42:
928:
277:
984:
Pass. The commander, Liu Sheng, was beheaded at the battle. The prolonged war and dire situation of Ming army in
Jiaozhi had drained the Empires resources down, leading to compromise. On 29 December 1427, Wang Tong accepted Nguyễn Trãi's terms of orderly withdrawal with "the solemn oath of eternal
751:
were allied to him. Lộ Văn Luật, an officer of Li Bin, however viewed Lê Lợi as a rival. He persuaded the
Laotians to join the Ming to attack Lê Lợi. In 1422, due to exhaustion and lacking of provisions during the battle, Lê Lợi was forced to disband his partisans and sued for peace by paying gold
815:, in 1426 proclaimed a general amnesty and abolished all taxes in Jiaozhi, except for land taxes to be paid in rice, which were needed to supply local Ming garrisons. In September that year, Lê Lợi sent his armies led by his generals,
1031:. After Lê Lợi defeated the numerically superior Chinese with the sword, he gave the sword back to the turtle and it is now said that the turtle continues to dwell in the lake, looking after the country it helped to protect.
892:), the Ming stronghold on the Red River Delta, and captured it in January 1427. Cai Fu, a Ming commander-in-chief and an engineer, surrendered to Lê Lợi, and began teaching the Vietnamese how to make siege weapons.
449:
877:
856:
651:. Although the rebellion was defeated, it provided inspiration for future Vietnamese movements. A total of 31 revolts occurred from 1415 to 1424 against Ming rule before the rebellion of
401:
362:
999:
Officials in the
Chinese court criticized Wang Tong's performance in the war. Wang was demoted to a commoner and deprived of his land, but later regained them after participating in the
442:
752:
and silver and promise the Ming administration not to renew insurgency; he then returned to Lam Sơn. In return the Ming provided him with food provision and farm implements.
1992:
1719:
492:
985:
friendship." After the treaty, Lê Lợi repatriated 86,640 Ming prisoners to China and disarmed them of all of their weapons. In 1428, Lê Lợi became king of a restored
1316:
435:
2199:
1972:
1601:
355:
1851:
711:. A betrayer led the Ming army to Lam Sơn to attack Lê Lợi in surprise. Lê Lợi's nine-year-old daughter was taken as hostage and sent to Yongle's harem.
2004:
2379:
348:
2404:
2389:
1654:
743:
marched to the Mã River valley to attack the Lam Sơn rebels. From the opposite direction, a
Laotian army with 30,000 men and 100 elephants from
2150:
2057:
1955:
2045:
1893:
1566:
1538:
1510:
1483:
1464:
1424:
1402:
1383:
1355:
2394:
904:
was being besieged. Ming prisoners and defectors provided the
Vietnamese manufacturing and launching siege weapons such as primitive tanks (
795:
and Thừa Thiên, gaining control of the southern lands. By the end of 1425, the rebel army had already conquered all lands from Thanh Hóa to
2399:
2095:
1950:
1765:
1659:
2062:
1594:
1012:
614:
590:
411:
2364:
2359:
2230:
1694:
477:
2384:
1785:
1745:
2374:
1474:
Sun, Laichen (2006), "Chinese
Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.),
556:
522:
714:
In 1419, the forces of Lê Lợi attacked and seized a Ming garrison near Lam Sơn. In late 1420, the competent Ming commander
2277:
1999:
548:
514:
2257:
2035:
1903:
1873:
1587:
2267:
2252:
1987:
1619:
1028:
2078:
1800:
1699:
707:
In
February, a Ming army under general Ma Ji (马骐) attacked Lam Sơn, but was ambushed by Lam Sơn partisans near the
1346:
Anderson, James A. (2020), "The Ming invasion of
Vietnam, 1407-1427", in Kang, David C.; Haggard, Stephan (eds.),
2247:
2083:
2009:
1780:
1770:
867:
720:
2088:
1689:
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led a Ming army to attack Mường Thôi, but was defeated. The Lam Sơn partisans later gained control of the upper
2369:
2354:
2349:
2310:
2189:
1775:
844:
936:
862:
406:
186:
176:
1024:
733:
230:
146:
2220:
2129:
1795:
1649:
1416:
880:. The battle ended with a decisive Vietnamese victory. Most of the Ming firearms and weapons were captured.
700:(平定王; "Prince of Pacification"). Lê Lợi divided his army into small bands of partisan fighters and utilized
217:
715:
618:
164:
151:
2157:
2105:
1913:
1805:
840:
41:
1020:
386:
2262:
2240:
2225:
1866:
1846:
1724:
1684:
1674:
391:
977:
971:
764:
738:
693:
415:
396:
2293:
1861:
1760:
1639:
784:
602:
96:
760:
310:
2143:
1982:
1925:
1878:
1836:
1810:
1664:
564:
530:
242:
1709:
824:
776:
487:
325:
295:
1755:
1669:
1000:
816:
792:
648:
330:
320:
1888:
763:, a commander of Lam Son, suggested that they should have moved to the south to the province of
204:
181:
788:
1967:
1704:
1644:
1562:
1534:
1506:
1479:
1460:
1420:
1398:
1379:
1351:
820:
482:
315:
282:
258:
832:
644:
305:
271:
2136:
1945:
1908:
1898:
1883:
1856:
1841:
1679:
1371:
990:
927:
828:
772:
660:
656:
640:
586:
472:
300:
286:
262:
221:
208:
190:
155:
71:
67:
2327:
2179:
2122:
2040:
1815:
1790:
836:
234:
168:
75:
1317:"Discover the Legendary Vietnamese Tale of Le Loi, the Magic Sword, and the Giant Turtle"
876:. On December 4, 54,000 Ming troops engaged 3,000 or 6,000 Vietnamese troops in the 1426
632:
572:
538:
2303:
2298:
2174:
1434:
812:
689:
628:
460:
276:
1365:
1016:
901:
889:
873:
796:
652:
582:
253:
2343:
2184:
1977:
1920:
708:
598:
100:
659:
consisted of at least 87,000 regular troops, scattering in 39 citadels and towns in
1960:
1610:
594:
118:
1375:
2272:
2215:
1750:
1348:
East Asia in the World: Twelve Events That Shaped the Modern
International Order
981:
726:
681:
624:
17:
1457:
Naga Cities of the Mekong: A Guide to the
Temples, Legends, and History of Laos
2194:
2050:
808:
941:
427:
2235:
909:
780:
701:
872:
responded by counterattacking the Vietnamese rebels in Ninh Kiều, south of
1559:
Lost Modernities: China, Vietnam, Korea, and the Hazards of World History
986:
959:
947:
747:
approached down the valley. Lê Lợi initially had the impression that the
744:
199:
121:
900:
In March 1427, the Ming citadel of Xương Giang in at the modern city of
685:
955:
692:) of 1418, Lê Lợi raised the revolt flag against Ming rule in Lam Sơn,
636:
1579:
924:). The siege took six months and the citadel felt to the rebel hands.
951:
677:
340:
2100:
2019:
926:
684:, banded together discussing a revolt against Ming forces. During
2014:
1367:
Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia
962:
on his expeditions, vying to retake the region for the Chinese.
935:
On March 29, 1427, around 120,000 Chinese reinforcements led by
768:
767:. In December 1424, the Lam Sơn partisans seized the control of
748:
79:
1583:
643:. However, at first they met fierce resistance from the former
597:. The success of the rebellion led to the establishment of the
431:
344:
1478:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 72–120,
1350:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 97–107,
1027:) surfaced who revealed itself as bearing a divine sword,
1531:
Southeast Asia in the Fifteenth Century: The China Factor
1524:. Department of English, United States Air Force Academy.
1238:
1236:
888:
On December 8, the Lam Sơn army laid siege of Đông Quan (
27:
Rebellion against Ming rule in northern Vietnam (1418-28)
1172:
1170:
1097:
1095:
1413:
Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present
1082:
1080:
589:
from 7 February 1418 to 10 December 1427 against the
1211:
1209:
2319:
2286:
2208:
2167:
2114:
2071:
2028:
1938:
1824:
1733:
1627:
1618:
1448:The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History
732:In the next year, a large Ming army under General
1552:. Yale Center for International and Area Studies.
676:On February 7, 1416, a group of 18 men including
958:, included 10,000 crack troops who had followed
756:Capture of Nghệ An and southern provinces (1425)
34:
58:(9 years, 10 months and 3 days)
2200:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1595:
704:tactics to fight against regular Ming units.
443:
356:
8:
1550:Vietnam, Hồ Quý Ly, and the Ming (1371-1421)
1503:Perpetual happiness: The Ming emperor Yongle
412:Battles of Lang Son and the Red River Valley
1505:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1624:
1602:
1588:
1580:
1145:
450:
436:
428:
363:
349:
341:
40:
31:
1370:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
771:Citadel. In June 1425, Lê Lợi's generals
1520:United States Air Force Academy (1998).
1290:
1059:
1242:
1040:
989:, and ordered Nguyễn Trãi to write the
783:. In the south, the Lam Sơn army under
235:
169:
2151:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
1188:
1176:
1157:
1141:
1117:
1101:
1278:
1200:
1129:
1071:
7:
1161:
1113:
1086:
1047:
976:In September, Liu Sheng's force was
581:) was a Vietnamese rebellion led by
1522:WLA: War, Literature & the Arts
1393:Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981),
1302:
1266:
1254:
1227:
1215:
655:in 1418. The Ming army guarding in
56:7 February 1418 – 10 December 1427
1529:Wade, Geoff; Sun, Laichen (2010).
25:
1013:Fourth Era of Northern Domination
615:Fourth Era of Northern Domination
1397:, Macmillan Education, Limited,
1011:According to legend, during the
791:and then marched through modern
275:
2380:Wars involving the Ming dynasty
1786:Japanese missions to Ming China
1446:Simms, Peter and Sanda (1999).
787:defeated a Ming army in modern
2405:Rebellions in the Ming dynasty
2390:Wars between China and Vietnam
1660:Campaign against the Uriankhai
1533:. Hong Kong University Press.
1501:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (2011).
1476:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories
878:Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động
857:Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động
577:
560:
552:
543:
526:
518:
402:Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động
1:
1720:Campaigns against the Mongols
1496:. Cambridge University Press.
672:Revolt in Thanh Hóa 1418–1423
2258:Covered jar with carp design
1874:Transition from Ming to Qing
1561:. Harvard University Press.
1557:Woodside, Alexander (2009).
1376:10.1017/cbo9781316440551.013
861:The Ming army under General
851:Battle of Tốt Động-Chúc Động
2400:Military history of Vietnam
2253:Ming presentation porcelain
1852:Japanese invasions of Korea
1494:A History of the Vietnamese
1455:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2006).
1364:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016).
950:advanced into Jiaozhi from
2421:
2115:Compilations and Documents
1746:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
1548:Whitmore, John K. (1985).
1395:History of South East Asia
969:
854:
807:The new emperor of China,
612:
2248:Chinese lacquerware table
2010:Embroidered Uniform Guard
1771:Prince of Anhua rebellion
1437:; Yian, Goh Geok (2016).
912:invented by the Muslims (
635:in 1407 and incorporated
468:
382:
131:
127:Vietnamese Lam Sơn rebels
112:
48:
39:
2311:Great Ming Treasure Note
2190:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
1973:Administrative divisions
1776:Prince of Ning rebellion
1007:Legend of Hoàn Kiếm Lake
696:. He proclaimed himself
2395:China–Vietnam relations
2365:15th-century rebellions
2360:15th century in Vietnam
2130:The Hundred-word Eulogy
1796:Great Rites Controversy
1650:Ming conquest of Yunnan
1417:Oxford University Press
1315:Sesame (4 April 2023).
803:Pushing north (1426–27)
647:members, led by Prince
2385:Wars involving Vietnam
2168:Palaces and Mausoleums
2158:Ming Veritable Records
1806:Luso-Chinese agreement
1439:Ancient Southeast Asia
995:Grand Pronouncements).
932:
841:Sino-Vietnamese border
568:
534:
132:Commanders and leaders
91:Lam Sơn rebel victory
2375:Rebellions in Vietnam
2263:Yongning Temple Stele
2000:Imperial Commissioner
1725:Reign of Ren and Xuan
1685:Ming treasure voyages
1675:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
1492:Taylor, K.W. (2013).
1411:Kiernan, Ben (2019).
1023:when a giant turtle (
930:
847:as king of Dai Viet.
613:Further information:
1862:Sino-Dutch conflicts
1761:Rebellion of Cao Qin
1690:Ming–Turpan conflict
1640:Red Turban Rebellion
920:) and hand cannons (
896:Siege of Xương Giang
2209:Society and Culture
2144:Yongle Encyclopedia
1983:Imperial Clan Court
1926:Kingdom of Tungning
1879:Jurchen unification
1811:Jiajing wokou raids
1700:Battle of Palembang
1665:Battle of Buir Lake
1435:Miksic, John Norman
843:. Lê Lợi installed
639:into the Empire as
585:in the province of
557:traditional Chinese
523:traditional Chinese
387:Battle of Thanh Hoa
2058:Military conquests
1904:Peasant rebellions
1781:Capture of Malacca
1756:Defense of Beijing
1670:Lin Kuan rebellion
1001:Defense of Beijing
972:Battle of Chi Lăng
966:Battle of Chi Lăng
933:
884:Siege of Đông Quan
835:to advance on the
619:Later Trần dynasty
569:Lam Sơn phong khởi
549:simplified Chinese
535:Khởi nghĩa Lam Sơn
515:simplified Chinese
407:Siege of Đông Quan
392:Battle of Ma River
2337:
2336:
2046:Gunpowder weapons
2005:Grand coordinator
1968:Grand Secretariat
1934:
1933:
1828:(1572–1683)
1737:(1435–1572)
1705:Battle of Kherlen
1655:Ming–Mong Mao War
1645:Wu Mian rebellion
1631:(1368–1435)
1568:978-0-67404-534-7
1540:978-9971-69-448-7
1512:978-0-295-98109-3
1485:978-1-316-44504-4
1466:978-981-05-5923-6
1459:. Media Masters.
1426:978-0-190-05379-6
1404:978-1-349-16521-6
1385:978-1-316-44055-1
1357:978-1-108-47987-5
1257:, pp. 88–89.
1148:, pp. 20–21.
1132:, pp. 47–48.
908:), counterweight
506:
505:
425:
424:
397:Battle of Nghe An
339:
338:
108:
107:
16:(Redirected from
2412:
2137:Huang-Ming Zuxun
1909:Jiashen Incident
1899:She-An Rebellion
1884:Seven Grievances
1857:Donglin movement
1842:Bozhou rebellion
1829:
1738:
1715:Lam Sơn uprising
1695:Ming–Đại Ngu War
1680:Jingnan campaign
1632:
1625:
1604:
1597:
1590:
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1572:
1553:
1544:
1525:
1516:
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1407:
1389:
1360:
1332:
1331:
1329:
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1312:
1306:
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1192:
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1111:
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1099:
1090:
1084:
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1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1025:Rùa Thần Kim Quy
991:Binh Ngo Dai Cao
945:
871:
742:
724:
661:Northern Vietnam
641:Jiaozhi Province
599:Later Lê dynasty
580:
579:
562:
554:
547:, also known as
546:
545:
528:
520:
511:Lam Sơn uprising
463:
452:
445:
438:
429:
377:
375:
374:Lam Sơn uprising
365:
358:
351:
342:
291:
279:
267:
237:
226:
213:
195:
171:
160:
101:Later Lê dynasty
95:Independence of
72:Northern Vietnam
68:Jiaozhi Province
50:
49:
44:
35:Lam Sơn uprising
32:
21:
18:Lam Sơn Uprising
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2370:Peasant revolts
2355:1420s conflicts
2350:1410s conflicts
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:History of Ming
2315:
2282:
2204:
2180:Chaotian Palace
2163:
2123:History of Yuan
2110:
2067:
2024:
1930:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1816:Single whip law
1791:Ningbo incident
1766:Miao rebellions
1739:
1736:
1729:
1633:
1630:
1614:
1608:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1500:
1491:
1486:
1473:
1467:
1454:
1450:. Curzon Press.
1445:
1433:
1427:
1410:
1405:
1392:
1386:
1363:
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1345:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1301:
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1285:
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1241:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1160:, p. 182;
1156:
1152:
1146:Stuart-Fox 2006
1144:, p. 182;
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:, p. 185;
1112:
1108:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1019:was boating on
1009:
974:
968:
939:
898:
886:
865:
859:
853:
839:and onward the
837:Red River Delta
805:
785:Trần Nguyên Hãn
758:
736:
718:
698:Bình Định Vương
674:
669:
621:
611:
576:
542:
507:
502:
464:
458:
456:
426:
421:
378:
373:
371:
369:
335:
287:
263:
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222:
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191:
156:
82:
76:Central Vietnam
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2416:
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2402:
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2306:
2304:Yongle Tongbao
2301:
2299:Hongwu Tongbao
2290:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:Forbidden City
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
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2161:
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2147:
2140:
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2126:
2118:
2116:
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2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
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2075:
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2066:
2065:
2063:Nine Garrisons
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
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1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Ordos campaign
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
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1753:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:Ming–Kotte War
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
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1609:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1471:
1465:
1452:
1443:
1431:
1425:
1408:
1403:
1390:
1384:
1361:
1356:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1281:, p. 210.
1271:
1259:
1247:
1245:, p. 196.
1232:
1220:
1205:
1203:, p. 209.
1193:
1191:, p. 183.
1181:
1179:, p. 184.
1166:
1164:, p. 185.
1150:
1134:
1122:
1120:, p. 182.
1106:
1104:, p. 182.
1091:
1089:, p. 184.
1076:
1074:, p. 208.
1064:
1052:
1050:, p. 183.
1039:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1021:Hoàn Kiếm lake
1008:
1005:
970:Main article:
967:
964:
897:
894:
885:
882:
855:Main article:
852:
849:
831:, Đinh Lễ and
813:Xuande Emperor
804:
801:
757:
754:
690:Lunar New Year
673:
670:
668:
665:
631:destroyed the
629:Emperor Yongle
610:
607:
504:
503:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
469:
466:
465:
461:Yongle Emperor
457:
455:
454:
447:
440:
432:
423:
422:
420:
419:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
383:
380:
379:
370:
368:
367:
360:
353:
345:
337:
336:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
280:
269:
256:
250:
248:
246:
245:
240:
228:
215:
202:
197:
184:
179:
174:
162:
149:
144:
141:
137:
134:
133:
129:
128:
125:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:
88:
84:
83:
66:
64:
60:
59:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2417:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
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2261:
2259:
2256:
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2251:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Ming Xiaoling
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:Vassal prince
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Eastern Depot
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Southern Ming
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
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1834:
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1823:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
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1792:
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1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1305:, p. 89.
1304:
1299:
1296:
1293:, p. 80.
1292:
1291:Baldanza 2016
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1269:, p. 88.
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1230:, p. 86.
1229:
1224:
1221:
1218:, p. 85.
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1062:, p. 92.
1061:
1060:Anderson 2020
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
992:
988:
983:
980:by Lê Lợi at
979:
973:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
943:
938:
929:
925:
923:
919:
915:
914:Xiangyang pao
911:
907:
903:
895:
893:
891:
883:
881:
879:
875:
869:
864:
858:
850:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
755:
753:
750:
746:
740:
735:
730:
728:
722:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
671:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
620:
616:
608:
606:
604:
601:by Lê Lợi in
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
574:
570:
566:
558:
550:
540:
536:
532:
524:
516:
512:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
467:
462:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
434:
433:
430:
417:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
381:
376:
366:
361:
359:
354:
352:
347:
346:
343:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
290:
284:
281:
278:
273:
270:
268:
266:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
249:
244:
243:Lương Nhữ Hốt
241:
238:
232:
229:
227:
225:
219:
216:
214:
212:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
194:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
172:
166:
163:
161:
159:
153:
150:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
136:
135:
130:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
111:
102:
98:
94:
93:
92:
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
61:
55:
52:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2326:
2320:Other topics
2231:Four Masters
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
1961:House of Zhu
1914:Shanhai Pass
1894:Great Plague
1837:Jianzhou war
1714:
1611:Ming dynasty
1576:
1558:
1549:
1530:
1521:
1502:
1493:
1475:
1456:
1447:
1441:. Routledge.
1438:
1412:
1394:
1366:
1347:
1339:Bibliography
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1243:Kiernan 2019
1223:
1196:
1184:
1153:
1137:
1125:
1109:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1010:
998:
994:
975:
934:
931:Ming cavalry
921:
917:
913:
905:
899:
887:
860:
825:Lưu Nhân Chú
806:
777:Lưu Nhân Chú
761:Nguyễn Chích
759:
731:
713:
706:
697:
675:
645:Trần dynasty
625:Ming Dynasty
622:
510:
508:
497:
459:Wars of the
372:
326:Phạm Văn Xảo
311:Nguyễn Chích
296:Lưu Nhân Chú
288:
264:
223:
210:
192:
157:
119:Ming dynasty
113:Belligerents
90:
70:(Modern-day
29:
2273:Tai history
1956:Family tree
1867:Liaoluo Bay
1801:Renyin plot
1751:Tumu Crisis
1189:Taylor 2013
1177:Taylor 2013
1158:Taylor 2013
1142:Taylor 2013
1118:Taylor 2013
1102:Taylor 2013
1029:Thuận Thiên
940: [
866: [
737: [
719: [
682:Nguyễn Trãi
331:Lê Văn Linh
124:(1422–1423)
2344:Categories
2241:Zhe School
2195:Ming tombs
2079:Inner Asia
2051:Shenjiying
2041:Great Wall
1939:Government
1321:medium.com
1279:USAFA 1998
1201:USAFA 1998
1130:Simms 1999
1072:USAFA 1998
1035:References
1015:, Emperor
918:Huihui pao
910:trebuchets
906:fenwen che
809:Zhu Zhanji
789:Quảng Bình
633:Hồ dynasty
609:Background
595:Ming China
565:Vietnamese
531:Vietnamese
205:Liang Ming
182:Wang Anlao
143:Fang Zheng
99:under the
2236:Wu School
2221:Musicians
2084:Manchuria
2072:Frontiers
1162:Tsai 2011
1114:Tsai 2011
1087:Tsai 2011
1048:Tsai 2011
1003:in 1449.
937:Liu Sheng
902:Bắc Giang
863:Wang Tong
833:Nguyễn Xí
823:, Đỗ Bí,
817:Trịnh Khả
797:Quảng Nam
793:Quảng Trị
781:Thanh Hóa
779:attacked
709:Chu River
702:guerrilla
694:Thanh Hóa
649:Trần Ngỗi
321:Trịnh Khả
187:Liu Sheng
177:Wang Tong
2287:Currency
2226:Painting
2036:Military
2029:Military
1303:Sun 2006
1267:Sun 2006
1255:Sun 2006
1228:Sun 2006
1216:Sun 2006
987:Dai Viet
982:Chi Lăng
978:ambushed
960:Zheng He
948:Mu Sheng
845:Trần Cảo
821:Lý Triện
749:Laotians
745:Lan Xang
734:Chen Zhi
727:Mã River
603:Đại Việt
416:Chi Lăng
316:Phạm Vấn
283:Lý Triện
259:Lê Thạch
231:Huang Fu
200:Mu Sheng
147:Chen Zhi
122:Lan Xang
97:Đại Việt
63:Location
2294:Coinage
2268:Economy
2096:Vietnam
1988:Princes
1946:Emperor
1734:Middle
1620:History
1326:20 June
956:Guangxi
765:Nghệ An
667:History
657:Jiaozhi
637:Dai Ngu
587:Jiaozhi
573:chữ Hán
539:chữ Hán
498:Lam Sơn
483:Kherlen
473:Jingnan
306:Lê Ngân
289:†
272:Đinh Lễ
265:†
233: (
224:†
218:Li Qing
211:†
193:†
167: (
158:†
2216:Poetry
2106:Yunnan
1628:Early
1613:topics
1565:
1537:
1509:
1482:
1463:
1423:
1401:
1382:
1354:
1017:Lê Lợi
952:Yunnan
922:huopao
890:Hà Nội
874:Hà Nội
829:Bùi Bị
773:Lê Sát
716:Li Bin
678:Lê Lợi
653:Lê Lợi
627:under
583:Lê Lợi
559::
551::
525::
517::
493:Mongol
301:Lê Sát
285:
274:
261:
254:Lê Lợi
220:
207:
189:
165:Cai Fu
154:
152:Li Bin
87:Result
2278:Islam
2101:Wokou
2089:Tibet
2020:Fotou
1889:Sarhū
1825:Late
944:]
870:]
741:]
723:]
488:Kotte
478:Annam
140:Li An
2015:Tusi
1951:List
1563:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1480:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1328:2023
954:and
946:and
775:and
769:Vinh
680:and
623:The
617:and
591:rule
578:藍山蜂起
561:藍山蜂起
553:蓝山蜂起
544:起義藍山
527:藍山起義
519:蓝山起义
509:The
80:Laos
53:Date
1372:doi
916:or
811:or
729:.
686:Tết
593:of
236:POW
170:POW
78:),
2346::
1419:.
1415:.
1378:.
1319:.
1235:^
1208:^
1169:^
1094:^
1079:^
942:zh
868:zh
827:,
819:,
799:.
739:zh
721:zh
663:.
605:.
575::
571:;
567::
563:;
555:;
541::
537:;
533::
529:;
521:;
414:(
74:,
1603:e
1596:t
1589:v
1571:.
1543:.
1515:.
1469:.
1429:.
1388:.
1374::
1330:.
993:(
688:(
513:(
451:e
444:t
437:v
418:)
364:e
357:t
350:v
239:)
173:)
20:)
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