33:
669:
55:
421:
197:
456:, which can grow up to 40–50 metres (130–160 ft). On the other hand, the gametophyte structure is no more than a few millimeters in length. In opposition to the gametophyte phase, which only consists of one type of tissue, the more complex sporophyte phase is made up of different types of tissue. One of these tissues includes a sieve-like element which translocates
587:
is a current area of interest regarding their use to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Laminaria has been shown by recent research to have a favorable mannuronic/guluronic acid residues ratio (M/G ratio) for heavy metal absorption in its alginate. This M/G ratio is the ratio between the
507:
have been used for food purposes since ancient times wherever humans have encountered them. Typically, the prepared parts, usually the blade, are consumed either immediately after boiling in broth or water, or consumed after drying. The greater proportion of commercial cultivation is for
1299:
Crepineau, Florent; Roscoe, Thomas; Kaas, Raymond; Kloareg, Bernard; Boyen, Catherine (April 2000). "Characterisation of complementary DNAs from the expressed sequence tag analysis of life cycle stages of
Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae)".
588:
L-guluronate (G) and D-mannuronate (M) in the alginate, a natural anionic polymer that is found in all brown algae. This alginate is able to form a gel that contains carboxyl groups that can bind heavy metal cations such as
391:, they provide protection for creatures that the open ocean does not often give. Invertebrates are just one of the organisms that live among the algae. Sea snails and other invertebrates feed on the blades (leaves) of the
528:, in other countries it is also used in fresh salad form, which is also canned for preservation for deliverу and selling purposes in other regions. Many countries produce and consume laminaria products, the largest being
556:
has an ash content of 33%, while wood has about a 2% ash content when burned. Algae have a high water content requiring much energy to dry the algae before being able to properly use it.
1235:
652:
is stranded on the beach and not when it is submerged under seawater. With increasing amounts of seaweed washing up on shores, there is an increasing recognition of
548:
is one of the five macroalgae farmed for products such as food, chemicals and power. Those five genera contribute to 76% of the total tonnage for farmed macroalgae.
1972:
1249:
Schmitz, Klaus. (September 1982). "Fine structure, distribution and frequency of plasmodesmata and pits in the cortex of
Laminaria hyperborea and L. saccharina".
2011:
1946:
32:
2085:
1985:
2080:
1696:
293:. While it spends its time predominately in the sporophyte phase, it alternates between the sporophyte and its microscopic gametophyte phase.
237:
and relatively large size. Some species are called Devil's apron, due to their shape, or sea colander, due to the perforations present on the
1749:
1654:
1119:
1060:
481:
may be used to slowly dilate the cervix to induce labor, or for surgical procedures including abortions or to facilitate the placement of an
1002:
1488:
1471:
1162:
383:
is found in colder ocean waters, such as arctic regions. Preferring to stay in regions where there are rocky shores, this allows the
2037:
1778:
1345:"Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: Cervical preparation for dilation and evacuation at 20–24 weeks' gestation"
2075:
448:
can grow to 7 metres (23 ft), which is large in comparison to other algae, but still smaller than the giant kelps such as
233:
native to the north
Atlantic and northern Pacific Oceans. This economically important genus is characterized by long, leathery
172:
1136:
1990:
2090:
2070:
1998:
1077:
2095:
1449:
260:
54:
2016:
1741:
206:
1448:
Bruton, Tom; Dr. Lyons, Henry; Dr. Lerat, Yannick; Dr. Stanley, Michele; Rasmussen, Michael Bo (February 2009).
1819:
1344:
823:
914:
711:
1804:
843:
804:
731:
721:
567:. There are still barriers to overcome before moving forward with anaerobic digestion, such as its cost per
951:
894:
2065:
1860:
924:
904:
884:
762:
201:
961:
273:
are produced separately, then germinate into male and female gametophytes. The female egg matures in the
833:
793:
782:
485:. The stick is made up of a bundle of dried and compressed laminaria that expands as water is absorbed.
330:
was cultivated on a much larger industrial scale. The rocky shores at Dalian, the northern coast of the
752:
742:
540:
Due to their ability to grow underwater and in salt water, algae are being looked into as a source of
2042:
1920:
1766:
1254:
936:
863:
812:
449:
311:
41:
1671:
1710:
1621:
1596:
1472:"NMR Imaging of Heavy Metal Absorption in Alginate, Immobilized Cells, and Kombu Algal Biosorbents"
689:
560:
482:
301:
1519:
Papageorgiou, Sergios K.; Katsaros, Fotios; Nolan, J. W.; Kanellopoulos, Nick K. (November 2006).
668:
353:
is still a large production for China. However, since the 1980s production has dropped due to new
1577:
1501:
1325:
1278:
853:
772:
700:
282:
49:
1006:
1159:
2024:
1977:
1745:
1650:
1540:
1493:
1374:
1366:
1317:
1270:
1229:
1115:
1056:
873:
440:
structure, consisting of the holdfast, a stipe, and the blades, to a filamentous, microscopic
436:
expresses a haplo-diplophasic life history, in which it alternates from a macroscopic thallic
372:
sporophytes are attached to submerged ropes. These ropes are then attached to floating rafts.
2029:
1912:
1569:
1532:
1483:
1428:
1356:
1309:
1262:
1414:"Macroalgae-Derived Biofuel: A Review of Methods of Energy Extraction from Seaweed Biomass"
1392:
1166:
636:
478:
457:
409:
395:. Other organisms, such as sea urchins, feed on the holdfasts, which can kill the algae.
1898:
1361:
1258:
944:
461:
396:
290:
286:
238:
234:
92:
79:
552:
is less desired as a renewable energy source due to its high ash content when burned.
334:, along with its cold waters provided excellent growing conditions for these species.
257:
2059:
1564:
984:
349:
as a crop. This increased the production of dry weight to 6,200 metric tons. Farming
155:
1581:
1505:
1329:
1282:
1211:
420:
196:
1845:
1520:
584:
105:
1536:
2003:
1959:
1892:
680:
580:
521:
453:
441:
354:
222:
135:
1027:
1413:
1412:
Milledge, John J.; Smith, Benjamin; Dyer, Philip W.; Harvey, Patricia (2014).
1313:
1089:
929:
437:
331:
125:
1883:
1450:"A Review of the Potential of Marine Algae as a Source of Biofuel in Ireland"
1370:
1210:
Administration, US Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric.
880:– South Africa, Indian Ocean, Canary Islands and Tristán da Cunha
1933:
1907:
1849:
1828:
1705:
1680:
1630:
1605:
1145:
676:
404:
66:
1544:
1497:
1378:
1321:
1274:
1489:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960905)51:5<538::AID-BIT5>3.0.CO;2-D
277:
until the male sperm fertilizes it. Life-Cycle: The most apparent form of
1877:
644:
are known to feed, mate, and create habitats out of different species of
517:
399:, found on the North America Pacific Coast, can decimate kelp, including
274:
270:
1521:"Heavy Metal Sorption by Calcium Alginate Beads From Laminaria digitata"
338:
was harvested for food and 1949 yielded 40.3 metric tons of dry weight.
326:
arrived in China from
Hokkaido, Japan in the late 1920s. Once in China,
1951:
1573:
1266:
603:
541:
230:
115:
1433:
1343:
Diedrich, Justin T.; Drey, Eleanor A.; Newmann, Sara J. (2020-05-01).
1964:
590:
513:
492:
1854:
1938:
368:
is generally farmed using the floating raft method, in which young
342:
need cold water to survive and can only live above 36° N latitude.
941:(Harvey ex J. D. Hooker & Harvey) Farlow, Anderson & Eaton
667:
529:
509:
419:
265:
218:
195:
616:
226:
145:
1858:
627:, thereby allowing these metals to be removed from wastewater.
1925:
1398:
1185:
Culture of Kelp (Laminaria japonica) in China. FAO. June 1989.
789:– Pacific of North America: From Vancouver to California
568:
563:, which is the most promising practice to extract energy from
520:, which are used in a range of industrial applications. In
299:(J. E. Areschoug – Japón) is now regarded as a synonym of
1799:
H. Stegenga, J. J. Bolton & R. J. Anderson (1997).
1558:
Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie (1990). "The life cycle of
1470:
Nestle, Nikolaus F.E.I.; Kimich, Rainer (March 1996).
281:
is its sporophyte phase, a structure composed of the
495:, which is commonly used to promote thyroid health.
1867:
1647:
345:In 1949, the Chinese started to commercially grow
1112:An Illustrated Atlas of the Life History of Algae
1670:M. D. Guiry & Olga Selivanova (2006-09-19).
1294:
1292:
249:form a habitat for many fish and invertebrates.
1055:. USA: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 338.
819:– Northeast Atlantic, Baltic Sea and North Sea.
1160:Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux
1114:. Uchida Rokakuho Publishing Co., Ltd. Tokyo.
1394:Culture of Kelp (Laminaria japonica) in China
8:
1736:I. A. Abbott & G. J. Hollenberg (1976).
1731:
1729:
1727:
1234:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1135:M. D. Guiry & Wendy Guiry (2006-09-29).
491:is a source of the relatively rare element,
800:– Coast of the North American Pacific
579:The ability of laminaria, along with other
1855:
1195:Singh, V; Pande, P.C.; Jain, D.K. (2009).
524:it is processed into a sweetmeat known as
31:
20:
1832:. National University of Ireland, Galway.
1487:
1432:
1360:
1801:Seaweeds of the South Africal West Coast
1562:(Laminariales, Phaeophyta) en cultivo".
648:. This is of particular notice when the
1169:The Seaweed Site. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
989:Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
976:
767:(Setchell & N. L. Garder) Muenscher
460:. These structures are very similar to
1676:J. E. Petrov & V. B. Vozzhinskaya"
1227:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
716:J. E. Petrov & V. B. Vozzhinskaya
7:
1051:Evert, Ray; Eichhorn, Susan (2013).
387:to attach. Due to the height of the
1362:10.1016/j.contraception.2020.01.002
1199:. Meerut, IN: Rastogi Publications.
424:The sexual life cycle of Laminaria
403:if the urchins are not managed by
14:
640:and related flies from the genus
559:More research is being done with
417:when it is washed up on beaches.
269:. At meiosis the male and female
1779:World Register of Marine Species
1601:A. B. Joly & E. B. Oliveira"
1476:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
53:
1253:. September 1982 (5): 385–392.
1003:"Devil's apron - Sea Vegetable"
991:. C. & G. Merriam Co. 1913.
828:J. Petrov & V. Vozzhinskaya
726:A. B. Loly & E. C. Oliveira
707:– North American Atlantic
2086:Biota of the Mediterranean Sea
1525:Journal of Hazardous Materials
848:J. Petrov & M. Suchovejeva
464:found in higher plant leaves.
444:. The sporophyte structure of
1:
2081:Marine biota of North America
1803:. Bolus Herbarium Number 18,
1537:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.05.017
1212:"What lives in a kelp forest"
694:A.B. Joly & E.C. Oliveira
656:and their close pairing with
1771:Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1826"
241:. Others are referred to as
1818:Guiry, M. D. (2004-09-23).
838:Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1826
2112:
1765:Guiry, Michael D. (2015).
1738:Marine Algae of California
1695:M. D. Guiry (2006-04-24).
1620:M. D. Guiry (2004-09-23).
1595:M. D. Guiry (2006-03-26).
261:alternation of generations
1742:Stanford University Press
696:– South American Atlantic
207:Montana de Oro State Park
184:
179:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
1744:, Stanford, California.
1568:. 204–205 (1): 461–466.
824:Laminaria inclinatorhiza
777:(Hudson) J. V. Lamouroux
1805:University of Cape Town
1701:Postels & Ruprecht"
1674:Laminaria appressirhiza
1314:10.1023/A:1006489920808
1302:Plant Molecular Biology
1053:Raven Biology of Plants
1032:Encyclopædia Britannica
915:Laminaria sachalinensis
712:Laminaria appressirhiza
2076:Marine biota of Europe
1699:Laminaria brongardiana
844:Laminaria multiplicata
805:Laminaria groenlandica
736:Postels & Ruprecht
732:Laminaria brongardiana
722:Laminaria brasiliensis
684:
425:
229:(kelp), comprising 31
209:
1216:oceanservice.noaa.gov
952:Laminaria solidungula
895:Laminaria rodriguezii
889:Bachelot de la Pylaie
868:Bachelot de la Pylaie
671:
423:
413:feed and lay eggs on
309:is now classified as
199:
189:30 species; see text
2091:Flora of the Pacific
2071:Marine biota of Asia
1092:on November 19, 2007
937:Laminaria sinclairii
925:Laminaria setchellii
909:(Areschoug) Setchell
905:Laminaria ruprechtii
885:Laminaria platymeris
864:Laminaria ochroleuca
813:Laminaria hyperborea
763:Laminaria complanata
312:Saccharina latissima
307:Laminaria saccharina
202:Laminaria setchellii
42:Laminaria hyperborea
2096:Laminariales genera
1599:Laminaria abyssalis
1560:Laminaria abyssalis
1259:1982Plant.154..385S
1197:Textbooks of Botany
1028:"Laminaria | algae"
1009:on October 16, 2008
962:Laminaria yezoensis
947:Pacific coast
690:Laminaria abyssalis
561:anaerobic digestion
503:Various species of
483:intrauterine device
302:Saccharina japonica
263:which differs from
1769:Laminaria longipes
1624:Laminaria agardhii
1574:10.1007/BF00040271
1457:Sustainable Energy
1267:10.1007/BF01267803
1165:2011-10-05 at the
1139:Laminaria japonica
854:Laminaria nigripes
834:Laminaria longipes
808:– British Columbia
794:Laminaria farlowii
783:Laminaria ephemera
773:Laminaria digitata
701:Laminaria agardhii
685:
673:Laminaria digitata
426:
407:. Species such as
297:Laminaria japonica
252:The life cycle of
210:
2053:
2052:
2025:Open Tree of Life
1861:Taxon identifiers
1822:Laminaria pallida
1751:978-0-8047-0867-8
1656:978-0-472-04904-2
1434:10.3390/en7117194
1427:(11): 7194–7222.
1121:978-4-7536-4057-7
1062:978-1-4292-1961-7
967:
957:
942:
932:
920:
910:
900:
890:
879:
874:Laminaria pallida
869:
859:
849:
839:
829:
818:
817:(Gunnerus) Foslie
799:
788:
778:
768:
758:
753:Laminaria bullata
748:
743:Laminaria bulbosa
737:
727:
717:
706:
695:
361:Farming practices
194:
193:
175:
2103:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2006:
2004:NHMSYS0000567975
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1856:
1834:
1833:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1733:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1709:. Archived from
1692:
1686:
1685:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1531:(3): 1765–1772.
1516:
1510:
1509:
1491:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1170:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1141:J. E. Areschoug"
1132:
1126:
1125:
1110:T. Tori (1998).
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1088:. Archived from
1076:Guiry, Michael.
1073:
1067:
1066:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1005:. Archived from
999:
993:
992:
981:
965:
955:
940:
928:
918:
908:
898:
888:
877:
867:
857:
847:
837:
827:
816:
797:
786:
776:
766:
756:
746:
735:
725:
715:
704:
693:
626:
625:
624:
613:
612:
611:
600:
599:
598:
575:Metal absorption
458:photoassimilates
171:
58:
57:
35:
21:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1863:
1842:
1837:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1645:Taylor (1957).
1644:
1643:
1639:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1173:
1167:Wayback Machine
1158:
1154:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1001:
1000:
996:
985:"Devil's Apron"
983:
982:
978:
974:
919:(Miyabe) Miyabe
747:J. V. Lamouroux
666:
637:Coelopa frigida
633:
623:
621:
620:
619:
615:
610:
608:
607:
606:
602:
597:
595:
594:
593:
589:
577:
538:
526:laminaria jelly
501:
479:laminaria stick
475:
470:
462:mesophyll cells
431:
410:Coelopa pilipes
397:Red sea urchins
378:
363:
321:
173:J. V. Lamouroux
170:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2109:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2034:
2021:
2008:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1889:
1873:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1841:
1840:External links
1838:
1836:
1835:
1810:
1791:
1757:
1750:
1723:
1687:
1662:
1655:
1637:
1612:
1587:
1550:
1511:
1482:(5): 538–543.
1462:
1440:
1404:
1384:
1355:(5): 286–292.
1335:
1308:(4): 503–513.
1288:
1241:
1202:
1187:
1171:
1152:
1127:
1120:
1102:
1068:
1061:
1043:
1019:
994:
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958:
948:
945:North American
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80:Diaphoretickes
77:
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64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Genus of algae
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2108:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Laminariaceae
2064:
2063:
2061:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
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225:in the order
224:
223:brown seaweed
220:
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156:Laminariaceae
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106:Stramenopiles
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1401:. June 1989.
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585:heavy metals
583:, to absorb
578:
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264:
253:
251:
246:
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227:Laminariales
213:
212:
211:
200:
186:
185:
166:
165:
146:Laminariales
136:Phaeophyceae
126:Ochrophytina
99:
86:
73:
40:
24:
18:
1960:iNaturalist
1893:Wikispecies
930:P. C. Silva
681:Anna Atkins
581:brown algae
522:South Korea
454:Nereocystis
450:Macrocystis
442:gametophyte
355:mariculture
122:Subphylum:
2060:Categories
1784:21 January
1717:2007-06-14
1221:2017-04-06
1096:2009-02-06
1084:Saccharina
1037:2017-03-30
1013:2009-02-06
972:References
438:sporophyte
429:Life cycle
405:sea otters
401:Laminaria,
332:Yellow Sea
289:, and the
1908:AlgaeBase
1899:Laminaria
1869:Laminaria
1850:AlgaeBase
1846:Laminaria
1829:AlgaeBase
1824:Greville"
1706:AlgaeBase
1681:AlgaeBase
1631:AlgaeBase
1626:Kjellman"
1606:AlgaeBase
1371:0010-7824
1146:AlgaeBase
1080:Laminaria
956:J. Agardh
858:J. Agardh
677:Cyanotype
654:Laminaria
650:Laminaria
646:Laminaria
565:Laminaria
554:Laminaria
550:Laminaria
546:Laminaria
505:Laminaria
489:Laminaria
446:laminaria
434:Laminaria
415:Laminaria
393:laminaria
389:Laminaria
385:laminaria
381:Laminaria
370:laminaria
366:Laminaria
351:laminaria
347:laminaria
340:Laminaria
336:Laminaria
328:Laminaria
324:Laminaria
279:Laminaria
271:zoospores
254:Laminaria
247:Laminaria
214:Laminaria
167:Laminaria
67:Eukaryota
25:Laminaria
1878:Wikidata
1582:34208987
1545:16797834
1506:27205577
1498:18629817
1421:Energies
1379:32007418
1330:31716499
1322:11052202
1283:12562414
1275:24276264
1230:cite web
1163:Archived
1078:"Kelps:
878:Greville
798:Setchell
787:Setchell
757:Kjellman
705:Kjellman
631:Predator
571:.
518:mannitol
283:holdfast
275:oogonium
180:Species
152:Family:
112:Phylum:
63:Domain:
1978:1363967
1952:3195825
1884:Q310748
1255:Bibcode
664:Species
658:Coelopa
642:Coelopa
542:biofuel
473:Medical
376:Ecology
319:History
235:laminae
231:species
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
116:Gyrista
2043:144199
2030:266750
1939:1LMING
1748:
1653:
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966:Miyabe
899:Barnet
738:
683:, 1843
614:, and
536:Energy
516:, and
514:iodine
493:iodine
291:blades
285:, the
243:tangle
239:lamina
2038:WoRMS
2017:33637
1991:11217
1973:IRMNG
1965:67424
1926:10422
1775:WoRMS
1578:S2CID
1502:S2CID
1453:(PDF)
1417:(PDF)
1326:S2CID
1279:S2CID
530:China
510:algin
287:stipe
266:Fucus
219:genus
217:is a
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
2012:NCBI
1986:ITIS
1947:GBIF
1934:EPPO
1786:2019
1746:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1541:PMID
1529:B137
1494:PMID
1375:PMID
1367:ISSN
1318:PMID
1271:PMID
1236:link
1116:ISBN
1082:and
1057:ISBN
499:Food
468:Uses
452:and
305:and
256:has
1999:NBN
1921:EoL
1848:at
1570:doi
1533:doi
1484:doi
1429:doi
1399:FAO
1357:doi
1353:101
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679:by
569:kwh
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187:ca.
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