of volcano-related deaths between 1783 and 1997.
2261:
2147:
2080:
2059:
2054:
1932:
621:
355:
322:
93:
1585:
Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Landslides in the Western Hemisphere
373:
1942:
1439:
1358:
896:
871:
855:
830:
398:
378:
165:
1583:
970:"Assessment and Response to Lahar Hazard around Mount Pinatubo, 1991 to 1993"
933:
2271:
2266:
2214:
2129:
2124:
2119:
1922:
1917:
539:, brought the overall death toll to over 25,000. Footage and photographs of
223:
161:
1724:
1391:
1151:
253:, where 151 people died after a Christmas Eve express train fell into the
156:
2221:
2209:
2114:
2014:
617:
605:
586:
506:
361:
238:
189:
185:
1697:
1296:
1283:
969:
829:
Pierson, Thomas C; Wood, Nathan J; Driedger, Carolyn L (December 2014).
2204:
2178:
2139:
2075:
2006:
1927:
906:
471:
292:
269:
124:
in Colombia, the latter of which killed more than 20,000 people in the
105:
89:
1852:
1750:
Gudmundsson, Magnús T. (2015). "Hazards from Lahars and Jökulhlaups".
1494:
1050:
1037:
677:
637:
592:
Over 6 metres (20 ft) of mud inundated and damaged the towns of
529:
246:
109:
97:
1284:"Community exposure to lahar hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington"
1725:"Observations of 1992 Lahars along the Sacobia-Bamban River System"
2035:
1669:"Life at Risk: Biopolitics, Citizenship, and Security in Colombia"
950:
560:
532:, killing more than 20,000 of its almost 29,000 inhabitants.
525:
492:
372:
314:
264:
155:
37:
352:
Snow and glaciers can melt during periods of mild to hot weather.
104:
material, rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a
2172:
339:
Heavy rainfall can mobilize unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits.
296:
288:
1861:
168:
in Java, Indonesia. The temple was buried 6.5 metres under the
1811:"Typhoon Durian Triggers Massive Mudslides in the Philippines"
66:
1174:"Volcanic Hazards at Mount Rainier | U.S. Geological Survey"
934:"Post glacial lahars From Mount Rainier Volcano, Washington"
72:
19:
This article is about volcanic mudflow. For other uses, see
581:, boulders, and water down rivers surrounding the volcano.
1696:
Major, Jon J.; Janda, Richard J.; Daag, Arturo S. (1996).
1390:
Newhall, Chris; Stauffer, Peter H.; Hendley, James W, II.
42:
A lahar travels down a river valley in Guatemala near the
1249:
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
658:
triggered additional lahars in the Philippines in 2006.
1676:
2009 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association
1288:
U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report
790:
Vallance, James W.; Iverson, Richard M. (2015-01-01),
455:
Since mid-June 1991, when violent eruptions triggered
321:, or heavy rainfalls can generate lahars, also called
1223:"Material Lahar Dingin Masih Berbahaya - Kompas.com"
63:
2234:
2197:
2156:
2138:
2107:
2100:
2068:
2034:
2027:
2005:
1975:
1941:
1908:
1899:
1460:
1290:. Scientific Investigations Report. 2009–5211: 34.
766:. Vol. 2. Psychology Press. pp. 597–599.
377:The aftermath of a lahar from the 1982 eruption of
69:
60:
785:
783:
336:can combine with volcanic material in an eruption.
1313:"USGS: Volcano Hazards Program CVO Mount Rainier"
1282:Wood, Nathan J.; Soulard, Christopher E. (2009).
1036:Hoblitt, R.P.; Miller, C.D.; Scott, W.E. (1987).
824:
822:
820:
1838:Schools page about lahars and pyroclastic flows
1582:Schuster, Robert L.; Highland, Lynn M. (2001).
963:
961:
798:, Amsterdam: Academic Press, pp. 649–664,
729:. Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 649–664.
1517:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1066:"Deadly Lahars from Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia"
796:The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition)
172:volcanic debris accumulated from centuries of
1873:
8:
1410:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
648:. The Philippine government under President
148:introduced it as a geological term in 1922.
1785:"FVR mega dike still under threat of lahar"
385:Several mountains in the world – including
2104:
2031:
1905:
1880:
1866:
1858:
995:
993:
991:
1295:
1049:
949:
938:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
905:
895:
854:
272:left behind on trees on the banks of the
1102:Department of Conservation (New Zealand)
792:"Chapter 37 - Lahars and Their Deposits"
569:Lahars caused most of the deaths of the
535:Casualties in other towns, particularly
1042:U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
693:
1403:
450:New Zealand Department of Conservation
405:valley in Washington state, including
1393:Lahars of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines
284:Lahars have several possible causes:
7:
1823:known as "Reming" in the Philippines
497:The lahar from the 1985 eruption of
1667:Zeiderman, Austin (June 11, 2009).
1760:10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00056-0
1221:Media, Kompas Cyber (2011-02-24).
735:10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00037-7
14:
1731:. United States Geological Survey
1704:. United States Geological Survey
1461:Pierson, Wood & Driedger 2014
976:. United States Geological Survey
794:, in Sigurdsson, Haraldur (ed.),
278:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
1576: This article incorporates
1571:
1537:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.005
1384: This article incorporates
1379:
1004: This article incorporates
999:
516:erupted in central Colombia. As
56:
1590:United States Geological Survey
1398:United States Geological Survey
1261:10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1985.018.01.09
1017:United States Geological Survey
571:1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
557:1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
280:showing the height of the lahar
835:Journal of Applied Volcanology
308:gravitational potential energy
1:
1752:The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
764:Encyclopedia of Geomorphology
762:. In Andrew S. Goudie (ed.).
2242:Potentially hazardous object
1783:Isip, Rendy (24 June 2016).
1070:USGS Volcano Hazards Program
1044:. Open-File Report. 87–297.
503:wiped out the town of Armero
425:face considerable risk. The
32:Glacial lake outburst flood
2316:
1843:USGS web page about lahars
1645:Spartanburg Herald-Journal
1614:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
1592:. Open-File Report 01-0276
1311:Program, Volcano Hazards.
1198:"Lahar destroys farmlands"
554:
486:
25:
18:
1848:Mount Rainier, Washington
1359:10.1007/s10346-009-0180-5
897:10.1186/s40623-018-0873-x
856:10.1186/s13617-014-0016-4
758:Vincent E. Neall (2004).
727:Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
435:Pierce County, Washington
85:
1095:"Lahars from Mt Ruapehu"
1012:Lahars and Their Effects
876:Earth, Planets and Space
543:, a young victim of the
1440:10.1023/A:1007076704752
1132:Bulletin of Volcanology
888:2018EP&S...70..113K
120:in the Philippines and
88:) is a violent type of
1578:public domain material
1386:public domain material
1104:. 2006. Archived from
1006:public domain material
940:. Professional Paper.
566:
509:
389:in the United States,
382:
281:
245:, burying the city of
177:
160:Excavated 9th century
47:
21:Lahar (disambiguation)
1152:10.1007/s004450050222
564:
512:In 1985, the volcano
496:
461:Philippine government
376:
317:caused by a glacier,
268:
233:Lahars from the 1985
159:
41:
431:lahar warning sirens
393:in New Zealand, and
310:the flows will have.
146:Berend George Escher
108:, typically along a
1809:Steve Lang (2006).
1640:"World Photo Award"
1626:2015AGUFM.G41A1017R
1529:2008JVGR..170...99H
1487:2003PhFl...15.3638P
1351:2010Lands...7..303M
1297:10.3133/sir20095211
1144:1998BVol...60..137T
847:2014JApV....3...16P
706:USGS Photo Glossary
444:has been set up at
303:during an eruption.
44:Santa Maria volcano
1893:list by death toll
1789:iOrbit News Online
1648:. February 7, 1986
1317:volcanoes.usgs.gov
567:
510:
421:, and the Port of
383:
301:pyroclastic surges
282:
261:Trigger mechanisms
178:
164:Hindu temple near
48:
2280:
2279:
2257:Geomagnetic storm
2230:
2229:
2096:
2095:
2023:
2022:
1967:Soil liquefaction
1889:Natural disasters
1495:10.1063/1.1614253
1481:(12): 3638–3646.
1475:Physics of Fluids
805:978-0-12-385938-9
744:978-0-12-385938-9
520:erupted from the
518:pyroclastic flows
295:can be melted by
251:Tangiwai disaster
16:Volcanic mudslide
2305:
2189:Tropical cyclone
2183:Tornado outbreak
2105:
2032:
1985:Pyroclastic flow
1977:Volcano eruption
1906:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
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1780:
1774:
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1720:
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1673:
1664:
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1636:
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1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1547:. Archived from
1514:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1401:
1383:
1382:
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1371:
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1333:
1327:
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1308:
1302:
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1279:
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1272:
1244:
1238:
1237:
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1234:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1202:The Jakarta Post
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1099:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1072:. Archived from
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:10.3133/ofr87297
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1003:
1002:
997:
986:
985:
983:
981:
965:
956:
955:
953:
926:
920:
919:
909:
899:
867:
861:
860:
858:
826:
815:
814:
813:
812:
787:
778:
777:
755:
749:
748:
722:
716:
715:
713:
712:
698:
683:Land reclamation
522:volcano's crater
221:
220:
216:
87:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2226:
2193:
2157:Cyclonic storms
2152:
2134:
2092:
2088:Limnic eruption
2064:
2038:
2019:
2007:Natural erosion
2001:
1971:
1945:
1937:
1895:
1886:
1834:
1829:
1816:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1749:
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1707:
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1678:
1671:
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1661:
1651:
1649:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1523:(1–2): 99–110.
1512:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1402:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1335:
1334:
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1321:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1281:
1280:
1276:
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1241:
1232:
1230:
1229:(in Indonesian)
1220:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1172:
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656:Typhoon Reming
650:Fidel V. Ramos
555:Main article:
552:
551:Mount Pinatubo
549:
541:Omayra Sánchez
530:town of Armero
489:Armero tragedy
487:Main article:
484:
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457:Mount Pinatubo
442:warning system
403:Puyallup River
370:
369:Places at risk
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243:Armero tragedy
204:in modern-day
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126:Armero tragedy
118:Mount Pinatubo
96:composed of a
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2247:Impact event
2235:Astronomical
2169:Thunderstorm
2164:Bomb cyclone
2028:Hydrological
1997:Volcanic ash
1989:
1962:Seismic risk
1910:Mass wasting
1822:
1817:February 20,
1815:. Retrieved
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1778:
1751:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1729:FIRE and MUD
1728:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:FIRE and MUD
1701:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1643:
1634:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1584:
1567:
1556:. Retrieved
1549:the original
1520:
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1427:
1420:
1392:
1375:
1342:
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1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1306:
1287:
1277:
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1252:
1248:
1242:
1231:. Retrieved
1226:
1216:
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1201:
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1181:. Retrieved
1178:www.usgs.gov
1177:
1168:
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1125:
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1106:the original
1089:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1069:
1060:
1041:
1031:
1020:. Retrieved
1011:
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974:FIRE and MUD
973:
941:
937:
924:
879:
875:
865:
838:
834:
809:, retrieved
795:
763:
753:
726:
720:
709:. Retrieved
705:
696:
673:Mass wasting
654:
642:
591:
583:Angeles City
579:volcanic ash
568:
534:
511:
465:
454:
439:
384:
346:volcanic ash
342:
283:
237:eruption in
232:
228:
200:produced by
195:
181:
179:
174:Mount Merapi
169:
137:
135:
114:
110:river valley
51:
49:
35:
2262:Solar flare
2148:Megadrought
2108:Temperature
2081:Megatsunami
2060:Storm surge
2055:Flash flood
1933:Debris flow
1754:: 971–984.
907:2433/234673
622:Tarlac City
594:Castillejos
429:has set up
381:, Indonesia
356:Earthquakes
334:crater lake
323:glacier run
274:Muddy River
241:caused the
210:White River
152:Description
102:pyroclastic
94:debris flow
2287:Categories
1943:Earthquake
1901:Geological
1558:2021-07-06
1428:GeoJournal
1339:Landslides
1322:2018-05-24
1233:2018-06-06
1227:KOMPAS.com
1207:2018-06-06
1183:2022-07-25
1138:(2): 140.
1115:5 November
1080:2007-09-02
1022:2012-08-23
882:(1): 113.
811:2021-03-26
711:2009-04-19
689:References
630:Concepcion
399:Galunggung
379:Galunggung
348:deposits.
327:jökulhlaup
276:after the
206:Washington
176:eruptions.
166:Yogyakarta
28:Jökulhlaup
26:See also:
2298:Volcanism
2272:Hypernova
2267:Supernova
2215:Firestorm
2130:Heat wave
2125:Ice storm
2120:Cold wave
1923:Avalanche
1918:Landslide
1652:April 19,
1448:152999296
1367:140555437
1269:129879951
1160:129683922
916:135044756
841:(1): 16.
614:Mabalacat
537:Chinchiná
224:quicksand
180:The word
162:Sambisari
136:The word
132:Etymology
2222:ARkStorm
2210:Wildfire
2115:Blizzard
2015:Sinkhole
1681:July 22,
1596:June 11,
1545:51845260
1406:citation
932:(1971).
662:See also
618:Pampanga
606:Zambales
587:Pampanga
507:Colombia
478:Examples
440:A lahar
415:Puyallup
362:Rainfall
293:glaciers
239:Colombia
190:sediment
186:rheology
144:origin.
142:Javanese
82:Javanese
2205:Derecho
2179:Tornado
2140:Drought
2076:Tsunami
1928:Mudflow
1622:Bibcode
1525:Bibcode
1483:Bibcode
1347:Bibcode
1140:Bibcode
884:Bibcode
843:Bibcode
760:"Lahar"
702:"Lahar"
646:Bacolor
602:Botolan
545:tragedy
526:gullies
472:TITAN2D
448:by the
270:Mudline
217:⁄
106:volcano
90:mudflow
80:, from
2293:Lahars
1813:. NASA
1794:2 July
1766:
1735:2 July
1708:2 July
1543:
1446:
1365:
1267:
1158:
980:2 July
914:
802:
770:
741:
678:Polder
638:Tarlac
634:Bamban
423:Tacoma
411:Sumner
407:Orting
395:Merapi
247:Armero
140:is of
98:slurry
46:, 1989
2198:Other
2069:Other
2036:Flood
1990:Lahar
1672:(PDF)
1580:from
1552:(PDF)
1541:S2CID
1513:(PDF)
1444:S2CID
1388:from
1363:S2CID
1265:S2CID
1156:S2CID
1109:(PDF)
1098:(PDF)
1008:from
912:S2CID
626:Capas
610:Porac
501:that
315:flood
182:lahar
170:lahar
138:lahar
86:ꦮ꧀ꦭꦲꦂ
52:lahar
2173:Hail
2041:List
1948:List
1819:2007
1796:2021
1764:ISBN
1737:2021
1710:2021
1683:2010
1654:2011
1618:2015
1598:2010
1412:link
1117:2016
982:2021
800:ISBN
768:ISBN
739:ISBN
632:and
612:and
600:and
427:USGS
419:Fife
397:and
297:lava
291:and
289:Snow
30:and
1756:doi
1533:doi
1521:170
1491:doi
1436:doi
1355:doi
1292:doi
1257:doi
1148:doi
1046:doi
946:doi
942:677
902:hdl
892:doi
851:doi
731:doi
636:in
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