575:
46:
33:
428:
opportunity while the plant's low stature causes it to be overshadowed. In later years, more growth takes place in the stipe and holdfast. A new frond grows annually in the spring from the top of the stipe. The old frond is sloughed off later after much of its nutrient content has been transferred to
540:
bed, the total number of these animals varied; at one location, it ranged from a small number to over 80,000 individuals living on a single stipe. The holdfasts offered a sheltered refuge and housed a large number of mobile macrofauna, a community that was quite different from that on the stipes.
401:
at depths down to about 10 m (35 ft) in turbid waters and down to 30 m (100 ft) where the water is clear. It tends to be the dominant species in a narrow zone near low-water at spring tides. It also predominates in deeper waters on stable substrates in eave exposed areas while
451:
which become fertile in about 10 days. Male gametophytes release large quantities of motile sperm, apparently stimulated to do so by the release of female gametes by the female gametophytes in the vicinity. The fertilised zygotes germinate into young
976:
Christie H.; Jørgensen N.M.; Norderhaug K.M.; Waage-Nielsen E. (2003). "Species distribution and habitat exploitation of fauna associated with kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) along the
Norwegian coast".
456:
which will grow into the mature seaweed. Sexual reproduction is dependent on a minimum quantity of blue light; under less than optimal conditions, the gametophytes may develop vegetatively instead.
1153:
Sheppard C.R.C.; Bellamy D.J.; Sheppard A.L.S. (1980). "Study of the fauna inhabiting the holdfasts of
Laminaria hyperborea (gunn.) fosl. along some environmental and geographical gradients".
478:. If the urchins become too numerous, whole areas normally dominated by kelp may become "urchin barrens", denuded of kelp and supporting a much less biodiverse community based on encrusting
337:. The laminate blade is deeply divided into linear segments and is yellowish brown with large digitate segments. It is a long-lived species and has been recorded as surviving for 15 years.
503:
were found associated with it, with a density of 8000 individuals per kelp plant. The blades were the part of the plant least populated by invertebrates. They were however covered by a
603:
have been studied with regard to its possible use as a fuel. A study found that it could produce annual increases in biomass of 16.5 and 8.0 metric tons of organic matter per
408:
tends to be dominant in sheltered areas or those with less stable substrates. Down to about 15 m (50 ft) the growth may be very dense and may be referred to as a "
1351:
1390:
571:, there was an inverse relationship between the richness of the flora and the pollution, as measured by the heavy metal content of the water, and its clarity.
617:. In France, Ireland, Scotland and Norway, stipes cast up on beaches are collected for this purpose and in Norway some kelp is harvested by trawling.
1325:
1364:
1222:
1011:
Norderhaug K.M.; Christie H.; Rinde E. (2002). "Colonisation of kelp imitations by epiphyte and holdfast fauna; a study of mobility patterns".
574:
1416:
867:"Developing spatial models of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) potential distribution modelling of the kelp species Laminaria hyperborea"
1045:
Norderhaug, K.M., Christie, H., 2009. Sea urchin grazing and kelp re-vegetation in the NE Atlantic. Marine
Biology Research 5, 515-528.
1312:
679:
Athanasiadis, A. (1996). Taxonomisk litteratur och biogeografi av
Skandinaviska rödalger och brunalger. pp. 280. Göteborg: Algologia.
1513:
1508:
470:
1503:
1465:
1211:
McHugh, D.J. 1987 (ed.), 1987. Production and utilization of products from commercial seaweeds. FAO Fish.Tech.Pap., (288):189 p.
1498:
819:
1369:
1377:
518:
were found all year long and other bacteria occurred seasonally. The stipes, being rough, provided good anchor points for
1136:
1073:
45:
1395:
330:
is circular in cross section, rough, thick at the base and tapering upwards. Older stipes are often covered with
1277:
1493:
1239:
412:" but at greater depths there is a more open community and these areas have been referred to as "parks".
179:
1054:
1470:
1299:
642:
can also be used for human consumption. For example, it is used to make vegetarian (vegan) imitation
404:
351:
196:
664:
515:
1447:
1291:
1028:
993:
958:
919:
744:
380:
345:
319:
209:
40:
813:
791:
1356:
1143:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1971. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
707:
1429:
764:"Population studies of Laminaria hyperborea from its northern range of distribution in Norway"
568:
1457:
1434:
1193:
1162:
1117:
1107:
1020:
985:
950:
911:
878:
845:
736:
520:
398:
284:
269:
443:
on the surface of the blade during the course of a few weeks during the winter. These have
1403:
592:
511:
479:
762:
Sjøtun, Kjersti; Fredriksen, Stein; LEIN, TE; Rueness, Jan; Sivertsen, Knut (June 1993).
424:, the annual growth consists mainly of the enlargement of the blade. This maximises the
355:
is also similar but is more yellow in colour and does not have the rough stipe found in
349:
by being paler in colour and having a longer stipe which snaps when it is bent sharply.
425:
384:
368:
327:
296:
288:
83:
70:
1487:
1197:
1166:
763:
272:
146:
1032:
997:
962:
923:
834:"Spatial predictive distribution modelling of the kelp species Laminaria hyperborea"
748:
32:
489:
465:
96:
544:
In a study undertaken on the north east coast of
Britain, 61 different species of
468:
habitat. The grazing behaviour of sea urchins, particularly the green sea urchin,
1442:
1382:
1338:
1271:
1210:
448:
409:
300:
126:
1262:
989:
1024:
954:
915:
740:
633:
529:
453:
372:
261:
116:
1074:
Species distribution and habitat exploitation of fauna associated with kelp (
883:
866:
850:
833:
1317:
1286:
625:
557:
525:
376:
334:
200:
156:
57:
1408:
1256:
610:
553:
545:
533:
504:
444:
436:
388:
331:
1330:
604:
596:
507:
497:
323:
315:
257:
106:
1343:
563:
In another study comparing the macrofauna resident in the holfasts of
536:
and other invertebrates. Depending upon the season and density of the
1122:
1112:
1091:
643:
629:
493:
1233:
528:. The resulting epiphytic growth was home to a range of species of
447:
and settle after about 24 hours before developing into microscopic
943:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
904:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
729:
Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom
573:
500:
440:
1421:
1180:
Jupp Barry P.; Drew Edward A. (1974). "Studies on the growth of
265:
136:
1304:
1237:
567:
round the coasts of
Britain, it was found that, except for the
464:
Kelp beds provide a nursery area for many marine species and a
1057:
UK Marine Special Areas of Conservation. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
1090:
Bengtsson, Mia M.; Sjøtun, Kjersti; Øvreås, Lise (2010).
832:
Bekkby T.; Rinde E.; Erikstad L.; Bakkestuen V. (2009).
670:
World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
1137:
The Nematode Fauna Associated With Holdfasts of Kelp (
978:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK
937:
Larkum, A.W.D. (1972). "Frond Structure and Growth in
1092:"Seasonal dynamics of bacterial biofilms on the kelp
723:
Kain, Joanna M.; Jones, N.S. (1977). "The biology of
560:
feeding on the epiphytic algae growing on the kelp.
1246:
620:Because of its ability to absorb and retain water,
299:, 1971) is known from more wave sheltered areas in
1186:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
898:Kain, Joanna M (1962). "Aspects of the biology of
727:. X. The effect of depth on some populations".
578:A jar of vegetarian imitation caviar made from
474:, restricts the development of new growth of
343:can be distinguished from the rather similar
8:
1184:(Gunn.) Fosl. I. Biomass and productivity".
624:has been used in wound dressings to prevent
488:is host to a large and diverse community of
628:. It has also been used to help dilate the
1234:
607:at depths of 3 and 9 metres respectively.
31:
20:
1121:
1111:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
882:
849:
326:, looking rather like a bird's foot. The
809:
807:
805:
803:
687:
685:
322:is large and cone-shaped, with branched
660:
658:
654:
548:were found living in the holdfasts of
7:
703:
701:
275:, also known by the common names of
693:A Handbook of the British Seaweeds.
14:
471:Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
435:can liberate upward of a million
293:Laminaria hyperborea f. cucullata
797:AlgaeBase. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
44:
820:Marine Life Information Network
871:ICES Journal of Marine Science
838:ICES Journal of Marine Science
318:, up to 360 cm long. The
1:
1155:Marine Environmental Research
552:. The majority of these were
524:and several other species of
1198:10.1016/0022-0981(74)90044-6
1167:10.1016/0141-1136(80)90057-4
1078:) along the Norwegian Coast
902:1. vertical distribution".
367:The range is the northeast
1530:
990:10.1017/s0025315403007653h
865:Bekkby T.; Moy F. (2011).
1100:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
1025:10.1007/s00227-002-0893-7
955:10.1017/S0025315400018762
916:10.1017/S0025315400001363
741:10.1017/S0025315400025054
215:
208:
185:
178:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1514:Plants described in 1884
1509:Flora of Northern Europe
1055:Ecological relationships
420:In young individuals of
363:Distribution and habitat
1504:Biota of the Baltic Sea
1141:) in North-East Britain
822:. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
668:(Gunnerus) Foslie, 1884
556:feeding on deposits or
496:, up to 238 species of
314:is a massive, leathery
1499:Marine biota of Europe
884:10.1093/icesjms/fsp195
851:10.1093/icesjms/fsp195
695:British Museum, London
613:can be extracted from
583:
397:grows on rocks in the
1228:Retrieved 2011-09-22.
1223:Scottish plant uses:
1213:Retrieved 2011-09-22.
1080:Retrieved 2011-09-22.
577:
283:. It is found in the
1278:Laminaria hyperborea
1248:Laminaria hyperborea
1225:Laminaria hyperborea
1182:Laminaria hyperborea
1139:Laminaria hyperborea
1094:Laminaria hyperborea
1076:Laminaria hyperborea
939:Laminaria hyperborea
900:Laminaria hyperborea
816:Laminaria hyperborea
793:Laminaria hyperborea
725:Laminaria hyperborea
709:Laminaria hyperborea
666:Laminaria hyperborea
640:Laminaria hyperborea
486:Laminaria hyperborea
433:Laminaria hyperborea
405:Saccharina latissima
395:Laminaria hyperborea
352:Laminaria ochroleuca
341:Laminaria hyperborea
312:Laminaria hyperborea
253:Laminaria hyperborea
235:Laminaria hyperborea
227:Laminaria cloustonii
189:Laminaria hyperborea
25:Laminaria hyperborea
516:Alphaproteobacteria
814:Tangle or cuvie -
584:
569:suspension feeders
492:. In one study in
381:North Cape, Norway
295:(P.Svensden &
171:L. hyperborea
1481:
1480:
1430:Open Tree of Life
1240:Taxon identifiers
877:(10): 2106–2115.
844:(10): 2106–2115.
795:(Gunnerus) Foslie
713:The Seaweed Site.
711:(Gunnerus) Foslie
691:Newton, L. 1931.
387:south to central
249:
248:
243:
231:
223:
219:Fucus hyperboreus
1521:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1438:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1386:
1385:
1383:NHMSYS0021058677
1373:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1346:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1150:
1144:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1115:
1113:10.3354/ame01409
1087:
1081:
1071:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1008:
1002:
1001:
973:
967:
966:
934:
928:
927:
895:
889:
888:
886:
862:
856:
855:
853:
829:
823:
811:
798:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
759:
753:
752:
720:
714:
705:
696:
689:
680:
677:
671:
662:
593:calorific values
521:Palmaria palmata
429:the new growth.
399:sublittoral zone
287:of the northern
285:sublittoral zone
241:
230:Edmondston, 1845
229:
221:
191:
49:
48:
35:
21:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1404:Observation.org
1402:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1242:
1232:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1131:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1072:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1010:
1009:
1005:
975:
974:
970:
936:
935:
931:
897:
896:
892:
864:
863:
859:
831:
830:
826:
812:
801:
790:
786:
776:
774:
761:
760:
756:
722:
721:
717:
706:
699:
690:
683:
678:
674:
663:
656:
652:
589:
512:Planctomycetota
480:coralline algae
462:
418:
371:(including the
365:
309:
204:
193:
187:
174:
43:
17:
16:Species of alga
12:
11:
5:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1462:
1452:
1439:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1283:
1268:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1215:
1203:
1192:(2): 185–196.
1172:
1145:
1129:
1082:
1059:
1047:
1038:
1019:(5): 965–973.
1013:Marine Biology
1003:
984:(4): 687–699.
968:
949:(2): 405–418.
929:
910:(2): 377–385.
890:
857:
824:
799:
784:
754:
735:(3): 587–607.
715:
697:
681:
672:
653:
651:
648:
588:
585:
461:
458:
426:photosynthetic
417:
414:
385:Kola Peninsula
369:Atlantic Ocean
364:
361:
308:
305:
289:Atlantic Ocean
247:
246:
245:
244:
232:
224:
222:Gunnerus, 1766
213:
212:
206:
205:
194:
183:
182:
176:
175:
168:
166:
162:
161:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
71:Diaphoretickes
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1526:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:Laminariaceae
1492:
1491:
1489:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
891:
885:
880:
876:
872:
868:
861:
858:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
825:
821:
818:
817:
810:
808:
806:
804:
800:
796:
794:
788:
785:
773:
769:
768:Hydrobiologia
765:
758:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
719:
716:
712:
710:
704:
702:
698:
694:
688:
686:
682:
676:
673:
669:
667:
661:
659:
655:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:L. hyperborea
618:
616:
615:L. hyperborea
612:
608:
606:
602:
601:L. hyperborea
598:
594:
586:
581:
580:L. hyperborea
576:
572:
570:
566:
565:L. hyperborea
561:
559:
555:
551:
550:L. hyperborea
547:
542:
539:
538:L. hyperborea
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:
517:
513:
509:
506:
502:
499:
495:
491:
490:invertebrates
487:
483:
481:
477:
476:L. hyperborea
473:
472:
467:
459:
457:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
423:
422:L. hyperborea
415:
413:
411:
407:
406:
400:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
362:
360:
358:
357:L. hyperborea
354:
353:
348:
347:
342:
338:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
291:. A variety,
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:Laminariaceae
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:
240:
236:
233:
228:
225:
220:
217:
216:
214:
211:
207:
202:
198:
192:
190:
184:
181:
180:Binomial name
177:
173:
172:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:Laminariaceae
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:Stramenopiles
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1247:
1224:
1218:
1206:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1138:
1132:
1106:(1): 71–83.
1103:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1075:
1050:
1041:
1016:
1012:
1006:
981:
977:
971:
946:
942:
938:
932:
907:
903:
899:
893:
874:
870:
860:
841:
837:
827:
815:
792:
787:
775:. Retrieved
771:
767:
757:
732:
728:
724:
718:
708:
692:
675:
665:
639:
638:
621:
619:
614:
609:
600:
590:
579:
564:
562:
549:
543:
537:
519:
485:
484:
475:
469:
463:
449:gametophytes
432:
431:
421:
419:
403:
394:
393:
379:), from the
366:
356:
350:
344:
340:
339:
311:
310:
292:
280:
276:
252:
251:
250:
242:Foslie, 1884
238:
234:
226:
218:
188:
186:
170:
169:
157:
137:Laminariales
127:Phaeophyceae
117:Ochrophytina
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
1443:SeaLifeBase
1339:iNaturalist
1272:Wikispecies
454:sporophytes
410:kelp forest
346:L. digitata
307:Description
301:Scandinavia
113:Subphylum:
1488:Categories
650:References
634:childbirth
558:herbivores
530:gastropods
501:macrofauna
466:biodiverse
377:North Seas
262:brown alga
1287:AlgaeBase
1161:: 25–51.
1123:1956/4611
626:adhesions
611:Alginates
554:omnivores
534:amphipods
526:red algae
510:in which
505:bacterial
437:zoospores
335:red algae
332:epiphytic
260:of large
239:compressa
165:Species:
158:Laminaria
58:Eukaryota
1357:10009620
1263:Q1896724
1257:Wikidata
1033:84534494
998:84255327
963:85627390
924:86300158
749:86008741
546:nematode
445:flagella
389:Portugal
383:and the
324:rhizoids
320:holdfast
297:J.M.Kain
210:Synonyms
197:Gunnerus
143:Family:
103:Phylum:
54:Domain:
1458:7202233
1331:5422383
777:13 June
632:during
605:hectare
597:biomass
508:biofilm
498:benthic
460:Ecology
416:Biology
316:seaweed
268:in the
258:species
203:, 1884
153:Genus:
133:Order:
123:Class:
107:Gyrista
1471:145725
1455:uBio:
1448:129425
1435:325051
1422:145725
1409:185722
1344:132545
1305:921870
1031:
996:
961:
922:
747:
644:caviar
630:cervix
494:Norway
373:Baltic
277:tangle
270:family
201:Foslie
1466:WoRMS
1396:90893
1370:11230
1352:IRMNG
1318:65725
1313:EUNIS
1029:S2CID
994:S2CID
959:S2CID
920:S2CID
745:S2CID
439:from
328:stipe
281:cuvie
256:is a
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1417:OBIS
1391:NCBI
1365:ITIS
1326:GBIF
779:2021
595:and
591:The
587:Uses
514:and
441:sori
375:and
279:and
266:kelp
264:, a
1378:NBN
1300:EoL
1194:doi
1163:doi
1118:hdl
1108:doi
1021:doi
1017:141
986:doi
951:doi
941:".
912:doi
879:doi
846:doi
772:261
737:doi
599:of
237:f.
84:SAR
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1393::
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1289::
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1259::
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1104:60
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