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470:. The flood would have lasted several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second. The cause of the breach is not known but may have been caused by an earthquake or simply the build-up of water pressure in the lake. As well as destroying the isthmus that connected Britain to continental Europe, the flood carved a large bedrock-floored valley down the length of the English Channel, leaving behind streamlined islands and longitudinal erosional grooves characteristic of catastrophic
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turbulent and fast-moving torrent some 50 metres (160 ft) deep. Glacial Lake
Outburst Floods are often compounded by a massive river bed erosion in the steep moraine valleys, as a result, the flood peaks increase as they flow downstream until the river reaches, where the sediment deposits. On a downstream floodplain, it suggests a somewhat slower inundation spreading as much as 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) wide. Both scenarios are significant threats to life, property and infrastructure.
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315:, Lower Barun, Tsho Rolpa, and Thulagi, all lying above 4100 m. A 2001 study done by ICIMOD and UNEP reported 20 potentially dangerous lakes in Nepal. In ten of them GLOF events have occurred in the past few years and some have been regenerating after the event. Additional dangerous glacial lakes may exist in parts of Tibet that are drained by streams crossing into Nepal, raising the possibility of outburst incidents in Tibet causing downstream damage in Nepal. The
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Dinwoody Creek from 5.66 cubic metres (200 cu ft) per second to 25.4 cubic metres (900 cu ft) per second, as recorded at a gauging station 27 kilometres (17 mi) downstream. Debris from the flood was deposited more than 32 kilometres (20 mi) along the creek. The GLOF has been attributed to the rapid retreat of the glacier, which has been ongoing since the glacier was first accurately measured in the 1960s.
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Dangerous sloughing of ice delayed the work until finally a 198-metre-long hole was completed on 4 June, days before lake began to escape via the manmade waterfall on 13 June. Venetz warned the inhabitants of the valley of the danger as water was also escaping from the base of the cone. However, the cone began to crack on the morning of 16 June and at 16:30 the ice dam broke sending 18 million m of flood waters into the valley below.
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423:(Ring Road or Iceland Road #1). The flood carried ice floes that weighed up to 5000 tons with icebergs between 100 and 200 tons striking the Gigjukvisl Bridge of the Ring Road (the ruins are well marked with explanatory signs today as a popular tourist stop). The tsunami released was up to 4 metres (13 ft) high and 600 metres (660 yd) wide. The flood carried with it 185 million tons of silt. The
330:, the BGR (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany), in cooperation with the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology in Kathmandu, have carried out studies on the Thulagi Glacier and have concluded in 2011 that even assuming the worst case, a disastrous outburst of the lake can be excluded in the near future.
1798:: a guide to the geomorphology of the Columbia Basin, Washington: prepared for the Comparative Planetary Geology Field Conference held in the Columbia Basin, 5–8 June 1978 / sponsored by Planetary Geology Program, Office of Space Science, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; edited by Victor R. Baker and Dag Nummedal.
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at the head of the glacier burst through a glacial dam, and water from the lake carved a trench down the center of the glacier for more than 0.8 kilometres (0.5 mi). An estimated 2,460,000 cubic metres (650,000,000 US gal) of water were released in four days, raising the flow level of
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decided to drill a sluice hole through the ice, tunneling from both upstream and downstream sides of the ice dam at an elevation of about 20 metres above the lake surface. An avalanche interrupted work, so a secondary tunnel was then drilled for safety reasons as the waters rose to 10 metres below.
208:, at an altitude of 4,580 metres (15,030 ft). The lake is dammed by a 150 metres (490 ft) high unconsolidated terminal moraine dam. The lake is growing larger every year due to the melting and retreat of the Trakarding Glacier, and has become the largest and most dangerous glacier lake in
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Some jökulhlaups release annually. Lake George near the Knik River had large annual outbreaks from 1918 to 1966. Since 1966 the Knik
Glacier has retreated and an ice-dam is no longer created. Lake George might resume annual floods if the glacier thickens again and blocks the valley (Post and Mayo,
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Longbasaba and Pida lakes are two moraine-dammed lakes at an altitude of about 5700 m in the
Eastern Himalayas. Due to the rise of temperature, the areas of the Longbasaba and Kaer glaciers decreased by 8.7% and 16.6% from 1978 to 2005. Water from glaciers directly flowed into Longbasaba and Pida
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Even though GLOF events have been occurring in Nepal for many decades, the 1985 Dig Cho glacial lake outburst has triggered detailed study of this phenomenon. In 1996, the Water and Energy
Commission Secretariat (WECS) of Nepal reported that five lakes were potentially dangerous, namely, Dig Tsho,
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In Tibet, one of the major barley producing areas of the
Tibetan Plateau was destroyed by GLOFs in August 2000. More than 10,000 homes, 98 bridges and dykes were destroyed and its estimated cost was about $ 75 million. The farming communities faced food shortages that year by losing their
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has a series of monitoring efforts to help prevent death and destruction in regions that are likely to experience these events. The importance of this situation has magnified over the past century due to increased populations, and the increasing number of glacial lakes that have developed due to
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Rudoy, A.N. (1998) Mountain Ice-Dammed Lakes of
Southern Siberia and their Influence on the Development and Regime of the Runoff Systems of North Asia in the Late Pleistocene. Chapter 16, pp. 215–234. – Palaeohydrology and Environmental Change / Eds: G. Benito, V.R. Baker, K.J. Gregory. –
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of the containing ice or glacial sediment can release this water over periods of minutes to days. Peak flows as high as 15,000 cubic metres per second have been recorded in such events, suggesting that the v-shaped canyon of a normally small mountain stream could suddenly develop an extremely
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In 2003, a jökulhlaup drained into Lake Tuborg on
Ellesmere Island, and the events and its aftermath were monitored. The ice-dammed lake drained catastrophically by floating its ice dam. This is an extremely rare occurrence in the Canadian High Arctic, where most glaciers are cold based, and
278:. In the recent past, flash floods have occurred in the Thimphu, Paro and Punankha-Wangdue valleys. Of the 2674 glacial lakes in Bhutan, 24 have been identified by a recent study as candidates for GLOFs in the near future. In October 1994, a GLOF 90 kilometres (56 mi) upstream from
446:. The outbursts have occurred in 1954, 1960, 1965, 1972, 1976, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1991 and 1996. In 1996, the eruption melted 3 cubic kilometres (0.72 cu mi) of ice and yielded an outburst of 6,000 cubic metres (7,800 cu yd) per second at peak flow.
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lakes, and the area of the two lakes increased by 140% and 194%. According to the report of the
Hydrological Department of Tibet in 2006, if a GLOF had occurred at the two lakes, 23 towns and villages, where more than 12,500 people live, would have been endangered.
248:, with 30 identified by the UNDP as posing an imminent threat of glacial lake outburst flooding. In 2017, a "Scaling up of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Risk Reduction in Northern Pakistan Project" was continued. In 1929, a GLOF from the Chong Khumdan Glacier in the
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Tsho Rolpa
Glacier Lake is one of the biggest glacial lakes in Nepal. The lake, which is located at an altitude of 4,580 metres (15,030 ft) in the Rolwaling Valley, Dolakha District, has grown considerably over the last 50 years due to glacial melting in the
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Proceedings of the
International Workshop on Flash Flood Forecasting coordinated by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service and the World Meteorological Organization, San José, Costa Rica, March
661:. This event has been described as a historic inspiration for research into glacial lake outburst floods. Numerous Peruvian geologists and engineers created techniques for avoiding such floods and exported the techniques worldwide.
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486:, killing 44 people, originated in a 4-km long valley located in south-western Switzerland. Fatal flooding was known during historical times with 140 deaths first recorded in 1595. After an increase of the glacier during the "
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In this Hubbard Glacier image from 16 July 2002, the glacier has closed off Russell Fjord from Disenchantment Bay. The waters behind the glacier rose 61 feet (19 m) in 10 weeks, creating a short lived Russell
494:. During 1816, the valley filled into a lake which emptied during the spring of 1817. In spring of 1818, the lake measured about 2 km in length. To stop the rapid rise of waters, the canton engineer
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In June 2013, Kedarnath in Uttarakhand witnessed flash floods along with a GLOF caused by Chorabari Tal, killing thousands of pilgrims, tourists and residents who came to visit the place.
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The Thulagi glacier located in the Upper Marsyangdi River basin, is one out of the two moraine-dammed lakes (supra-glacial lakes), identified as a potentially dangerous lake. The
442:). The peak water release from a lake that develops around the Grímsvötn Volcanic Crater in the center of the Vatnajökull ice cap generates flows that exceed the volume of the
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as one that threatened imminent and catastrophic collapse. The situation was eventually relieved by carving a water channel from the lip of the lake to relieve water pressure.
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Pakistan has more than 7000 glaciers, which is more than anywhere else in the world, except for the polar regions. As of 2018, more than 3,000 glacial lakes had formed in
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Lasafam Iturrizaga. GLACIER LAKE OUTBURST FLOODS / "Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers" Springer, 2011/Eds. Vijay P. Singh, Pratap Singh and Umesh K. Haritashya
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Osti, Rabindra; Egashira, Shinji (25 August 2009). "Hydrodynamic characteristics of the Tam Pokhari Glacial Lake outburst flood in the Mt. Everest region, Nepal".
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often inundate a nearby airstrip. About 40 cabins could potentially be affected and a few have been damaged by the larger floods. Events from Salmon Glacier near
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Benediktsson, Stefán; Helgadóttir, Sigrún. "The Skeiđarđá River in Full Flood 1996," Skaftafell National Park: Environment and Food Agency, UST, March 2007.
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A flood caused by a glacial lake outburst flood on 13 December 1941 killed an estimated 1,800 people along its path in Peru, including many in the town of
1295:"Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel". Sanjeev Gupta, Jenny S. Collier, Andy Palmer-Felgate & Graeme Potter.
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38:, Alaska, squeezes towards Gibert Point on 20 May 2002. The glacier is close to sealing off Russell Fjord (top) from Disenchantment Bay (below).
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Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal. – International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, March 2011
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395:, as the south of Iceland has very often been the victim of such catastrophes. This was the case in 1996, when a volcano north of the
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141:. When a marginal lake bursts, it may also be called a marginal lake drainage. When a sub-glacial lake bursts, it may be called a
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under the ice, or massive displacement of water in a glacial lake when a large portion of an adjacent glacier collapses into it.
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10 metres (33 ft) high could be seen on the banks of the river where the glacier run had left them behind (see also
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58:. An event similar to a GLOF, where a body of water contained by a glacier melts or overflows the glacier, is called a
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Sedimentary Effects of cataclysmic late Pleistocene glacial Flooding, Altai Mountains, Siberia // Sedimentary Geology
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watershed toward the end of the last ice age. They were the result of periodic breaches of ice dams in present-day
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Johnson, R.G.; S.-E. Lauritzen (1995). "Hudson Bay-Hudson Strait jökulhlaups and Heinrich events: a hypothesis".
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term that has been adopted into the English language, originally referring only to glacial outburst floods from
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is thought to have been created around 200,000 years ago by a catastrophic GLOF caused by the breaching of the
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Glacier Dammed Lakes and Outburst Floods in Alaska. HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS ATLAS HA-455. Anchorage, Alaska
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797:"Increasing risk of glacial lake outburst floods as a consequence of climate change in the Himalayan region"
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A 2023 study found 15 million people at risk from this hazard, mostly in China, India, Pakistan, and Peru.
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746: – Deposits created as a result of catastrophic outbursts of Pleistocene giant glacier-dammed lakes
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Proceedings of the LEG Regional Workshop on NAPA coordinated by UNITAR, Thimphu, Bhutan, September 2006
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Glacial lake volumes vary, but may hold millions to hundreds of millions of cubic metres of water.
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Advancing the Fundamental Sciences: A Selection of Presentations for Forest Service Earth Scientists
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The Hubbard Glacier is overwhelmed on 14 August 2002 in the second largest GLOF in historical times.
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Clague, J.J.; Evans, S.G. (1997). "The 1994 jökulhlaup at Farrow Creek, British Columbia, Canada".
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1224:"Assessment and Simulation of Glacier Lake Outburst Floods for Longbasaba and Pida Lakes, China"
1119:. Thimphu, Bhutan: Hydro-Met Services Division, Dept. of Energy, Ministry of Trade and Industry.
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glacier lake is located in the Rolwaling Valley, about 110 kilometres (68 mi) northeast of
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There are a number of imminent deadly GLOF situations that have been identified worldwide. The
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1264:"An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat, and Subsequent Impacts in Nepal, India and China".
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1581:"Limnology, sedimentology, and hydrology of a jökulhlaup into a meromictic high arctic lake"
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flows through its bed. This river seasonally drained glacial meltwater into what is now the
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flow made it for several days the second largest river (in terms of water flow) after the
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Almost every year, GLOFs occur in two locations in southeastern Alaska, one of which is
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Wiedmer, Michael; Montgomery, David R.; Gillespie, Alan R.; Greenberg, Harvey (2010).
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released from the Vatnajökull Ice Cap in Iceland. It is not by chance that the term
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of North America was contemporaneously also subject to glacial outburst floods from
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Increasing glacial melting because of climate change, alongside other environmental
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reached a flow rate of 50,000 cubic metres per second, and destroyed parts of the
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regions of South America and those countries in Europe that have glaciers in the
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Giant current ripples: A Review. Гигантская рябь течения: обзор новейших данных.
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1350:"Late Quaternary megafloods from Glacial Lake Atna, Southcentral Alaska, U.S.A."
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is released. A water body that is dammed by the front of a glacier is called a
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Type of outburst flood that occurs when the dam containing a glacial lake fails
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1454:"Jökulhlaup in the Wind River Mountains, Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming"
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in the Karakoram, a part of historic Kashmir, ceded by Pakistan to China.
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New study finds 15 million people live under the threat of glacial floods
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GLOFs occur with regularity in the valleys and low lying river plains of
1777:"Enlarged Views of 2002 Russell Fiord Closure and Russell Lake Outburst"
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Remains of a steel bridge, close to Skaftafell, after a glacial outburst
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A jökulhlaup is thus a sub-glacial outburst flood. Jökulhlaup is an
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1109:"Flash Floods and Debris Flows due to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods"
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ice-dammed lakes typically drain slowly by overtopping their dams.
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1698:"Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Monitoring and Early Warning System"
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2013:
1756:"Small-scale glacial lake outburst flood, Lemon Glacier, Alaska"
1036:"UNPO: Gilgit-Baltistan: Millions at Risk From Melting Glaciers"
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railway track, derailed a freight train and buried parts of the
490:", an ice cone started to form from the accumulation of falling
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653:. The cause was a block of ice that fell from a glacier in the
907:"Will Climate Change Cause More Glacial Lake Outburst Floods?"
795:
Riaz, Somana; Ali, Arshad; Baig, Muhammad N. (18 March 2014).
137:, and a water body that is capped by the glacier is called a
567:, resulting in the draining of a body of water now known as
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1718:"Mount Rainier Glacier Hazards and Glacial Outburst Floods"
839:
Veh, Georg; Korup, Oliver; Walz, Ariane (14 January 2020).
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1,200 km downstream (a maximum flood rise of 8.1 m at
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Natural dams and outburst floods of the Karakoram Himalaya
535:. The releases associated with the Tulsequah Glacier near
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basin is reported to contain 1025 glaciers and 338 lakes.
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may have generated a number of glacial outburst floods.
197:, have been identified as the regions at greatest risk.
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Xin, Wang; Shiyin, Liu; Wanqin, Guo; Junli, Xu (2008).
1178:. New York City: World Policy Institute. Archived from
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glacier erupted, filling Grímsvötn, and then the river
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A major GLOF was reported in 1978 in the valley of the
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could have been caused by gigantic jökulhlaups from a
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Between 6 and 10 September 2003, a GLOF occurred from
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as the water raced toward the ocean, resulting in the
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In 1978, debris flows triggered by a jökulhlaup from
1009:"Tsho Rolpa GLOF Risk Reduction Project: Background"
987:"Global Warming Triggers Glacial Lakes Flood Threat"
841:"Hazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods"
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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1491:"Adapting to Climate Hazards in the Peruvian Andes"
286:River, damaging the dzong and causing casualties.
1620:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1326:Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes
1143:"GIS Tools Demonstration: Bhutan Glacial Hazards"
758: – Depositional forms in channeled scablands
1754:Seifert, Shannon; Terence Schwarz; Todd Walter.
579:topography that exists today across Central and
1489:Carey, Mark; Moulton, Holly (1 February 2018).
845:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1775:U.S. Geological Survey, Terence; Todd Walter.
1664:Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 353 p.
1579:Lewis, T.; Francus, P.; Bradley, R.S. (2007).
129:occurring when water dammed by a glacier or a
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1429:. Jackson Hole News and Guide. Archived from
1068:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
8:
1820:Scablands. Скэбленд: экзотические ландшафты.
1531:Flooding events in Canada – British Columbia
1176:World Policy Journal, New York, Summer 2013
125:A glacial lake outburst flood is a type of
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543:have damaged roads near the Salmon River.
1660:(1971) U.S. Geological Survey, Denver CO.
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1696:United Nations Environmental Programme.
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551:Immense prehistoric GLOFs, known as the
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801:Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies
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752: – Type of glacial outburst flood
1463:. U.S. Forest Service. Archived from
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832:
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617:during all three phases of the last
289:In 2001, scientists identified Lake
1034:Syed, Sabiha Hasan (10 June 2020).
707:lake dammed by ice at the mouth of
1585:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1204:BGR/NLfB/GGA: Gletschersee Thulagi
1141:Wangda, Dorji (9 September 2006).
684:In 1994, a jökulhlaup occurred at
14:
1228:Mountain Research and Development
571:. The immense floods scoured the
2495:Template:Periglacial environment
1452:Oswald, Liz; Ellen Wohl (2007).
1427:"The day the Grasshopper burped"
1107:Chhopel, Karma (15 March 2006).
721:
466:region, now submerged under the
371:The most famous are the immense
1328:, pp. 52, 53, 54, 55, 68,
1170:Leslie, Jaques (17 June 2013).
695:It has been suggested that the
282:caused massive flooding on the
1739:"Southeast Alaska Jökulhlaups"
1674:Rudoy A.N. & Baker, V.R.
764: – glacial lake in Canada
686:Farrow Creek, British Columbia
559:, occurred in North America's
324:Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
1:
1566:10.1016/S0169-555X(96)00052-9
1406:Southeast Alaska Jökulhlaups.
1363:(3). Elsevier Inc.: 413–424.
407:flooded the land in front of
56:dam containing a glacial lake
2526:Glacial lake outburst floods
1640:10.1016/0031-0182(94)00120-W
1511:10.1525/curh.2018.117.796.62
605:. The region now termed the
70:. Failure can happen due to
1527:"Kicking Horse Pass – 1978"
1377:10.1016/j.yqres.2010.02.005
1299:448, 342–345 (19 July 2007)
1276:Icelandic online dictionary
1172:"A Torrent of Consequences"
54:caused by the failure of a
44:glacial lake outburst flood
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1656:Post, A. & Mayo, L.R.
1123:Conference web site (NOAA)
484:Giétro Glacier catastrophe
267:
229:
82:of rock or heavy snow, an
18:
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1322:Les glaciers en mouvement
434:After the flooding, some
413:Vatnajökull National Park
99:effects of climate change
62:. The dam can consist of
1849:1 September 2011 at the
1837:22 February 2017 at the
1716:U.S. Geological Survey.
1425:Thuermer, Angus (2004).
1415:Retrieved on 2006-12-03.
1411:12 December 2006 at the
547:Contiguous United States
1050:(inactive 3 March 2024)
866:10.1073/pnas.1914898117
611:Glacial Lake Grantsburg
603:Upper Mississippi River
595:Wisconsinian glaciation
252:caused flooding on the
232:2013 North India floods
1825:18 August 2011 at the
1796:The channeled scabland
1048:10.30541/v20i1pp.81-93
945:Hydrological Processes
814:10.4102/jamba.v6i1.110
673:destroyed part of the
460:Weald-Artois Anticline
399:lake belonging to the
391:)/running) comes from
368:
307:
177:
122:
39:
2433:Giant current ripples
1810:23 April 2011 at the
1681:21 March 2012 at the
1320:Zryd, Amédée (2008),
756:Giant current ripples
569:Glacial Lake Missoula
488:Year Without a Summer
366:
343:grain and livestock.
304:
175:
119:
34:
1861:2 April 2016 at the
1525:Environment Canada.
1209:18 July 2011 at the
1094:21 July 2011 at the
679:Trans Canada Highway
630:Wind River Mountains
591:Glacial Lake Agassiz
587:Glacial River Warren
161:Catastrophic failure
2370:Moraine-dammed lake
2197:Subglacial eruption
1783:on 11 February 2009
1724:on 26 December 2018
1632:1995PPP...117..123J
1597:2007CaJES..44..791L
1558:1997Geomo..19...77C
1369:2010QuRes..73..413W
1357:Quaternary Research
1262:WWF Nepal Program.
997:on 9 February 2004.
957:2009HyPr...23.2943O
911:State of the Planet
857:2020PNAS..117..907V
626:Grasshopper Glacier
615:Glacial Lake Duluth
577:Channeled Scablands
2202:Subglacial volcano
2185:Volcanic relations
1159:on 24 August 2006.
1086:Hewitt, K. (1982)
581:Eastern Washington
522:Copper River Basin
369:
308:
270:Glaciers of Bhutan
178:
123:
103:permafrost melting
92:volcanic eruptions
40:
2503:
2502:
2471:
2470:
1989:Accumulation zone
1832:Chuya Flood Video
1670:978-0-471-98465-8
1433:on 3 January 2013
1335:978-2-88074-770-1
951:(20): 2943–2955.
671:Cathedral Glacier
655:Cordillera Blanca
444:Mississippi River
328:Frankfurt am Main
2533:
2390:Terminal moraine
2222:
1958:Piedmont glacier
1892:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1779:. Archived from
1771:
1769:
1767:
1758:. Archived from
1750:
1748:
1746:
1737:Devaris, Aimee.
1733:
1731:
1729:
1720:. Archived from
1712:
1710:
1709:
1700:. Archived from
1644:
1643:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1495:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1422:
1416:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1317:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1241:10.1659/mrd.0894
1234:(3/4): 310–317.
1219:
1213:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1113:
1104:
1098:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1011:. Archived from
1005:
999:
998:
993:. Archived from
983:
977:
976:
965:10.1002/hyp.7405
940:
934:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
903:
897:
896:
886:
868:
836:
827:
826:
816:
792:
767:
731:
726:
725:
724:
699:during the last
675:Canadian Pacific
573:Columbia Plateau
512:During the late
246:Gilgit-Baltistan
206:Kathmandu, Nepal
139:sub-glacial lake
68:terminal moraine
2543:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2467:
2404:
2385:Sevetti moraine
2343:
2297:Roche moutonnée
2242:Cirque stairway
2211:
2180:
2159:
2083:
2044:Lateral moraine
1972:
1901:
1896:
1863:Wayback Machine
1851:Wayback Machine
1839:Wayback Machine
1827:Wayback Machine
1812:Wayback Machine
1786:
1784:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1704:on 17 July 2006
1695:
1692:
1683:Wayback Machine
1653:
1648:
1647:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1605:10.1139/E06-125
1578:
1577:
1573:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1498:Current History
1493:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1470:on 16 June 2011
1467:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1413:Wayback Machine
1404:Aimee Devaris.
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1319:
1318:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1211:Wayback Machine
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1096:Wayback Machine
1084:
1077:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1002:
985:
984:
980:
942:
941:
937:
930:
926:
916:
914:
905:
904:
900:
838:
837:
830:
794:
793:
786:
781:
776:
765:
727:
722:
720:
717:
697:Heinrich events
667:
659:Lake Palcacocha
657:mountains into
647:
638:proglacial lake
599:Minnesota River
597:; the now mild
553:Missoula Floods
549:
510:
505:
480:
456:Strait of Dover
452:
450:Strait of Dover
361:
356:
336:
299:
272:
266:
242:
234:
228:
223:
218:
187:glacier retreat
170:
114:
74:, a buildup of
50:) is a type of
36:Hubbard Glacier
27:
21:Proglacial lake
17:
12:
11:
5:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2277:Hanging valley
2274:
2272:Glacial striae
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:Periglaciation
2132:
2127:
2125:Outburst flood
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2049:Medial moraine
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:Glacier tongue
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1968:Valley glacier
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Outlet glacier
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1829:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1772:
1762:on 6 July 2008
1751:
1734:
1713:
1691:
1690:External links
1688:
1687:
1686:
1672:
1661:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1626:(1): 123–137.
1610:
1591:(6): 791–806.
1571:
1536:
1517:
1504:(796): 62–68.
1481:
1444:
1417:
1397:
1340:
1334:
1301:
1288:
1279:
1268:
1266:14 March. 2005
1255:
1214:
1196:
1162:
1130:
1127:Abstract (pdf)
1099:
1075:
1026:
1000:
978:
935:
924:
898:
851:(2): 907–912.
828:
807:(1): 7 pages.
783:
782:
780:
777:
775:
774:
771:Outburst flood
768:
759:
753:
747:
741:
734:
733:
732:
716:
713:
666:
663:
646:
643:
607:Driftless Area
561:Columbia River
557:Spokane Floods
548:
545:
509:
506:
504:
501:
479:
476:
451:
448:
411:, now part of
360:
357:
355:
352:
348:Shaksgam River
335:
332:
298:
295:
268:Main article:
265:
262:
241:
238:
230:Main article:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
182:United Nations
169:
166:
127:outburst flood
113:
110:
76:water pressure
52:outburst flood
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2539:
2538:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Glacial lakes
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2410:Glaciofluvial
2407:
2401:
2400:Veiki moraine
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Rogen moraine
2378:
2376:
2375:Pulju moraine
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Erratic block
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Tunnel valley
2320:
2318:
2317:Trough valley
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Crag and tail
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Overdeepening
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Basal sliding
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Ablation zone
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1740:
1735:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:Geomorphology
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1185:on 1 May 2017
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1015:on 7 May 2006
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
982:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
936:
933:
928:
925:
913:. 21 May 2018
912:
908:
902:
899:
894:
890:
885:
880:
876:
872:
867:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
835:
833:
829:
824:
820:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
789:
785:
778:
772:
769:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
735:
730:
719:
714:
712:
710:
709:Hudson Strait
706:
702:
698:
693:
689:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
644:
642:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
529:
525:
523:
519:
515:
507:
502:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
447:
445:
441:
440:Mýrdalsjökull
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
365:
358:
353:
351:
349:
344:
340:
333:
331:
329:
325:
320:
318:
317:Gandaki River
314:
303:
296:
294:
292:
287:
285:
281:
280:Punakha Dzong
277:
271:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
237:
233:
225:
220:
215:
213:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
183:
174:
167:
165:
162:
157:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
135:marginal lake
132:
128:
118:
111:
109:
106:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2348:Depositional
2338:Zungenbecken
2336:
2267:Glacial lake
2262:Glacial horn
2176:Mass balance
2164:Measurements
2124:
2100:Accumulation
2024:Glacier head
2019:Glacier cave
1963:Rock glacier
1817:
1802:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:the original
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1743:. Retrieved
1726:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1706:. Retrieved
1702:the original
1623:
1619:
1613:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1552:(1): 77–87.
1549:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1520:
1501:
1497:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1465:the original
1460:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:the original
1420:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1360:
1356:
1343:
1321:
1296:
1291:
1282:
1271:
1258:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1180:the original
1175:
1165:
1154:the original
1149:
1115:
1102:
1087:
1064:cite journal
1052:. Retrieved
1039:
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:the original
1003:
995:the original
991:UN Chronicle
990:
981:
948:
944:
938:
927:
915:. Retrieved
910:
901:
848:
844:
804:
800:
762:Lake Ojibway
729:Lakes portal
694:
690:
683:
668:
648:
623:
585:
550:
530:
526:
511:
496:Ignaz Venetz
481:
453:
433:
388:
384:
380:
376:
370:
345:
341:
337:
321:
309:
288:
273:
243:
235:
199:
179:
158:
147:
124:
107:
96:
47:
43:
41:
28:
2516:Volcanology
2453:Outwash fan
2448:Kettle hole
2332:Valley step
2312:Trough lake
2292:Ribbon lake
2252:Finger lake
1994:Bergschrund
1818:Рудой А. Н.
1803:Рудой А. Н.
1474:17 December
1054:3 September
738:Altai flood
593:during the
401:Vatnajökull
383:= glacier,
254:Indus River
154:Vatnajökull
2510:Categories
2480:Glaciology
2463:Urstromtal
2443:Kame delta
2395:Till plain
2192:Jökulhlaup
2150:Starvation
2029:Ice divide
1943:Ice stream
1708:2006-07-11
1651:References
1437:31 October
1390:19 January
750:Jökulhlaup
705:Hudson Bay
701:glaciation
533:Abyss Lake
516:, ancient
514:Quaternary
478:Swiss Alps
464:Doggerland
425:jökulhlaup
421:Hringvegur
417:jökulhlaup
409:Skaftafell
377:jökulhlaup
373:jökulhlaup
306:Himalayas.
291:Thorthormi
202:Tsho Rolpa
168:Monitoring
143:jökulhlaup
112:Definition
84:earthquake
60:jökulhlaup
25:Jökulhlaup
19:See also:
2225:Erosional
2217:Landforms
2088:Processes
2069:Randkluft
2064:Penitente
2009:Dirt cone
1938:Ice shelf
1933:Ice sheet
1928:Ice field
1385:129855432
1183:(article)
1042:: 81–93.
973:129506985
875:0027-8424
823:2072-845X
779:Footnotes
518:Lake Atna
482:The 1818
472:megaflood
468:North Sea
397:Grímsvötn
393:Icelandic
250:Karakoram
150:Icelandic
88:cryoseism
80:avalanche
66:ice or a
2485:Category
2423:Diluvium
2418:Alpentor
2327:U-valley
2171:Ice core
2140:Plucking
2095:Ablation
2079:Terminus
2004:Crevasse
1999:Blue ice
1899:Glaciers
1859:Archived
1847:Archived
1835:Archived
1823:Archived
1808:Archived
1679:Archived
1409:Archived
1250:18801070
1207:Archived
1092:Archived
1040:unpo.org
917:26 March
893:31888996
744:Diluvium
715:See also
589:drained
503:Americas
474:events.
436:icebergs
405:Skeiðará
284:Pho Chhu
240:Pakistan
216:Examples
2365:Moraine
2355:Drumlin
2282:Nunatak
2145:Retreat
2110:Calving
2054:Moraine
2039:Icefall
1977:Anatomy
1948:Ledoyom
1923:Ice cap
1787:11 July
1766:11 July
1745:11 July
1728:11 July
1628:Bibcode
1593:Bibcode
1554:Bibcode
1365:Bibcode
1189:17 June
1019:8 March
953:Bibcode
884:6969545
853:Bibcode
634:Wyoming
628:in the
619:ice age
565:Montana
528:1971).
520:in the
387:= run (
359:Iceland
131:moraine
72:erosion
64:glacier
2458:Sandur
2302:Suncup
2287:P-form
2237:Cirque
2120:Motion
2059:Moulin
1918:Cirque
1913:Aufeis
1741:. NOAA
1668:
1383:
1332:
1297:Nature
1248:
971:
891:
881:
873:
821:
665:Canada
651:Huaraz
613:, and
537:Juneau
508:Alaska
492:seracs
429:Amazon
415:. The
381:jökull
354:Europe
276:Bhutan
264:Bhutan
258:Attock
101:(i.e.
2428:Esker
2257:Fjord
2232:Arête
2155:Surge
2115:Creep
2074:Sérac
1906:Types
1494:(PDF)
1468:(PDF)
1457:(PDF)
1381:S2CID
1353:(PDF)
1246:S2CID
1157:(PDF)
1146:(PDF)
1112:(ppt)
969:S2CID
541:Hyder
385:hlaup
334:Tibet
297:Nepal
226:India
210:Nepal
191:Andes
121:Lake.
78:, an
2490:List
2438:Kame
2307:Tarn
2207:Tuya
2014:Firn
1789:2006
1768:2006
1747:2006
1730:2006
1666:ISBN
1476:2009
1439:2007
1392:2017
1330:ISBN
1191:2013
1117:2006
1070:link
1056:2022
1021:2006
919:2021
889:PMID
871:ISSN
819:ISSN
645:Peru
636:. A
454:The
313:Imja
221:Asia
195:Alps
180:The
48:GLOF
23:and
1636:doi
1624:117
1601:doi
1562:doi
1506:doi
1502:117
1373:doi
1236:doi
1044:doi
961:doi
879:PMC
861:doi
849:117
809:doi
555:or
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